Document 1QaJOjqQRMpRL7kyqp031eJaa

FILE NAME: AZs DATE: : DOC#: As DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: h^EDZZ^ /,Z^ GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION National Archives and Records Service {ullom tI~rsr prcscnts slmll COlm" (6rrrtil1g: ot the authority vested in me by the Administrator of General Services, I the seal of the National Archives of the United States, that is a true and correct copy of documents in his custody. Library and ri ief Archives Branch The National Archives Washington, D. C. 20408 ,~,~ /. , '" ~~~,,;:,,~;,~,:, _------------------------- 11. Il. ~M~'" ......r ........ I:. s. ~...rl"..... c.;o_.Ilun .... . /~ Minimum Requirements .J FOR AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH IN CONTRACT SHIPYARDS - A:.,::i' ..,' . ,:~~~. <,;~,i' V >~:i~i;. T ." .. , .... \~..A.p. pr. oy,-.. .l :, s. I'~~i~~~~;::.: ~ O'.'t~.:,~4 11. NayY l~~.~f ~ J .... Appro--..l "'QI. U. S. Maritime Commission Feb. ~ 1'" ", I' , :. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ t ..I, :;, :' ~~".,~,:;jA; : .;.""~...~. ~~,:=~., ~. V........eea a.y......, .....tI om.. ........,.. INa ~;;e::.t.Jil!J'...&.1 , / U. S. NAVY D.:IAlrnIU~r W A81l1NaI'ON, D. C. u. S. MAllA1UU: COM )11:s810X WASlUNaI'ON, D. O. 1'0 All Oont''tll'tor8 Oomtructing 1:;Mps for U'llitcd States NavyU1dted State, Maritime 001'I/,m:UJlSion: As a result of the Ilational conference on safety and hellltll in shipYllrds bolding contracts with the United States Navy and Maritime Commission, conducted under the auspices of these agencies in Chicago ))ecl'moor 7 and 8, 1942, a unanimous agreement was reached upon the minimum standards which have now been approved by the Navy Department and United States Maritime Commission and which should be put into effect in shipyards holding contracts with the two agencies. These standards represent a specialized study based upon a fact-finding survey on all coasts by experts in that field. They have received the unanimous concurrence of the representatives of the medical and !lafety departments and of labor~mabagernent committees from ship. yards on all coasts. The necessity for conserving manpo1Ver and promoting the physical welfare, health, and safety of what shortly will amount to one million workers in shipyards requires that careful observance of standards for the prevention of accidents and protection of health be accorded. Aside from the weight which must be given humanitarian considerat.ions, it is simply good common sense that as much care and attention be given to protecting the human factors in the war production program as is given machines. Under the administrative direction of the Maritime Commission, a,afcty and industrial health consultants will be made available in all regions 'Wherein shipyards holding contracts with the Navy and the Commission are located. Each contractor is hereby given notice that the Navy Department and the Maritime Commission will expect full and complete compliance with the minimum standards which bear the approval of the Navy Department and the Maritime Commission, and each is requested to give full c:ooper&tion to the consultants on health and safety who will be charged with the coordination and sup8"ision of the safety and health programs of the two agencies. The cumulative restriction of manpower makes speedy attention and comprehensive action in respect to the subject matter hereof of vital importance. 111114-4--1 ~,t'~ E.S.~ND,aha" ~ U. S. Maritime (JommUmm. / UNITED STATES NAVY-MARITIME COMMISSION MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH IN CONTRACT SHIPYARDS Sand H-1. Introduction. 1.1 The standards for industrial health and safety as presented. in this manual cover only minimum requirements. It is not to be assumed that compliance with these minimum I;t;andards is insurance of the development of good health and safety records. 1.2 It is recognized that in many shipyards, standards for health and safety ue already in effect which go beyond the requirements of those listed here. The Maritime Commission and Navy urge that any standards of higher level be continued and that where substandard conditions of health and safety exist, they immediately be brought to t the required standard or better. 1.3 In all cases the use of the words ,hall or mUlt indicates that compliance with that section of the minimum requirements is manda- tory. Where the words alwuld or may are used the section may be considered desirable but not necessarily mandatory under certain circumstances which t.he contractor in his discretion may determine MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL HEALTH B-2. Medical Facilitiea. 2.1 Pcr.~onnel.-Yards employing up to 5,000 men should have two full-time physicians, and one additional physician for each additional 5,000 men. Yards with less than 2,000 to 3,000 men will not need full-time physicians. 2.2 Specialists in the various branches of the medical profession available in the area should be consulted as indicated. 2.3 Yards employing up to 5,000 men should have in the main dispensary six full-time nutses nnd three a(Mitional nurses for each additional 5,000. Additional nurses will be required for first aid stations. 2.4 . There should be at Jeast three clerks employed in the medical department for each 5,000 employees. .'~~'I 2.5 One ambulance driver should be available per ambulance per 'I shift. " , 2 11-3. Physical Facilities. 3.1 The Illl'dical cll'pllrtlll('I\t should 1>1' p'"II,-illt" wilh; a. A wlliting roolll wilh t-uituhl(' "I~i,..tmti()" faeiliti ..:-, b. A gencml tl"eatment roum. c. An eye trcatment rooDl: d. A minor surgcry room. c. A ward with three beds fm' the lil"til 5,000 !'mploYI'ps, and UII(, bed for each additional 10,000. f. Doctors' offices nnd private eXllmining rooms. g. A nurses' office Ilnd dressing room. h. X-ray room for yards employing 5,000 men and abfwe. i. A physiothel'apy room. j. Toilet'facilities for doctors, nurses, and pllti(mts. k. A storeroom for general medical stores. l. X-ray files and viewing room. 3.2 First-aid treatment rooms, manned by nurses, should be provided wherever there is overcrowding III the main dispensary and loss of time due to distance from shipways Ilnd shops. These substations may be located under building ways or near locations where the number of men working is large so that the distance a man need travel to a Fub-station will not exceed approximately 400 yards.. B-f. EquiplDenL 4.1 Th~ following equipment should be provided: a. One ambulance for each 15,000 employees, or reasonable fraction t11cr~of, with an ordinary passenger car always in reserve. b. In some yards a station wagon is used satisfactorily inside the yard avd an ambulance used only for trips outside. c. All X-ray unit for yards employing about 5,000 men and abolre. d. Medical and surgical stores required for minor surgery,. eye injuries and physiotherapy. 0-5. Records and Forlll8o 5.1 The following records and forms are recommended: NOTE.-In an e1Mrgency no form need be filled out. o. A form authorizing the workman to report to the medical de- partment for examination or treatment issued by a foreman or lead~np: man or other supervisor. This shall show time of issue, arrival at dispensary, discharge from dispensary and return to work. h. Appointment form for revisits and retreatments issued by the physicians and nurses. c. A disposition form issued by physicians anu nurses indicating return to work, hospitalization, to home, or other disposition. d. A complete and accurate permanent filing system recording per- s(Jnal data, nature and cause of inju'ry, diagnosis, treatment, disposition, and results. ' / 3 c. The IIcrcs-;ary l'lale Ilnd illsurullcc ('oulpuny fOlms. f. Daily I'I~pll"1 to the safl:ty dl'lmrtment showing all new cases for the UIlY, t ogt~1 hel' with the natul'C Slid cause of injury, and the diagnosis. y. Tlll~ ac\llpt.i(,u of the staJl(iuru lIomenclature when maue available hy till' COlillcil 011 IllClustrinl Health of the American Medical Association, Chica~u, Illiuois. O~. Examinations. 6.1 Physical examinations to insure proper placement of employees shall be gi ven. 6.2 Periodic check examinations shall be given men working in occnp:ltions potentially hazardous to themselves or others, as for example to cran~ operatol'l:l, locomotive and hoisting and portable engineers. Periodic check examinations should be given men in jobs in which there may be health hazard, as for example to sand blasters, ruuium and X-ray workers, and paint sprayers. 6.3 Special examinations such as X-ray, seriologic and urinalyses shall be given in the individual case as indicated and in accordance with local needs. B-1. Air Raid Precaution 7.1 The medical department Bhalliocate, equip, and ma~ta.in such emergency first aid dressing stations as may be deemed necessary to handle air raid casualties. 7.2 A certain number of yard employees shall be trained in first aid procedure; to render assistance to the medical department in handling air raid victims. 7.3 Close cooperation should be maintained with the local civilian defense officials in order that evacuation and care of air raid victims may be carried out to the best advantage. 7.4 In keeping with local army and navy regulations, steps should be taken to provide protection of dispensaries by sandbags, or otherwise, from fragmellts and concussion of bombs. 8-8. Responsibilities of the Medical Services. 8.1 Frequent inspection of the yard by the medical staff shall be required in order that physicians may become familiar with shipyard jobs and thus help intelligently in preventing accidents and occupational disease. 