Document 1Qa6OeDJLEnENOb50jEGKYVo

PRESENTATION To The INTERDEPARTMENTAL TASK FORCE ON PCBs WASHINGTON, D. C. May 15, 1972 by MONSANTO COMPANY PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT #*WT,cur HARTOLDMONOQ43129 Introduction W. B. Papageorge Considerable interest has been and continues to be expressed by many involved in studies of PCBs and the environment concerning their degradability. Monsanto has received many inquiries relating to results of our studies. We now have accumulated some meaningful data which we believe would be appropriate to present in a status report to the Interdepartmental PCB Task Force. We sincerely appreciate this opportunity to share this information with you ' this afternoon. Slide #1 - We plan to discuss current results of laboratory biodegration studies of PCBs and the levels of PCB residues observed in the tissues of laboratory animals which were used in our toxicity studies. We will review briefly actions Monsanto has taken to reduce PCB usage and environmental losses. We will also discuss the application of our laboratory findings to the development of a modified more readily degradable PCB mixture for use by the capacitor industry as a dielectric fluid. As many of you are aware, we have designated this material as Aroclor 1016. Slide #2 - Our presentation will begin with Dr. Tucker discussing primary bacterial degradation and PCB residues in fish, fowl and mammal tissues. Dr. Munch will review evidence that demonstrates disappearance of PCBs from the environment and Dr. Paton will discuss Monsanto^ PCB sales and use actions and the impact these actions will have on the environment. Because of the limited time available, may I suggest that questions be held until all the speakers have completed their reports. Following the presentations there will be opportunity for further discussion of information which may be of particular interest to you. . Dr. Tucker, Research Group Leader, will now present a status report of his laboratory results. HARTOLDMON0043130 OBJECTIVES O PROGRESS REPORT ON LABORATORY BIODEGRADATION OF PCB'S O RESIDUE ACCUMULATION STUDIES IN FISH. BIRDS AND MAMMALS O TO SHOW REDUCTION IN LESS BIODEGRADABLE PCB'S AS A RESULT OF MONSANTO ACTIONS ON SALES AND PRODUCTS HARTOLDMON0043131 O INTRODUCTION AGENDA W. B. PAPAGEORGE O PCB STUDIES PRIMARY BACTERIAL DEGRADATION RESIDUES IN FISH/ FOWL AND MAMMALS E. S. TUCKER O EVIDENCE FOR LOSS OF PCB FROM THE ENVIRONMENT R. H. MUNCH O MONSANTO PCB ACTIONS C. PATON O DISCUSSION HARTOLDMON0043132 ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL PERSISTENCE OF 5 POLYCHLORINATEb BIPHENY!LS . 37 Dr. E. S. Tucker The research I will review today will focus upon one aspect of Monsanto's efforts to understand the environmental iinpact and behavior of our polychlorinated biphenyl or PCB products. ' This research was initiated early in 1969 after development of the necessary PCB analytical methodology and subsequent confirmation of Dr. Soren Jensen's identification of PCB residues in fish and birds in Sweden. At this point in time, PCB residue data from Monsanto and external environmental monitoring programs indicated that at the previous rate of use and release of these products that some PCB homologs weie beginning to reach detectable levels in fish, birds and mammals. Conversely, these data indicated to us that with the exception of localized, controllable contamination, PCB homologs with less than five chlorine atoms per molecule had not accumulated to detectable levels ; even though it was known that significantly greater amounts of the PCB homologs with less than 5 chlorine atoms per molecule had been manufactured and used over the years. Now, before discussing our biological studies, I would like to review for you the gross homolog composition of our Aroclor products and then in a very brief fashion, try and illustrate to you the complexity of these materials and hence the complexity of the problem. In the first slide (#1) , is shown the most recent data on the weight % composition of four of our Aroclor products as a function of each detectable PCB homolog. The first column on the left lists the homolog in question and the subsequent columns under each product show the weight % distribution of each PCB homolog in each product. As most of you probably know, with the exception of Aroclor 1016, the last two digits of each product number refer to the degree of chlor ination. For example, Aroclor 1221 contains 21% chlorine by weight, and so on. Aroclor 1016 is a special case in that while it contains about 41% chlorine by weight, its penta, hexa, and heptachloro biphenyl content has been significantly reduced with respect to Aroclor 1242, a product produced by direct chlorination, containing 42% by weight chlorine. Please note that the penta, hexa, and heptachloro biphenyl homologs in Aroclor 1016 have been reduced by factors of about 8, 10, and 10, respectively, with reference to Ar.oclor 1242. As you can also see, the chief constituents of Aroclor 1221 are the mono- and dichloro biphenyls, while Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1242 contain predominantly di-, tri-, and tetrachloro biphenyls, and Aroclor 1254, tetra, penta, and hexacJiloro bi-phenyls. . HARTOLDMON0043133 -2- As I indicated earlier, this table represents our most recent efforts at determining the homolog distribution of our PCB products and as such a number of you may have seen estimations of the homolog content of these products which are significantly different. The analytical methodology used is currently in a very dynamic state and our understanding of the contents of these products increases as the methodology is improved. At this point in time, we regard these numbers as the most accurate ones currently available. In the next slide (#2) are shown examples of low resolution - packed column electron capture chromatograms of Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260. This is what these products look like to a residue analyst using the most commonly employed detection system. From these chromatograms, it can be readily seen that we are dealing with multi-component products, which of course, increases the com plexity of assessing every aspect of this problem - relative to a well defined single component system such as DDT. I should mention at this point, that the PCB residues generally found in wildlife are most similar to Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260 chromatograms. The next slide (#3) demonstrates that in reality, these materials are even more complex than is generally realized. In the upper right portion