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\a Issue thh issue: A complete, comprehensive source of information on insulation ... see pages 1 and 2 Section 2U--Wire, Cable, And Assemblies (Except Magnet Wire) Author Credit TKii entire section was staff pre pared. INTRODUCTION Wires and cables are an extremely complex subject. Thousands of pages could be written (and have been writ ten). There s no simple and easy way to classify wires and cables--some are described by form (such as flat), some by general application (such as power) or by specific application (such as switchboard), some by type of conductor (such as copper), some by type of insulation (such as var nished cambric), some by property (such as high temperature), some by outer covering (such as steel ar mored), and some by voltage rating. Understandably, all this makes it very difficult to know where to begin and where to end in any fundamental discussion of wires and cables. ' In order to simplify this situation, this section has been prepared with the intention of giving readers basic knowledge on wires and cables--ter minology, selection considerations, common calculations and size data, construction materials (both metals and insulations), etc. This type of in formation is designed to permit read ers to determine where their interests lie so that they may consult manufac turers for specific recommendations. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS The following definitions are a por tion of those approved by the Ameri can Standards Association (ASA C42.35 1957): Cable--either a stranded conductor with or without insulation and other coverings (single-conductor cable), or a combination of conductors insu lated from one another (multipleconductor cable). Cable Core--the portion of an in sulated cable lying under the protec- Figure 1. variety oi polyethylene protected wires and cables includes (left to right I control cable, thermocouple wire, high voltage anode lead wire, building wire, rural distribution wire, 600 v power cable, gas station wire. GTO wire, power cable., shielded twin lead wire, shielded control cable, and telephone cable /center). Courtesy E. 1. du Pont de ,\'emours & Co. Inc. rive covering or coverings. Cable Core Binder--a wrappr tapes or cords around the seve~ ductors of a multipie-conductor used to hold them together. (N, Cable core binder is usually sis merited by an outer covering of b jacket, or sheath. Armored Cable--a cabie pro with a wrapping of metal, steel wires or tapes, primarily purpose of mechanical protect! Cable Filler--the material multiple-conductor cables to the interstices formed bv the of the insulated conductors, forming a cable core oi the d shape (usually circular). Cable Sheath--the protective ing applied to cables. (Note: power cables the sheath is us lead.) Jacket--a rubber or synthetic ering, sometimes fabric-reinfo over the insulation, core or sheath a cable. Semi-Conducting Jacket--a j? having a sufficiently low resistan" that its outer surface can be ke substantially ground potential b' grounded conductor in contact wi` at frequent intervals. Concentric-Lay Cable--either: A concentric-lay, conductor as de. later, or (b) A multiple-condt cable composed of a central core rounded by one or more laye helically laid insulated conducto Duplex Cable--a cable conr of two insulated single condu cables twisted together. (Note: assembled conductors may or may have a common covering oj bind or protecting material.) Lead Covered Cable (Le Sheathed Cable)--a cable provi with a sheath of lead for the put of excluding moisture and aifor mechanical protection. Multiple-Conductor Cable--a bination of two or more conducto cabled together and insulated f one another and from sheath or a 306 Insuinnon Director* Encrclone/iia Issue. Mar. ]96l rOTlCTIV* COVniNO OF OKOSEAl to-mil OKOSUl (COlOK COOfC) OKOLN{ Figure 2. general purpose control cable jor all types of installations with multiwall construction. Photo courtesy The Okonite Co. where used. (Note: Special cables are referred to as 3-conductor cable, 7-conductor cable, 50-conductor cable, etc.) Serving of a Cable--a. wrapping applied over the core of a cable before the cable is leaded, or over the lead if the cable is armored. (Note: Ma terials commonly used for serving are jute or cotton. The serving is for mechanical protection and not for insulating purposes.) Shielded-Type Cable--a cable in which each insulated conductor is en closed in a conducting envelope so constructed that substantially every point on the surface of the insulation is at ground potential or at some pre determined potential with respect to ground under normal operating con ditions. Triplex Cable--a cable composed of three insulated single-conductor cables twisted together. (Note: The assembled conductors may or may not have a common covering of binding or protecting material.) Conductor--a wire or combination of wires not insulated from one an other. suitable for carrying electric current. Bare Conductor--a conductor not covered with insulating material. Concentric-Lay Conductor--a con ductor composed of a central'core sur rounded by one or more lavers of helically laid wires. (Note: In the most common type of concentric-lay conductor, all wires are of the same size and the central core is a single wire.) ' Copper-Covered Steel Wire--a wire having a steel core to which is fused an outer shell of copper. Cross-Sectional Area of a Conduc tor (Cross-Section of a Conductor) -- the sum of the cross-sectional area of its component wires, that of each wire being measured perpendicular to its individual axis. Plain Conductor--a conductor con sisting of one metal only. Resistive Conductor--a conductor used primarily because it possesses the property of high electric resist ance. Rope-Lay Conductor or Cable--a cable composed of a central core sur rounded by one or more layers of helically laid groups of wires. (Note: This kind of cable differs from a con centric-lay conductor in that the main strands are themselves stranded. In the most common type of rope-lay conductor or cable, all wires are of the same size and the central core is a concentric-lay conductor.) Solid Conductor--a conductor con sisting of a simple wire. Stranded Conductor--a conductor composed of a group of wires, or of any combination of groups of wires. (Note: The wires in a stranded con ductor are usually twisted or braided together.) Cord--a small, very flexible insu lated cable. (Note: There is no sharp dividing line in respect to size between a cord and a cable.) Factor of Assurance of Wire or Cable Insulation--the ratio of the voltage at which completed lengths are tested to that at which thev are used. Taped lnsulation -- insulation of helically wound tapes applied over a conductor or over an assembled gro of insulated conductors, la) successive convolutions of a type o lie each other for a fraction of tape width, the taped insulation lap wound. This is also called positf lap wound, (bl When a tape is plied so that there is an open s between successive convolutions, construction is known as open butt negative lap wound, (c) When a is applied so that the space betwee successive convolutions is too small measure with the unaided eye, it closed butt taping. " 1ntercalated Tapes--two or me tapes, generally of different com tion. applied simultaneously in sue a manner that a portion of each overlies a portion of the other tape.i Strip Process Insulation -- ins tion consisting of one or more of unvulcanized thermosetting terial folded around a conductor vulcanized after application. Thermal Resistance of a Cab. the resistance offered by the ins tion and other coverings to the flow heat from the conductor or cond tors to the outer surface. (Note: thermal resistance of the cable equal to the difference of temper between the conductor or cond. and the outside surface of the divided by rate of flow of heat duced thereby. It is preferably pressed by the number of de, Centigrade per wail per foot of Lay--the lav of any helical el of a cable is the axial length of a of the helix of that element. (N1 Among the helical elements of a mar be each strand in a conc< lay cable, or each multiple cond< in a multiple-conductor cable.) Direction of Lay--the lateral tion in which the elements of a run over the top of the cable a recede from an observer looking the axis of the cable. Strand---one of the wi groups, of wires, of any strand ductor. Twisted Pair--a cable com; of two small insulated cond twisted together without a c covering. (Note: The two condi of a twisted pair are usually s tiallx insulated, so that the CO Irm-if-tii.r D'rer-or\ f.nrvrinnprin !