8.2 Close collaboration shan be maintained with the safety department especially in regard to records of accidents and absenteeism. 8.3 It shall be the joint responsibility of the medical and safety departments through the supplies department to know the composition of paints, thinners, paint removers, and other chemicals used in the yard, and to see that the workers exposed are protected by the best safety practices. 4 HA As in the W'lwrul practice of medicine the l'olilitl"/Itial rl'!:ltions of doctor and plltient shalllm mailltuilled. 8.5 It is certain that in the Heur futurc \\,01/1('/1 in ltu'gc nllmb,,s are to be employed in the mechanical trades. It is nect'ssur,}' ill shipyards to make special pl'Ovisiolls for this class of patients. This will necc$itatc thc establishment of separate waiting, treatmcnt, ILlld examining rooms. In yards where the number of employees is large, it may be logical to establ ish a separate dispensary for the hUJI(lling of women patients. H-9. Sanitary Inspections. 9.1 Oafeterias and canteen8.-1t shall be the duty of the medicul department to adapt from Army and Navy standards, in reasonable COIlformity with the local health department rules, and inspection scheme to include pret'mployment examination of food handlers, quality and quantity of food, general cleanliness and comfort, screening, dishwashing, garbabFC and waste disposal. These inspections shall be made at unscheduled times and never less than once each week. 9.2 Water IJ'Upply, &ewerage, a1uJ waste diaposal.-In cooperation with Maritime and Navy engineers the medical department shall inspect i\nd report upon the above as often as seems advisable, but not lC!'3S than twice yearly. 9.3 Salt tablet&.-Salt tablets shall be made available to all employees and shall be kept in covered dispensers appropriately located. B-IO. Respiratory Protective Equipment for Shipyards. The U. S. Bur('au of Mines, 4800 Forbes Street, Pittsburgh, Penna., maintains a laboratory which tests and approves for use in industry respiratory protective equipment of all kinds. The Maritime Com- mission and Navy will require the use of approved etluipment through'- out all yards. The safety department shall be responsible for instruct- ing men in the pl'Oper use of such equipment and for the maintenance of ample supplies. 10.1 Details of Bureau of Mines respirators with names of manu- facturers, prices, and descriptions can be obtained from the Bureau Or from the Maritime Commission. . 10.2 The safety department shall be responsible to the management for cleaning and sterilizing an such equipment as often as may be agreed upon with the medical department. (A method for such sterilization 1 is included in these standards; see section H-12.0) I 10.3 Gene7'al reqrdrementa for re&piratO'l'8.- I a. Adequate protection as defined by American Standard Safety I .J Code for the Protection of Heads, Eyes, and Respiratory Organs. J. ~ . Handbook H-24, Nov. 1, 1938. Superintendent of Documents, Wash- ington, D. C.; prict' 15. . b. Comfort (light weight and not obstructive to vision). 5 II-II. Job" Requiring Reflpiratory Protective Equipmt'nt. 11.1 J)'URt.- .roRa I'ROTl:aon: DF.VIt'13 Silk:1 fit Sunil Du:;t!l (us in tlllnd bIaISl-{ (1) Ahrllslv(~ bllUlling helmets. IlIg) (2) DU!lt respil'l1tor. . . { (1) Air IIl1e respirator. IA-ud Dust (ns In UIIXlIIg plllnt)________ (2) Lt'ad dust respirutor. (1) Ail' line rl'Slllrator. Asbestos (as In covering plpps) ------- { (2) Dust respirator. 11.2 Metal fume& and smoke&.- .1008 (I) Lead and zinc oJ:lde from weldlnc and (2) burning. { (3) PIIOTEIJI'IVJ: DEVlCIB Alr line reBlllrator. Fume respirator for lead. Dust respirator tor sloe oDde. 11.3 Solvent 1Japor&.- JOBS Spray painting, botb Indoors and out-, pa~,~~~~~i~;~-;;;;";-l;d~;;==~~==~ (1) Cementing, usually Indoor8_________ (2) Cleaning, ususlly bldoora____________ _ Degreaslng, usually lndoora__________ AIr Une respirator. Chemical cartridge reapirator. 11.4 Acid gase8 tiM mut8.- .lOBe Pickling (Indoors) ______________ } Cleaning (lndoora)__________________ (1) Degreaslng (Indoors) ________________ (2) I'IOnWihli IIE9J(S8 Mist respirator. _I Cbemlcal cartridge ........rator. lUi Alkali mi,8t,.- .lOBe nona.1ft IJI:YICIB Cleaning (IDdOOrB) ___________________ } (1) lUst respirator. Dl'greasillg (Indoors)________________ (2) Cbemlcal cartrldle respirator. 11.6 Aaphy;ziAting atmo&pheru.- nDTEOrIYii DICQCI8 (1) Nose mask. (2) OX7genbreatblng mask. (3) All-service mask. 11.7 Air ItUppl;y for air-line fTILUlks of all kinds.-Air at a com- fortable temperature and free from odors and excessive moisture sometimes is difficult to furnish, especially for outdoor jobs in winter. Air quality and temperature shall be tested by the Safety Depart- ment and shall meet the suggestions of the American Standard Safety Code for air-supplied respirators (sec. 10.3a). B-I2. Sterilization of Reapiraton. 12.1 Each worker who needs a respirator should be assigned his own respirator. Where this is not done, it is important that the respirator be sterilized in addition to being cleaned. Adequate &ter- :1:.......:_............ hA DPl'nn'lnliQ"~1II1 hv_ a. Washing the ruhlX'r nnd metal parts with soap, a b~ Usi warm water, after which the respirator is sterilized by imotr-sj:n. for 10 minutes in a solution of formalin made by plaeing- ('f:t' :-J.:-: :f. 40 percent formaldehyde solution into nine purts of wnt~':. b. Washing the rubber and metal purts with soap and wart"... 1f'Su(". after which the respirator is sterilized by dipping in a 3 rt~ solution of carbolic acid, 11 2 percent solution of lysol, or a ill ~~ solution of denatured alcohol. c. Subjecting the respirator to sterilization by n moist atm..~~ of antiseptic gas, preferably formaldehyde, for a period of Iftl mir.utes at room temperature. d. After following anyone of the outlined procedufl's. the ~ tor should be rinsed with water and hung up to dry. The ~ should not be used until it has been dried thoroughly. e. The filters, felt screens, and elastic headbands should be ~ u.. if detachable, before washing or sterilization of the respirator, _ _ it is evident that washing and sterilization will not harm parts. 12.2 The National Safety Council has issued an Industrial DIIa Sheet No. D-Gen. 16, "Cleaning and Sterilizing Goggles and . . piratory Equipment." H-lS, A Gllide for Pre't"entioD of Industrial Di.eue ill Ship,.n.. 13.1 Eight common types of disease and methods for their .... vention are given in the following sections. Help in applying die. methods will be given by the local Safety Department and by safety and medical consultants of the Navy Department and the Mariti.a Commission. 13.2 Fla8hbu'f'M and foreign bodie8 in tM eye.- : a. Eft'ects on workers: "Flash" is a surface eye burn resulting ina even momentary unprotected exposure to the welding arc. III dir condition the eye is painful and sensitive, especially to lighL Aa eye Bash shan be treated only by the doctor or by methods he . . prescribed. b. Foreign bodies in the eye shall be removed only under the _ tor's orders or by methods he has prescribed. Like BashlJar., they are preventable. D. For safe practice: . : /r .... All workers: '.",1. I 1. Whenever near welding areas wear antiBash goggles .... ':,A:..:'.~,; have been approved by the Safety Department. ._...-:?:,~~: 2. Wear safety goggles when grinding, chipping, .,..,', ;~t:~;~ scratch-brushing, or forging. .":. .: .' " {,,~iJ;Ii:~f'i'~lt ~{.~":/.f.~,f~''~'~':t.~ .~ji' 7 "'thh~rs : 3. Wt'ar approve(l antiBllsh goggles even when helmet is being worn. 4. lIse p()rtllhlc ~reerls til pmtect the "Y('5 of fellllw workers. 13.3 Lead poiso1lillg.- a. Sonrces: In genernl, any job in which dust! fume, ur smoke from IUlY substllllce containing lead is breathed dady. b. Ii'o. ('xnmple: ,Jon: Welding Cutting Burning Shrinking Grinding Buffing Spray painting Mixing paint pigments WHEN )(AftltIAL 18: Metal, coated with paint containing lead. Lead. Lead pigm~nts. c. Job can be done safely with: 1. (a) Special ventilation: Use a local exha~ hood approximately 8 inches from the job a~d drawmg ~ least 200 c f m into the hood with filtration of the dIscharge, or d'jscltar~e, to a place where the contaminated air will not be breathed, or (b) Wearing of fume.respi.rators,. or (c) Wearing of suppbed. aIr. resplra~r. 2. Periodic medical examinatIon whIch includes blood and urinalyses. 13.4 Sowent 'lJapor8.a. Sources: In general, any job in which solvent vapors are breathed. For example: Spray painting. Painting. Using paint remover. Applying cements. . Paint brush and spray gun cleanmg. b. Job can be safely done with: 1. Segregation of such work, and . 2. (a) Special ventilation as may be reqUIred. (b) Provision of spray booths with exhaust system. 8 (c) 'Vl'Ul'ing of special rp.spirators: (1) Fot, spruy {minting: Supplied nit' n'Spil'atol'-; 01' a.ir line hoods, (~) For other jobs: Chemical cilltridgc I'cspil'utcm;, (See H-I0 on l'cspil'Rtory protective equipment,) 13,5 Zinc fume /e'Vl't' (zbw"C/Lills orshakes).a. SO\ll'ces: In general, an)' joh in which the fume:'> from Iwuted zinc are bl'eathed. For example: Jon: Welding Cutting Shrinking Pouring zinc alloys WilEN )fATERI.\L IS : Galvanized metal Zinc Zinc alloy Brass o. Job can be safely done with: 1. Special ventilation: Local exhaust hoses or hoods located close enough to opemtion at all times to remove smoke completely. 2. Wearing of special respirators. NOO'E.-There are 110 known cumulative effects from zinc chills. 18.6 Fiberglas.- a. Effects on workers: Men working with Fiberglas may develop a dermatitis or conjunctivitis which are skin and eye conditions. It is best to transfer to another job those who continue to be sensitive. 