Document 1QZB46yrXMJEq4ge4rNQdL0MX

TRI-HP Final Event: Heat pumps on natural refrigerants in the context of the F-Gas Regulation Revision TRI-HP Final Event: Heat pumps on natural refrigerants in the context of the F-Gas Regulation Revision TRI-HP Final Event: Heat pumps on natural refrigerants in the context of the F-Gas Regulation Revision SESSION 1: Heat Pumps based on Natural Refrigerants 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 15:30 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels TRI-HP Final Event: Heat pumps on natural refrigerants in the context of the F-Gas Regulation Revision Session 1: Heat pumps based on natural refrigerants TRI-HP IN A NUTSHELL Dr. Daniel Carbonell Project Coordinator Institute for Solar Technology 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels Dr. Daniel Carbonell SPF Institute for Solar Technology Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences (OST)  Horizon H2020 research program Research and Innovation Action From TRL 3 to TRL 5 Total EU contribution 5 M Duration 2019 - 2023 8 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell TRI-generation systems Based on electrically driven natural refrigerant heat pumps (HPs) coupled with PV to provide heating, cooling and electricity to multi-family residential buildings Targets: 80 % renewable on-site share with net-zero energy concept (20 % exchanged with the grid) Cost reduction by 10 - 15 % compared to current HP technologies with same energetic efficiency 75 % GHG emissions reductions respect to gas boiler and air chillers with grid purchased electricity. 9 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell www.tri-hp.eu Dual source/sink system Source: ground and air Heating and cooling with reversible HP 10 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Solar-ice slurry system Source: solar with ice slurry as intermediate storage medium Heating with cooling as add-on feature 11 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Examples of commercial ice storages Most systems have ice-oncoil heat exchangers Coils are distributed evenly along the storage volume - Coils are costly - Cost scales with kWh Ice grows on the surface of the coil Efficiency is reduced by growing ice layer Source : Isocal, Viessmann 12 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Supercooling method with controlled nucleation Supercooling degree (SD) 13 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Three Heat Exchangers for Heat Pumps Supercooler with icephobic coatings Tri-partite gas cooler for CO2 Dual source/sink evaporator/condenser 14 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Three Natural Refrigerant Heat Pumps Refrigerant R290 (Propane) Refrigerant R744 (CO2) Dual source/sink Propane ice slurry 15 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell CO2 ice slurry Advanced Energy Management System (AEMS) Development of an optimal energy management algorithm to minimize the energy cost by up to 15% and increase the share of renewables up to 80% The AEMS algorithm relies on models of the heat pumps and HVAC systems to determine their optimal operation over a 24 hours horizon in the future, using weather and occupancy forecasts for this purpose Validation of the AEMS by means of simulation and experiments covering different scenarios and conditions. 16 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Concise Cycle Test Concept - Example solar-ice slurry Emulation Sinks Space heating (& cooling) DHW HH electricity Sources Solar thermal PV Ice Slurry MPehayssuirceamllyenIntstalled Tested system HP Storage (heat and/or electricity) Controller Hydraulics Measurement Energy consumption Energy delivered ... 17 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Geoter Pronmainae dual source/sink Dual source heat pump 10 kW MPehayssuirceamllyenIntstalled REAL 18 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Solar-Ice Slurry System CCT Pronane solar-ice slurry CO2 solar-ice slurry 19 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell CO2 Solar-Ice Slurry System CCT Yearly system performance is around SPF ~ 4.5 Supercooling conditions > 40 h > 40 h operation under supercooling conditions has been demonstrated in dynamic conditions. 20 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell Technology Acceptance Understanding and improving stakeholder's acceptance Analyse and identify the interest and needs of key stakeholders Methods Qualitative interviews with stakeholders (DE, CH, ES, NO) Regional stakeholders workshops (DE, CH, ES, NO) Results : Guidelines and recommendations of stakeholder's acceptance SPF 21 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023, Daniel Carbonell This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement N. 814888. The sole responsibility for the content of this event lies with the organisers. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission (EC). The EC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. @ost.ch www.tri-hp.eu TRI-HP PROJECT Trigene,ation systems based on heat Dumps with natural refrigerants and multiple renewable sources Session 1: Heat pumps based on natural refrigerants NATURAL REFRIGERANTS IN HEAT PUMPS Raphael Gerber Development Engineer, Heim AG 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels Natural refrigerants in heat pumps Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation Raphael Gerber 7. February 2023, Brussels properties of popular refrigerants toxicity (envir.) HFCs high HFOs high hydrocarbons low carbon dioxide (CO2) low ammonia (NH3) low water low source: Prof. Dr.Ing. habil. Michael Kauffeld toxicity (human) no (no) no (no) yes no flamma bility no low yes no low no refri gerant cost medium high low low low low system cost low medium medium medium high medium volumetric refrigeration capacity medium medium medium high medium low theoretic system efficiency high medium high high medium high high high 25 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber Reasons for choosing natural refrigerants in heat pumps properties no risk of devastating consequences for environment and beings no regular leakage test required (EU 517/2014) normally no blends (no temperature glide) sourcing low refrigerant cost high availability no risks of restrictions (taxes, recycling fees, bans) no variety of refrigerants mostly standard technical gas energy efficiency better performance in many applications potential for improvements (innovations, components) operational safety environmental safety operating cost 26 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber applications of natural refrigerants in heating, cooling and air conditioning hydrocarbons (HC), R290, R600a, R1270 space heating and cooling industrial hightemperature applications plugin appliances (washer, dryer, domestic hot water heat pump) ammonia (NH3), R717 medium and high capacities large temperature range space heating and cooling, industry, recreation carbon dioxide (CO2), R744 domestic hot water emobility (heating and cooling) food (supermarkets, dairy production, drying) industry space heating and cooling water (H2O), R718: medium capacity, low temperature difference air, R729: vehicle air conditioning, ultra low temperature cooling 27 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber TRI-HP Heat pump prototypes dualsource (ground/air) iceslurry source iceslurry source tripartite gas cooler ejector technology 1st prototype: industrial design 2nd prototype: compact design 1st prototype: glycolwater evaporator 2nd prototype: iceslurry evaporator (supercooler) heat pumps with R290 (propane) for space heating dominated buildings heat pumps with R744 (CO2) for domestic hot water dominated buildings 28 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber applications of hydrocarbons products available on the market indoor- and outdoor-installations space heating and domestic hot water (70 C) integrated safety concepts air-to-water, brine-to-water, water-to-water, air-to-air, split sources: nibe.eu, enerblue.it, hautec.eu, alphainnotec.de, teko.de, vaillant.de, heliotherm.com, hoval.de 29 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber Propane striking HFCs in domestic applications wide application envelope high supply temperatures high energy efficiency future proof negligible GWP (0.02, IPCC2021) 30 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber Safe use of hydrocarbons outdoor installation example safety zone of 1.0 m around the heat pump no drains/ windows/ doors/ depressions/ wells/ ducts etc. no sparking elements charge limit according to EN378 at least 5 kg source: NIBE.eu indoor installations charge limits (IEC 60335-2-40 ED7): 150 g: no additional requirements tight ness air flow leteacktdoer shvuatlvoeff locality 5'000 g: ventilated enclosure new brinetowater residential HP released QH (B0W35): 2 28 kW SCOPlow: 5.3 tsupply: +73 C W x H x D: 70 x 100 x 62 cm 31 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber TRI-HP example 1 tight and ventilated enclosure calibrated propane detector inside the enclosure tightness and leakage simulation test performed ATEX-approved radial fan, duct to safe area outside air supply to location components inside enclosure: ATEX approved or non-sparking electrical components that can spark, hot surfaces: outside enclosure supercooler for slurry-ice heat source 32 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber Test results Performance of TRI-HP Propane-Ice unit at different compressor speeds for source temperatures of +10 / +7 C including coated supercooler (evaporator) 33 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber applications of CO2 examples of small to medium capacity units (indoor and outdoor) in new buildings, the heat demand shifts from space heating to domestic hot water: Heating demand building /domestic hot water: 50%/50% source: enex.it, gea.de, enerblue.it, engierefrigeration.de, greenandcool.com, efficientenergy.de 34 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber source : ikz.de CO2 for domestic heating applications success story 1: domestic hot water (EcoCute) domestic hot water production millions of units sold EUR 3'000 - 4'000 per unit cylindrical/ scroll/ rotary compressors adiabatic expansion (ejector or expansion valves) 66% less electric power consumption source: Denso success story 2: district heating startup 2020 2021-2022: 18 installations, total heating capacity of 20 MW 2023: 40 MW planned source: Fenagy 35 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber TRI-HP example 2 variable speed compressor innovative tri-partite heat exchanger for optimized heat extraction supercooler for slurry-ice heat source high-class prosses optimization (flooded evaporation, ejector-technology) 36 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber simultaneous use of medium and high temperature heat example of measured performance at SPF system test: maximum compressor speed pdis = 76 bar, Dt refrigerant >60 K domestic hot water 15 C / 53 C (Dt = 38 K), 8.4 kW space heating 27 C / 35 C (Dt = 8 K), 4.2 kW source: water 5 C / 2 C COP: approx. 