<%jp 1/ v is a special case of a cord, ire--a slender rod or filament of T3 metal. (Note: The definition '-is the term to what would be rilx understood by the term wire. In the definition, the word er is used in the sense that the h is great in comparison with the ter. If a wire is covered with ion, it is properly called an ated wire; while primarily the wine refers to the metal, never- when the context shows that wire is insulated, the term wire ,be understood to include the in n.) 'omposite Conductor--two or more ds of different metals, such as ;num and steel or copper and assembled and operated in Del uck Tape--tape of heavy cotton c, such as duck or drill, which "be impregnated with an asphalt. her or synthetic compound. died Tape--fabric tape which has thoroughly filled with a rubber tbetic compound, but not necesv finished on either side with this pound. ingle-faced Tape -- fabric tape ed or. one side with a rubber or etic compound. ouble-faced Tape -- fabric tape ed on both sides with a rubber ntbetic compound. 'm Tape--filled tape coated on or both sides with a thin film of red rubber or synthetic comd to produce a coating suitable vulcanization. Type, Paper-Insulated Cable impregnated, paper-insulated ca- ually lead covered, in which no ion is made for control of in pressure variations. xessure Cable -- an oil-irapreg- paper-insulated cable in which ve gauge pressure is maintained e insulation under all operating ditions. elf-Contained Pressure Cable--a ure cable in which the container the pressure medium is an imperflexible metal sheath, reinforced ecessary, which is factory-assemwith the cable core. il-Filled Cable--a self-contained ure cable in which the pressure medium is low viscosit)' oil having access to the insulation. Gas-filled Cable--a self-contained pressure cable in which the pressure medium is an inert gas having access to the insulation. Pipe Cable--a pressure cable in which the container for the pressure medium is a loose fitting rigid metal pipe. Oil-Filled Pipe Cable--a pipe cable in which the pressure medium is oil having access to the insulation. Gas-filled Pipe Cable--a pipe cable in which the pressure medium is an inert gas having access to the insula tion. o lriSO'5 TEFLON /tAMINATE FOR RELIABILITY LOW BULK light/weight INSULATED WIRES FROM =30 AWG TO =2 AWG--AND SHIELDED AND JACKETED WIRE AND CABLE. SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS As is true with any electrical insu lating material or insulated compo nent, the selection of wires and cables should he based on how satisfactorily the construction materials used meet the conditions or requirements of use. Since wires and cables are used to conduct electricity, selection of con- : ducting metals in the proper size should be one of the first considera tions. . Products are being used effecti maior Because of the great variety of uses, wires and cables are probably sub- : jected to a wider range of operating conditions than any other electrical space econ< is essential component. If one visualizes the : myriad of uses outside, underground, submersed in water, and inside elec- : trical/electronic equipment, missiles, INSO steel mills, mines, chemical plants, etc., the availability of so manv dif Specialist} are ferent types of wire and cable can At your service readily be understood. Requirements ; of the application will determine the ; with particular characteristics required. The discussion that follows offers sug Prices & samples gestions as to factors that should be upon request considered but it is recommended that Phone H. A. I Ballou readers analyze their own specific , uses to make sure that all require at Murdock / 6-4258 ments are evaluated. Wires and cables ; can he custom-engineered to meet or write: nearly anv conditions. From a physical standpoint, tensile strength and elongation should be considered for any wire subjected to I tension or pulling during assembly i INSO Electronic Products, inc. and application or operation. A bra- I Wire & Coble Division sion resistance is a factor during 1200 Commerce Ave., Union, N.J. some assembly operations and for \ Print ID/E 82 or Reeder Service Cord Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue. May. 1961 309 Figure 3, conductors aglow with, corona. Corona, a discharge oj elec tricity, is emitted in this case because the three single conductors are ar ranged jor a transmission of 460.000 volts, out are being energized at a new world high oj approximately 750.000 volts Conductors coming into the transmission toiver from the upper right are without corona because they are bundled in groups of jour--the proper arrangement ior transmissions o; this size. Photo courtesy General Electric Co. cables that might be pulled over the ground or which might rub against tree limbs. Cold flow of insulation can be important where the wire will be exposed to continuous pressure at par ticular points. Flexibility and brittle ness are considerations from the standpoint of facilitating handling and service life if the wire is to be bent during use. Adhesion of the different materials of construction, hardness, resilience, and tear, im pact, shear, fatigue, and compressive strengths must also be evaluated for many uses. Expansion and contrac tion of the different materials of con struction relative to each other and to the whole are factors. Resistance to moisture and porosity are vital for many jobs. Some of the electrical character istics that must be considered include conductivity or insulation resistance, surface and volume resistivity, dielec tric constant, dielectric strength, arc and track resistance, power factor, impulse strength, corona level, dielec tric loss, capacitance, and inductance. Thermal properties of wire insulat ing and conducting materials include the temperatures at which the mate rials soften, melt, vaporize, and freeze. Others are thermal resistance, co efficient of thermal expansion, resist ance to heal shock, specific heat, ther mal aging, low temperature flexibility, and thermal conductivity. Thermal properties are very important in mis sile work, in equipment which is re designed to fit smaller, more compact packages, and in areas where wires and cables are subjected to excessive temperatures during service. Among the other characteristics which should be mentioned are flam mability, chemical stability, and re sistance to acids, alkalies, fuels, oils, chemicals, solvents, radiation, weath ering, sunlight, ozone, salt spray, and corrosion. lesalatioa Rotistaoce 0/ Cables In general there are two leakage paths, one through the of the material and the other: the