1. Both experimental and practical evidence show conclusively that the inhalation of Fiberglas causes no lung damage. 2. The cement used with Fiberglas may contuin a toxic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride (CC1.) which can cause severe illness or even death if the cement is used indoors with inadequate ventilation. b. For safe practice : 1. Clothing: Supply loose coveralls with collars and sleeves but- toned over cheesecloth. 1 2. Goggles: Should be worn. ,,- 3. Shower: Should be taken rather than bath, at end of sbift. f Respirators are usua.lIy not necessary, out if a cement containing a toxic solvent is used, proper protection either by ventilation ,.\ or by a respirator must be supplied and used. 9 13.7 Allbestosis.a. Sour('es: In general, uny job ill whirh IlsUt>stos dust is bl'cntbed. For eXllmple: Jon: 1IIlIldlin~. Sawing. Cutting. Molding. Welding rod salvage. WHEN JlATltR.lAL 18: Asbestos Asbestos mixtures. b. Job can be done safely with: 1. Segregation of dusty work and, 2. (a) Special ventilation: Hoods enclosing the working proc- ess and having lineur air velocities at all openings of 100 feet per minute, or (b) Wearing of special respirators. 8. Periodic medical examinr.tion. 13.8 Silicosis.- a. Sources: In general, any job ill which the dust of free silica (sand) is breathed daily. For example: JOB Sand-blasting Sand packing of pipes Shot blasting of castings b. Job can be done safely with: 1. Isolation of dusty process and, in addition, 2. Special ventilation: In th~ case of sand-blasting, the work should be done in the standard type of sand blast room, cabinet, or machine. 3. Special respirator for dust-containing free silica. 4. Periodic examination by doctor. 13.9 Dermatitis.a. Sources: Excessive or improper use of cleaning agents such as gasoline. It is not at all uncommon to find dermititis caused by excessive use of common soaps such as those used in laundering. Cutting oils, certain greases, certain insulating materials used on electric cables Ilnd conduits can cause dermatitis. b. Job can be done safely with: 1. 'Precautions against excessive use of the causative agent. 2. Advice of the medical department in the use of protective salves and creams. 10 H-loC. Ventilation Standarda. 14.1 Ventilution is 'CqUiletl to contl"Ol ImuperntUl'e and to remove air impllI'iti('-s, as fl'om w('luill~ ILIIU paint spraying, 14.2 The mainlenanc(' of proper working conditions shall he the resp()n~ihility of the safl'ty u(~partmellt, whose staff shull work in close c()operation with tJu~ w('lding, paint, and electrical departments. Air analyses and tests shull he made by the s:tfcty and medical consultnnts of the Navy Department and the Maritime Commission us may be needed. 14.3 Personnel of Deputm('nl- a. Number: 1. The size of the ventilation crew will vary with the type of ship, equipment avuilable, etc. The head of the safety department will be responsible for the organization of the safety department or division. 2. There shall be a ventilation supervisor on each shift respon- sible to the head of the safety department. Under the supervisor there shall be a sufficient crew to inspect and maintain good working conditions. 3. An EC-2 ship shall have at 1i'lIst one ventilation man aboard. Larger ships, or ships like earriers with considerable galvanized welding, shall have at least two ventilation men. 4. The number of ventilation mell on the night shifts shall be in proportion to the construction crews. 5. The ventilation crew must have available a maintenance and repair crew of sufficient size to keep equipment on the job and operating efficiently. Long waits during which equipment is idle must be avoided. : b. Training: 1. The ventilation.supervisol (that.is, the safety engineer) shall be trained to handle the entire ventilation program in the yard. Local educational institutions, State Industrial Hygiene Units, Maritime Commission engineers, and other sources are uailable to give this training. 2. The ventilation supervisor shall organize classes, demonstrations, and short talks on standard procedures for ventilating specific spaces on the ships. 14.4 Type of equipment needed.-In ship construction, two types of ventilation nre used-local exhaust as for removal of welding fumes at the point of origin, and general ventilation to supply fresh air to confined working spaces. 11 a. Locul exhaust: 1. A cOlllI.noll length for a local exhaust hose is forty feet. In .0rdcrII.'g exha~st fans for usc with local exhaust hoscs, the fo!l~lVlllg spt.'clfications should be met: Capable of drawing a l~lIll111llJn of ~()() c. f. m. through each of 3-inch (or 4-inch) dln~cter fleXible hose. Fans should have provisions for attllchll~g three or more local exhaust hoses per unit. 2. In the mterests of power economy, it is undesirable to move much more than 200 c. f. m. through each local exhaust hose. b. General ventilation: 1. It is frequently desirable to introduce air into large working ?paces such as deep tanks, fore- or after-peaks. This is done In many yards by using a flexible fabric duct, with metal el~ws, ~d a fan of about 6,000 c. f. m. capacity. 2. It. 18 destrable sometimes to supply a quantity of fresh air ~::..the double bottom. Here a 2,000 Co f. m. unit may be 3. These two examples represent the two enremes of this type of work, and therefore are the two extremes in fan sizes. Fun static pressures in each case should exceed four inches of water. 4. FO.r general ventilation of a ship engineroom during constmctlon, a 10,000 e. f. m. blower is recommended. On the other hand, operations in confined quarters where heat is generated (plate sh~inking, for example) may use a small portable fan to ClrcuJ.te the air. For this purpose small blowers of from 800 to 1,500 c. f. m. sh.l1 be proVided. (/. Ventilating procedures: 1. LocI~1 exhaust sha~l be used "'henever a welding operation is bemg ~ond~cted lD a confined space, or whenever galvanized metal IS being welded. Local exhaust is alw.ys a suction process. Never blow a stream of air upon a welding arc. 2. Many. weldel's t~link that it is enough to hold the end of the 5UCtlOl~ hosc m the same compartment with the welding operatIOn. This is not so. In order to capture the welding fumes, the end of the hose must be within six or eight inches of.the. arc, assuming a 200 c. f. m. volume per hose. Beyond thiS distance, the suction hose is ineffective. 3. The air supply to a general ventilation fan must be fresh , outside air. Recirculation of air already contaminated shall not be permitted. A minimum of 400 c. f. m. per welder shall be supplied to a given working space such as a deep tank when general ventilation is used alone. 12 4. 111 warm weutlwl', air mo\cments (II' dmfts Ill'(' Iwll'flll, whil.~ in cold w('utiIt'I' Il minimum of air movenwllt. is <it'sired and local cxhnllsl will s('ne best. In tmllpmat.~ wc'atlwr, it i:-; most satisfacl ol'y to lIS(' a cOlllbinut ion of IOI:al l'xhaust lIlId general ventilation. 14.5 Uoordination of dcpart1TlA:nt with cm'..~tr'lldinn prograrn.a. The ventilation supcnisor shan leeep abreast of constl'UctiOlI, and thus anticipate the vcntil:ltion needs. b. The construction foremen shaH inform the ventilation depurtment of ventilation needs before the needs occur, c. Blackboards, boxes, signal lights, or similar devif'es shull be installed on board and used to infonn the ventilation dl'purtment of immediate needs. 14.6 8u,pplementary ve'lltilating procedurcs.a. Ventilating confined spaces, such as the fore- Of Itfter-peak~ I~nd deep tanks, is greatly simplified by the temporary removul or cuttmg through of certain plates. b. 1"01' example, tht' fore-peak of a Liberty ship can bl'st be ventilat('d by cutting a combination access and ventillltion hole through the watertight bulkhead near the ship's bottom. c. The tank top can be leftoft' of the midship del'p tanks until lilt welding has been completed in this space. d. A side plate can be left or cut out of the engineroom lit the bottom deck level. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY 8-2. Managements Part. 2.1 It is absolutely essentiul, if a successful accident-prevention: program is to be installed and operated, thnt top p1:lIIt mnnageml'Qt take an active and intel'ested part in the work. The sallie sllpt'rvisioJl given any other important activity in the shipyard shall he ginn the safety program. 2.2 The responsibiJity of management insofar as industrial safety is concerned shan be considered to include- 2.21 The provision of a safe working environment. 2.22 Training of employees for sufety. 2.23 Establishment of an accident record and reporting system which will definitely tie into nationally uniform reporting, record, and statistical requirements. 2.24 The appointment, where necessary, of a safety engineer (or a safety director) and staff to install, mllintain, allli properly supervise nn accident-prevention program. 13 2.25 The issuance of instructions to all division 01' department beads, foremen, leaders, It'lltlingmen and to any persons in supervisory capllcity, thut they are considered responsible for preventing accidt'nts which involve employees working under theit' dirc('tioll and requiring them to comply witla all of the pl'ovisiollS of the accident prevention program in effect in the shipyard. 2.26 An active nnd int(~rested participation in safety through<a> Review of, and executive action on, safety records, (b) Regular attendance at snfety meetings. (c) Action upon good or bad departmental safety records through personal interviews with department heads. (d) General letters, fo.. bulletin board posting, addressed to employees and discussions of good or bad yard accident record. (e) By setting a good example. (Goggles, safety shoes, hard hais and other necessary protective equipment shall be used by any executive who exposes himself to yard operations.) ~. Safet7 Director aad Stair. 