of this slide is again shown a low resolution electron capture gas chromatogram of Aroclor 1242 under the optimum conditions normally employed by residue analysts. Under these conditions, Aroclor 1242 would appear to be a 15 component system. In the lower portion of this slide is a flame ionization gas chromato gram of the same material using a high resolution S.C.O.T. column. If one carefully inspects this chromatogram, our simple 15 component product has now been resolved into 55 different components. These facts simply indicate that all PCB products cannot be lumped together in terms of either their environmental impact or persist ence. The type of biological studies which we have carried out to date are shown in the next slide (#5). For discussion purposes, they can be conveniently divided into two categories: "Primary Bacterial Degradation Studies", an area in which research on PCBs is just beginning, and "Residue Accumulation Studies". Most of our bacterial degradation work has been centered around the fairly well known semicontinuous activated sludge degradation test. Our residue accumulation studies have been fairly extensive and have involved the exposure of better than 2100 fish, chickens, rats and dogs to the various Aroclor products; resulting in the collection of over 1200 samples of which approximately 500 pooled samples were eventually analyzed for PCB residues. The prime objective of these studies is given on Slide #6. HARTOLDMONOQ43134 -3- Slide #7. The semi-continuous activated sLudge test procedure we used to evaluate the primary bacterial degradation rates of the Arodlor products is the test method recommended by the Soap and Detergents Association for the evaluation of the biodegradability of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate type surfactants IJAOCS 4_2, 986 (1965) & 46, 432 (1969)]. . Primary Biodegradation - Minimum alternation of the chemical structure of the material in question to an extent that characteristic properties of the original material are no longer evident. This procedure employs sludge from a sewage treatment plant as the source of microorganisms to which a specific amount of the material being evaluated and a synthetic sewage mixture are fed on a periodic basis in a specially designed aeration chamber. The next slide (#8) graphically illustrates what the aeration chamber looks like. It is simply a large glass cylinder with provisions for aeration, auxiliary stirring, a siphon for periodic removal of the supernatant and a septum for introduction of the test material. The mixed liquor (sludge + water) obtained from the sewage treatment plant is initially adjusted with tap water to a suspended solids concentration of about 2500 mg/1, and 1500 ml of this mixture is then charged to the aeration chamber. The mechanical cycle employed is shown in the next slide (#9). Each cycle is initiated by the addition of the synthetic sewage and 1 mg of the PCB product being tested. Since the PCBs are quite water insoluble, they are fed to the unit via injection of 200 pis of a concentrated ethanol solution. In this manner, homogenous dispersion of the PCBs on the bacterial sludge is obtained. After about one hour of aeration an aliquot of the mixed liquor is withdrawn from the chamber and analyzed for PCBs via UV spectro photometry and/or electron capture gas chromatography. Aeration is continued for about 48 hours and a second sample is withdrawn for analysis. At this point, the aeration is stopped and the sludge allowed to settle, the sludge volume and pH are then checked to insure that the unit is operating satisfactorily. Two-thirds of the supernatant is withdrawn and replaced with tap water? aeration is then resumed. The cycle is re-initiated by the addition of the synthetic sewage and Aroclor in question. This cycle is continuously repeated until a steady state and consistent degradation rates are obtained. The per cent degradation rate is calculated as shown in the equation on the slide from the amounts found in the samples analyzed during each cycle. Degradation testing of the Aroclor products shown in the next slide (#10) have been carried out over an eight month period in our laboratories. In this slide, we have shown graphically the results observed to date. Here we have plotted the mean per cent degradation HARTOLDMON0043135 -4- rates for biphenyl, Aroclor 1221, MCS 10 43, a research material containing 30% by weight chlorine, Aroclor 1016 (41% chlorine), Aroclor 1242, and Aroclor 1254 versus the weight per cent chlorine present in each. The actucil mean per cent degradation rates and 95% confidence limits for each material are shown in the lower left portion of the slide. These data-were all obtained by UV spectro photometry which in essence follov.'s the decrease in the aromatic ring content and is indicative of bacterial ring cleavage. The important point to note here is that as the degree of chlorination decreases the degradation rate increases. . In order to give you a feeling for the degradation rates observed with other materials, Aroclor 1221 degrades at about the same rate as a non-linear ABS surfactant. We have also used this technique to study p,p'-DDT and have at. this point in time noted no significant primary degradation. - The next slide (#11) shows the changes in homolog distribution observed for Aroclor 1242 via electron capture gas chromatographic analyses. The upper chromatogram shows the character of the residue one hour after addition. The numbers above each peak indicate the dominant homolog or homologs present in each. The lower chromatogram is of the residue after 72 hours of exposure to the bacterial sludge. It can be readily seen by comparing the two chromatograms that all the dichloro biphenyls, most of the trichloro biphenyls, and a significant portion of the tetrachloro biphenyls are degraded in 48 hours under these test conditions. The conclusions which we draw from this preliminary data are shown in the next slide (#12). Next, I will discuss our "Aroclor Residue Studies" (Slide #13). Our white leghorn chicken studies (Slide #14) have consisted of a 90 day oral exposure of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 at 1, 10, and 100 ppm feed levels and a repeat 90 day study of Aroclor 1242 at the 2, 4, and 8 ppm feed levels. 