surface. Volume insulation resistance' electrics is dependent upon the resistivity, usually expressed it ohm--cm. The d-c insulation ance @ 60F in ohms of a sing ductor cable of length L is RR =17k Thg'~Dd- ; Where k = specific resistance, cm d =r diameter of condu D = outside diameter suiated conductor L = length of cable in If the unit of cable is taken feet, the formula becomes R = K logm-Y' where R =. megohms--1000 ft. K =: constant for insulari In this case K. is known as sulation resistance constant an substituting this value in the formula, the insulation resistancebe determined for any insulated ductor. Resistance measurements, greatly affected bv temperature^* for this reason are usually cot to 60F by use of temperature cients previously obtained for the ticular insulation under test, temperature coefficients are B most specifications for the insul under consideration. Surface resistivity is tbe r between two opposite edges of face which is usually X cm squat surface resistivity is affected b, conduction power of a thin moisture, sometimes mingled dust or foreign matter, on the s' of the insulating material. The s? resistivity is often a thousand greater at low humidity than at. humidity. ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS Capacitance of Coble Figure 4. contour cable developed to replace bulkier round wiring in mis siles. Flat metal strip conductors em bedded in plastic ribbon save almost half the weight oj conventional cable. Photo courtesy Hughes Aircraft Co. The following information from "The Rome Cable Manual of Tech nical Information," copyright, 1957, Rome Cable Corp., is published through the courtesy of the Rome Cable Division of the Aluminum Co. of America. Rome. N.Y. The electrostatic capacitance., length of insulated wire to groitn expressed in microfarads per K --is C = 0.00736c logi where = dielectric constant ( 310 Insulation Directory EncycloDedia Issue. May. 1961 cirV inductive capacity i <>: the insulating material i = outside diameter of the insuiation d = diameter of the conductor dielectric constant is a specific of an insulating material both denned and measured by jtio of the electrical capacity of a denser having that material as the nc. to the capacitv of the same ^nser having air as the dielectric. Jielectric constant of air is unity, stric constant is represented by Jreek svmbol r and is also re- to a? 5/C (specific inductive jty) ie alternating-current phenomena jated with electrical capacitance jortant in the wire and cable injon field. At most commercial and frequencies used in distribution, the capacitance are negligible. At relatively Woltaees the current due to caice mav reach sufficient value Jjfiect the circuit, and insulation for 'applications is designed for modr. low dielectric' constant. In lunicatior. work., the capacitance is pronounced and of great imioce. Among other effects, the caice of the wire determines the nmum length of line over which nCiegn&i may be transmitted without ^SSesrive attenuation. It is important ^'^tinsulations are designed with low ^JBectric constant in the communica- ield. ftdrieei Stress In Cable Insulation Strength dielectric strength of a cable ion is the electrical stress reto puncture an insulating wall ' thickness. This propertv is ;d in terms of volts per mi! _ The dielectric strength of ^&Sting materials is influenced by rate of rise of the applied voltage : total length of time the voltage A slow rate of rise usually luse the material to puncture at voltage than will a rapid rate Lgffe, Similarly a material mav with- n* relatively high voltage for a ae, but will fail at a lower of longer duration. For this go, the standard method emploved table industry consists of two tests. One is a short-time test whereby a voltage stress of 200 J'/M is applied for a period of five minutes followed by a voltage time of 500 J'/Sec. until breakdown occurs. The other is a long-time test whereby 200 V/M is applied for five minutes followed by 209c voltage increases at five minute intervals. Maximum and Minimum Stress The stress at any point in an homo geneous cable insulation may be cal culated bv the following formula: GORE TEFLON* INSULATIONS SMASH THE BARRIERS OF... 2.303 r login where 5 = Stress in volts per mil at a point in the insulation r mils from the axis = Voltage across the insula tion in volts d = Diameter of conductor D = Diameter over insulation r = Distance of point from the axis in mils According to the formula the maxi mum stress occurs at the surface of the conductor and the minimum stress at the outer surface of the insulation. By differentiation, it can be shown that the maximum stress (at the con ductor surface where r = d/21 has its lowest value when COLD FLOW-ABRASION CORONA-HEAT MULTI-TET* RIBBON CABLES Multiple-conductor flat ribbon as semblies that reduce weight, save space and minimize hookup errors. Precise separation of conductors controls electrical properties. With straight PTFE. Type AR or CR insulations. --a = 2.718 Electrical Losses In Coble insirlefion Dielectric loss is the time rate at which the electric energy is trans formed into heat in a dielectric when it is subjected to a charging field (ASA). The operating temperature of any cable depends upon the rate of heat generation in it and upon the rate at which the heat is dissipated. The heat is generated by the PR loss in the conductor and an energy loss in the insulation. This latter loss is called dielectric loss. The dielectric loss in anv cable equals the product of the specific in ductive capacity of the insulation, the power factor of the insulation and a constant which takes care of the geo metric dimensions of the cable, volt age stress, etc. It varies approximately with the square of the voltage. The power factor of a dielectric ma- TYPE AR INSULATION Filled Teflon to resist abrasion and cold flow even at elevated operat ing temperatures. Mineral fibers provide outstanding resistance to cut-through. TYPE CR INSULATION An improved form of PTFE insula tion with resistance to corona stress many times that of standard Teflon. SPECIAL HARNESSES Manufactured to customer speci fications from MULTI-TET ribbon cables, harnesses save weight and space . . . are available in any com bination of wire sizes and conduc tors and w-ith AR or CR insulations. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN FLUOROCARBON PRODUCTS " . L. GORE AND SSS SSOCIATES INCORPORATED PARER Mill ROAD NEWARK, DELAWARE *Dv Pont Trademark Print ID/E 83 on Reoder Service Card Insulation Director)'/Encyclopedia Issue, May. 1961 311 99 3 WIRE CONCENTRIC LAY STRANDS 7 WIRE 12 WIRE 19 WIRE 37 WIRE- 61 WIRE 91 WIRE 127 WIRE CONCENTRIC ROPE-LAY STRANDS 49 WIRE 7 X7 133 WIRE 19X7 133 WIRE 7X19 259 WIRE 7X37 259 WIRE 37 X7 427 WIRE 7X61 427 WIRE 61 X7 Published through the courtesy of Rome Cable Division of Aluminum Co. of America, Rome, N. Y., from "The Rome Cable Manual of Tech nical Informationcopyright 1957, Rome Cable Corp. terial in an a-c field is the ratio of the power loss in the material to the prod uct of the applied voltage and result ant current. Expressed vectorallv, the voltage will lag the current by an angle 0. less than the theoretical 90 degree. The power factor is the cosine of this angle and is often expressed in percent. Communication engineers frequently used the terms "imperfec tion angle" or "dissipation factor" <f> for the complement of the phase angle . Hence, for an insulation with low power factor (less than .10) the power factor is equal to the tangent of the imperfection angle <. Power factor is an important prop erty in wire and cable insulations as it represents a power