3.1 A full-time safety director (title may be safety engineer or safety inspector, etc.) and staff shall be appointed for all shipyards. (See Section 3.25 for duties and responsibilities.) The safety director shall report to, and be responsible to, the highest ranking managerial executive or his designated representative. 3.2 The staff in the sufety department in addition to the safety director, shall consist of: 3.21 An assistant safety director in yards having 3,000 employees or more except that there shall always be at least one safety engineer per shift. 3.22 One safety engineer (safety inspector) for each additional 1,500 employees. Exalllple: If a yard has 35,000 employees there would be required a safety director and an assistant plus 21 safety inspectors. 3.23 The staff of engineers shall be distributed over the three shifts in proportion to the number of employees on each shift. 3.24 One clerk and/or stenographer for the first 5,000 employees and one clerk for each additional 7,500 employees. (It is not to be assumed that the time of safety inspectors or the safety director can be spent on clerical detail. All office functions, while adequately supervised by the safety IU 1314-48--8 14 dircdol', should be Cill'l'ied 011 hy d('rks so tJIIl ~I'el1test I'0ssihll\ tllll0UIlt of tillie of ..he safl'ly tliredm' allll his staff mlly 1)(' spent ill the :;hipyultI,) 3,2f> The duties and respollsibilities of the safety din~ctol' shall include: (a) Complete l'N'ponsibilit.y for formulating, administN'jng alld maldng necessal'Y c1uLIIges ill the shipyard accidcut prevention progmms within Ole limits of authority gl'allted by the shipyard management. The safety director shall also be required to correlate the shipyard llc('itlent progl'am with the minimum safety nnd health standards of the United Stutes Navy Department and Maritime Commission. (b) Submission of regular monthly, weekly or daily reports on the status of safety directly to the general manager or his designated representative. (c) Acting in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to safety to the management, general manager, superintendents, foremen, (Iuartermen, leadermen, purchasing departmcnt, engineering department, commissa.ry department, or con- .' tractors, (d) Mainttnance of the accident record system, making all necessary reports, personal investigation of all fatuI or serious accidents, investigation through his staff of all accidents, securing supervisor's accident reports, chocking correCtive action taken by supervisors to eliminate acci- dent causes. (e) Supervising, or closely cooperating with the train- ing supervisor in the safety training of all employees. (See Section 6.26,) (f) Correlating safety work witb medical department to insure proper selection and placement of employees. (g) Making personal inspections and supervising in- spections by staff and by special employee committees, for the purpose of discovering and correcfJing unsafe cotWdtions or tllTUJafe 'I.OOf'k practices BEFORlf THEY CAUSE ACCIDENTS. (h) Exchanging information with other shipyards on best safety methods and consulting with United 15 Stutes Navy DeJl:lItlllclIt ulltl MarilimH COJlllnission Regional Safety Consult,alll.. Oil safety pl'Ohlems which cannot be solved with methods Ol' inforlllation at hund, (i) Milking certain thut all reeleml, state.or local laws, ordinances or orders bearing on industrial safety are complied with. (j) Securing any necessary help or advice from the Stllte labm' departments on matters pertaining to sufety and health. (k) Initiating activities that will stimulate and maintain the interest of employees in safety. (I) Acting as secretary of all safety committees and in such capacity he shall preparn an agenda for each such meeting covering the business to be discussed and, he ahall prepare for the record, minutes of each such meeting. (m) Directing the activities of his staff including the assistaut safety director, so that the shipyard accident prevention program will be efficiently operated. It is expected that the safety director may delegute certain responsibilities to his staff engineers, such as that of acting as secretary of certain of the safety committees. Permission for such delegation of authority is expressly given in the interest of efficiency and for training the safety staff. (n) Submission of the required reports on the status of safety in the shipyard to the interested government agencies at the time and intervals hereinafter requested. ~ AccideDt PreYelltion For.s and Report.. 4.1 The SIlfety director shall cause to be designed and put into use at least the following forms and records: 4,11 SupeMJU01'" report of accident.(a) Giving all vital data on case plus statements as to unsafe act and/or unsafe condition reason unsafe act or condition was permitted to exist or occur, and the immediate corrective action taken or recommended. (See Form 1.) 4.12 Safety engineer" rec01TlllMndatum form..- (a) Form used by safety staff to record recommendations made during inspection. Used for follow-up. Made in triplicate; one to leader- U. So MAlUTIME COMMISSION - U. S. NAVY ..... l'Al;Ipd~prl~o.Y!I "llBIrl\ltrlPll.~1pI~lr~N"ro~.lao6n.2u,"0a:0r!5,-~43,2.. ... PRIVATE SHIPYARDS SUPERVISOR'S REPORT OF ACCIDENT OR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE Fill out for every disablin( injury (or case of occupational disea") whether or not com- pensable. Answer every question fully. U.. other aide if necessary. To be mailed with the Monthly Injury Summary (for the month covered in that report) b,y. the 15th of the fol-. lowin~ month to the DivisioD of Industrial Injury Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statlistics, Washimngton, D. C. (1) Name of prd......._..._ . _.._._......_ ...._____. ;:~JJCCii~~!L:=~-:-==:=~==~==~~=~~:~~~~~~~~~~~L~ (2) Name of injured employJee..........._ ......._._..__... (3) Oc:c:upation .............._ ..._ ..__....._._...._ .._ . _... Department __________......____ (') Date of accidenl....._ ...................._ .._ .._ ...._ ...._ ...... HoUl' of da)y'..___...._ ............................ (&) WimtneeNlle.: N.me......_ .........._._..........................__....... BBaad,. Noo....-..._...m_...__.........p............__ .. " (8) Desecribe a.ecident or cue full)y, (what Injured waa dolnw, what happened, etc.)..._......_ j~,================ DO NOT USB Serial No._...................__....... Code datea.............._........._ ...._ Rer,lon........._ ..___......_. Loc.tlon....._._ _ _ _..... OccupatloD......_ _ _........... Detpt...__._____....._ .......... IunJjUuIr')y" datea.._ _......._.......... - Time of da'..._ ................... c:1) (7) What unsafe condition caused accident or occ:upBtional dil_..,T (Specify: broken lad "rt .. der, defective ataain" lack of ventilatinw equipment, etc.) A,.ency..._.._ ..._ ........ AceeDne1 ,. .......................... . (8) What was done wron, (unlafely) that caused accident or oecc:uuppaattilonal di!1l1l.e.asse' (Specif)y,: failure to wear provided grogr,les, overloadin, crane, ulln, mUlhroomed cbillel, failure to use respiratory protective equipment, etc.) Una. meecbh. eond...._..__ ._......... __-_-.-__._ _._ _ - __ __ - (8) Describe relulUtln, Injury or occupational dilease. (Specify: lacerated hand, broken left lIer", rie,ht thumb amputated, lead poisoain"r, etc.) . . .... ... ....._.._.... ...._. ................... .. (10) What have )J'O01I1I done to prevent .Imilar occurrence.a.T' _ ....._ ..._.._.__.._ .........._ ........_.__... (11) What do JOU recommend to prevent similar occurrence.a.T' .......___..._...._...__._ _......__. (12) SilrDned b)J':.........._ ...._ ........................... Titl.:............................_ ...._ ... Datea:..._.___._.._. Checked by:...,..~......"...".........._ ........_ "~K 1. (See paraelraph S. 4.11.-.&...) Ace. 'JP8................................. Una. aet............ ....._......._........... Un.. perl. facctl....._................. InjjUuIr'yJ......................._..__.._....__ Boocd!)y, part............._.............._. -- .... 5' I I "ai. ~ r, .~.. . .. "~ ' _~: I II i .... ...... ..-.-...... ~l r \II 1'\)", ~ fit i " fr 5' ., r - ::i .. ri - i1 9 GI ,=I .- ; I I : i l!l;~egi;; ~ ~ 1..::1"o~8el i 8 I; I" ~:-i i i 1:Z ~ I ~ 1 . . J ! I 1 _f~iSi"l;~lL!! R :0 Ii K ~10 ~r 3 !I II II I I 'i 1"I1.1 .0.l"..i. ,'" .. :0 , 14 lS1 .. Of - :: = !'i~"i iI '"I'.l~. ~: !aj8e!;&E.,&. ~ (II GI :I 8 I ~ ~ i i i ti I t=g,140 .. ", 110 2".. " =.i rD!p.~f"i"i":. E ! re :1 !i: ,::-1 I.. I i i'i f i f & I f~!&= _II . I- I_ -I:'" l:t . ct- ...... i!:1 f' .";"I,:I,8: .;... 1:8;: IC IC :: iir :Ii ~o i I I - i , II , I . il . .. 8 r I IS IS IlIUIl 01' (11I1II"1.('n1l1l11 011 job, OIW to gCIWl'ul lIIallag(~I', 01" ot \1('1' d('si~lIatc<l ex('cuti\('. olle to sa fety <Il'l'uI'llIwnt files II {ll'I' use to ch(~l"k Pet'fOl"lIlUJlCl~. (&!c Form 2.) 4.1a Uldteel States Navy Department and Maritime OO'1Tll1J1i.~.'1i01~ 'IIwnlldy injury summnry.