336 Chickens were employed from which a total of 521 tissue, chick, and egg samples were collected. Of these 112 pooled samples were analyzed for PCB residues. In the next slide (#15) are shown the results of the 90 day oral exposure of white leghorn chickens to Aroclor 1242. On the left side, we have shown the oral exposure levels which were 1, 10, and 100 ppm, the theoretical residue in ppm, which would have been found in the lipid if the chickens had retained all of the Aroclor 1242 which they orally injested. As you can see, these levels are M.25, 1250, and 12,500 ppm. Next is shown the actual average level in ppm found in the lipid of the muscle, fat, and liver samples and then the levels found after 30.days on a PCB free diet. The important points to note are that ^90% of all the Aroclor 1242 consumed is directly excreted and/or metabolized and that after 30 days on a PCB free diet 35%, 44%, and 57% of the PCBs retained after 90 days of continuous exposure at the 1, 10, and 100 ppm levels was ----------/r\-t- mtaH-^bolized . HARTOLDMON0043136 -5- On the right hand side of this slide is shown the homolog distri bution of the product fed and that of the residues isolated from the tissues after 90 days of exposure and 30 days on a PCB free diet. The numbers across the top simply refer to the number of chlorine atoms per biphenyl molecule. As you can see, Aroclor 124 2 contains dominant amounts of the d.i- through pentachlorobiphenyls and a minor amount of hexachlorobiphenyl. After 90 days of exposure the dichlorobiphenyl was no longer observable and the dominant components were the tri- through pentachloro biphenyl homologs. After 30 days on a PCB free recovery diet, the hexachloro biphenyl is now a dominant component because of continued excretion and/or metabolism of the lower chlorinated homologs. In the next slide (#16) are shown the results for the 90 day oral exposure of Aroclor 1254 in white leghorn chickens at the 1, 10, and 100 ppm exposure levels. The theoretical residues are the same as before and we have again shown the actual levels found in the tissues after 90 days of continuous exposure and 30 days on a PCB free diet. In this instance, ^70-72% of the Aroclor 1254 ingested was directly excreted and/or metabolized and after 30 days on a PCB free diet, ^45% of the residues retained were excreted and/or metabolized. The homolog distribution of the product and residues is shown on the right of the slide, the product Aroclor 1254 contains minor amounts of the tri- and heptachloro homologs and dominant amounts of the tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro biphenyls. The residue after 90 days of exposure did not contain detectable amounts of the trichloro biphenyls and the tetrachloro biphenyls were no longer a dominant component. The dominant homologs were penta- and hexa chloro biphenyls. After 30 days on a PCB free diet, the tetra chloro biphenyls were now not detectable, the pentachloro biphenyls were a minor component, and the hexachloro biphenyls the dominant component.. In the next slide (#17) are the results for Aroclor 1260. Again, the oral exposure level and theoretical residue levels are the same and the PCB residues found in the tissues after 90 days of continuous exposure and 30 days on a PCB free recovery diet are shown. After 90 days of exposure, 57-52% of all Aroclor 1260 consumed was directly excreted and/or metabolized and after 30 days on a PCB free diet ^40% of the residues retained were excreted and/or metabolized. As shown on the right, Aroclor 1260 contains dominant amounts of penta-, hexa-, and heptachloro biphenyls and a minor amount of octachloro biphenyl. The residues after 90 days of exposure and 30 days on a PCB free recovery diet contain minor amounts of the pentaand octachloro homologs. In both cases, the dominant homologs were the hexa- and heptachloro biphenyls. Our albino rat work (Slide #18) has consisted of 30 day oral, 2 year chronic oral and a 3 generation rat reproduction exposure study with Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 and a 90 day subacute HARTOLDMON0043137 -6- oral exposure of Avoclor 1221. Approximately 1400 animals were used in these exposure studies from which about 400 muscle, liver, and*fat samples were collected. Two hundred of these samples were analyzed for PCB residues. In the next slide (#19) are shown the results of our two year chronic oral exposure study of Aroclor 1242 in albino rats. The oral exposure levels were 1, 10, and 100 ppm and the theoretical residues were ^800, 8000, 80,000 ppm, respectively. The actual residues found in the tissue lipid are shown after 3, 12, and 24 months of exposure. Comparison of the residues found after 24 months to the theoretical residue levels indicates that 99% of the Aroclor 1242 fed was directly excreted and/or metabolized at all exposure levels. As is shown on the right, Aroclor 1242 contains dominant amounls of the di- through pentachloro biphenyl homologs and a minor amount of the hexa-. The residues after two years did not contain a signifi cant amount of the dichloro biphenyls and the dominant components were the tri-, tetra-, and pentachloro biphenyl homologs. In the next slide (#20) are shown the results of the two year chronic oral exposure of albino rats to Aroclor 1254. The exposure and theoretical residue levels are the same as with Aroclor 1242. The residues found after 3, 12, and 24 months of exposure are also shown. Comparison of the residues after two years to the amount ingested demonstrates that 95-98% of the Aroclor 1254 consumed is directly excreted and/or metabolized. The homolog distribution of Aroclor 1254 and the residues are shown on the right. Aroclor 1254 contains minor amounts of the tri- and heptachloro biphenyl homologs and dominant amounts of the tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro biphenyl homologs. The residues did not contain detectable levels of the trichloro homologs and the tetrachloro biphenyls were no longer a dominant component. The dominant homologs were the penta- and hexachloro biphenyls. The next slide (#21) shows the the results for the two year exposure of Aroclor 1260 in albino rats. Again, the exposure and theoretical residue levels are the same and the residues found in the tissues after 3, 12, and 24 months of exposure are shown. In this case 93-95% of all Aroclor 1260 ingested was directly excreted and/or metabolized. The dominant homologs in Aroclor 1260 and the residues isolated from the tissues were similar in all cases. in order to demonstrate the relationship between residue storage levels and the degree of chlorination of the.product fed (slide #22). I have plotted the average ppm PCB found in the lipid vs the weight per cent chlorine in the product fed. These data were taken from our 90 day subacute albino rat studies with Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 at an exposure level of 100 ppm. As you can