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The America Ceramic Society February 15,1993 - I hereby certify that the attached copies of Ceramic Abstracts, Volume 15,1936, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081. Christine Schnitzer Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614-890-4700 TWX: 7101109409 CERAMIC ABSTRACTS Compiled by The American Ceramic Society Ross C. Puxdy, Editor Maxy J. Rascutr }Emily C. Vam Scaoiac Doxothy J. Tcxmkx Assistants Committee on Publications: J.D. Scllxvam, Chairman, R. G. Cotya.h. T. A. IClzkbxxltxx, R. F. Sbkxwood, R. C. Puxsy Volume 15, 1936 Abstractors: Abde Ally, J. B. Austin, A. A. Avars. Rudolf Barta, M. H. Berns, Arthur Bevan. L. T. Brownmiller, W. H. Bruckner, Peter BudnikofT and E. Stefanowskr, J. C. Chaston, P. T. Clark. W. M. Cohn. M. V. Condoide. Maurice Delanpre. R. W. Devillers, A. H. Emery, W. F. Figee. W. D. Foster, J.'L. Gallup, J. D. Gat, Max Hartenheim, M. J. Hausman, F. G. Heck. R. A. Heindl. E. B. Hewitt, G. M. Hutt. Herbert Insley, C. B. Jenni. Seiji Rondo, E. H. McClelland. S. I. Perkal. F. P. Peters. G. M. Petersen, C. J. Phillips, J. G. Phillips. R. H. H. Pierce, Jr.. Alexis Pincus. R. F. Rea. Katherine Reed, F. Renaud. H. K. Richardson, R. W. Ryan. A. B. Searie. M. C. Shaw, G. R. Shelton, H. E. Simpson. A. P. Som, J. H. Steigerwald, H. H. Stephenson, B. H. Strom, L. E. Thiess. Gilbert Thiessen. E. J. Yachuska, F. E. Vaerewyck, J. M. Warde, F. J. Zvanui. Editorial Oftce: 2525 North High Street, Columbus. Ohio. Publication Office: 20th and Northampton Streets. Easton. Pa. _.V, Vol. 15, N& General 49 >s. Humidity^ ^ i0 largest diameter are considered to cause silicosis tic charges; 40 no larger ones are able to enter the tiny air sacs of ue build-up of ^ -he lungs). (3) mineral composition of the dust with quartz J-L.q" .'he dangerous constituent, and (4) length of time exposed n oxide. R. ^ 136 [3-128] 70$ stals of MgO i seals. The ed^ sealing in. -c the dust. A rating of the health hazards of a particular ^|jn, can be made only after considering the physical con ations of the plant, the processes and materials, duties of he employees, their previous medical and occupational the four exposure factors listed, and the medical is 11 X 10-* ladings on employees. This last should include a thor.- range 0 to 100^ cogh history and examination of the chest, with stereosome up to 3 rf, ^opic X-ray films. Medical methods of prevention in .rent to X 220air clude preemployment examinations with chest films, pe- refraction due;* ^odic examinations with chest films, and placement of em to attack by ployees according to the results of these examinations, C). lead (10501} engineering prevention includes making dust analyses, 1100C). bute* -tched the surfs* to penetration lg z. J.L.G.V Factory ifanagi. ating the efficiency of protective devices, and comparing :be information gained with the established criteria. The protection used may take the form of protection for indi vidual employees or of control of the dust particles. The e^asurement of the remaining hazard is not concerned 35).--Quality with what the protective devices take away but rather with jceives satisfactor ehat remains for the worker to breathe. Illustrated, processes wheies J-L.G. n is needed. Th Steel prepares to meet new opportunities. V. G. bjective of quality Ibex. Nation'r Business, p. 22 (March. 1934).--Numer where and whafts ous examples of the applications of stainless steels, sheet inspecting the <teels, and improved welding methods are given, and it is . (7) layout of <hown how these advances have lead the steel industry, nization, (9) mia- ;he business barometer, back toward better times. /.ions of inspectm J.L.Gt P.T.C. Views on silicosis. W. E. Cooke. Jour. Hygiene, 35 .<. Bull. Amm. 21 207-18 (1935).--It is Claimed that the consensus of ji' opinion is that the chemical action of free silica plays JUT. J. G. Van. :he major part in the production of silicosis. The theory classification of so :iW. R. Jones that sericite and not free silica is the cause rm, water contest f; silicosis is discredited. The size of the particles is im- le following appfi- -.'onant only on account of their effect on the solubility, d: (1) defloccula- iharp and angular particles do not necessarily cause res jf, fritted enamels piratory disability. Pneumonoconiosis from asbestos may .tion of glazes, (S) due to the liberation of free silica from solution of as nanufacture of re bestos in tissue fluids. No explanation is given for the im silicate--" Ceram. munity from silicosis of some workers under adverse con F.G.H. ations. G.H.A. sappinoton. Fat ] 291-92 (1935).