loss. In commer cial power cables, this loss does not become serious until it reaches a value of 5% or more--at which point the dielectric losses may cause excessive insulation heating for safe operation, particularly at potentials over 7500 volts. In communication cables, the power factor plays an important role as the actual power loss can repre sent an appreciable portion of the total energy in the circuit. Power factor is usually increased with increased water absorption, temperature, age and voltage. Most specifications for wire insulations state the maximum initial power factor or the maximum power factor after prolonged im mersion in water. The dielectric loss factor is the product of the power factor and the dielectric constant. Inductance of Cable The inductance of a circuit co ins of parallel conductors may culated by the approximate form L =s (0.1404 los" m--a -- 0.015; where L = henries per 1000 conductor a = radius of conductor b = spacing between cent conductors a and b must be expressed ia. same units. The total inductance of a two*_ transmission circuit per 1000 f circuit is twice the above value formula applies to both cable ci and open wire lines. The inductance of multiple-con tor cable depends principally upo thickness of the conductor insul The belt or jacket affects it slightly. The formula as it stands ma used for the approximate indue of two-conductor concentric or co cable if b is taken to be the radius of the outer conductor resulting value of inductance that for 1000 feet of cable. WIRE AND CABLE CONSTRUCTI Wire constructions are compl varied. Cables mav be jacke sulated. and shielded with man ferent layers of many different rials applied in many different and sequences--and the same true for the individual cond within the cables. Thus, it can that it would be impossible to the constructions possible. Each rial used is designed to con something to the finished produ properties of some materi? themselves to specific appli with related requirements. Oth terials are more universal iapplications. Conductor materials may or stranded. The metals may alloys, plated, or clad. Primary^ tion and jacketing materials served varns. braids, tapes, . lap. felt, impregnates or coatin extrusions. Some constructs elude both inner and outer braids, extrusions, etc. Shiel generally braided or wrapped* 312 Insulation Directory,'Encyclopedia Issue, May, 1961 (STKl/CriON MATEftMIS i'jaddition to their use as conducBfmetah are used for shielding, jr, and support in cables. In the jf lead, it is used as a waterproof f. jacket. inductor metals are selected not the basis of their conductivity hea: resistance, breaking workability, coefficient of ex ion, and other factors all enter ie consideration of what con- ir metals should be selected for fcicular applications. Copper, of is the most common conductor, jtber metals are being used in greasing amounts and the same true for the various alloys and plated, or clad metals. Jetals for shielding may serve a Sober of purposes. In coaxial cables, elding in combination with the factor and insulation determines lectrical characteristics with the f.of matching of impedance to rejaee* power loss of signals or rf JSergy. In power cables shielding pre surface discharges hv providing stress distribution. Shielding also rtkricts the electrical field of the con- to the insulation and prevents (Serna! interference. ^Metals which are usee for armor jftrvide manv different tvpes of phvs- .`".protection. Properties of typical PROPERTIES OF RESISTANCE METALS AND ALLOYS (Extracted from Tablet Prepared by Driver-Harm Company' MATERIAL RESISTIVITY 1 j 1 Ohmt : TempCTl- tmil. foot) . tore j i Coefficient ' COEF. OF LINEAR EXPAN SION 1 IMINIMUM TENSILE 1 APPROX [STRENGTH MELT Lbe. /Sq. In. ING ^ 20 C : point 168 F> i Deg C SPECIFIC GRAV ITY Radiohm*................. Nichrome*................ Niehromt V*........... Chroma* *............... Nirei*........................ 800 800 67S 650 600 590 IPer Deg Cl Pet Deg C i .00002 i 1 .00007 i ! .00015 i ; .00011 ; : .00036 ! .000125 .0000133 .0000155 .000017 .000017 .0000158 .0000161 : ' : MOO 1480 1350 1400 1380 1395 130.000 90.00C 95.000 100.000 70.000 80.000 8.10S 7.300 8.247 8.4J2 7.950 8.55 Comet*...................... Nilvar*...................... Stainlea* Type 304 . M2 Alloy.................. Advance*.................. Therlo*...................... 146 Alloy.................. 1S2 Alloy. ................. Duranickel**........... Midohm*.................. 33 Alloy..................... 570 494 438 420 294 294 290 275 260 260 180 162 j .00055 i .00135 : .00094 ! 1 .0025 ! j .00002 ; .0038 ; ! .000015.0032 i .0036 ' .001 .00018 : .0024 1 .000015 .000001 .000020 .0000053 .0000149 .000006 .0000187 .000008 .0000095 .000014 .0000175 .0000145 i 1480 1425 1399 M25 1210 1450 1020 1425 1425 1435 1100 1420 75,000 70.000 100.000 70.000 60.000 75.000 8.15 8.08 7.93 8.11 8.9 8.36 40.000 70,000 70.000 90.000 50.000 75.000 8.192 8.17 8.247 8.7S 8.9 : 8.60 R-63 Alloy................ ! Hytemco*................. ! Magno* (Gr. D**Nickel) Permanickel**.........' 95 Alloy..................... Gr. E"*Nicke!.........! 130 120 105 100 90 85 .003 i .0000152 .0045 : OOOOIS .0036 ' .0036 ! .00049 1 .0045 ; .0000143 .OOOOM .0000175 .OOOOM6 M25 1425 1435 1450 1100 1435 70,000 70.000 8.72 . 8.46 60,000 90.000 35.000 60.000 : 8.750 : 6.75 8.9 ; 6.813 Gr. A Nickel.........1 Lohm *........................ High Brau............... : 99 Alloy.................. . Low Brau................ ' 30 Alloy..................... Commercial Bronze 60 60 SO 48 40 30 25 .0050 . .00001$ .0008 .000016 .0016 : .0000202 .0060 .000015 .0017 1 .000019) .0015 . .0000175 .0020 . .0000184 1450 noo 930 1450 1000 noo 1040 60.000 50.000 55.000 50,000 47.000 30.000 37.000 ! 8.9 : 8.9 , 8.53 8.9 8.6 8.9 . 8.7 Reentered Trade Mark of Dnvsi Hsmt Co. Registered Trade Mark of The international Nickel Company. Inc. TEMPERATURE WIRE AND CABLE Markel FlEXLEAD is the superior high temperature lead wire with insulation of extruded Teflon' or Silicone Rubber over stranded con ductors of siiver-ptated copper wire. Specify FLEXLEAD for applications requiring excellent electrical, chemical and thermal characteristics. TEFLON TYPE E 600 vo't rat mg: sp3rt tested at 3000 volts. Conforms to MIL-W-16878C, Type E. specifications. TEFLON TYPE EE 1000 volt rating: soars testec at 4000 volts. Conforms to H1L-W-16S78C. Type EE, specifications. & SONS INSULATING TUBINGS AND LEAD WIRE Nerriitown, Pc. Ifcoadwoy 2*8960 J Print ID/E 84 on Boeder Service Card Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May, 1961 313 metals are shown in the tables on pages 313, 314, and 315. These are published through the courtesy of the Rome Cable Division of the -Alumi num Co. of America, from i`The Rome Cable Manual of Technical In formation," copyright. 1957, Rome Cable Corp., Rome, N.Y. insulation and Jacketing Material* Quite naturally, the primary in sulation on a wire or cable is used for insulation purposes. In those cases where the primary insulation is the only covering, it may also be consid ered to be fulfilling jacketing func tions. Jacketing provides protection against moisture, solvents, acids, alka lies, fungus, chemicals, heat, radia tion. and physical abuse such as abra sion and cutting. Jacketing also holds cable elements together and prevents contact between shielding and ground. The method of applying the in sulation or jacketing material will influence end properties. Application methods include braiding, extruding, taping, and dip coating. Different forms of the same material may be applied by different methods with dif ferent properties resulting. Nearly all of the materials used for primarv insulation and jacketing have been described in other sections and readers should refer to sections 6. 