(a) 'fo be submitted monthly to Unitcd Stutes Navy- Mal'itime COlllmission. (See I'orm a uuadwu.) To illclude ovcr-all breakdown of predominllnt accidents, types and Clluses, accident fl'~ quency, total numool' of fatal cases, total of lost-time cases and the time lost, etc. This form to be used also for report to manage1nent of Bhipyard. To be submitted in triplicate as requircd on form. (See Fonn 3.) (b) The following formula shall be used in determining Ilccidp.nt fl'equency rIltes for shipyards: 1. Accident :Frequency = Number Disabling Injuries X 1,000,000 Total Man-Hours Worked for Period Covered 2. A disabling injury shllll be considered to be any injury which results in a man being unable to report for work on the next re~rular day or shift after the accident, or one which calls for a standard time charge being made regardless of whether time is actually lost. If time is lost due to the injllrYt subsequent to the initial return to work, then the injury shall be accounted as disabling. 4.14 Mi-nufclI of lIafety committee meetingB.(a.) Minutes of meetings should show date and time of meeting, names of those present, action on unfinished business, brief description of new business discussed !lnd action taken or ordered by the committee on each item. The discussion should always include the predominating accident hnzards of the yard and the means suggested to control them. (b) Various committeo forms will be made available to shipyards on request. 4.17 These fonns and any others pertaining to industrial safety or health shall be filed and made available to authorized 19 ........................ ........................, u. S. MAaJTOIE COUL'I!ION - U. So leAYY I'IUVATB SlQPYAIUIS .....Y !tJIIIIIAIIY I0Il MOIn'II _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _9 - oW""" ",__ , _._ .....__. I. N_ '" __--.... __.._._ ....__._ .,,_.,,_. ", __ .. a..... '" _j...._ . _.. ,......._.._. -'_._---tiiiiiij'----- a_v.. DATA I'U"" DATA -_ ....... ....... ..0.n_.1,H,.0...I.-.t..,_..,., la' '~I ......= =,.,: r.. _jw\oo (4, axx t. ,...,...,,_ .I.........'....,.. .1. ' " - ' _ .. __.._ .'__.. _ - 'II. Y-'r ,_ _ Ie _ ......_ XXX XXX aax sxx ToIaI _ '" ...... _,_ T_-",-- _ C 1_.' *- ., ..-- ........ _._ - "____ 'lido: ._, _,' - .....:..- -_.-. --_..--.---- INS'I1lUCl1ON! .=-:..=-.: 01_ 01_'" ":i. !.='~=.::: :'::-~t;::=- ("'-" -,...- ., - She.. '" ..,.... ,., Lor ,..., ."1 ........._-., ......- ....~ __ ~ -'- ..... . . - 1" :i...;,!:.'..~~,..:. ;_,:.;:: ;.-=-.=.~, w;."..j. :,lh,::.:~IL.""'''''::' ........::.-..~.t.-='~ ,nell, ........p.I.'".._ ,.,.n.6.e.r.-.c.o.._............. _ .............. __ or .._ ....~ _ _ ........ ....-_ ;:;:.c.:-:::.. f.,. ...... u.:.!a:.:w."J:,: .. C!:.Jj.' I .: Cd, ea.. ,he _lin ...,. ..... 4.,hte ... c..,..., ........ '*--- ., ..tvr..................... ~ -.nth. Do ftot U.. A 5.A. ....... ~ I......~. . . per.aMllt i.,.I....,.... F... '.taIiU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tM~~~.:~ ..,. ::::. =t~r~ ti_ . .,. I' ..,...... 10-' I'ottll S-Front. (See paragrapb S. 4.18-a.) 20 - . - - - - . T., IU - - - - '''l~':".:':.''':::- .... - - - - I-ftIo--"-'r:-'-r_--t .-01 _ _ . _ - _ " '_ _ - ..- LL NNo. u_d_ ___ __ _ ._.__ __ .._ _..._ - -'_ __._."._.'..._. . __ .......... __ ....._ . _ _(,0..u1,-.-----------___ L N. -... _ - .. _.._...__._.. .. .._ ....... &. No _ . _ _ _ _ _ -___._._.._ I 1II'IIoa--------_._._ . . _....._. Uf_wl.. - ...... _~---.-.. " .. _ L ..._ ....... L roll. . . . _ _ - . . ....._ .._. ___._.____.._..._. &. Fall. . . . . _ - . _ _ _._._ ._ _ _ ... '" .........-....1....-......-..-...-..-..--------1 .. Poll.... _ .___.--.-----.._ ._.__ ._. L U _ _ lIatdIoo, ........... _ _.._ _ . _ _ ..__ .. L _ ............... _ _ _..__ ._ .....__.... _ L ..... ... ........ .~. _ (0....,.-----______ ', - - - -" _. _ o f " " " , ___- . - - -.. _. _ _._ -- .. __ ._..-.-1 ......... '.-............ -....- _ _ _ 01 _ L _lor-" L ........ n .... ~ L _ (opodI, _ L U_. _ 01 .' ._ _ _ _ __ a. U - '_ _ . , .L .._ _ _' - - - : - : , - -_ _ __ L _ _ . - - _ . . . . ._ _ _ _ _ _ _....._.... ......, .. ...... _ _ _ 01--. ... .-.._ &. U__ 01'- - _ ....___._._._......__ . L _ ( ....", _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- / I. .- 01 -"'U(o-w.,...-.-..__ ._._____.__..__..._. LL _ 1. _._ . _- 100 0 o1 f - _~ _ _ _ ..._ . .....-..-..-........_. _.___ . _L_.. _ _ o I _ - " _ - " _ _._ ... _. L&. 1-._ -._ . - -0-1 _- .......-.'.-..-.._....._- . _.- .. DoI_.. _ _ _ _ ......... _ _L. __. ._. __. f.I_ _ L_ I.-.".-------____-j .. aI. .P-Iodo.c._ ..._ ..,.._._-_-_._' -._.__..._..... L ....... ~ _ _~__.._ ..._.__ .... .. _.. -....1_..,_..0.,1"-,-----------/ L U_ _ _ -.._... __.._. _.._..._.. _.... L U_ _ _ . . , _.......... _ . ___ ., ..._ .. No _ _ - - W - .............- . . . . . . &... FDaoIII__.....o. I_ j_ r_ oot - . -.........-........_..._ ..._.._ . .... ......._---.---.-...-..-.... ,'------1 L Do.f.oo-a....(o.,....u.,._.. .- . _- -... -....... ..... I. Dof_ ...... __..____.... __._ ...___._. _._.__ I. _ ..II..............._ .. __.. L u...r................. of __. __.___ . L&. _- - . .10....."_" _ .. _ _-_ - -_ - __. _ _._ _ ._ _ __ , L.u_ 21 1'('pl'Cslmtalivcs (If f he United ~llltcs NIlVy-MIIl'itilllo COlUmission UpOIl IClJucst. ~. Safety Committees. 5.1 The HI1fcty director', in coop('ratiun with the shiJlYlll'd ~cllel'al manager, shall cause to be fOl'lm~d ami put iuto efFectivI' ol'cmlioll at. least the foJlowing safcty committoos. 5.11 Central 8afcty c01nmittee.(11) Mcmbel'ship: lllllllllgement representlltive (chairmun), sufely director (secretary), all superintendents, foremen, medical department representative, qunrtermen or leadermen, and one employee. (b) Membership of all but management representative, medical department representative and safety director may be rotated-terms of 2 months each but rotation to be arrllllged so only % of committee changes each month. (c) Meetin~: Shall be monthly or more often as necessary. (d) Duties: This is the policy fonning committee for safety work. They review the monthly report as submitted to the United States Navy-Mari- time Commission and other records to determine the course of safety work for coming period. They decide such matters as type of safety equipment to be used and how it shall be made available to men, types of safety training to be used, whether accident prevention plan is being adherred to, interplant contest awards, etc. Such committees shall review the investigation on flltal or serious accjdents and make 1"e('OlDmendations. All Committee members are expected to make practical suggestions to improve shipyard safety. They also review reports of other committees to make certain suggestions and recommendations are properly followed through. (e) Secretary: The safety director shall act as secretary, prepare an agenda, take minutes, prepare a report of committee meeting, and distribute copies of reports to members. He shall foJlO\v through with other committees, the suggestions and recommendations of the central safety committee. 2"2 5.12 S'Upc1t'i.~UI.\' MI/..t!/ /'ollllltitt('e.- (a) l\l('I1IIJ\'I'~h if>: hI ullagcllll'lIt n'pl'(~scntnti ve, safety dll'pdol', II\Idieal fudrccpmaertllm, enqtualr'tCcIl)'mt'ccsenn, tlltaivncd, 'iUPCl'illh'lIucnts, ItadlI'II ...n. This is It rotating cOllllllittee; 1'0- tilt iOIl sllOuld 00 earirnantgheedir soresapllecotfivtehepesruipoedrs-, \'iS01'Y staff serv i, e., supcrintendcnts chnnge each four months, fOl'CIlICIl each twohm. oInnthnso, qcuaasreteslh'mouclnd aanlldelnetaidre- el'lllCn each mont group change at one time. Where u. depllrt- lIlent or unit of an dtehpearrtemspeonnt shibasleansuwpelUrvsiusaolrlyy J)uor record the staff-superintendent, foremen, qual'termen 01' leadermen should be retained on the committee until their record is at least equal to the ship- (b) yard average. Meetinb'S: Shall be monthly or semimonthly or (c) 1I10re fl'Cquently, as necessary. Duties: The primary purpose of this committee is thc stimulattiioonn aonfd imtsuminetemnbaner(s:e ionf aicnctiedreenstt and the educa prevention. The shipyard accident record shall be revieweed,ptlh'eedopmreidDolmmtincaanutsteyspeosf otfheasce- cidents Ilnd th accidents shall be discussed. Suggestions and recommendationselltcoh immpelm'Obveer. thAe trelceoarsdts: oanree solicited from timely subject must be discussed at each meet- ing; i. c., such ahsocekyse, inhjaunrdiestoaonldatchdedier nptrse,veetnc-. tion, electric s Methods of avoiding Ilccidents due to these operations should be presented by the commit- (d) tee members. The committee shull review report.s of ull iutlLI and'serious accidents and suggest preventive action. It lnittees shall l'Cview and check on reports of the quality inspection of the ~ug com gested corrective action for unsafe ('onditions (e) or practiccs reported. The committee shall Cllrry out the suggestions and recommendlltions of the central conunittee. (f) OuImtseidt\emspene,llkSetrnstesuDchepnasrtsmafeentty oefngLianbeeorrs,miennsuor-r 23 time tt, tillltl ttl :i;\dicmnut-ipllrtee\'ienltlctilu'(n'!;t"o,ufrI(.',omSmoiUuncde llleIllLcl'~ in film strips, Itcc motion pictul'CS 01' nthm' similar media on SI\ (ety subjects cun und should be used (g) if available and Secretary: Sllme practicubJe. as for central saflty committee. li.13 llcgulAJr inspection COllt1nitfee(a) NumUer: Olle committee for ea('\, department (b) and each hull. Inspection: Weekly or more often as necessary. (c) Membership: At least two employees and a. superemployee of each job being inspected. visory The safety director or stlltf safety engineer (d) should accornpany the committee. Duties: To inspect their department or hull for the purpose of tds iascnodvuenrisnagfeacnodndhitaivoinnsglikceolry- rected unsafe ac to cause accidents. On ench section of a job they should bempaclocyoemep. an'fiehdeybyaare reospbosenrsvibelres supervisory e only-the foremen, quartel1Den or leadermeD shall do all corrective work. Where a condi- tion is discovered on which there is disagree ment the superintendent decision. Hazard. shaJl make the neces immediately da'1l.ger sary OWl to AealtA, life or limh .Iuill be corrected b; (e) the accompanying The committee sha.ll 81f.per1Ji8or at OfICe. submit written reports to th safety director aintidonisndoicratperawcthiectehserhaavcceidbeenef producing corrected. cond These reports shall be referred t the supervisory scaefsestayrycobmemcaiuttseee obfy dthaengsearfoe\t director. If ne conditions, he may refer them at once to tI general manager. 