5.2 design and copyright by NTNU more info: trihp.eu 37 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber applications of natural refrigerants in heating, cooling and air conditioning hydrocarbons (HC), R290, R600a, R1270 space heating and cooling safe industrial hightemperature applications plugin appliances (washer, dryer, domestic hot water heat pump) carbon dioxide (CO2), R744 domestic hot water efficient emobility (heating and cooling) food (supermarkets, dairy production, drying) industry space heating and cooling ammonia (NH3), R717 understood medium and high capacities large temperature range space heating and cooling, industry, recreation trusted water (H2O), R718: medium capacity, low temperature difference air, R729: vehicle air conditioning, ultra low temperature cooling 38 Heat Pumps with Natural Refrigerants in the context of the FGas Regulation, Brussels, 7.2.2023, Raphael Gerber This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement N. 814888. The sole responsibility for the content of this event lies with the organisers. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission (EC). The EC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. @heim-ag.ch www.tri-hp.eu TRI-HP PROJECT Trigeneration systems basec on heat Dumps ojth natura refrigerants and multipe renewable sources Session 1: Heat pumps based on natural refrigerants APPLICATION OF CO2 & PROPANE HEAT PUMPS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS Armin Hafner, Professor in Refrigeration Technology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels Application of carbon dioxide & propane heat pumps in different sectors Prof. Dr.-Ing. Armin Hafner Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Content Introduction Why natural working fluid units are real solutions for endusers Application example (selection): PropaneButane cascade high temperature heat pump simple CO2 commercial refrigeration unit CO2 heat pump chiller integrated CO2 heat pump for an energy central Summary Conclusion / Way forward 42 February 2023, Heat Pumps on Natural Refrigerants in the Context of the FGas Regulation Introduction State of the `art': The use of F-gasses in the past decades has a sever impact on humans and the environment: Depletion of the ozone layer (CFCs) Global warming due to CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs Acidification of our water by TFA (unsaturated HFCs) Poisonous decomposition products (PFAS*) *PFAS (Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances), also known as the Forever Chemicals. Large chemical family of over 9,000 highly persistent chemicals that don't occur in nature. What are sustainable working fluids? Cteatrrabcohnloride Sustainable working fluids? Methane Carbon tetrafluoride C3H6 Hexachloropropylene R1210 R1220 R1211 R1230 R1221 R1212 Ozone Depletion ! R1240 R1231 R1222 R1213 R1250 R1241 R1232 R1223 R1214 R1260 R1251 R1242 R1233 R1224 R1215 Hexafluoropropylene R1270 R1261 R1252 R1243 R1234 R1225 R1216 Propene (propylene) Source: Alexander Cohr Pachai ultra low GWP Summary of Latest scientific results*,**: R1234yf transforms mainly to HF and TFA R1234ze ? Hansen et al.*** discovered lately that in a unimolecular photolysis channel R23 (10%) is formed from CF3CHO (< interm. breakdown product) More scientific experiments are underway Definition of GWP values LCA based GWP values are needed including manufacturing & decomposition * https://ecostandard.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ECOS-briefing-on-HFO-production-and-degradation_final.pdf ** https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/persistent-degradation-products-of-halogenated *** https://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/news-media/news/news-detail/2021/05/11/green-cooling-summit-2021-germany-opts-for-a-rapid-hfc-phase-down F-gas regulation + PFAS restriction GWP values does not care about the real environmental impact of refrigerants F-gas reg. supports fluids with low GWP - However, definition of GWP and boundary conditions are questionable TODAY! Universal PFAS restriction by EU will regulate and initiate the final phase out of F-gasses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDb9uX6DUzw ECHA - PFAS https://echa.europa.eu/de//echa receivespfassrestrictionproposal fromfivenationalauthorities 46 Examples of clean cooling and heat pumping solutions Propane-Butane cascade high temperature heat pump (industrial) Simple CO2 commercial refrigeration unit (supermarket) CO2 heat pump chiller (hotels, kitchens, gyms, etc.) Integrated CO2 heat pump for an energy central (larger buildings) Mobile vehicles (EV, trucks, train, ...) Freezing plants at -50C (food processing) CTES cold thermal energy storage with CO2 at low temperatues +++ 47 Example: Propane-Butane cascade HTHP (high temperature heat pump) 48 Ejector for the World - Simple and Efficient (supermarket refrigeration) Medium (MT)- and Low temperature (LT) compressors only. Ejector part of the cycle at all conditions, actively or passively. GAS COOLERS ~ EJECTOR MT COMPRESSORS M LIQUID RECEIVER LT COMPRESSORS https://assets.danfoss.com/documents/90953/AC285342004445en000102.pdf ~ MT EVAPORATORS LT EVAPORATORS 49 Ejector for the World: simplified ejectorsupported CO2 refrigeration systems for all climates ngel . PARDIAS et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen conference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway Ejector for the World - Active ejector (summer) Transcritical conditions: Conventional use of ejector (low-pressure-lift). High pressure control with ejector. Suction pressure of MT compressors . EJECTOR GAS COOLERS ~ MT COMPRESSORS M LIQUID RECEIVER LT COMPRESSORS ~ closed MT EVAPORATORS https://assets.danfoss.com/documents/90953/AC285342004445en000102.pdf LT EVAPORATORS 50 Ejector for the World: simplified ejectorsupported CO2 refrigeration systems for all climates ngel . PARDIAS et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen conference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway Ejector for the World - Passive ejector (winter) Subcritical conditions: Ejector is a check valve. Pressure drop in ejector passages? High pressure control? Oil management? EJECTOR GAS COOLERS ~ MT COMPRESSORS M LIQUID RECEIVER LT COMPRESSORS closed open ~ MT EVAPORATORS LT EVAPORATORS 52 Ejector for the World: simplified ejectorsupported CO2 refrigeration systems for all climates ngel . PARDIAS et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen conference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway Ejector for the World - Passive ejector (winter) Pressure drop: below 0.1 bar https://assets.danfoss.com/documents/90953/AC285342004445en000102.pdf Ejector for the World: simplified ejectorsupported CO2 refrigeration systems for all climates ngel . PARDIAS et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen conference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway Results - Comparison For comparison, tests with same system and components (HXs, compressors, etc.), considering: Booster system (BS). Parallel compressor (PC). EVAPMT, DX -8 C (SH = 10 K). 56 Ejector for the World: simplified ejectorsupported CO2 refrigeration systems for all climates ngel . PARDIAS et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen conference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway CO2 heat pump / chiller unit (made & installed in India) https://www.ntnu.edu/indee Example: CO2 Heat pump / Chiller Off the shelf in Europe.... 58 February 2023, Heat Pumps on Natural Refrigerants in the Context of the FGas Regulation 0C / 35 bar domestic hot water cold water 4 tube supply system: heating, cooling, hot and cold water CO2 Chiller / Heat Pump Heating loop 25 35C Backup cooling if return temperature is high 10 18C cooling loop 10C M 30 50C Circ.pump On/off 80C 6575 C 15C HX 5C / 40 bar 10 C Option if requried Buffer tank to secure 25 min hot water detention (amoeba / legionella treatment) HX Option for free cooling when chiller off M Energy well February 2023, Heat Pumps on Natural Refrigerants in the Context of the FGas Regulation Concept developed at NTNU Example: CO2 heating/cooling/hot water Commercial product Plug-and-play concept Water is applied as secondary fluid across the building Natural working fluid: R744 www.tripleaqua.com 60 Latest news: PX successfully tested (CO2 chiller mode) in NTNU laboratory 61 Simultaneous implementation of rotary pressure exchanger and ejectors for CO2 refrigeration system Muhammad Zahid SAEED et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen conference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway Summary During the last decade, significant development progress has been made with respect to: Energy efficient heat pumps and chillers with natural working fluids Market acceptance is there, and endusers are becoming aware Robustness and serviceability are key (+ training) Ejector for the World: simplified ejectorsupported CO2 refrigeration systems for all climates ngel . PARDIAS et al. Proceedings 15th IIRGustav Lorentzen c6o2nference on Natural Refrigerants, June 1315, Trondheim, Norway February 2023, Heat Pumps on Natural Refrigerants in the Context of the FGas Regulation Conclusion I of II All temperature levels and all applications can be cooled by applying natural refrigerants = clean cooling. There is no technical barrier to replace currently used synthetical fluorine containing refrigerants with natural working fluids. It is more about seeing the possibilities than the ghosts when selecting the optimal refrigerant for the project or a product. No single refrigerant can cover all applications; however, the group of natural refrigerants can cover all the applications which can be covered by fluorinated hydrocarbons (= dirty cooling) and even more. Conclusion II of II None of the fluorinated hydrocarbons can go as low in temperature or as high as the natural refrigerants, they only cover the most profitable markets in the middle temperature range. With respect to PFAS pollution on earth, the refrigeration sector does have all possibilities to spearhead a complete phase out of HFCs (= dirty cooling) contributing to the PFAS accumulation in our biosphere, without compromising safety, food supply and human comfort. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement N. 814888. The sole responsibility for the content of this event lies with the organisers. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission (EC). The EC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. @ntnu.no www.tri-hp.eu TRI-HP PROJECT Trigeneration systems based on heat pumps with natural refrigerants end multiple renewable sources Session 1: Heat pumps based on natural refrigerants Market for heat pumps based on natural refrigerants - current status and projections Dr. Sabrina Munao Market Researcher, ATMOsphere 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels Sabrina Muna, Ph.D. Market Researcher @ ATMOsphere Brussels, 07 February 2023 Market for heat pumps based on natural refrigerants - current status and projections Sabrina Muna, Ph.D. Market Researcher @ ATMOsphere Brussels, 07 February 2023 . Accelerating the EU's shift towards natural refrigerant domestic heat pumps Objective: Highlight the potential impact of the proposed HFC phase down and bans on the domestic heat pump sector in Europe. Scope: Heat pumps for space heating and domestic- and sanitary- water heating applications. Capacity below 12 kW (in line with Ecodesign). Some results: First-mover OEMs that have set up production lines based on natural refrigerants are experiencing up to triple-digit growth in their market segment and high demand. Manufacturers reported confidence in their ability to quickly scale up production and reconvert old technology production lines pushed by the right policy framework. An even stricter phase down - in line with EU climate neutrality objectives - can accelerate the shift from fossil-fuel-based heating systems to clean heat pumps. In collaboration with ECOS (Environmental Coalition on Standards), EEB (European Environmental Bureau) and ECF (European Climate Foundation). For more insights please go to [https://atmosphere.cool/heat-pumps-report-2022/] and download our report. GLOBAL MARKET Heat Pumps used mainly for HEATING In 2020 there were 180 million units worldwide. In 2021 the market increased by 19.3%. The number of heat pumps needs to rise to 600 million by 2030 to be on track to meet a goal of netzero emissions by 2050. Source: Own elaboration based on European Commission (2022). Heat Pumps in the European Union. Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets. Heat pump sales in the European markets Heat pump sales - hydronic, air-to-air and sanitary hot water - growth of 34% in Europe in 2021: 2.18 million heat pump units were sold in 2021 compared with 1.62 million units sold in 2020. Analysing the data per type of ambient heat source, the hydronic sector shows the highest growth. JARN estimated that the ATW heat pump market increased by 46% year on year in 2021 The total number of installed heat pumps in the EU results to be 16.98 million at the end of 2021, covering 21.5% of the heating market. The REPowerEU measure is aimed to have 30 million heat pumps by 2030. If the average annual sales growth in Europe between 2019 and 2021 of all types of heat pump used for heating (20% per year) will be maintained, it would be possible to achieve that target. * Source: based on EHPA 2022 Market Report; European Commission (2022), Heat Pumps in the European Union. Status Report on Technology Development; JARN, World ATW Heat Pump Market - 2022 Update Natural refrigerants alternatives Natural refrigerants are a market reality today, a credible alternative to HFCs and HFOs and are available for many applications: domestic, commercial, industrial, transport, but also for cooling systems. In addition, there are different natural refrigerant options available that compete with each other for each of the applications. The market is now predicted to ramp up further in Europe and beyond. Sources of the table: Hafner, A., Ciconkov, R. (2021). Current state and market trends in technologies with natural refrigerants. 9th IIR Conference: Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies, Ohrid, 2021; European Commission (2022) EU F-gas Technical Annexes to the Revision; Norwegian Chemical Agency (2022) Report Summary F-gas Uses. Natural refrigerants alternatives At least 4 different natural refrigerants can cover heat pumps and chillers' applications. Sources of the table: Hafner, A., Ciconkov, R. (2021). Current state and market trends in technologies with natural refrigerants. 9th IIR Conference: Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies, Ohrid, 2021; European Commission (2022) EU F-gas Technical Annexes to the Revision; Norwegian Chemical Agency (2022) Report Summary F-gas Uses. The state of natural refrigerants market penetration rates in 2019 Refrigerants Used in Heat Pumps (2019) 80% of hydronic heat pumps sold in 2019 contained HFC-410a. HFC-134a is the second most common. The other two refrigerants in use are HFC-32 and R-290 and, by 2023, their use is expected to increase representing a move away from HFC-410a. Source: BSRIA (2020) Market penetration rates related to refrigerants for new domestic heat pump installations in Germany with projection until 2030 Data are related to Ground HP - refrigerant charge = 2.5 kg - and ATW HP - refrigerant charge = 4 kg. Source: ko- Recherche GmbH (2020) By 2030: 30% of new domestic heat pumps in Germany will be charged with R-290; 3% is expected to use R-744. HFC-32 will rapidly decline with a share of 12% in 2030. Even if a relevant share of HFC refrigerants is still estimated for new installations beyond 2020, HFC-410A (GWP_2100) and HFC-407C (GWP_1700) are going to disappear from the market by 2025. Other conclusions based on OEMs interviews following the release of 2020 study: - The market share of the refrigerant mixtures HFC-454B, HFC-454C and HFC-455A seems overestimated. The manufacturers interviewed stated that they do not currently use the HFO mixtures; it seems more realistic to assume that these mixtures will increase less and only represent a transitional solution. - The market share of R-290 will increase quicker. Natural refrigerants alternatives and their market penetration rates from European Commission Market penetration rates for small heat pumps* - new installations - Different scenarios * Small heat pumps <12 kW, excluding small reversable air/air heat pumps Source: ko- Recherche GmbH and European Commission (2022) In 