7, 8. 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20. and 21 for additional details. In some cases, information on magnet wires in sec tion 23 would also apply. It also should be remembered that fibrous materials are often coated or impreg nated. Highlights of important in sulating and jacketing materials will be briefly mentioned in the discus sion that follows with references to the sections in which additional general data may he found--since many of these materials are specially com pounded for wires and cables, readers should consult the manufacturers for specific data. Acrylic--available in fibrous form for yam servings and braids. Acrylic coating and impregnant also available (mostly for other uses). Other syn thetic fibers find greater use for wire and cable insulation than the acrylics. In general, acrylics offer desirable physical and electrical properties and good resistance to most chemicals and weathering. For special purp suladon, acrylic elastomers used--they provide excellent resistance and good aging pro" but chemical resistance is spotty section 16. Anodic Films--most of the licitv and possible potential for film insulation (aluminum oxide ing on aluminum conductor) is centrated in the magnet wire cation area but some other wire a cations have been suggested. The ing is thin, space-saving, inor" and resistant to extreme tempei (3600^ melting point). Alth anodic film insulated conductorsbe bent and processed without nip ing the film, flexibility is limited live to other insulations. Asbestos--fibrous asbestos wire cable insulation is used in the f of yarn servings. felts, lap, rot and braid. Asbestos reinforcec combined with other materials used. Where space is important, bestos papers and purified papers may be used. Commonly, f* asbestos insulated wires and are available with all-asbestos ALUMINUM...................... BRASS Commercial Bronze (90% Cu--10% Zn).. Low Brass (80% Cu--20% Znj. High Brass f70% Cu--30% Ztu COPPER Annealed Wire (100% Cond').._......... Hard Drawn Wire (97.5% Cond;............. GOLD................................ IRON.................................. LEAD...... .............................. MOLYBDENUM ............. NICKEL............................... PLATINUM.................... SILVER.............................. STEEL (Mild;.................... TIN........................ TUNGSTEN..... ZINC..................... Proparfics of Metals of 2C*C Specific Gr8vitv 2.71 Specific Heat, Cal/ GramC 0.214 Melting Point C 660 Resis tivity. Microhm- Cm 2.828 Temper ature Resis Coef. tivity, of Resis Ohms tivity, (mil. foot) per C 17.00 .00446 Thermal j Cond., i Cai-Cra/ ! Sec-C j Cm5 1 0.52 j Coef. Tensile Strengt! 'C LbsTSq- 23 x 10-* j 24, 8.80 0.092 8.67 0.092 8.33 0.092 1045 995 930 4.66 5.95 6.90 28.03 35.78 41.50 .00145 .00114 .00098 0.45 0.34 0.26 j I i ; 8.89 0.0921 1083 1.7241 8.89 19.30 7.86 11.3 10.2 8.9 21.45 10.3 7.8 0.031 0.107 0.031 0.061 0.105 0.032 0.056 0.107 7.3 19.3 7.14 0.054 0.032 0.092 1063 1535 327 2625 1452 1773 960 1300 1475 232 3410 419 1.7683 . 2.42 r1tr0t 5.7 7.8 10.60 1.63 12 11.5 5.52 6 10.37 10.63 14.55 60.14 132.31 34.28 46.91 63.75 9.80 72.17 69.16 33.20 36.08 .00393 .00383 .0034 .0050 .0039 .0033 .006 .00300 .0038 .005 .0042 .0045 .00347 0.92 i 17 x 10-` | 36.000-40, i 1 (I . . . . . . . . . . i 30,000-70-* 0.71 0.16 | i 0.083 i 0.35 i 0.14 ; 0.17 1.01 o.n 0.13 0.48 0.27 ; i 18 x 10-4 | 42. ; 9 x 10-` ! 50.000-70, i' j 21 x 10-* I 4,000*5.' 1 4 x 10-` I 490.000 ! 314 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue. May. 1961 BARE SOLID COPPER WIRE Size*, Diameter*. Area*. Weight*. Breaking Strength and Resistance** NOMINAL DIAMETER Inches 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 O.OOM 0.001b 0.0018 0.0020 0.0022 0.002S 0.0028 0.003) 0.003$ 0.0040 0.004S 0.0050 0.0066 0.0063 0.0071 0.0080 0.0080 0.0100 0.0)13 0.0126 0.0142 0.0139 0.0179 0.0201 0.0226 0.0253 0.028$ 0.0320 0.0359 0.0403 0.0453 0.0508 0.0S71 0.0641 0.0720 0.0808 0.0907 0.1019 0.12*4 0.1285 0.1443 0.1620 0.1819 0.2043 0.2294 0.2576 0.2893 0.3249 0.3648 0.4096 0.4600 Circular Mils 1.00 1.21 1.44 1.96 2.S6 3.24 4.00 4.84 6.25 7.84 9.61 12.2 16.0 20.2 25.0 31.4 39.7 SO* 64.0 79.2 100 128 159 202 253 320 404 5)1 640 812 1.020 1.290 2.050 2.580 3.260 4,110 5.180 6.S30 8.230 10.380 16.510 20.820 33.090 41,740 66.360 83.690 105.600 Square Inches NOMINAL WEIGHT Lbs./M ft. HARD DRAWN MEDIUM HARD DRAWN Minimum . Breaking ' Strength Lb* Resistance (a. 20 C Ohms M Ft. Minimum Breaking Strength Lbs. Breaking Strength Lbs. Resistance (c- 20 C Ohms U Ft ANNEALED Breaking Strength Lbs. Resistance to. 20 C Ohms M Ft : .78SX10-* ; .950X10-* 1.13X10-* ; ; 1.54X10"* ' 2.01X10-* , 1 2.S4X10-* ! 1 , 3.80X10-* . l 4.91X10-* ' 6.16X10-* 0.00436 0.00593 0.00775 0.00981 0.0121 0.0)47 0.0189 0.0237 1 l i i 7.55X10-* j | 9.62X10-* ! ! 12.6X10-* : 15.9X10-* ! 19.6X10-* 0.0291 0.0371 0.0484 0.0613 0.0757 24.6X10-* 39.6X10-* i 5Q.3X10-* 62.2X10-* 0.0949 0.120 0.153 0.194 0.240 ! 78.SX10-* 100X10-* 125X10-* 158X10-* 199X10-* [ 252X10-* 317X10-* 401X10-* 503X10-* 638X10-* 0.303 0.387 0.481 0.6)0 0.765 0.970 1.22 1.55 1.94 2.46 f .. | 1 ........... | 1 ., 1 i ........... 804X10-* 1.01X10-* 1.61X10- 2.03X10-* 3.10 3.90 4.92 6.21 7.81 i 1 ,, 85.5 i 108 1 135 2.56X10-* 3.23X10-* 4.07X10"* 5.13X10-* 6.46X10-* 9.87 12.4 15.7 19.8 24.9 1 170 ; 2)4 ! 268 : 337 j 423 8.1SSX10-* 0.01028 0.01297 0.01635 0.02061 31.43 39.62 49.98 63.03 79.44 ' 5294 j 660.9 . 826.1 ; 1030 1280 0.02599 0.03278 0.04133 0.0S212 0.06573 100.2 126.3 159.3 200.9 253.3 i 1590 : 1970 : 2439 ! 3002 | 3688 0.08291 0.1045 0.1662 319.5 402.8 507.8 640.5 i 4518 I 5519 ' 6720 j 8143 1 | ! 27.0X10* i 22.3X10* i 17.2X10* 13.8X10* ' 11.2X10* [ 880 i 674 * 533 1 431 344 272 j 2)4 168 136 108 84.5 67.9 53.5 42.7 33.7 26.7 21.) 16.9 134 10.5 8.37 6.64 5.26 4.18 . , 3.31 2.63 2.09 1.65 141 : ! 1 i 1 1.039 .8241 .6532 .5180 .4110 i 1 , i i 4260 .2584 .2050 .1625 .1289 1 ; ! .1022 j .08021 i .06362 ' .05045 . 67.6 84.9 106 133 167 209 262 327 410.4 S13.9 644.0 806.7 1010 1265 3024 3731 4599 6980 76.5 120 151 297 372 467.5 921.2 1154 1446 2273 3484 4311 5330 8143 26.8X10* 22.2X10* ; 17.2X10* 1 13.7X10* 11.2X10* * 876 429 * 342 ! 213 ; 166 : 135 | 84.0 ! 67.6 , 53.2 * 42.4 j 33.5 i 26.6 , 1 16.8 1 13.2 . ; 1 10.5 1 842 ] 6.61 ' 5.23 ! 4.16 I ! 1 i 3.29 i 2.61 2.07 1.64 140 j ! * | 1 ( 1.033 : 1 .8199 : : .6498 1 .5153 1 .4088 ! 4243 * .2571 ! 19.4 24.6 31.0 39.0 49.1 73.0 124 197 249 314.0 3804 605.1 762.6 .1282 | .1016 | .07980 ; .05019 ! 2432 3763 4744 5983 ' 2S.9X10* 21.4X10' 16.6X10* 13.2X10* . 847 648 512 415 331 261 , 206 162 131 104 81.2 654 51.4 41.0 32.4 25.7 204 16.2 12.8 10.1 8.05 649 5.05 4.02 3.18 2.52 2.00 1.59 1.26 .9988 .7925 .6281 .498) 4952 4134 .1239 .07793 .04901 'tt*n NBS Circular 31. 4th EC. Calculated per ASTM B2S8-51T. Published through the courtesy of Rome Cable Division oj Aluminum Co. oj America. Rome, A'. 3'., from `The Rome ble Manual oj Technical Information." copyright 1957, Rome Cable Corp. in combination with varnished aric (where moisture is a factor), . in .combination with a thermotic (for switchboard work). The stos felt is impregnated with aer a flame and heat resisting com ad or a flame, heat, and moisture aisting compound. Suitable for lowr'Toitage work, asbestos provides ex Bent heat resistance, non-flammabilj, flexibility, and resistance to most ical conditions. It is used for ver cable, rheostat wire, apparatus ble, lead wire, range wire, appliance and cords, mining cable, and ber applications where heat is a oblem. See section 8. 