6.14 Special iu,ection committee,.(a) Staging inspectors, electrical inspectors, Cl'a) inspectors, bopileecriainllsypeqcutoalrisf,ieadndinodtihveirdsu. als ' (b) Membership: S teams permanently assigned to work. (8 paragraph 5.100.) (c) Duties: 1. Staging inspectors: Daily or continuous j spections of all stages shan be m~de on ea '"dl --'.r (,II,f'r Ir,..:..iolls wlll'll' s,ag:",; al'l' tI..,f J"'f"'" ~I.all ht' IlIlltlc\ of all ddl""s tu ,I" II, J'"'-,Ji,I, ,-IIIIl'n'i~o,' 1'01' illlllll'diall' """",1"", (:"1',\' of .11l' daily I'l'POI" shall lit ~"I""jt"~l ", the snfet\. director. ~, ( 1'11/1' 1, Ih~J'foItt,t.. : \Veckly iJllspc,ctiolls shall lie IIIIIf I,! '" all f:I'lInl'S Illlt! ri~gin~, U(\JlOlts 111,,,11 I.., IIu'""itteo to proper uCl'l1rtllu'lIt 1"'111111 ",t (",,'r('.(:lioll of ull~llfe conditions OJ' rmld i'1!". (Alpil'S of rcpOl'ls on dcft->el<; shull 1,,: JrIl~cJ,. ,,, till' Hllfety dirl'ctor. 3, Ot...... IIlh"f'f:If,rll: As above Ilnd ut indicllted In''lu,mcy. 5.15 Safety CO'l1/imittr."II-(h:7IP.1'fll._ (a) C(Jrru"it.t,(~'!H in addition to those specified ill these stll~lIllIrclHI IUlly be formed and operated if delllt('t!. "'1 (b) Reprl'''',lItnliv''H nil committees, when of a supe~vIH(Jry III./ll UH, should be appointed by t.he ..11l"~llrt! gmlcnll mllllllger 111ld held responsible ~y hUll luI' a(:1 ive and interested participation In till! wfII'k of t.he committee. Employee rcp- resNlllllifJn IIIlly be secured in the same manner, or. by IlJlIHli'II,llIlmt of employee committees, unum iliaCI., HIClwnrds or by el('ction of union , mOlllll('~'8 or "y IIny other feasible lucans. (c) lhe 114.IVU'OH or production employees havin~ rc.lntell ~Ut.il!fl limy be taken advnnta~~ of:on lIlS.Ill'cllUl1 (!onllnittees. Star" re er'ect- ors '01' re- pall' ilion lOlLy HClrve as permanent and cOlltinuOUH Htn~illlC inHllt'ctors, II. m:lIl or men from the velltilnliun ('I'UW may be utilized for cheeking on ."l\Jltiintiun IIInctices. The reports of state or JIINurulWII inKppctors will be considcmd ade- quntt un huil"I'K, Ilir compressors lind receivers or on uth,'r lU,\'H8ure vessels. S-6. Employee Safety Traininl(. 6.1. Th~ time- for. tho ~lIfc,ty t"t'illill~ of nn employee to stint is at tbe, InceptIon of hiS emplo~'nll'nt" After II. physical CXl1millutioll, which should be mnde tu milk" l't'I'tuin that the emplovee is physi- cally capable of ~rf(Jl'Jllillg ~Ilfl'ty tlu.' work he is requesting the man shall have explllllled to hl'l I\ t IU I 811 ,tl y po'licy of the comp'any b y a ~presen~tlve of the Suf,ty lll\ll"lhl\~nt. 1;his may be done indi- ViduallyI In general groul~" s ur U\ I.~" tt groups and the . mstru, ctlOn may be ~lIppl('mcnted by prill'ed illstructions ill th~ form of rule books or instruction cuds. 6.2 Employees shull have in thl\ir possl'ssion, and be instructed in t.he propel' use of, all ncccbsary pel'8Olml protective equipment before being started on any job. 6.3 General safety rule books, craft safoty rule books or safoty instruction cuds :;hould be supplied employees. Such books should be cOllcise but complete enough to furnish written record of all important safety rules. No Me 8Mll be included which will flot ~ 8trict/;y enforced. The assistance of United States Navy-Maritime Commission safety en~ineers will be given in the preparation of such rule books if desired. 6.4 All employees shall be instructed in their specific duties by their immediate supervisor and tbey shall be made familiar with the hazards of the job and instructed carefully in bow to avoid them. It shall further be the duty of the supervisor to constantly check all employees so unsafe working practices may be corrected before accidents occur. 6.5 Safety instruction shall be correlated with all apprentice and craft training schools. Safety instruction in such schools or train ing courses shan include an explanation and demonstration of the need for the safety equipment or safe practices specified and the' strict enforcement of all safety requirements in the classes. The instructors shall, by their own example, impress upon the learners the importance of the safety requirements. 6.6 Safety bulletin bourds shall be located at each hull and shop, nnd at such other locations \Vhere they may be desirable, on which E'afety postl'rs, letters or bulletins from the shipyard management 01 sufety department and other safety material may be posted. 6.61 The bulletin boards shall be located where the majority oj the employees at l\ particular location will see them. 6.62 The bulletin boards shall be well constructed, have a locked glass cover and shall be lighted at night. 6.63 Safety posters Ilnd other material on bulletin boards shall be changed at lenst semimonthly or more often. (Post, ers will be made available by the United States Navy. Maritime Commission for the use of shipyards. How ever, posters IIllly be selected by the shipyard safety department from nny source.) 6.7 Where shipyard house orgnns (magazines or newspapers) an ~shlblished, the safety director shall arrange to have a reasonable pro portion of the space devoted to safety (articles, items and cartoon CUb relating to safety will be made available by United States Navy-Mari time Commission safety conSUltants.) 26 G.t; Sound-mill stdp:> :IIUllllotioll pi,tUlCS Oll sllfdy suhjects shoul,l be Il~'d wJwre (Intel ieubll'. I'lIhl it: IIddl'C':>S :-.yslclIls, where illstalled~ lIIay be USlt) fot ~arety lIlessa~e:> ttl ~hipyun) l'lIIpJoy<,e:-; eSJlCl'i:Llly tlu..ing lurtch hOllrs or al shift changes. S-7. Safety Supply Store. 7.1 A hafety supply store shull be established in e:lch shipYlll'd where sufety shoes, safety hilts, protel,tive impact goggles amI filtcrltms weJding goggles shull be made aV:lilllblc to shipyard workCls. Shoes may be sold at or near cost to employees, but safety hal,; !lnd impllet I1l1d filter-lens gogglt's shall be issued to each employee but shullltmain the property of the company. to be returned when the ('mployee ends hi~ employment. Equipment such as work clothes, gloves, welders helmets, may also be stocked and sold to employees if desired. 7.11 Goggles may be stocked in the central tool room or first-aid department but should be fitted as described in paragraph 7.2 following. 7.2 The attendant of the safety store should be skilled in fitting sr..fety shoes, and if goggles are also issued, he should be trained in proper fitting and servicing of goggles. 8-8. Goggla. 8.1 Impact-resisting goggles of a type suitable for the particular job and also of a type meeting the requirements of the United Sttltes Bureau of Standards, shall be worn by every employee exposed to the hazard of eye injuries. Practically every employee in the shipyard, with the exception of those working inside offices at all times are either directly exposed to eye injury from the work they do, or indirectly t.hrough working near operations which are likely to produce flying objects. (See purngraph H-IO.3a, page 4.) 8.2 Except where temporary lack of goggles make it impossible, each employee Rhall have his own pair of goggles. If it is necessary to reissue goggles to different employees, the goggles m'l.l8t be sterilized alter each use. 8.3 Goggles supplied employees should be carefully fitted to their face to prevent irritation and to prevent the entrance of foreign objects al'Olllld the edges. (See paragraph 7.2.) 8.4 All employees working in proximity to arc-welding operations shall be required to wear anti "flash" goggles, of at least No. 2-5 shade (or equivklent), of a type meeting the requirements of the United States Bureau of Standards. (See section 9.1 on welding for additional eye protection for welders.) 8.5 Welding screens constructed of wood, metal or other suitable material shall be used to protect the eyes of workers in proximity to electrical welding operations, whenever their use is practicable. 2i S-9. W...lding-Arc. !U All wl,ltlers foihall be made familiar with the hazards of tlwir w(l~'k Ilnd ins.tmcled in snfe methods of pel'forming the various types of Jobs to wInch they are ILssigncd. 1'.2 Personlll protection eql1ipmpnl used by w(>lders shall inc1uut':' 9.21 Welders' protective hood provided with the proper slulde of liltel' type lens fOl' protection against the hurmful rays of the arc nnd IL dear cover ghu:;s to l>l'olect the filter lens. (II) The shades or their equivalent recommended are; Up to 30 amperes-No. 6-7 Shade. 30 to 75 amperes-No.8 Shade. 75 to 200 amperes-No. 10 Shade. 200 to 400 amperes-No. 12 Shade. Over 400 amperes-No. 14 Shade. (b) Shades may also be selected from the following tllble: *. ----------------------------_________________ ____________________ R04."'