- BOOKS hygienist, defines Ceramic Data Book and Catalogs. 8th ed. Industrial ormal, elastic lust Publications, Inc., Chicago, 1935. 330 pp. No charge, -sue brought about ^tis edition carries 80 pages of well-illustrated advertise- ic particles of fret ~enis. each of which contains informational matter of ime. This fibroin >lue to every ceramist. These 80 pages of advertising ecrease in lung ex- -re not by any means of small value; they are sources of tuberculosis. N*- 'formation. There are 44 pages devoted to a review of are the hairs in the V literature with bibliographies on enamel, whitewarc, ace of the lining of `j4**. refractories, and structural clay products and pro ilia or microscope motion. There are 150 pages devoted to a compilation .-s. The secondary ' tables, charts, definitions, and data which are frequently tem which acts to -fed. Forty-five pages are devoted to ceramic raw mate- :r exposure factors r'-als. Eleven pages are devoted to formulas and calcula- arc (1) the concen- !ons. While some of the material of this eighth edition s per cubic foot d `PPears in the previous editions, a great deal of it is new, icles under ten tnr Turing the information up to date. This has charac- terized all previous editions, making of these books valu able and fairly exhaustive reference works on ceramics. ROSS C. PURDY Ceramic Engineering (Ingenieria Cerimica). T. W. Garve, Columbus, Ohio. 8 pp., 11 figs. This small bulle tin discusses driers, kilns, etc., and is written for the needs of the day-worker in Latin-American countries. It con tains an improved design of a chambered continuous kiln especially suitable for the prevailing capacities and re quirements of the Spanish and Portuguese South. This kiln permits the firing of all structural and other ware, en abling flashing, salt-glazing, etc. An appendix contains a table of pyrometric cones and other vital data relative to the conversion from the English to the metric (Spanish) system. T.W.G. Chemical Engineering Catalog. 20th annual ed. Reinhold Publishing Corp.. New York, 1935. 863 pp. Price 53.00. The publishers have once more rendered valuable service to the industries in the issuance of this book. The technical and scientific book section of 50 pages is alone worth the price of this catalog. The many equipment and instrument concerns have furnished 800 pages of condensed alphabetized and indexed catalog, thus providing a handy reference book. It has a separate in dex of the laboratory and reagent chemicals. Ross C. Purdy Chemical Guide Book, 1935. Chemical Markets. Inc., New York, 1935. 803 pp. Price 52.00. Reviewed in Ceram. Age. 26 [4] 159 (1935). F.G.H. Dynamic Economics. Theoretical and Statistical Studies of Demand, Production, and Prices. (Mono graph of the Cowles Commission for Research in Eco nomics. No. 1). Charles Frederick Roos. Principia Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1934. 275 pp. Price 53.50. A good general description of this book by the former Di- rector-of Research and Planning of the NRA is found in the first sentence of his preface. "In 1929 I decided to refrain from publishing research papers in economics until I had a sufficient number to justify the publication of a book which would relate these researches to each other and to my earlier papers." Unfortunately, R. has not quite succeeded in all he set out to do, for in spite of certain points of correlation between the chapters they remain a collection of research studies lacking in continuity and of uneven quality, the more mathematical ones being, in gen eral, superior to the others. This is partly due to the fact that, like Alfred Marshall whom he quotes, R. obviously thinks' 'much more easily in mathematics. . .than in En glish." His text is not well finished and is sometimes wordy, as in the case of Chapter I, in which he takes 12 pages to develop the concept of "dynamic economics" which must be clear to anyone who is competent to under stand what follows. There is also a tendency to overwork certain symbols which occasionally leads to confusion. For example on page 196, reference is made to the letters A, B, and C without further comment except that they are "described in the preceding chapter," which in turn seems to contain several kinds of A's, B's, and Cs. In regard to subject matter. R., whose mathematical equipment is impressive and beyond question, has at tempted to provide a broad basis for economic theory and in so doing has made frequent excursions into highly ab- '2C.