2024-2036 hydrocarbons penetration grows to 56% in the Baseline Scenario, 36% in the MP Scenario and to 97% in the Proportionate Action and Maximum Feasibility Scenarios for new installations of small heat pumps. HFC-410a can still count on a modest 3.4% market share in the Baseline Scenario and 8% in the MP Scenario for the 2024-2036 decade, but will in any case disappear from new installations in the following years. For 2050, the percentages vary from 70% to 80% up to 100% between the most conservative and most progressive scenarios. This research doesn't provide penetration rates for blends used in Germany as HFC454B, HFC-454C and HFC-455A. This was two years ago... in the last few months, we can registered a growth of natural refrigerant-based heat pumps in number of companies that switch at least one line of production, number of models and capacity. Market overview: HP running on R290 in Germany (2020) Source: Heat GmbH and Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) (2022). Domestic heat pumps with natural refrigerants. Interim Report. Investments and Subsidies to scale-up production European manufacturers announced heavy investment to scale up the production of HP. As EU policy tightens around the use of f-gases, the path to changing to natural refrigerant alternatives becomes even more obvious for ensuring future-proof, sustainable installations. Source: hydrocarbons21.com In Germany, subsidies for heat pumps cover up to 40% of their cost. Heat pumps using natural refrigerants like propane are favoured. "An additional bonus of 5% is therefore planned in the federal subsidy for efficient buildings for end customers purchasing a heat pump with natural refrigerant from 1.1.2023" * From 2028 only natural refrigerant heat pumps will be subsidised. Natural refrigerants in Commercial Refrigeration: a precedent Evolution of the number of transcritical CO2 installations in Europe - commercial applications In the last 10 years, NatRef have taken over commercial refrigeration. From less than 10k supermarkets in Europe using natural refrigerants in 2015 to almost 60k now. An exponential growth: the strongest growth correspond with the entry into force of the regulation: +67% between 2014 and 2015 and +59% between 2015 and 2016. This relation proves that market players are attentive to policy regulations and can respond promptly. Source: Atmosphere (2022). Natural Refrigerants: State of the Industry. Next ATMO Heat Pumps Report: Spring 2023 Session 1: Heat pumps based on natural refrigerants Social Acceptance of Heat Pumps Dr. Immanuel Stie Senior Researcher, Institute for SocialEcological Research 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF HEAT PUMPS Results from a stakeholder process in four European countries Dr. Immanuel Stie ISOE - Institute for Social-Ecological Research, Frankfurt a.M., Germany Table of content Background and objective Research Design Literature Review on Social Acceptance Stakeholder Interviews National Stakeholder Workshops Conclusions 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance Quelle: Heat Pumps Barometer (2021) Heat Pumps and energy transition increasing deployment of HP in most European countries. market share varies strongly between market segments and countries: high market share in newly constructed SFH: above 90 % in Norway, Sweden and over 50% in Germany (2021). refurbishment of MFB: HPs are used around 10 % in Austria, France and Germany (EurObserv'ER 2018). renovation market of MFB as a huge potential and challenge for HP 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance Objective better understanding of barriers, hindrances and incentives to market adoption of heat pumps in in multi-family buildings. identification of interests and needs of key stakeholder groups towards the adoption of HP determination of benefits and incentives to overcome barriers cross-national perspective identification of geographical, legal and cultural differences focus on innovative electric heat pumps (tri-generation, natural refrigerants, solar-ice...) 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance Research Design Literature study on social acceptance of novel renewable energy powered heating and cooling systems Expert interviews with key stakeholder in CH, ES, NO, and DE Expert stakeholder workshops with key stakholder in CH, ES, NO, and DE European level stakeholder workshop 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance social and market acceptance social acceptance of RE is widespread among European citizens. market acceptance of RET varies strongly among different stakeholders groups throughout Europe categories that drive market acceptance: (1) economic-financial (2) practical implementation and feasibility (3) psychological, social-cultural and organizational issues perspectives of key stakeholders need to be taken into account! investors / building owners who make investment decisions for a building planers and other decision makers for installation of energy systems (architects, engineers, HVAC planners, plumbers, heating installers) full report available at: https://zenodo.org/communities/trihp building/facility managers who are in charge of HP operation. 