3un<2 A' is also known as nitrile bber. Specific properties depend on the actual composition but generally, Buna IS" rubber ofiers excellent resist ance to oils and solvents. Ozone resist ance is good and is determined some what by the blend used. Buna IS rubbers are the result of the copoiymerization of acrvlonitrile and buta diene. See section 16. Buna S is a styrene-butadiene copolvmer svnthetic rubber character ized by good electrical properties and moisture resistance. Ozone resistance, physical properties, and chemical re sistance are generally improved by blending with other materials. In this respect, it should be mentioned that both the synthetic and natural rub bers are not used "straight'" but are blended with each other and other products in order to improve proper ties. Thus, this discussion runs the risk of over-generalization--wire and cable producers should be consulted for specific information. See section 1C. Butyl Rubber--a polymer of iso butylene with small amounts of isoprene. this is an increasingly popular insulation and jacketing material, 'ft'hen properly compounded, butyl rubber is characterized by excellent resistance to oxidation and aging, ex ceptional ozone resistance, and very good electrical properties. Resistance to moisture, physical abuse, and chemicals is also good. Applications include low and high voltage power cables, apparatus and equipment Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May, 1961 315 leads, control cables, and various glass fibers. Dielectric properties and Oils--cable oils and construe other cables. See section 16. protection against abrasion depend on are discussed in section 7. Cellulose Acetate -- available in yarn form for wire servings and other materials or treatments. See sec tion 8. Paper -- the National Ele Code permits the use of paper braids as well as in film form for Mica--mica is used as an insula lated cable with a lead sheath, taped insulation. These materials are characterized by very good electrical properties per unit thickness. They are non-corrosive with moderate to good resistance to chemicals. The film has been used for lead wire insulation. Moisture resistance is good. See sec tion wrap in wires and cables to a very limited degree. See section 20. Mineral Insulation--mineral in sulated (MI) cable and thermocouple wire consists of one or more conduc tors surrounded by magnesium oxide insulation and enclosed in a liquid- underground service conductors, properties of unimpregnated paper are covered in section 9. impregnated paper has improved trical and moisture resistance proj ties. Paper is also used as a filler. tions 8 and 18. Ceramic--ceramic insulations are available in the form of fibrous alumina-silica yarns for servings and braids and also in the form of coat ings. Heat and radiation resistances are excellent. Manufacturers should be consulted in regard to film flexi bility and uses. Ceramic beads are another form used to provide physical separation. See sections 8 and 21. Also see mineral insulation below. Cotton--cotton is used for servings and braids. Flexibility and strength are good. Treatments are required to provide chemical and fungus resist ance. Heat resistance is limited. See section 8. Fluoroelastomers--a number - of these materials are available and some are suggested for use as wire insula tions in critical applications where high costs are justified. Properties of the different types vary but generally, they all are characterized by excel lent heat and chemical resistance. Five types are described in section 16. and gas-tight metallic sheathing. Be cause the construction is completely inorganic, the cable is very heat re sistant and inert to most conditions. See section 21. Natural Rubber--rubber bv itself is lacking in many properties required of wire and cable insulating and jack eting materials. However, by proper compounding and mixing with other products, it can be converted to a ma terial with excellent physical proper ties. good electrical properties, and fair to moderate ozone resistance and chemical resistance. See section 16. Neoprene -- chemically, this syn thetic rubber is known as polychloroprene. Its first use as a cable jacketing material was reported in 1933. Its application over lead sheathed and rubber insulated cables has grown rapidly since that time. Although the electrical properties of neoprene are inferior to many other insulations, they are adequate for low voltage work. The physical properties of neoprene are similar in some respects Polvester--this is supplied in" form of yarns for servings and b: and film for wire wraps. Genet the polyesters are characterized by excellent balance of strength, ele cai. and thermal properties, contribute to considerable space ings in communication and ot wires and cables. See sections 8 18. Polyethylene--a varietv ot types polvethvlene are used in wires cables in very large amounts. Pol ethvlene has excellent electrical pr erties for wire and cable insulatic plus superior abrasion and solver resistance. These properties in coi bination with moisture resistant light weight, iow brittle point, ai durability have helped make poI; ethvlene the large volume plastic it is todav. Polvethvlene is used an insulation or jacketing mate for hook-up wire, coaxial cable, cor munication cable, line wire, lead wi high voltage cable, etc. Conventior polyethylene has two limitations Fluorinated ethylene propylene-- FEP is similar to polytetrafluoro- to natural rubber but it is consider ably better from the standpoint of supports combustion and it is not flexible as some products. In ethylene idescribed later) but has a resistance to oil. ozone, heat, weather, where stiffness is a problem. PV( melting point about 50C lower and slightly different physical properties. sunlight, and aging. It does not sup port combustion and resists abrasion often used. Flame retardant type; polvethvlene are available and sj It is more easily processed than PTFE. Heat resistance and chemical inert ness are outstanding. This material will likely be used in increasing and cutting. It is used for a wide variety of wire and cable jacketing applications. See section 16. Nylon--nylon is available in three similar in most properties to com tional polvethvlene although the set ice temperature is more conservatu Irradiated polyethylene can also amounts where requirements are se forms for wires and cables: as a yarn supplied--the radiation converts pof i vere. See section 15. i for wire serving and braid; as an ethvlene from a thermoplastic to Gases--because of the complex con extrusion material (primarily for infusible plastic which cannot struction and handling problems in jackets) ; and a coating. For conduc melted. Properties are quite sir volved, gas filled cables are used onlv tors of any but a small size, the elec to the conventional polyethylene where necessary. See section 6. trical properties and hygroscopic cept that some improvement in b< Glass--glass fibers are used in varn properties of nylon limit its use to resistance and slight changes in otb< servings and braids. High tensile jacketing rather than primary insula properties are reported. There strength, non-flammability, flexibility, tion. Nylon extrusions are character been quite a bit of investigation and resistance to moisture and high ized by toughness and excellent oil live to the use of foamed poivethylet temperatures are characteristics of resistance. See section 15. in coaxial cables--reports on acti 316 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May, 1961 pP]ications continue