-J Ceramic Abstracts Vol. 1*>. No. X I0:t> Junes Pass. Richard Pass. Butt. Amer. Ceram. Sue.. IS [61220-23(1930). New regulations for mine police in anthracite coal areas in Germany. Schurmann. Zentr. Getcerbehyg. UnfOliverktiiung, 22, 164 (Aug.-Sept.. 1935).--S.. silicosis expert (Stettin), comments on the new regulations for minepolice (Gluchauf, p. 773 (1933)) in hard-coal areas (upper Breslau, Bonn, Dortmund), showing emphatic instructions tor the technical security of industrial workers, who must be safeguarded in every possible way from mechanical in juries. from customary illness, and from occupational dis eases. The campaign against silicosis through prevention of dust in boring operations is particularly provided for. K.R. Organization and work of laboratories for the study of ceramic materials in France. W. Da Keyser. Verre of Silicates Ind., 7 [10| 116-19 (1936).--The essential points of the organization of the Institute for French Ceramics and the Official Laboratory of the Syndicate of Manufac turers of Ceramic Products in France are discussed briefly. M.V.C. Silicosis and the minerals causing it. C. L. Middleton and W. R. Jones. Foundry Trade Jour.. 32 [969| 19192 (1933).--Silicosis was discussed before the Southern Section of the Institute of Vitreous Enamelers in London. M. (Medical Inspector of Factories) dealt with the disease itself and J. discussed the minerals which cause it. H.E.S. Silicosis prevention in the porcelain industry. Hart mann. Zentr. Gemerbekyg. Vnfallverhutungr 22, 141-50 (Sept., 1933).--Closely descriptive pages on porcelain manufacture told in narrative sequence deserve a separate abstract. The entire paper carefully translated would make good required reading for pottery amateurs or ce ramic apprentices. Dust dangers unload with the masses of raw material, rich in silica and its compounds. The worker may be safer by dampening down the dusts or sucking it away at the point of origin. Here Hartmann, as engineer, asserts himself. Actual pictures are reproduced from holes, corners, floors, and ceilings, showing desirable and undesirable appliances and place-location of workers; ventilators below that should be above, or else in reverse activity. The 1934 protective regulations of the Engineer ing Insurance Assn, are submitted like solemn command ments. Hartmann emphatically urges ceramic cleanli ness. Floors, machines, ceilings, the air itself, can not be too often cleansed, scrubbed, wiped, polished, ventilated, or blown away, to suit his ceramic-medical ideal. As he contemplates continuous droppings and scatterings from beginning to end of the work-cycle, arising and re-arising in ever finer and drier dust-clouds, whirling as in a dance of death, he almost shouts above the roar and clatter. "Ceramic dust is not Fate--it is criminal slovenliness." K.R. Swedish Commission visits Germany. Anon. Zentr. Geuterbekyg. Unfallverkuiung, 22, 204 (Nov.. 1933); also in Aerttl. Sackver. Ztg., 41, 324 (Dec. 1. 1933).--A Swedish delegation from the Royal Insurance Society toured Ger many to study research methods and practical aspects of the current campaign against dusts causing silicosis. In Berlin, Dr. Bauer, the Reich's Labor Ministry's medical ad visor. spoke on "Damages sustained in severe silicosis." The group visited the University-Institute for Occupational Diseases, the State Porcelain Works, the Siemens Plant (sandblast-polishers), and the Berlin industries having .a silicosis risk (silica paint works and cosmetic and scouring powder manufacturers). Dr. Cdluft. the geologist, talked on the minerals whose dusts cause silicosis and pointed out their occurrence in the terrain around them. Prof. Jutten. Government Research Laboratory-for Industrial Diseases. Munster, reported his results on "Dust research upon ex perimental animals." At the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Physiological Research in Dortmund. C. Lehmann dem onstrated his work on the efficiency of the nose in dust filtration. At the Silicosis Symposium, in session at the Bochum mines, silicosis experts discussed the pathology and clinical course of silicosis and the miners' susceptibility to it in that region. In Dusseldorf Dr. Lochtkemper showed an X-ray series illustrating silicosis in its several phases and in different occupations. The ceramic indus tries were studied in Frankfurt-am-Main, where slipware porcelain, technical appliances, and dentures are made. Silicosis is found among the Elb stone-workers. Dr. Brandt, industrial physician of the vicinity, and Prof. Saupe at their clinic reported on silicosis and asbestosis in Saxony. Dr. Siegmund. Kiel, spoke on his research on colloidal silicic acid. . K.R. Training of a chemical engineer. R. K. Murphy. Jour. Australian Ckem. Inst., 3 [4| 109-25 (1936).