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance Stakeholder Interviews expert interview sample respondents: primary stakeholder assignment DE CH ES NO cbouoildpienrgatoivwense, rins,vehsotuosrisng 1 2 2 2 HVAC consultants, planners 3 2 1 2 manufacturers, distributor 2 1 1 1 installers, craftsmen 2 1 2 1 architects 3 1 1 1 engineers 1 1 1 1 Total 12 7 8 8 Total 7 8 5 6 6 4 36 interview conduction: - 36 interviews conducted and fully transcribed - 11% women, - mean age: 50 years (28-72) - transcripts fully analysed (qualitative content analysis) 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance Stakeholder Interviews barriers and drivers of market acceptance: investment and upfront costs public funding and support practical feasibility of installation and maintenance competence and skill heating installers as "middle actors" important advisory function to end users poor knowledge on HP technology expertise and routines linked to fossil heating systems low incentive to acquire additional knowledge through further qualification 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance full report available at: https://zenodo.org/communities/trihp Natural Refrigerants Safety Risks safety risks of the use of NR in HP are considered to be rather low long tradition of using NRs such in the HC business existing standards and regulations installation and maintenance rules NR require appropriate skills and higher effort for installation! Benefits high GWP and ODP of synthetic refrigerants as a threat to HP acceptance is climate friendly always good for the environment? higher efficiency of NR NR as sustainable long-term solution only little knowledge on NR among many stakeholders! 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance National Stakeholder Workshops Stakeholder heat pump associations heat pmuamnpuf(accotmurpeornent) HVAC cpolaunnnseerlslin/genergy instaallsinsgoc/iatrtaiodnessmen invesctoorms p/ahnoyusing faecnileitrygymcaonnatgraecmtienngt / architeencgtisn/eebrusilding other Germany X X X X X X X Switzerland X X X X X X Spain X X X X X X Norway X X X X X X X 4 national stakeholder workshops June 2021 online 2-3 hours 12 stakeholder 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance National Stakeholder Workshops 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance National Stakeholder Workshops important overall challenges: investment and upfront costs shortage of skilled workers high planning and coordination effort (especially in existing buildings) suggestions for solutions (among others): consideration of economic efficiency of H/C systems over the entire life cycle more support for new business models such as energy contracting and new finance schemes new finance and funding schemes simplifying systems and providing easy-to-use planning tools frequently mentioned key actors to drive solutions: building owners, heating installers, HVAC planners full report available at: https://zenodo.org/communities/trihp 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance Conclusions rapid market uptake of HP has to address hindrances of key market actors and needs more policy support: addressing the "lack of skills" with installers through a structured training programme which addresses the different needs in different Member States; fostering a switch to natural refrigerants requiring additional safety measures in comparison to traditional ones (based on HFCs/HFOs). better support at EU-level for new business models for upscaling existing and developing new supply chains (collective purchases / procurement actions of heat pumps). need for a clear roadmap for the phase-out of fossil-fuel based boilers combined with a strategy for stronger market uptake of alternative solutions such as heat pumps. update of Ecodesign & Energy Labelling requirements at EU level for heating & cooling systems. awareness raising on HP benefits among stakeholders and general public. 07022023 | TRI HP final event | Social Acceptance This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement N. 814888. The sole responsibility for the content of this event lies with the organisers. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission (EC). The EC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. @isoe.de @isoe.de www.tri-hp.eu TRI-HP PROJECT Trigeneration systems based on heat Dumps with natural refrigerants end multipie renewable sources Session 1: Heat pumps based on natural refrigerants Q&A SESSION 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels TRI-HP Final Event: Heat pumps on natural refrigerants in the context of the F-Gas Regulation Revision SESSION 2: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps 07 February 2023: 16:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels TRI-generation systems Based on electrically driven natural refrigerant heat pumps coupled with PV to provide heating, cooling and electricity to multi-family residential buildings Targets: 80 % renewable on-site share with net-zero energy concept (20 % exchanged with the grid) Cost reduction by 10 - 15 % compared to current HP technologies with same energetic efficiency 75 % GHG emissions reductions respect to gas boiler and air chillers with grid purchased electricity. www.tri-hp.eu 100 TRI-HP in a nutshell. TRI-HP Final Event. Brussels, 7 February 2023 TRI-HP Final Event: Heat pumps on natural refrigerants in the context of the F-Gas Regulation Revision Session 2: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps OVERVIEW OF THE F-GAS REGULATION REVISION Arno Kaschl Policy Officer - DG CLIMA, European Commission 07 February 2023: 16:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels REHVA - TRI-HP project REH Brussels, 7.2.2023 DELIVERING THE F-gas Regulation The international context Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer [and HFCs]: Since 1989 => Ozone hole recovery expected in