see, the residue storage levels decrease exponentially as the weight per cent chlorine decreases, simply demonstrating the relationship between the higher homolog content of an Aroclor . product and the tissue storage level. HARTOLDMON0043138 -7- Our beagle dog studies (Slide #23) have consisted of a two year chronic exposure of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 and a 90 day subacute study of Aroclor 1221. In these studies, 108 beagle dogs were used, resulting in the collection of 263 samples, and the analyses of 146 for PCB residues. The next slide (#24) shows the results of one two year study of Aroclor 1242 at exposure levels of 1, 10, and 100 ppm. In this study, the theoretical residue levels are ^500 , 5000, and 50,000 ppm respectively. We have also shown on this slide the residue levels found after two years of exposure and after 30 and 60 day periods on PCB free recovery diets. The beagle dogs directly excreted and/or metabolized 99.6% of the Aroclor 1242 consumed and after 60 days on PCB free diets, 50-60% of PCB residue retained after two years of exposure was excreted and/or metabolized. Aroclor 124 2 contains dominant amounts of the di-, tri-, tetra-, and _ pentachloro homo logs and a minor amount of the hexa- homolog. The residue found after two years of exposure contained no detectable levels of the dichloro homologs and dominant levels of the tri-, tetra-, hepta-, and octachloro biphenyls. The pentachloro homolog, although dominant in the product fed, was not a dominant component of the residue. After 30 days on a PCB free recovery diet, the di-, tri-, and tetrachloro biphenyls were not detectable components of the residue. At this point, the dominant components were the hexa-, ' hepta-, and octachloro biphenyls. The trend toward excretion and/ or metabolism of the lower chlorinated homologs continued to the extent that after 60 days on the recovery diet the hexachloro biphenyl was no longer a dominant component, and the hepta- and octachloro bi phenyls became the dominant constituents in the residue. In the next slide (#25) are the results for the two year exposure of beagle dogs to Aroclor 1254. The oral exposure and theoretical residue levels are the same and the PCB residue levels found in the tissues after two years of exposure and after 30 and 60 day periods on PCB free recovery diets are again shown. In this instance, the dogs excreted and/or metabolized 98-99% of all Aroclor 1254 consumed over a two year period. After 60 days on a PCB free recovery diet, 30-40% of the residues retained were excreted and/or metabolized. The product fed, Aroclor 1254, contains minor amounts of the tri- and heptachloro biphenyls and dominant amounts of the tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro homologs. After two years of exposure, the residue retained from the product did jiot contain detectable levels of the tri- or tetrachloro biphenyls5/ the penta-, and hexachloro biphenyls remained dominant components, and the heptachloro biphenyls became dominant constituents. After 30 days on the PCB free recovery diet, the pentachloro homologs became a minor component of the residue, the hexa- and heptachloro biphenyls remained dominant components and the octachloro homologs became a minor component. After 60 days on the PCB free recovery diet, the pentachloro biphenyls were excreted and/or metabolized to the extent that the octachloro homologs became a dominant constituent of the residue. HARTOLDMON0043139 -8- The next slide (#26) shows the results for the two year oral exposure residue study of Aroclor 1260 in beagle dogs. The exposure and theoretical residue levels are the same as those for the Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254 studies. Next is shown the residues which accumulated after two years of continuous exposure and the residues retained after 30 and 60 day recovery periods on PCB free diets. With this Aroclor 98-99% of the amount consumed over two years was directly excreted and/or metabolized. After 60 days on the recovery diet ^>13% of the retained residues were excreted and/or metabolized. The homolog distribution of Aroclor 1260 is as shown, dominant amounts of the penta-, hexa-, and heptachloro biphenyls with a minor amount of the octachloro homologs. After two years, the PCB residue contains no detectable level of the pentachloro homologs, a minor amount of the heptachloro biphenyls, and dominant amounts of the hexachloro and octachloro homologs. After 30 days on the recoviery diet, the dominant homologs are now the hexa-, hepta-, and beta- " chloro biphenyls becoming a dominant component of the residue via loss of some of the hexachloro biphenyls. After 60 days on the recovery diet, the hexachloro biphenyls are no longer dominant components of the residue and it is now mainly the hepta- and octachloro biphenyls. The next slide (#27) illustrates the residue fall off as a function of Aroclor and recovery period. These data are from the two year beagle dog studies and the exposure level is 1 ppm. In this graph, I have plotted the average ppm PCB found in the lipid for Aroclor 1260, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1242 after two years of continuous oral exposure and then after 1 month and 2 month recovery periods on PCB free diets. This plot simply demonstrates that the PCB residues retained from Aroclor 1242 fall off more quickly than those retained from Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260. The table in the next slide (#28) shows the relative ability of fowl, small mammals, and large mammals to retain orally ingested PCBs. These data are for Aroclor 1242 at the exposure levels and periods shown. The concentration factor is calculated by dividing the maximum PCB level found in the lipid by the exposure level. As you can see from the factors, chickens retain PCBs to a greater extent than do rats or dogs. Our fish residue work is not very extensive at this point - primarily because we have had problems in finding consulting laboratories capable of carrying out dynamic low level fish exposure studies, and secondly, because government laboratories such as those in Duluth, Minnesota, Columbia, Missouri, and Gulf Breeze, Florida were, and are, still in better positions to carry out and evaluate these types of studies. We have done some very preliminary 21 day dynamic exposures of cat fish and bluegill fingerlings to some of our Aroclor products and it generally supports the conclusions which can be drawn from literature data. The general conclusions which we draw from these residue studies are shown in the next three