--American. European, and Australian methods are compared. H.H.S. What to do after the flood. G. A. Van Brunt. Factory Management or Maintenance, 94 [4| 114-13. ad. p. 52 (1936).--Bearings should be emptied, silt cleaned out. and grease or oil removed with solvents. Motors and trans formers should be dried out and insulation checked by re sistance tests. Meters should be returned to the maker. Gears and transmission chains should be cleaned. Rubber and waterproof belts need only to be cleaned and the sur face dried. Leather belts must be cleaned and then dried very slowly under a coating of belt dressing or oil. Foun dations, floors, and roofs should be checked and repaired where needed. Illustrated. See Ceram. Abs., IS [l! 46 (1936). J.L.G. Why and how an engineer can help clay products plants. Ernest W. Knapp. Brick Clay Rec., 88 [4| 147-18 (19-36).--Many plant failures and inefficiencies are due to faulty design. The application of common sense, practi cal engineering skill to the remodeling and rebuilding of plants and equipment would- help improve the quality of the ware and reduce costs now often exorbitant. K. cites personal remodeling of a drier to reduce costs and secure belter operation. The advantages of properly operated updraft kilns are also cited. E.J.V. new journal Annals of Science. (Quarterly.) Edited by D. McKiR. Harcourt Brown, and H. W. Robinson. Taylor h Francis, London. Price 6s 3d. quarterly, or 1 per an num, post free. Vol. 1, No. 1. Jan., 19-36. Reviewed in Discovery, 17 [194| 38 (Feb., 19.36).--This is a quarterly review of the history of science since the Renaissance. H.H.S. I | i I | I i ' j I j j I I I Ii1<I j New 1 Butche: Price 7s Techn Nat. Cc xvi -f-37 35 [13|3 ard Engl of gaseot fuel, sec scope ar and duid gases, an those me construct gist. A ish Stand . 11 rum aba in lity. m* nate is a ) At nate V. utx. 031-- n of rurin es of ds m G- RLKS 6).-- cally mger cable ITS* ?robm of itioo. .T. 1 dfi- 30H*S #. p. crate :reaae res it.ns a/ -spex- The intra- small sohiof the 1 is a .rough ves in 13. aylene ./tel.. Hg. Ir, racteriled in carletI.H. Tretb. hod is a mi ll cases sample <epara*1.H. 1936 General 349 Softening of vitrified materials. Ecuaid Rbncker. and preparation; (2) fluosilidc add, its properties and Ann. Ckim., 4, 523-66 (1935); abstracted in Chem. Zenit., production, and metallic silicofiuorides; (3) metallic U, 421 (1036).--The relationship between the transfonna- fluorides and double fluorides; (4) analysis of hydro . tiou point and incipient softening of vitrified materials was fluoric and fluosilidc add and their metallic salts; (5) studied. See Ceram, rifrr . 13 (10] 255 (1934). M.V.C. uses of hydrofluoric and fluosilidc adds and their metallic Studies on aluminium oxide by means of electronic salts. The last part deals with the use of these materials rays. E. Belwb. Z. Phytik, 100 (3] 192-98 (1936).-- in the glass industry. Numerous patents are mentioned. When alumina is exposed to electronic rays, interference are obtained which allow conclusions to be drawn re* M.V.C. Microgas Analyds and Its Application (Die Mikrogas- garding its structure. Two types of alumina were ex* onalyse und ihre Anwendung). Heinrich Schwarz. amined: (1) alumina made by an electrolytic oxidation, Emil Haim and Co., Vienna and Leipzig, 1935. 286 pp. and (2) alumina made by the oxidation of metal foil in a Price (paper) 21 Rm.; (linen) "22.80 Rm. Reviewed in flame. Electrolytic alumina consists of a very finely crys Ind. Eng. Chem., News Ed.. 13 [6] 116-17 (1935). talline Y-alumina. Alumina made in the flame consists of F.GE. the usual coarsely crystalline farm with crystals of metallic Theory of Emulsions and Their Technical Treatment aluminium interspersed in it. L.T.B. William Clayton. J. and A. Churchill. London, 1935. System K(O-PbO-Si0j. R. F. Gellsr and E. N. 459 pp. Price 25s. Reviewed in Trans. Faraday Soc., 32 Bunting. Jour. Research Nat. Bur. Stand., 17 [2] 277r89 [6] 972 (1936).