~,,,. W e.U~ltot" "lu No. o 10 ~t----_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_--~_-_-____________________ 1100 ~---- *~1t1-----------------------------_-_-_-_-_-_-~-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_____________________________ 10 12 '~A2_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_____________ 12 rYaa _____________________________________________ 1~ ________________________________________ 14 ~----~ (C) The welder's hood should be inspected at least weekly to detect possible light leaks, cracked protective glass, or badly fouled or missing cover glasses. Any defects discovered shall be corrected at once. 9.22 Protective leather welders'. jacket, long-sleeved wool shirt with buttoned collar and leather welders' glooves and safety hat. (a) It has been found satisfactory in the hot summer months to substitute flameproofed ootton shirts. If this is done, the fiameproofing, which must must be reapplied after each washing, should be done under the direction of the shipyard. This entails that laundering also be done by the company. Commercial laundries are rapidly undertaking this type of work. 9.23 Hardened and filter lens protective goggles with sideshields to be worn under the hood for protection against hur- ful I'ays whel'l~ t III' hood is mis('" and for p.'otcd ion IIguinst flying seal( ulIcl chips. The ~o~~les should l>e (If Il type IIIl'('till~ the .equircmellts of the U nitl'd Slllt('!' BUJ'(~nll of Standards and of lit least No. 2-4 shade or cqui Vlllt~l1t. 9.24 Safl'ty shoes or (lilli-on Iwots with conI or leather soles Ilnd heels. 9.3 'Vehling screens (ccHlstl'u('t('d of ft:unepl'o<.fed fabric on wood or metal frames, metal on metal frames, or plywood sheets joined by rings) of a size sufficient to protect men working nearby from the harmful effects of the electric arc rays shall be used on all electric welding operations when practicable, 9.31 A type found very successful by one large company can be economically constructed of %" to o/s" plywood. Two pieces about 18" x 30" are joined at two points along one edge with 2" x tI" rings. The large size of the rings allows the two pieces to lap sufficiently to make a lightproof joint, while the light weight of the assembled screen makes men more prone to U86 them. 9.4 Welding leads shall be inspected at least once each shift, and those found defective shall be repaired or replaced. 9.5 All welding leads should be coiled back to centrally located stations after the completion of each shift or job. 9.6 Weldillg rod tips should not be thrown on decks or stages but should be retained by the welder and turned in at the end of the day for salvage. 9.7 Each electric welder shall make an inspection of the areu"be- low him, and of the opposite sides of bulkheads on which he is work- ing, to make certain that there is no dlmger of falling or penetrating sparks cllusing a fire. He and his helper must know the location of fire extinguishing equipment and how to use it. It is recommended that a fire extinguisher be available in the immediate area. 9.8 The safety of women welders presents several special problems which should be carefully considered while women are being trained and during their first several weeks on the job. 9.81 Women will at first be subject to excessive fatigue because they are unaccustomed to shipyard work. In their enthusiasm they are likely to overdo and will, under such conditions, be more prone to accidents and at the least, absences may follow. They should, until they become accustomed to the work, be carefully watched by supervisors and if signs of fatigue are evident they should toDmnnrArilv M pivpn lil!'hter work. 29 lI.li2 Work clothill~ {Ol' womcn is still ill the developmellt stag~. In g('neml, however, tlac following should be ohscrved: (:I) Safety shoes or pull-on boots with cord or leather soles and heels. (b) Long underwear, union suit type (wool for wintel') khaki trousers and sbirt, or coverall type of overall with a drop seat and weIdel'S' leather uniform. (c) It is desirable that the outer clothing, unless of wool, be flameproofed. (d) Leather gloves. 9.83 Whenever possible, mechanical means of handling material should be utilized in preference to manual handling. 8-10. Bumen. 10.1 Equipment for burnel"S shall be the same as that for welders except that the leather clothing and welders' helmets need not be worn. Filter type lens protective gl~s with side shields. No. 3-8 shades or their equivalent !!hould be worn. Flameproofed clothing is desirable. 10.2 All individual oxygen and acetylene and other gas lines shall be turned off at the manifold at lunch hour and at quitting time or if the burner must leave the immediate vicinity of his work during the regular shift. 10.3 All bose should be coiled up to the manifold when shifts are changed or when jobs are completed. 10.4 The practice of dusting the clothes by blowing oxygen on them or using oxygen for ventilating or cooling purposes bas resulted in several fatalities and '''all be ablolutely forbidden.. Oxygen shall be used only in connection with burning or welding operations. a n1d0~.5f t Each burner shall make an inspection he opposite.sides of bulkheads on which of he tihsewaorrekainbge,lotowmhaikm~ certal~ that there IS no danger of falling sparks causing a fire. He and hiS helper should know the location of fire-extinguishing equip- ment and how to use it. It is recommended that a fire extinguisher be available in the immediate area. 10.6 Bu~ne~s' uniforms. (ov~ralls) shall be laundered at least weekly except that If 011 or grease IS spdled on the clothing it shall be changed at onoo. Jt is desirable that arrangements be made by the company to have uniforms (overalls) laundered and fiameproofed. pre1s0s.7ureDreefgeucltaivroe rbs u r(wn ihnegl'8eqcuyipl.mmdeenrtssuacreh aussetdo)rchs'hhaolsl eboer cylinder repaired imm~diately. ' 10.8 All oxygen and acetylene (gas) lines shan be inspected at least once each shift and those found defective shall be repaired or replaced. 10.9 Standard color coding for oxygen and acetylene pipe lines shall be observed for oxy~n and acetylene. (Since it may be im)" ao :-.iblc to S(,(,Ul'C colorell hose during th(' war, idellt ificalion muy be IlIIIIIl! by allY pracl icablc Ult'llllS ~() long liS e\'el'y Immel" al1(l bU)'IJ('r's help('1" (If' 1I11,V othel' pl!n;On who hus occll<;ion to usc UXyglIHlCItylcIIC (gas) eC(uipment is thoroughly familiar with it.) 8-11. Cran1'8 (Whirley&. Hammerheads. Bridge, ell'.) 11.1 The safe loads as specified for crulles 011 sillgle lift shall not be exceeueu. a, I"cu' the guidance of Cl'ane operators, weights of all sections over 5 tOilS ~hall be plninly marked on the sect.ion in fi:''1lI"('s at lenst 12 inches high. 11,2 On double lifts, cranes shull not be loaded to mOl'e thlln 75% of their combined rated capacities, 11,3 All crane operators shall be given a thorough physical exam- ination upon employment and at Ilt least yearly intervals thereafter. Particular attention should be gh'cll to the eye examination. 11.4, Crane inspectors, (See section S. 5.14,) 11,5 All whirley and hammerhead cranes shall 00 provided with bumper guards of %" wire rope or equivalent set fl'om 32 to 36 inches from the ground, and fastened in the form of a half loop to all four wheel covers at the leading and trailing ends of the crane. 11.6 All traveling cranes regardless of the type shall be equipped with a clearly audible automatically operated signal which will indi- cate that the crane is in motion. A siren or electric horn pitched to a tone above or below the generul noise level of operations is preferable to a gong or bell. 11.7 The crane operator shall take signals only from the designated hook tenders or riggers and no others. Hook tenders shall be idt-n- tified by special hats or arm bands. : 11.8 All loads shall be lifted or lowered Ulader power. . 11.9 Employees shall not be permitted to puss behveen the leading and trailing trucks of whirley cranes AT ANY TllI[E. a. Wheel covers shall be provided which will (>l'Otect all wheels of whirley, gantry, hammerhead and bridge cranes to a distance of Yz inch from the cmne tr'ucks. 11.10 Employees l'hll.ll not I'emain undel', or puss under crane loads. 11.11 Trolley lines fOI' cranes shall be protected against accidental contact by mcn or matel'ial, by wood or other suitable sheathing, or if the trolley lines are elevated they shaH have a vertical clearance of at least 12 feet above the ground. a. Bumper guards for trolley enus of bridge crunes should be pro- vided to prevent the hoisting cables from swinging into the trolley wires. 31 11.12 The Cl'uno OPCl'IltOl' shull Ill' r'cqllil'NI to imll\t'diutcty notify a desigllllt('1\ depurtment hend of any dcf('cb he notic(':; ill the crane or its equipment. l1.1:-s No person other tlum the crane operator, n trainee, tbe SUp('I'visor in charge of crtlnes, the Cl'Ulle inspector, repairmen on Cl'ane repair jobs or safety department mtm shall be permitted in cralle cabs. No more than three persons shall be in the cab at any time. a. Whenever possible, Cl'lllle operators should be relieved on the gl'ound and not in the crane cab. 11.14 Except under emergency conditions and then only with the approval of the safety department, men shall not ride loads. Men fha.ll never be permitted to ride empty hooks or slings. 11.15 A clearance of at least 2 feet and preferably more shall be maintained between the crane and any stationary obiect or materials. Where existing structures make this clearance impossible, an exception to this rule may be granted by the United States Navy-Maritime Commission Sufety Consultant after an inspection. 11.16 Strong-backs or spreaders should be used on all lifts where there is danger of the load buckling or where the spread is so wide slings or clamps may slip. Steel strong-backs are preferable to wood. 11.17 The hook tenders shall familiarize themselves with the weights of the various plates, shapes and sections handled, so chain or cable slings of the proper size will be used on lifts. 11.18 All chain and cable slings and strongbacks should be clearly marked, by color coding, to indicate the tnaximum safe load for which they are to be used. 11.19 All electric cranes should be equipped with limit switches to prevent doubl~ blocking. 