slides. HARTOLDMON0043140 -9Slide #29 - Build-Up - Conclusions Slide #30 - Fall-Off - Conclusions Slide #31 - Alteration of Homolog Distribution - Conclusions In summary, we feel that the results of our preliminary research support, what has and is being observed via residue analysis of environmental samples; that is to say, from a residue viewpoint,, that the bulk of the PCB homologs released to the environment (PCBs with less than 5 chlorines) are subject to environmental degradation of one sort or another at measurable rates and as such have not accumulated. E. S. Tucker HARTOLDMONOQ43141 TYPICAL % COMPOSITION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL PRODUCTS * HOMOLOG # Cl/BIPHENYL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 AROCLOR 1221 11 51 32 4 2 <0.5 ND ND ND AROCLOR 1016 <0.1 1 20 57 21 1 <0.1 ND ND AROCLOR 1242 <0.1 1 16 49 25 8 1 <0.1 ND AROCLOR 1254 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 1 21 48 23 6 ND *PER CENT (W/W) BY GC/MASS USING AREA CORRECTION FACTORS BY HOMOLOG RESPONSE NONE DETECTED, <0.01% = ND HARTOLDMON0043142 Electron Capture Gas Chromatograms HARTOLDMONOQ43143 HARTOLDMON0043144 PCB PRODUCTS ARE NOT A SINGLE ENTITY, BUT COMPLEX MULTI COMPONENT MIXTURES PCB RESIDUES FOUND IN WILD LIFE ARE DOMINANTLY PENTA-, HEXA-, HEPTA-, AND OCTACHLORO BIPHENYLS PCB RESIDUE ARE MOST SIMILAR TO AROCLOR 1254 AND AROCLOR 1260 PRODUCTS HARTOLDMON0043145 PRIMARY BACTERIAL DEGRADATION STUDIES SEMI-CONTINUOUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE DEGRADATION RESIDUE ACCUMULATION STUDIES ' FISH - CATFISH AND BLUEGILLS BIRDS - WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS MAMMALS - ALBINO RATS AND BEAGLE DOGS HARTOLDMON0043146 ASSESSMENT OF THE PERSISTENCE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS HARTOLDMON0043147 AROCLOR SEMI-CONTINUOUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRIMARY DEGRADATION STUDIES HARTOLDMON0043148 Semi-Continuous Activated Sludge Test Unit Stirrer HARTOLDMONOQ43149 MECHANICAL CYCLE SYNTHETIC SEWAGE AND AROCLOR (1 mg) ADDED HARTOLDMON0043150 Semi-Continuous Activated Sludge Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Aroclor 1254 HARTOLDMON0043151 Semi-Continuous Activated Sludge Degradation of Aroclor 1242 3 HARTOLDMONOQ43152 BACTERIAL DEGRADATION STUDIES CONC LUS ION S RATE OF PRIMARY DEGRADATION INCREASES AS THE DEGREE OF CHLORINATION OF THE AROCLOR PRODUCT DECREASES BIPHENYL>AROCLOR 1221>MCS 1043 AROCLOR 1016>AR0CL0R 1242>AR0CL0R 1254 BIPHENYL, MONO-, DI-, TRI-, AND TETRACHLORO BIPHENYL HOMOLOGS UNDERGO PRIMARY BACTERIAL DEGRADATION I HARTOLDMON0043153 AROCLOR RESIDUE STUDIES HARTOLDMONOQ43154 WHITE LEGHORN CHICKEN STUDIES PRODUCTS STUDIED NUMBER ) OF ) CHICKENS) FEMALE MALE NUMBER) OF ) SAMPLES) MUSCLE LIVER FAT EGGS CHICKS NUMBER) OF ) SAMPLES) ANALYZED) MUSCLE LIVER FAT EGGS CHICKS 90 DAY ORAL AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 200 80 40 16 40 40 40 ^250 30 8 8 8 ^60 10 14 5 12 4 18 5 25 8 11 10 TOTAL SAMPLES COLLECTED TOTAL ANALYZED 400 80 121 32 ORAL EXPOSURE CARRIED OUT BY INDUSTRIAL BIO-TEST LABORATORIES, INC. NORTHBROOK, ILLINOIS HARTOLDMON0043155 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1242 IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS 90 DAY ORAL HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION PPM PCBs 1 234 56789 ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL 1 10 100 10 {-THEORETICAL RESIDUE 126 1260 12602 - (2) (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - - RESIDUE, 12 WEEK EXPOSURE 14 136 1312 - - (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - - RESIDUE, 30 DAY RECOVERY 9 77 749 - - (3) (4) (5) (6) - - - - +IF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043156 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1254 IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS 90 DAY ORAL HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION PPM PCBs 1 23 4 5678 ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL 1 10 100 9 10 +THEORETICAL RESIDUE 126 1260 12602 - - 3 (4) (5) (6) 7 - - - RESIDUE, 12 WEEK EXPOSURE 38 362 3506 - - - 4 (5) (6) 7 - - - RESIDUE, 30 DAY RECOVERY 17 164 1580 - - - - 5 (6) 7 - - - tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043157 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1260 IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS 90 DAY ORAL HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION PPM PCBs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL 1 10 100 tTHEORETICAL RESIDUE 126 1260 12602 - - - - (5) 16) (7) 8 - ) * RESIDUE, 12 WEEK EXPOSURE 65 607 5909 - - - - 5 (6) (7) 8 - - * RESIDUE, 30 DAY RECOVERY 26 232 2363 - - - - 5 (6) (7) 8 - - tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043158 ALBINO RAT STUDIES PRODUCTSi STUDIED NUMBER) FEMALE OF RATS) MALE NUMBER) OF ) SAMPLES) MUSCLE KIDNEY LIVER FAT PUPS NUMBER) OF ) SAMPLES) ANALYZED) MUSCLE KIDNEY LIVER FAT PUPS 30 DAY ORAL AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 115 115 18 18 18 18 " 18 18 18 18 2 YEAR CHRONIC ORAL AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 500 500 33 - 33 33 - 33 33 . 33 ===== 3 GENERATION RAT REPRODUCTION AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1 260 ^20 ^20 - 10 - 10 90 DAY SUBACUTE ORAL AROCLOR 122 60 60 7 - `7 7 - 7 7 7 =* TOTAL SAMPLES COLLECTED 144 198 20 TOTAL ANALYZED 72 99 10 42 21 ORAL EXPOSURE CARRIED OUT BY INDUSTRIAL BIO-TEST LABORATORIES, INC. NORTHBROOK, ILLINOIS HARTOLDMON0043159 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1242 IN ALBINO RATS ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE PPM PCBs 1 10 loo HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 tTHEORETICAL RESIDUE 803 8037 80373 - (2) (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - RESIDUE, 3 MONTH EXPOSURE 6 23 90 - - (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - - RESIDUE, 12 MONTH 9 37 155 - - (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - EXPOSURE RESIDUE, 24 MONTH 12 53 240 - - (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - EXPOSURE tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043160 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1254 IN ALBINO RATS TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL PPM PCBs 1 10 100 HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +THEORETICAL RESIDUE 803 8037 80373 - - 3 (4) (5) (6) 7 - - - RESIDUE, 3 MONTH 13 94 679 - - - 4 (5) (6) 7 - - EXPOSURE RESIDUE, 12 MONTH 24 189 1471 EXPOSURE - - - 4 (5) (6) 7 - - - RESIDUE, 24 MONTH 42 355 3038 EXPOSURE - - - 4 (5) (6) 7 - - - tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5* OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043161 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 12,60 IN ALBINO RATS TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL PPM PCBs 1 10 100 HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION 1 23456789 10 tTHEORETICAL RESIDUE 803 8037 80373 - (5) (6) (7) 8 RESIDUE, 3 MONTH 18 134 970 - - - - (5) (6) (7) 8 EXPOSURE - RESIDUE, 12 MONTH 35 270 2099 - - - - (5) (6) (7) 8 EXPOSURE - residue, 24 MONTH 59 507 4338 - - - - (5) (6) (7) 8 EXPOSURE - +IF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043162 HARTOLDMON0043163 BEAGLE DOG STUDIES PRODUCTS STUDIED NUMBER ) FEMALE OF DOGS) MALE NUMBER ) MUSCLE OF ) LIVER SAMPLES) FAT TOTAL SAMPLES COLLECTED NU"*ER ) muscle SAMPLES) t!!fER ANALYZED). 