--The very large technical literature on (1936); R.P. 911. Price 5i.--The system was investi- emulsions has been incorporated. There is an equally . gated by means of well-known methods involving quench thorough treatment on colloid mills, bomogenizers, and the ing, petrographic examination, and heating curves. Five manifold devices used for de-emulsification, inversion of ternary compounds were identified optically in the system emulsions, and multiple emulsions. G.R.S. KtO-SiOt-PbO-SiOi, and the compositions of four of these were established. The first, crystallizing as hexagonal PATENTS plates with a melting point at 918'C, is uniaxial negative, Alkaline trisodium phosphate. Howard Adler (Victor and the optic axis is perpendicular to the cleavage. The Chemical Works). U. S. 2,050,249. Aug. 11, 1936 (April second, crystallizing as well-defined fibers or laths, melt 9, 1934). ing at 779C. and resembling a short-fibered asbestos when Method of producing persilicates of increased stability crushed, has the optic axis parallel with the longitudinal with high content of hydrogen peroxide or active oxygen. axis.. ' The third is positive biaxial and crystallizes as rec- F. Krauss. Brit 452,144, Sept 2.1936 (Dec. 15.1933). | tangular. platy granules of parallel extinction which melt Process for making sodium aluminate. O. A. Olsen. 1 at 757C. The fourth is platy, melts incongruently at U. S. 2.052,486, Aug. 25, 1936 (Feb. 5. 1934). A process 735*C, and is very unstable. The crystalline phase of un for making sodium aluminate comprises adding sodium determined composition apparently melts incongruently hydroxide to an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate, at about 750*C to form glass and SiOi. Unfortunately, adding substantially anhydrous alcohol, removing sodium all the glasses examined (which otherwise held promise of sulfate from the alcoholic solution of sodium aluminate. usefulness as glazes) on heating and cooling .undergo vol and separating the sodium aluminate by distillation. ume changes so gTeat as to preclude their use on dayware Process of treating zinc oxide. Hugo Reinhars (Wil | as now manufactured, with the exception of certain "high helm Grillo Handelsges. m.b.H.). U. S. 2,053.249, Sept. 1, silica" and "high talc" wall tile. R.A.H. 1936 (June 20, 1934). The method of producing zinc Thermal decomposition of kaolin and the compositions oxide comprises vaporizing zinc metal by boiling in an ex issuing from it under higher temperatures. O. F. Honus. ternally heated muffle, burning the vapors within a com Stavtvo, p. 387 (1935). R.B. bustion chamber in the presence of a quantity of oxygen- BOOKS containing gas sufficient to oxidize the vapors and to con vey the oxidized product to a precipitation zone, and Hydrofluoric and Fluosilidc Adds and Their Metallic simultaneously retarding the flow and the rate of cooling Salts: . VoL 24 (Flussatire, Kieselflusssaure und deren of the resultant fumes within the range from 800 to 500*C. MetaQsaltzc). Oskar Kausch. Enke's library of Treatment of days, etc. William Feldbnheimex. Chemistry and Technique. Edited by Ludwig Vanino. U. S. 2.053,329, Sept. 8. 1936 (Aug. 23, 1935). In the 438 pp. Reviewed in Glashutte, 66 [20] 349 (1930); treatment of clays, etc., to improve their color, the step Sprechsaal, 69 [24] 352 (1936).--The following topics are comprises treating the clay in the wet state with a soluble discussed: (1) hydrofluoric add, its properties, formation. chromous salt. General Filtration of air in foundries. O. Th. Korxtnig. Gies- serei, 23 [12] 295-98 (1936).--The hygienic and economic harmfulncss of the dusts in foundries is pointed out, and means for removal by filtering or electrical precipitation and the respective advantages of these methods are dis cussed. M.H. Health hazards in industry. F. N. Featonby. Jour. Australian Chem. Inst., 3 [7] 199 (1936).--Most important of industrial hazards is inhalation of very fine dusts, es pecially siliceous dusts, although Pb attacks most danger ously on the respiratory tract. Accident proneness (25% of workers being in 75% of accidents) is noted. A bibli ography of the Australian Commonwealth Dept, of Health service publications on the subject is attached. H.H.S. *