to grow in num- High density polyethylene rertedh' offers properties similar to ventional polyethylene with some [provement in weathering, processg, and phvsica) toughness. See sec- on 15. Polypropylene--a member of the e familv as polvethylene, polyQpvlene is the newer of the two. It the lightest of all plastics and is jjar to polyethylene but offers even :tter heat resistance, tensile strength, rasion resistance, and lower dielecic constant. For high frequency ork. a specially purified grade is reired. Investigations are under wav or the use of foam. See section 15. - Polvtelra fiuoroelhylene--this is the ost thermally stable and chemically istant of all carbonaceous insulatg compounds. It is unaffected by light, moisture, and practically all emicals. Temperature range is --90 -j-250cC and electrical properties e very constant over the temperare range and a wide range of freencies. Insulation mav be applied y extrusion or taping and in case here another material is used, bv ipersior coating. See section 15. Pohtrifiuorochloroethrlenc -- this ateria! approaches PTFE in many properties but is characterized by aomewhat lower heat resistance. See section 15. Polyvinyl chloride--PYC is widelv d for primary wire insulation or cketing on communication wires, otrol cables, bell wire, building e, hook-up wire, fixture wire, tppliance cords, power cables, light- cables, motor leads, etc. Manv different formulations are available eluding grades for high temperaes, low temperatures, flame resistce, deformation resistance, etc. ^Dielectric strength is excellent and legibility is very good. Some formuions may have limitations when idering toughness, moisture retance. and resistance to chemicals. Sowever, by proper compounding, ese properties can generallv be llored to meet the requirements of application. PVC is probablv the t versatile of the lower cost, contional temperature wire insula'ns. See section 15. magnetic core dielectric inner conductor winding outer conductors Figure 5. construction oi a delay cable suggested ior applications where extreme fidelity oj signal transmission is important. Photo courtesy Columbia Technical Corp. ' Rayon--this is a svnthetic used for yarn serving and braid applications generallv in the same applications where cotton can be used. See sec tion 8. Silica--silica fibers produced from melted quartz offer properties similar to fiber glass but even higher heat resistance i above 2000F .1. Thev offer possibilities as yarn servings. See sec tion 8. Silicone rubber -- silicone rubber extrusions offer retention of good electrical properties, resilience, and flexibilitv after long-time heat aging at class H temperatures and higher. Excellent ozone resistance, low tem perature flexibility, long life, lowmoisture absorption, weather resist ance. radiation resistance, and corona resistance are other characteristics. Resistance to some oils, solvents, and strong acids is relatively poor. Air craft wires, nuclear cable, lighting wire, power cable, control cable, ship board cable, heat and cold appliance w-ires, lead wires, etc., are uses. See section 16. Silk--used very little today as yarn serving and braid. See section 8. J arnished Cambric--tape wraps of varnished cambric for insulation of wires and cable offer properties that lie between those of rubber and im pregnated paper. This applies to di electric strength, flexibility, resistance to moisture and heat, and handling cable connections and terminations. It provides greater moisture resistance than paper and higher voltage ratings than rubber. In dry locations, it mav be used without a lead sheath. It can be used for low- and moderate voltage cables. See section 12. PRODUCERS OF PRODUCTS COVERED IN THIS SECTION Cede Prodoet Lilted According to Insulation end Joekcting Moteriol* Uied A! Acrylic 61 AsPesros Cl Buna N Dl Buna S Ei . Butvl rubbeF: Cellulose acetate G! Ceramic HI Cniorosulioneted poivetnyiere 11 Conor J'r Fiuoroelastomers Kl Fluorinatec efhvtene propylene Li Foamec oieiectn: Mi Gas filiec N i Giess fiDeCi trraoiatec poiyetnyiene c' Mica 0: Mineral {magnesium oxide; insulated R! Natural rubpeSi Neoprene T' Nylon u; 0.` fined V RapeW; Foiveste- fioe- Foivester film Yi Polyethylene 2. Polypropylene At Foivre-rafiuoroefnyiene 82 Poivtiiiiuorocnioroernyiene C2 Poiwiriyicr,ioriae P2 Ouerr: fioeE2 Reyon F2 Siiicone rubbeG2 Silk H2 Varnished cambric Lifted According to Application, fenction. Type, or Form A3 Aerial 83 Aircraft and missiie C3 Alio-, D3 Aooaratus E3 Appliance F3 Armored G3 Automotive H3 Bae 13 Bullcinc J3 Cable terminations K3 C lac L3 Coaxial M3 Coiiec N3 Communication 03 Convo' P3 Core set; 03 pirec; ouria1 R; electronic S3 Fixture T3 harnesses enc asseme' e; U3 Heating V3 High temoe-ature W3 High voltage X3 Hoor-uc Y3 ignition Z3 leoc covered At lighting Bt line CA Machine too! JnsuiatioFV Direciory/Encyclopedic Issue, May, 1961 317 Lar CM Mining Motor teed- in Multi-conductor S4 ?set*c, cieo, and costed t-M Power U Raolo end television j* Resistance K< Ribbon L* Service entrance M4 Snieioec N Snioooero ' Cm Signal P* Sucmarine Q* Switchboard R4 Teieonona S* Tnermocoubia Tx Tlnsei LM Unoerground NOTE: Symbols in porentneses following compony noma ore cooes corresoond/rtg w/th ooove listing wrucr. ind/eote products produced by compony concerned- Only company nomes ore UsteO here-- see Section 1 'or addresses. 8ofd foee type indicotes acvertisrs~-jee oovert/sers' listing at back oi poor, tor page numeers or advertisements. Producer* and Codes Advanced Dyneniics, Inc. (SI, B3, F3, U3 M4 S4) . Alpna Wire Corp., Subsidiary of Loral Electronics Coro. (Di. Nl. SI. Tl. Yl. A2, C2, 62. A3, 82, N3, 03, R3. T3. V3, W3, X3, 23, R H4 14 M4 On. U4| Aiuminum Co. of America. Rome Cable Co. Div (El. II. Si, Ti, Yl,C2, E2, F2, S2 A3, 62, 03 E3. F3 S3, 13. N3,03, 03. R3, S3 73 V3. W3 X3 23. A4 trtru RH4. 14, L4, M4 04 P4 Q4 114 Amerace Core., Gevitt Wire and Cable Co. Div. (O:. II. KJ. Nl. Rl. Tl. Yl, C2. E2. D3, 3 N3 C3, R3, S3. T3, V3. X3. R 14, K, M4. 0<. 74) Ame*iCan Enra Coro.. Wlliiom Brand-Rex Div, (II Kl. LI.Nl. SI. Tl. Yl. A2. C2. E2 F2 A3 82 03. 3.13 thru 03, 03. R3. S3. T3 V3 W3 X3 C4. E4 R H4. 14, K4, M4 thru R4) American Stanaard Wire & Cable Co. (Bl DI *. Si. II. Nl, Ol. Rl. Si 71 wt X! Yi 2'. A2.S2. C2. E2, F2. H2. B3. C3 03 3, S3 13. L3. S3 C3. 03. R3. S3. U3 thru Y3. A4 thtu U <4 !c S4. U4'. AMERICAN SUPER-TEMPERATURE WIRES. INC.. SUBSIDIARY OP HAVEG INDUSTRIES <K1, Nl, PI, A2, C2, F2, B3, L3, R3, V3, tl, XI, P4, M4, S4) ANACONOA WIRE & CABLE CO. (At thru 7. HI thru 01, SI, Tl, Ul, VI. XI, Yl. Zl, A2. 52. C2, E2, P2. 62. H2. A3. B3. 03, E3, F3. G3. 13, L3, N3, 03, 03. R3. S3. V3. thru Z3, A4 thru R. H4. 14. J4. L4 4hr S4, U4) The Anson,a wire ano Caoie Co. (Tl. Yl, C2) Aooletor Macnine Co., Doven Div. (U3. V3, C4) Befoen Manufacturing Co. (Bl, DI, El, PI HI II. jl. Li. Nl. Rl. SI, Tl XI, Y|, Zl, A2 C2, 2, F2. A3, 33. D3. 3. S3. J3. U thru R3. T3. V3, W3, X3. Y3. 64, R H4, 14, M4. R4. 74) Bimpac.nRaoio Co., Inc. (DI. Nl, SI Tl A2 B2 02, F2, S3, D3. U thru R3. T3. V3 W3, X3 Y3. B4. 4, F4. H4, 14, M4, N4, 04, 04. R4) The 6oroen Co., The Boraen Chemical Co.. Div. [C2. A3. B3. N3. R3) Bosron insulated Wire & Cable Co. (Cl. DI, Bl II. Jl. Kl. LI. Nl, Ol. Pi, Rl. SI. 71. Wi, Xi. Yl. 21. A2. C2. D2, E2. P2. S3 thru 53. K3, 13. N3. 03. 03, R3. S3, U3 thru Y3. A4. C4 4, R S4. 14, J4, M4 thru 04, S4, U4) CaDle Designs Inc. (Ci. DI, El. HI. Jl, Si A2. C2 P2. B3. D3. L3 thru P3. R3, T3, V3. X3. 4 triru K4. M4. N4. 04, R4, S4) Ceremaseal. Inc. (J3I Cerro Corp.. Rockbestos Wire S Cable Co.. Div. (81, PI. 11. Kl. Nl. Ol. PI, Rl. SI, Tl. Wl, X!. Yl. 21. A2 tnru F2. H2, B3 thru G3. K3, L3. N3. 