1 2 YEAR CHRONIC ORAL AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 40 40 54 54 54 242 42 40 43 90 DAY SUBACUTE ORAL AROCLOR 1221 14 14 7 7 7 21 7 7 7 TOTAL ANALYZED 125 21 ORAL EXPOSURE CARRIED OUT BY INDUSTRIAL BIO-TEST LABORATORIES, INC. NORTHBROOK, ILLINOIS HARTOLDMON0043164 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1242 IN BEAGLE DOGS TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL PPM PCBs 1 10 100 HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 tTHEORETICAL RESIDUE `RESIDUE, 2 YEAR EXPOSURE 519 5186 51865 2 6 12 - (2) (3) (4) (5) 6 - - - - (3) (4) 5 6 (7) (8) - - - `RESIDUE, 30 DAY RECOVERY 1 4 10 - - - - 5 (6) (7) (8) - - `RESIDUE, 60 DAY 0.8 3 6 - - - - 5 6 (7) (8) - - RECOVERY tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043165 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1254 IN BEAGLE DOGS ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE PPM PCBs 1 10 100 HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION 1 23 4 5 67 8 +THEORETICAL RESIDUE 519 5186 51865 - - 3 (4) (5) (6) 7 - * RESIDUE, 2 YEAR EXPOSURE 7 30 132 - - - - (5) (6) (7) 8 RESIDUE, 30 DAY RECOVERY 5 24 109 - - - - 5 (6) (7) 8 RESIDUE, 60 DAY RECOVERY 4 20 88 - - - - 5 (6) (7) (8) tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043166 RESIDUE STUDY OF AROCLOR 1260 IN BEAGLE DOGS TWO YEAR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE ORAL EXPOSURE LEVEL PPM PCBs 1 10 100 HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION 1 23456789 10 tTHEORETICAL RESIDUE 519 5186 51865 - - - - (5) (6) (7) 8 - ' `RESIDUE, 2 YEAR EXPOSURE `RESIDUE, 30 DAY RECOVERY `RESIDUE, 60 DAY RECOVERY 8 63 388 - - - - - (6) 7 (8) - 7 60 363 - - - - - (6) (7) (8) - 7 55 337 - - - - - 6 (7) (8) - - tIF TOTAL PCB CONSUMED WERE RETAINED AVERAGE PPM IN LIPID - ALL TISSUES ( )ELECTRON CAPTURE PEAKS GREATER THAN 5% OF TOTAL HARTOLDMON0043167 Two Year Chronic Oral Exposure in Beagle Dogs (at The I ppm Feeding Level) WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS ALBINO RATS BEAGLE DOGS EXPOSURE LEVEL (PPM) EXPOSURE PERIOD 1.0 (FEED) 1.0 (FEED) 1.0 (FEED) 12 WEEKS 2 YEARS 2 YEARS CONCENTRATION FACTOR* 20 9 2 CONCENTRATION FACTORS DO NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT EXPOSURE PERIODS HARTOLDMON0043169 CONCLUSIONS RESIDUE BUILDUP STUDIES FOR ALL. PRODUCTS THE PCB RESIDUE LEVEL IN CREASE) AS THE EXPOSURE LEVEL AND PERIOD INCREASED RELATIVE TO AROCLOR 1260, THE HIGHEST CHLORINATED PRODUCT STUDIED, THE PCB RESIDUE LEVEL DECREASED EXPONENTIALLY AS AS THE WEIGHT % CHLORINE OF THE PRODUCT DECREASED RELATIVE LEVELS OF PCB RESIDUES FOUND WERE FISH>>>>>CHICKENS>RATS>DOGS RELATIVE PCB RESIDUE LEVELS IN TISSUES WERE CHICKENS RATS DOGS FAT = MUSCLE>LIVER LIVER>FAT = MUSCLE>KIDNEY LIVER>FAT = MUSCLE FOR ALL PRODUCTS THE DOGS AND RATS EXCRETED AND/OR METABOLIZED 93 TO 9955 OF THE TOTAL AROCLOR ORALLY INGESTED CHICKENS EXCRETED AND/OR METABOLIZED PRODUCTS INJESTED ORALLY AS FOLLOWS - 9055 OF AROCLOR 1242 7055 OF AROCLOR 1254 50% OF AROCLOR 1260 CONCLUSIONS RESIDUE FALL-OFF DOGS AND CHICKENS CONTINUED TO EXCRETE AND/OR METABOLIZE PCB RESIDUES, INCLUDING PENTA AND HEXA HOMOLOGS, RETAINED WHEN PLACED ON PCB FREE RECOVERY DIETS DOGS > CHICKENS RELATIVE RESIDUE FALL-OFF RATES SHOWED DOGS: AROCLOR 1242>AR0CL0R 1254 >AROCLOR 1260 CHICKENS: AROCLOR 1242>AR0CL0R 1254>AR0CL0R 1260 HARTOLDMON0043171 CONCLUSIONS RESIDUE STUDIES ALTERATIONS OF AROCLOR HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION ALTERATION OF THE HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION OF ALL PRODUCTS WAS OBSERVED IN ALL STUDIES EXCEPT FISH LOWER CHLORINATED HOMOLOGS PRESENT IN ALL PRODUCTS WERE PREFERENTIALLY EXCRETED AND/OR METABOLIZED ' ALTERATION OF THE HOMOLOG DISTRIBUTION INCREASED AS THE WEIGHT % CHLORINE OF THE PRODUCTS DECREASED (INCLUDING PENTA AND HEXA HOMOLOGS) AROCLOR I 221 AROCLOR I242>AR0CL0R 1254 >AROCLOR 1260 DOGS>RATS>CHICKENS>>>FISH HARTOLDMON0043172 WHAT HAPPENS TO PCBs IN THE ENVIRONMENT? By Dr. R. H. Munch Because they can be detected by the same analytical methods, and because some suspect that they may have similar biological effects to DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment (PCBs) have become a cause of concern. It is, therefore, important to present data to show that PCBs do disappear from the environment. Probably the most effective way to do this is to compare what has been put into the environment with what is found there now. This can be done in the following way: The commercial PCB products are mixture of chlorinated biphenyl homologs containing from one to ten atoms of chlorine per biphenyl molecule. If there were no degradation in the environment, or if all homologs degraded at the same rate, the ratio of homologs in "aged environmental samples" (samples taken at a distance from a known source) should be the same as that in the products intro duced into the environment. On the other hand, if the homolog ratio in "aged environment samples" differs from that of material produced, some process must be operating in the environment to remove different homologs at different rates. Monsanto, the sole U. S. producer, recently released data on its sales of the various commercial grades of PCB for the years 1957-72. Restof-world sales by other producers and production before 1957 probably represent a similar product mix. Using the Monsanto data and known homolog analyses of each of the commercial grades, the percentage of each homolog in the total U. S. production can be calculated. The other required datum is an estimate of the homolog distribution in "environmentally aged samples." Analysts experienced in this field generally agree that material recovered from such samples is similar to Aroclor 1254 or 1260, the Monsanto trade name for mixtures of PCBs with chlorine contents corresponding to an average of five and six chlorine atoms per biphenyl molecule respectively (1-8). In order to present a conservative comparison and because most analysts cite Aroclor 1254, we shall use the homolog content of that material in our comparison. HARTOLDMONOQ43173 2 The homolog contents of the material produced in the U. S. from 1957 to 1971 and that of Aroclor 1254 are tabulated below: Homolog 0 1 2 3456 7 8' U. S. Sales 1957 - 1971 0.1 1.3 14.8 29.9 21.9 16.1 10.5 4.2 1.1 Aroclor 1254 L.