11,20 Storage racks shall be provided for all chain and cable slings at points convenient to the operations so they may be safely stored when not in use. All chain and cable slings shall be inspected before each use by the hook tender and if found defective, shall be sent to the proper department for repair. Such inspections shall be in addition to, not substitutes for, the r('gular inspections by the safety department. S-12. Plant Housekeeping. 12,1 Housekeeping shall be maintained at a high standard in all parts of the shipyard at all times. The following rules shall (or shOUld, as indicated) be put into effect: a. Wide, well-defined roads, aisles, and passages shall be laid out in the yard and shops and they shall be kept clear of obstructions and shall be kept clean and free from debris. The width of aisles and passages in SOlDe of the older yards may be limited because of exist- ing structure8, but. all (,'fol'l, :-.ltollill he 1I11111t~ to llIailllaill II wi.lth of twice that of the widest hand or power tl'll('l\:, pili!' two feet. 12.12 Aisles lind pll~~:Igl's sholl It! he t/dilll'll hy white or y.llow Jim's painh~d Oil t 11t~ floot's. MulN'ials or mlll~hill(,S should not bc p(t'JIlit ted tu elwl"Ollch on these lines into the aisle. . 12.13 All staging platforms, ramps, stait'wIlYs, wlllkwnys, 01' other walkway surfaccs on shipways shall be kept clean of all debris such as welding rod tips, bolts, nuts, ami similar mllteriul. \Vehling leads. bm'ncl' hose :\1\11 ail' hose should be elevnted over or placed ullder the walk- way surfaces or protected by cross-over planks. Thf'y should be neatly armnged and not left in coils or loops where they may cause men to trip and fall. 12.14 All deck areas on hulls shall be kept free of debris and construction material shall be neatly piled so as not to present a hazard to employees. (See par. S. 12.13 on hose, etc.) 12.15 All deck openings shall, as soon as practicable, be pro- tected with guardrails at least 42 inches in height set 12" back from the edge of the t>pening. Manholes may be guarded by tacking three uprights to the deck and then tacking a ring of the proper diameter to the top of the u(JIights. Hatches, wit.hout coamings, may .be gual'ded by tucking uprighl<; to the deck at inten'Rls of not more than 10 feet and fastening 2" x 6" or 2" x 8" timbel' rails in place at 42" from the deck. Midrails set 21" from the deck may be used nlso, and Rre especially ree: ommended where women are employed. (a) Where they are projecting stud bolts uround tbe manholes or tank tops, they should be protected with either metal strips 01' wood covel'iug to prevent slips and falls or snagging of clothing of workers. 12.16 All snow Rnd ice shall be cleaned from stagings and plat- forms (by turning the planks), and from decks, before men on regular production m'e permitted to work on them. 12.17 Free access shall be maintained at all times to all exists and to all firealarm boxes or fire-extinguishing equip- ment. 12.18 All oils, paints, thinners, solvents, waste, rags, or other flammable substances shall be stored and used strictly 33 in accordance with the 1'C(luirements of the National Fire PI"IlIl<:tioll As...;odutillll standards. 12.HI 12.20 All staging lumber, or other lumber, when dismantled shull ha\'e all nails or spikf'..8 removed or bent over. Plates and shapes shall be stored either in substantial metal or heavy timber racks or stored flat on a substantial timber or concrete foundation that will prevent 12.21 shifting. (a) Plates and shapes shall be stored so there is at least an 8-foot clearance from the center line of railroad tracks. Angle brackets and similar small pieces shan be stored in racks. 8-13. Lighting. 13.1 A level of illumination should be maintained f~r the various type of jobs in all shops, at least as 11igh as that recommended by the standards of the Illuminating Engineering Society. .....- Minimum Standards of illumination for certain industrial interiors as recommended by the Dlnminating Engineering Society are as follows: Tllpe of Wort operolfrog 1. .' - . . 4 a - -::~ A8!lembly : .orl: Ilougb_____________________________________________________________ 10 Medlum__________________ _________________________________________ 20 Construction-Indoor: General____________________________________________________________ 10 Forge shops and weldioc_______________________________________________ 10 Foundries: Cbarglng floor. tumbling, cleaning. puurlne and lIbaklne ouL_______ 15 Rough molding and core maklag_____________________________________ 10 Fine moldlllg and core makinc________________________________________ 20 Macbine sbopa: Ilougb bench and macblne work-___________________________________ 10 Mt!dlum bencb and machlDe work, ordinary automatic: DWcblne8, roueb grilldlng, medium bumng aDd pollBblnl____________________________ 20 Paint shops: DippIng. Simple spraying, ftrlnc__________________________---------- 10 .Ruspbbrainygl.ngor_d_i_n_a_r_y__b_a_n_d__p__a_la_t_i_n_C__a_n_d___ft_n_l_s_b_ln_c__i _a_r_t_,_8_t_en_c_:_iI__a_n_d_-a-p-e_c_:_la_l 20 Power plRnts, enctne room.. bollen: BoUers, coal and a.b bandllng, storage battery rooml______--------- II Auxiliary equll)ment, 011 8wltcbes and trllnlltormel1l________------- 10 "~lIglnes. generators, blower.. comprell8Ors__________________________ 15 Ret~lvlDg Rnd shlpplnl________________________________________________ 10 sa 8hl'Ct metal work8: Mleeellaneou8 mac:blnee, ordinary bench worlL.______________ Punchea. preaaea, .heara, .tampe, weldera, 8plnnlDC. medium beacIa work__________________________________________ 10 34 Min'", ..,.. fJ/I"""""/1 ffJol-cdradles- 7'IIP' uf tII"rA: Steel and IroD Ir.RDutlldurlog: ....." .....e4 :,~:e Billet, blooming, Hheet bar, skelp utltl slobbltlg mills ___ ___ ________ __ /) Boller room, powerhouse, toundry aud turlluee rUODllJ_ ______________ /) Cold strip, pipe, rail, rod, tube, uDlversal plate aDd wire drllwlllg______ 10 Repair shops: Itollgh bench and mllcblne work_______________ __________________ 10 Medium bench aDd mochlne work_______________________________ 211 Blltl'ksmlth sbop__________________________________________________ 10 Corpeoter aDd pottero shop________________________________________ 20 Storuge____________________________________________________________ 2 [ltore and stock rooms: llough bulky materlal_________________ ______________________________ /) J4edluro or ftne material requiring eare______________________________ 10 Structural steel tabrlclltlon__________________________________________ 10 Woodworking: llougb ..wing and beDcb work______________________________________ 10 Sizing, plODlllg, rougb sanding, medium mocblDe Rnd bencb work, gluIng, veDet'rlng, cooperllg1!__________________________________________ 20 13.2 All lights should be provided with reflectors suitable for the type of work being done and meeting the requirements of wartime dim-out regulations. A regular schedule of cleaning and mainte- nance should be instituted that will keep the lighting units at their I original efficiency. I- I 8-14. Hand Tools. 14.1 All tool rooms issuing hand tools such as hammers, sledges, chisels, sp~d wrenches, center punches, portable air-driven tools, port- able electrIC tools and other tools should be inspected daily by a safety engineer to make certain that only tools in good condition are bf#ng issued, Tools in poor condition shall not be issued. 14.2 Workers' personal tool kits should be inspected at monthly intervals so defective tools may be discovered and repaired. 8-15. Handling Material (Manua.). 15.1 All employees should be instructed in the proper method of Jifting. No limit cnn be set as to the maximum weight to be lifted by one man, but it should be made clear to all employees that they should secure help if the load is too heavy or too bulky for one man to handle easily. Mechanical equipment should always be used when it is available and its use is prac~icable. 15.11 Posters illustrating the proper method of Jifting should be displayed frequently and men observed lifting incorrectly should be reinstructed by their supervisor. S-16. Machine Guarding. 16:1 All belts, puneys, gears, chains, sprockets or other dangerous moving parts of machines shall be completely enclosed with guards 35 cOllsttuctt.'d of 11Ilgle-it'on bruckets co\'et'ed with h('uvy :;h(p.t metal or %-ineh wil'o mesh. Vetticu) or inclined helts Shllll be /.(\u\l'llcd to a hei~ht of (j feet above the floor. Horizonta.l belts OVt~r H fp.('t above the ftoor may be guarded only on the under side. Gears, chains and sprockets should be guarded no matter where located. 16.11 Since metal may not be available for guards at present, substanthLlIy constructed wood guards will he 8C<.'.eptablc. 16.12 In all cases where state requirements are more stringent thun those given above, the state rulings must be followed. 16.2 All machines 8),a11 be guarded at the point of operation so employees will not be injured while operating the machine. 16.21 The standards of guarding for the various machines as recommended by the Insurance Rating Bureau should be followed except where state requirements are more stringent when the latter "iIl take precedence. S-17. Staging and Ladders. 17.1 United States Navy-Maritime Standards of Construction for shipyard staging is in the process of development and will replace the present recommended practice when published.. 17.2 All staging, scaffolding, platfonns and walkways shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the California State Industrial Commission except where existing state codes are more stringent in which case the latter shall take precedence. 17.3 All ladders should confonn to the American Standard Safety Code on ladders. o