03. R3 thru 23. A4, C4 thru 14. M4 thru 0< S4) Chester Cable Corp. Ill, LI, Nl. Tl. Yl. A2. C2. A3, B3. D3, 3. P3. L3. M3, N3. '03. 03, R3. S3. V3. W3. X3, Y3, A4 thru F4. H4, |4, L4. M4, N4. 04. 0<. R4 $4, U4) Cicoil Corp. (F2. T3. P4) Coieman Caoie A .Wire Co. (SI, C!. Ol ! Ii. LI. Nl Rl, SI. 7!. XI Yl. A2 82 C2 2, F2. H2. A3, D3. 3. F3. G3 L3. N3 thro 13 V3 W3. X3. Y3 A4 thru F4, H4 14, M4 N4 04 O* Ra U41 COMPONENTS FOR RESEARCH. INC. (J3) M. R. Conner Electrical insulation Inc. (II, M4) Continental Copper A Steel Inaustries Inc. He>field wi-e & Cable Div. (Dt El SI Yl C2 F2. A3, B3. 03, 3, F3, S3, 13. L3, N3. 03. R3! . S3,_UithnJJ, A4 thru R H4, 14, L4 thru R4, 74. U4) Continental Sensing. Inc. (Ql, A3, 83, LJ, U3, V3, S4) DielectricMaterials Co. (Pi, II. LI, Nl. Ol. Tl, Wl, Yl. A2. 82, C2. 2. F2, A3, 83. 03. E3, G3, 13, U. M3. N3. 03. Q3. R3. S3, T3, V3. W3, X3. Y3. A4 thru R H4, 14, M4. 04. Q4l Bectricable, Inc. (Tl. Yl. C2, 63, N3, 03. R3. W3, X3, 14. M4. R4) The Efectrie Autolite Co. (Af thru SI. II. Nl. Ol, PI. Rl. Si. Tl. VI thru 2l. A2. B2. C2. E2. F2. G2, B3.-03T E3. F3. S3. K3 thru 03. R3, T3. Y3. W3, X3. Y3, 04, 64. R. S4, 14, J4, K4, M4, 04 Q4. S4) Electronics Accessories, inc. (83. D3. F3, 13, 13, N3. Q3. R3, T3. Y3, W3, X3 Y3, R, H4 14. M4, P4I Essex Wire Corp., Peranite Wire A Cable Div. (Cl. DI. El, HI, II. LI. Nl. Rl, SI. Tl, VI tnru Zl, C2, E2. F2. S2. A3. 83. D3. 3. F3. S3. 13, K3, M3, thru 23, A4 thru J4, L4 thru R4 T4. U4) GENERAL CABLE CORP. (Bl. DI, El. FI. HI. II, Ml. Nl. 91 Rru Yl. A2, C2. 2. F2, H2, A3, S3, C3, 3, F3. G3, 13, L3 thru S3, U3 thru Z3. A4 N>ra H, H4. 14, U thru U4) General Electric' o., Wire & Cable Dept, (81, E). n. Nl, =OJ, SI, Tl. Yl, A2 C2, E2 P2 H2, A3, B3, D3, E3. F3. S3. 13, L3, N3 03, 03, R3, S3, U3, V3. W3, X3, 23, A4 thru R H4 14, 14 thru R4, U4) Seneral Motors Corp., Packard Eleetric Div. (Al, Cl, 01, El. HI thru LI Nl Rl SI Tl Wl XI, Yl. 21. A2, 82, C2, E2. F2. S2. H2, 83. 03, 3, S3, 13. N3 thru Y3. C4, CM, 4, R, H4 thruM4, 04, P4. 04. S4. T4) Giasstronics, Inc. (Nl, 83 D3 E3, N3. 03 R3 T3, U3. V3. W3) W. L. GORE A ASSOCIATES. INC. (A2. 63. L3. N3, 93. R3, T3. Y3, W3, X3. Y3, F4, K4. M4) Sremar Mtg. Co., Inc. (A2. C2, L3i Harco Laboratories, Inc. (Bl, Nl, f, Tl, A2, 83. T3. V3. P4 S4) HAVEG INDUSTRIES, INC.. TAUNTON DIV. () Hudson Wire Co.. Cassooolis Div. [83 03 H3 13. R3. V3, X3, S4. 14 K4. 04, 04. R4. T41 Huoson Wire Co., Ossining Div. (83 D3 H3 13. R3, V3, X3. S4. 14, X4. 04. 04, R4. T4) Huason Wire Co., Winsted Div. (83 03 H3 L3 R3, V3, X3. S4. 14. K4. 04, 04. R4. T4) ' Induction Heating Corp.. Subsidiary of Hathaway instruments, inc. (U3> INSO ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS INC., WIRE AND CABLE DIV. (A2. L3. R3. V3) The international Siive' Co., Times Wire ana Cebie Div, (Cl, Dl. El. Kl. 11. Nl. Ol. Rl, SI, TC *C"A2, C2 E2 F2. A3, 83. D3 F3. L3. N3, 03, 03, R3. 73. V3. X3, R. S4 14, K4. M4, N4, 04, P4, U4) Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp.. Electtica! Conductor Div, (Cl, Ol El. Hi II. Nl, Rl, SI. 71. XI, Yl, C2. E2. F2. A3.B3, F3. 13. U. N3, 03, 03, R3, W3 23. A4 thru F4 H4 14 thru R4. U4) 7he Kentnal Corp. (C3. V3. S4) The Lewis Engineering Co.. Wire A Cab'e Div. (Bl, Ol, Tl. Yl. A2. C2. F2. 83, L3, U3, V3. W3, F4 34, S4) L. FRANK MARKEL A SONS (Kl. Nl. Tl. Wl. A2, FJ. B3, D3. E3. L3. H3. 03. R3. S3. U3, V3. W3. Y3, E4. F4. 14. M4. 04, 04. R4. $41 Method* Mfg. Corp. (XI' Microdot, Inc. (LI. Si, Tl, A2, C2. B3, L3, 73. VI, M. M4) Miles Hivolt Ltd. (83, R3. W3) Molecu-Wire CdfD. (C3) MOXNESS PRODUCTS. INC.. SUBSIDIARY OF PLASTICS CORP. OF AMERICA INC. (F2. T3> THE OKONtTC CO.. KENNECOTT WIRE A CABLE DIV. (VI, H2) Pacific Automation Prooucts. Inc. (Si. Yl, A3. 83. D3, F3. 13, K3 tnru X3, A4, 84. 04. F4 H4, m K4. M4 thru R4. U4) The Pen-Mac-Nye Co., Faige Engineerina Div. (N3| ' Permaluster Inc. (V3) Phalo Plastics Corp. (Fl, tl. Ll. Tl. Yl. 21, 02 Phelps Dodge Copper Proaucrs Core.. Haoirsnaw Cable & Wire Div. (Bl) thru Fl. HI .1'. Kl thru Pi Rl thru VI, XI. Yl. 21 A2. C2 thru H2. A3 thru S3, 13. L3, N3. 03, 03. R3. S3. 72. V3 thru 23. A4 thru 14, L4 thru R4. U41 Phiiadelohia Insulated Wire Co. (Fl, Kl. Y! A2, C2, 83. E3. S3. U. M3. N3, 03, R3. S3^ T3, V3, W3, X3, Y3, A4, C4 thru 14 M4 04 04. R4. S4) Physical Science Corp., Affiliate Packard 8ell Electron,cs (Gl. 83. V3. X3! Radiation Applications Inc. (A2. A3. B3. Radix Wire Co. (Bl. Fl. II. Nl. Yl, G, 3. F3. S3. 13. 03. 03 ttrro V3. X3. Yl. C4. 64, R. 14. J4, M4. 04, R4, S4. U4) Raveled Tubes, Inc. (Lt, Ol. 83, C3. 03, S3. L3. N3. 03. R3, T3. V3. X3, R. 04. Revere Corp. of America. Neotune Meter Electronic Div. (61. HI. II. Kl. Nl, Tl, XI, C2. 63. L3 03 R3. T3. V3, X3. F4 14. K4. M4. RONTHOR REISS CORP., SYNTHETIC UCTS OIV. (F2. T3, V3. W3J - , - ,,.IADV>, i-.. -- n- ONE SOURCE FOR SILICONE RUBBER PRODUCT Sheets * Molded Pam * Gatketi * Sleeving EaTmtions Tapes See our ooverruemenf Section It RONSIL PRODUCTS DIVISION RONTHOR REISS CORPORATION littie Palis. New Jersey The Milton Ross Co. (P3, R3, T3) Sanoers Associates. Inc., Piexprinf Products (Al Fl. Jl. Li Ni Cl Tl XI Yl, Zl. A2. C2. F2, 83. D3 3. S3. U. N3. 03. R3. - U3. V3, W3, X3, C4, F4, 14, K4, M4. 04. 04. R4) Saxton Products Inc. (Yl A2 C2, A3, 83. E3, L3. 03, R3. V3. W3. X3. G*. 14. 04, R4) Seeon Metais Corp. (Gl, C3, R3. V3, Z3, J4. K4. S4> Service Capie & Wire. Inc. (DI, PI. Si, A2, L3. N3 03. R3. V3. W3. X3. K4. Q4, R4. W, S. Shamoen & Co. (A2, 82) The Sherwin Williams Co., feectrical Insula^ Div. (8. 0. . G thru K. M, Q. R, S. U thru Simplex Wire A Cabie Co., Hitemo Wires Div. [Si, Yl, 21. A2, 83, 03, F3, U, R3. V3, X3' Spectra-Strip Wire & Cable Corp. (L3 thru R3. 73, V3. W3, X3. C*. R. 14, K. R4) Standarc Wira and Cable Co. (6l thru Zl, thru H2. A3 thru W3 X3. Y3, 23 A4 thru U4) Suflex Corp. (Nl. C2. F2) Superior Cable Corp, (Tl. Yl. A2. C2. A3, B3. L3. N3, 03. 03, R3. V3, R 14, M4, P4. R4, U4) Surprenant Mfg. Co. (II Jl, Kl, LI, Nl Ol, SI. Tl. Wl, Xl, Yl, A2. 62. C2. 2. F2. A3 G3, K3 thru 03. 03 thru Y3, 64. C4. 4 K4. M4 thtu U4> Sweolow, inc., Youngstown Div. (B3, M3. 03. V3, W3. .14. 04) . Syivania Eieetric Products Inc,, Parts Div. ( V3. G4) Tensolite Insulated Wire Co.. Inc. (SI. Tl, A2, C2. A3. 83. 3 F3. 13. R3. 73. V3 W3, X3. F4, H4, J4. K4. M4. N4. S4. T4, U4) '' Tevco Insulated Wire (Ll. Tl. Yl. C2, 63, E3, F3, G3. L3, N3. 03. S3, V3, W3. Y3, A4. C4, R 14, M4, R4) Tnermai Wire of America (A2) Thermatics. Inc. (II, Tl, Yl A2 82, C2. E2, AJ 83, 3, F3, S3, 13, 13, N3. 03. R3, S3. T3. W3. X3. C4, 64, F4, 14. M4. Q4) Thermax Wire Corp. (A2 63 C3, D3 L3 N3, R3, T3. V3. X3. F4, M4, S4J Thor Ceramics. Inc. (Y3) Topper Mfg. Co., Inc., Electronic Systems Div. (A2) United States Steel Corp., American Steel A W7` Div. (81. Cl. Di El N! Ol Rl thru VI. F2. H2. A3. 03. F3. 13. K3 thru 03, 03. U3, W3, 23, A4 tnru 64, H4. L4 thru R4, U4} Verrtay Laboratories, Inc. (Cl Dl El. HI. J Rl. SI. F2, A3. 83. D3, 3. S3. N3, 03, * U3, V3. X3. Y3, A4, 14. J4. R4. S4) Warren Wire Co. (81 SI Kl Tl A2 C2, E3, S3. L3, N3, 03, R3,73, V3, W3. X3. F4. S4, M4, S4; Wirecraft Products Inc. (Nl Ol Tl, A2, U. V3, X3. C4. F4. K4. M4) Wirekraft inc.(Nl Tl Yl C2, F2 C3, E3. 13. S3. 03 thru V3. X3. A4, C4, 4. H, J< M4. T4. U4) " World Wide Wire, Inc. (A2) The ZiPDertubing Co. (Bl. Kl. Of, Yl, C2, ^ 83, S3. N3, 03, 03. R3. T3. V3) --------------------------------- <AOV\--------------------- ^ TO BOND FLUOROCARBONS all vou need is ACTON FLUOROETCH SOLUTION and most any conventional adhesive See advertisement t section 1$ ACTON LABORATORIES 1180 Ravmond Ronievard. Newark 2. N-L 318 Insulation Directoty/Encydopedia Issue. May, 1961