\ d.l 51 21 48 23 6 ND It is apparent that the homolog ratio of the material sold is quite different from that of Aroclor 1254. There must, therefore, be one or more processes in the environment which remove the lower homologs at much greater rates than the higher ones. The precision of the data is too low to permit accurate calculations of the relative rates of loss. However, it would appear that the homologs containing less than four chlorine atoms may be degraded at rates approximately thirty times those for the five and six chlorine homologs. Laboratory data which we hope to publish later show that the rate of bacterial degradation is an inverse function of the chlorine content for PCBs and might, therefore, be one of the degradative processes responsible for the relative decrease in the lower homologs. HARTOLDMON0043174 1) L. M. Reynolds, Pesticide Residue Analysis in the Presence of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Residue Reviews ^4, 27, 32, 41, 42, 44 (1971). 2) R. W. Risebrough, P. Reiche and H. S. Scott - Current Progress in the Determination of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls - Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology 4, 192, 199 (197 ). 3) G. E. Bagley, W. L. Reichel and E. Cromartie - Identifi cation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Two Bald Eagles by Combined Gas-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - Journal of the AOAC 53, 251, 252, 257 (1970). . 4) Albert C. Tas and Rudolf H. deVos - Characterization of Pour Major Components in a Technical Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture - Environmental Science & Technology 5.* 1216 (1971). 5) Judith A. Armour and Jerry A. Burke - Method for Separating Polychlorinated Biphenyls from DDT and Its Analogs - Journal of the AOAC 53, 763, 765 (1970). 6) Ian Prestt, D. J. Jeffreries and N. W. Moore - Polychlori nated Biphenyls in Wild Birds in Britain and Their Arian Toxicity - Environmental Pollution 1_, 3, 15 (1970). 7) V. Zitko - Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides In Some Freshwater and Marine Pishes - Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology 6, 464, 467 (1971). " 8) PCBs & The Environment - Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs - Washington May, 1972 - C0M-72-10419 - Table 6, P. 93. HARTOLDMON0043175 WHAT HAPPENS TO PCBs IN THE ENVIRONMENT? 1. PCBs ARE MAN MADE. 2. WE CANNOT DETERMINE IF THEY DEGRADE IN THE ENVIRONMENT FROM THE TOTAL CONCENTRA TIONS FOUND THERE. 3. THE PCBs ARE MIXTURES OF HOMOLOGS. 4. THEREFORE, COMPARISON OF HOMOLOG RATIOS IN "ENVIRONMENTALLY AGED SAMPLES" WITH HOMOLOG RATIOS IN MATERIAL PRODUCED CAN BE USED TO GAIN INSIGHT AS TO WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE ENVIRONMENT. HARTOLDMON0043176 HOW DO WE GET THE DATA NEEDED? 1. PRODUCTION FIGURES FOR ALL MONSANTO PCB PRODUCTS AND HOMOLOG CONTENT OF EACH PRODUCT ARE AVAILABLE FOR 1957 71. WE USE THESE DATA TO CALCULATE HOMOLOG RATIOS FOR 1957-71 PRODUCTION. 2. EUROPEAN PRODUCERS MAKE SIMILAR PRODUCTS IN ABOUT THE SAME RATIOS AS MONSANTO. 3. PRODUCTION BEFORE '57 WOULD NOT AFFECT THE FIGURES GREATLY SINCE PRODUCT RATIOS WERE SIMILAR AND PRODUCTION SMALLER. 4. ANALYSTS GENERALLY AGREE THAT MATERIAL FOUND IN "AGED ENVIRONMENT AL SAMPLES" IS SIMILAR TO AROCLOR 1254 OR IN RARE CASES EVEN TO AROCLOR 1260. HARTOLDMON0043177 HARVEY, MIKLAS AND BOWEN OP WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE AROCLOR 1254 VS ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIAL CURVES HARTOLDMON0043178 ^ COMPARISON OF THE HOMOLOG RATIOS FOR PCBs SOLD WITH THOSE FOUND IN AGED ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES HOMOLOG 01 2345678 U.S. SALES '57 - '71 0.1 1.3 14.8 29.9 21.9 16.1 10.5 4.2 1.1% AROCLOR 1254 <.l <.l <.5 1 21 48 23 ND HARTOLDMON0043179 CONCLUSIONS THERE ARE MARKED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RATIOS OF HOMOLOGS IN PCBs FOUND IN "AGED ENVIRON MENTAL SAMPLES" AND THE RATIO OF HOMOLOGS FOR MATERIAL PRODUCED. THESE DIFFERENCES CAN BEST BE EXPLAINED BY ASSUMING THAT THE PCBs WITH 3 OR LESS CHLORINE ATOMS PER MOLECULE DEGRADE MUCH MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE HIGHER HOMOLOGS. THE HOMOLOG RATIO DATA DO NOT GIVE INFORMATION ON THE RATE OF DEGRADATION OF HIGHER HOMOLOGS. HOWEVER, SEMI-CONTINUOUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE TEST DATA SHOW THAT THESE TOO DEGRADE BUT AT A SLOWER RATE. HARTOLDMON0043180 MONSANTO PCB ACTIONS By Dr. C. Pa ton In this section I would like to present the voluntary changes that Monsanto has made in PCB sales with particular emphasis on the PCB product changes made in dielectrics. I also wish to show the significance of the data presented by Drs. Tucker and Munch. Monsanto's sales actions can be divided into two categories (Slide 1: Monsanto's PCB Actions). The first category is further described in: Slide 2: Monsanto's PCB sales in U. S. A. and Slide 3: Effect of phase-out policy I respectfully submit we have achieved a significant reduction in PCB output by our actions. Turning to the second phase of our actions, viz, the product changes in PCBs for dielectric use I will first take a moment to explain the variation in biode gradability of PCBs. Slide 4: Degree of Biodegradation of PCBs. The product changes made dielectrics are shown on Slide 5? PCB Product Changes in Dielectrics. Dealing first with capacitors: Slide 6: PCBs used in Capacitors Note: (a) Penta-chlorobiphenyl percentages include hexaand higher homologs. Do not add both percentages together. (b) This slide shows a substantial decrease in pro duction of homologs of penta-chloro and higher over the years. HARTOLDMONOQ43181 2 Slide 7? Why Convert to Aroclor 1016? Reasons were: (a) 9-fold reduction In penta-chloro and higher homologs. (b) 10-fold reduction In hexa-chloro and higher homologs. (c) Aroclor 10l6 was the PCB product that could be intro duced into the capacitor industry while still meeting Underwriter's Laboratory requirement on flammability. (d) Aroclor 1016 was selected because its electrical properties and in-plant processing performance most closely met the capacitor industry's requirements. Note: Our choice of Aroclor 10l6 has since been borne-out by industry experience which to date has shown no problems. Slide 8: Capacitor Fluids: What is Effect of Aroclor 10l6? We have tried to show amounts of penta-chloro and higher and hexa-chloro and higher homologs which would have been produced (Not entering the environment) for each of three possible capacitor fluids in 1972. Aroclor 10l6 (used at 97# level in U.S.A. in 1972) is obviously the PCB involving least penta and higher chloro biphenyl production. Of obvious interest is the possible amount of PCBs entering the environment from capacitor failures. Slide 9: Using the worst case (0.2# per year failure) we see that no more than 40 pounds of hexa-chloro and higher homologs of PCB are likely to ejiter the environment if Aroclor 1016 is used at a rate of 20M lb./year. Turning now to Transformers. HARTOLDMON0043182 -3- Slide 11: Note: Higher chlorinated PCBs are needed in transformers than in capacitors because the correct Hydrogen/Chlorine ratio is vital in preventing formation of flammable, explosive arc-form gases. Slide 12: Slide 13: In summary. Slide 14: We will continue our voluntary policy of no more sales world-wide except to dielectric users. This means a 45# reduction in total PCB sales in the U.S.A. We will restrict over 97# capacitor fluid sales to Aroclor 1016 only. This means penta-chloro and higher production will be no more than 1.1# or 220 M lbs. in 1972. Hexachloro biphenyl and higher will be even lower 0.1# or 20,000 lbs. in 1972. We will eliminate Aroclor 1260 from transformer fluids and continue incineration facilities for scrap PCBs. We will encourage the dielectric industry through ANSI C-107, which represents both capacitor and transformer manufacturers and users, to enforce strict environmental control over PCBs. This is a committee on which several of the agencies represented here today are members. HARTOLDMON0043183 I MONSANTO PCB ACTIONS PHASE-OUT OF PCB SALES WORLDWIDE IN ALL APPLICATIONS EXCEPT DIELECTRICS , CONVERSION OF DIELECTRIC FLUIDS TO MORE BIODEGRADABLE PCB'S HARTOLDMON0043184 I MONSANTO PCB SALES IN U.S.A. (MILLION pounds) DIELECTRICS ALL OTHERS TOTAL 1969 37.0 30.0 67.0 1970 40.5 33.5 74.0 1972 (est.) 32.0 32.0 HARTOLDMON0043185 I EFFECT OF PHASE-OUT POLICY PCB SALES REDUCED IN U.S.A. BY 30 TO 33 MILLION POUNDS, OR 45% HARTOLDMON0043186 I PCB PRODUCT CHANGES IN DIELECTRICS CAPACITORS 97% CONVERSION TO AROCLOR 1016 TRANSFORMERS ELIMINATION OF AROCLOR 1260 HARTOLDMON0043187 I DEGREE OF BIODEGRADATION OF PCB'S BASED ON DATA PRESENTED TRANSITION IN BIODEGRADATION OCCURS AROUND PENTA-/HEXA-CHLOROBIPHENYL DISAPPEARANCE OF ALL HOMOLOGS BELOW HEXA-CHLOROBIPHENYL OBSERVED PENTA- AND HIGHER PCB DETERMINED BY SPECIFIC GLC/MS TEST METHOD HARTOLDMON0043188 PCB'S USED IN CAPACITORS I % PCB (PENTA- % PCB (HEXA- MAJOR CHLORO- AND CHLORO- AND PCB USE PERIOD HIGHER HIGHER AROCLOR 1254 1930-1952 77.0 29.0 AROCLOR 1242 1952-SEPT. 1971 9.0 1.0 AROCLOR 1016 OCT. 1971 1.1 0.1 HARTOLDMON0043189 CAPACITOR FLUIDS WHY CONVERT 1TO AROCLOR 1016 9- FOLD REDUCTION IN PCB'S OF'PENTACHLORO HIGHER ' 10- FOLD REDUCTION IN PCB'S OF HEXACHLORO HIGHER MINIMUM INDUSTRY TESTING REQUIRED HARTOLDMON0043190 CAPACITOR FLUIDS WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF AROCLOR 1016 ? U.S. CAPACITOR FLUID SALES (1972):--20 M LBS. IF AROCLOR WAS % PENTACHLOROAND HIGHER PCBs WOULD BE* % HEXA CHLOROAND HIGHER PCBs WOULD BE* 1254 15/400/000 pounds 5/800/000 pounds 1242 1.800,000 1016 220,000 200/000 20/000 *THIS DOES NOT MEAN AMOUNTS OF PCB ENTERING THE ENVIRONMENT HARTOLDMON0043191 WHAT IS CAPACITOR FAILURE RATE ? INDUSTRY SOURCES CITE : 0.02-0.2% per year I HARTOLDMON0043192 IF CAPACITOR FAILURE RATE IS 0.2% PER YEAR (WORST CASE) i ' PCB ESCAPE TO THE ENVIRONMENT* IS - ALL PCB HOMOLOGS PENTA CHL0R0- AND HIGHER HEXA CHL0R0- AND HIGHER ARQCLQR 1242 AO/000 pounds 3/600 A00 AROCLOR 1016 AO/000 pounds AAO . i\o `ASSUMES U.S. FLUID SALES OF 20 M LB./YEAR HARTOLDMON0043193 < ? O AROCLOR 1260 BEING PHASED-OUT NOW O INCINERATION OF SCRAP PCB'S - 1S71 NOTE: ASKAREL (PCB) TRANSFORMERS ARE HERMETICALLY SEALED UNITS HARTOLDMON0043194 I WHAT IS FAILURE RATE IN LIQUID TRANSFORMERS ? INDUSTRY SOURCES CITE: UNDER 0,2% PER YEAR* *ALL LIQUID TYPES - MINERAL OIL MD PCB. HARTOLDMON0043195 IF ASKAREL (PCB) LIALRFORMFRS FAIL AT 0.2%/YFAR i 1UW l iUCi I I'Cu ib Ai" inL i lO * r) c0 ALL PCB HOMOLOGS 24,000 lbs. (ESTIMATED PCB TRANSFORMER FLUID SALES IN U.S. 12 M LBS./YEAR) *111 Til INCINERATION FACILITIES AVAILABLE, NOT ALL THESE AMOUNTS WILL ENTER ENVIRONMENT. HARTOLDMONOQ43196 MONSANTO'S PRESENT PROGRAM TO PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY PCB'S NO MORE SALES WORLD-WIDE EXCEPT! DIELECTRIC USERS I RESTRICT OVER 97% CAPACITOR FLUID SALES TO AROCLOR 1016 ONLY ELIMINATE AROCLOR 1266 FROM TRANSFORMER FLUIDS CONTINUE INCINERATION FACILITIES FOR SCRAP PCB'S ENC0URA6E DIELECTRIC INDUSTRY THROUGH ANSI C-107 TO ENFORCE STRICT ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OVER PCB'S II HARTOLDMON0043197 SUMMARY By W. B. Papageorge In summary, our observations^ admittedly limited, both from our laboratory data and from reports of other investigators lead us to believe with considerable confidence that PCBs do degrade in the environment. The complexity of the commercial mixtures has, however, hampered the determination of the varying rates of de gradation of all the possible isomers. Monsanto's sales actions have definitely reduced the amount of PCBs that could be introduced into the environment. - In those applications in which the use of PCBs is considered essential, namely transformers and capacitors, further actions will assure strict environmental control on PCBs. In transformers the use of the lower chlorinated biphenyls along with proper handling during manufacture, use and repair and proper disposal of waste fluid by high temperature incineration should result in acceptable control. For the capacitor application the development of Aroclor 1016, which satisfied all of the industry's requirements relating to dielectric characteristics and handling properties as well as having Underwriter Laboratory fire-resistance approval, permits the continued use of PCBs in this important hermetically sealed application but with a fluid that has a significantly lower content of the slower degrading isomers. The use of this material accompanied by proper handling and disposal of the scrap fluid by high temperature incineration represents in our considered opinion a significant step forward in our efforts to control the impact of PCBs on the environment. HARTOLDMONOQ43198