second half of century Since 2019 phasing down HFCs (as greenhouse gases, not ozone depleting) Protocol's contribution to Paris Agreement (max increase 2C, ideally only 1.5C) Global ODS phase-out avoiding at least 2C increase in 2070 compared to historic baseline Global HFC phase-down avoiding around 0.4C increase by the end of the century compared to historic baseline Building on a great success! Some highlights: within 5 years only (2015-2019) - EU F-gas demand dropped 13%, HFC demand dropped 47% (CO2e) - F-gases in imported equipment dropped by 33% (CO2e) - Emission in the refrigeration sector dropped 62% (CO2e) - More reclaimed gases and smaller leakage rates - The F-gas Regulation has been an innovation driver: companies using natural alternatives increased >60% from 2013 to 2016 >50,000 transcritical CO2 systems installed in Europe, more than the rest of the world combined >80% of refrigeration manufactures increased R&D (2011 to 2016). Industry says: "EU F-gas Regulation is the Gold Standard" or "EU F-gas Regulation is in fact a World F-gas Regulation" Main changes to the Fgas Regulation repealing (EU) 517/2014 A. Align to the Green Deal climate ambition Steeper phase down & new F-gas prohibitions Technically feasible, safe and energy efficient B. Streamline with Montreal Protocol (Kigali Amendment) Phase down after 2030, remove some exemptions, new production phase-down C. Better implementation and enforcement Specific customs related rules, quota allocation price, more standardised penalties and certification of technicians to include climate friendly gases. D. Improve monitoring and reporting E. Coherence and clarifications Most important new prohibitions for heatpumps Self-contained AC & heat pumps from 2025 (GWP 150) Smaller AC & heat pumps split systems from 2027 (GWP 150) AC & heat pumps split systems >12 kW from 2027 (GWP 750) In addition to strict HFC phase-down (bans steering demand) Impacts of the proposal Emission reductions: Avoid cumulatively 310 MtCO2e on top of the 420 MtCO2e achieved through current Regulation by 2050 (i.e. in total same as GHG emissions in 2019 in BENELUX + FRANCE) Climate neutrality: Emissions in 2050 estimated to be 14 MtCO2e (92 MtCO2 in 2019). Overall costs to consumers will be moderate and even negative due to energy savings in refrigeration and AC Reducing HFC use = lowering EU dependency on imports Better control and less illegal trade Green innovation and growth Links between the Fgas proposal, and climate and energy targets - F-gas Regulation is part of the "honeycomb of measures" to achieve 2030 and 2050 (climate neutrality) targets! - F-gas emissions are part of Effort Sharing Regulation on non-ETS sectors! - Link to other areas: Heat pumps are essential to achieve GHG emissions from buildings and heating and cooling (RED II, EED, EPBD targets) Repower EU REPowerEU, asks for around 30 million new heatpumps by 2030 Huge business opportunity for the sector Production capacties are needed, let`s make them future-proof! Fgas rules enable companies to make the shift to climate-friendly alternatives now. This is a first mover advantage. Enought quotas ystem for all heatpumps requiring HFCs. This has been modelled. The additional heatpump growth does not exceed 10% of available quota per year. There are large buffers in the quota system Avoid locking in direct emissions for decades from leaking HFC equipment End-users will have energy savings. Overall consumer costs will not increase. HFC dependencies (China) are reduced. Ongoing negotiations ,,Co-legislators": Council (Member States): working on a joint position on the basis of which they will negotiate with the European Parliament European Parliament: Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) Committee voted in January Environnment, Public Health and Safety (ENVI) committee planned vote in March. Plenary vote likely to be in April. Trialogues between the Council and the Parliament to be held in May/June? A conclusion of the negotiations by summer could mean the Regulation would apply from 1 January 2024 Thank you @ec.europa.eu European Union 2020 Unless otherwise noted the reuse of this presentation is authorised under the CC BY 4.0 license. For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the EU, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective right holders. European Commission Session 2: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps OPINION OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE ON THE REVISION Kstutis Kupsys Rapporteur on the Revision, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) 07 February 2023: 16:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels WHAT DOES ORGANISED CIVIL SOCIETY MEAN? It comprises all the groups and organisations in which people work cooperatively: Employers Employers federations, Chambers of Commerce, SME organisations... Workers Trade Unions Civil Society Organisations Farmers, Consumers, NGOs, Professions, Disabilities, Academics, Cooperatives... They are committed to defending their interests and causes, and they often act as intermediaries between decisionmakers and citizens. Key points of the EESC Opinion on Revision of the Fgas regulation Adopted on 15 June 2022 EESC: Welcomes the new Commission's proposal on fluorinated gases as a step into the right direction but sees room for more ambition to maintain the global EU leadership in climate action. Believes that improving the Commission's current proposal presents an additional opportunity to significantly reduce direct climate impacts by promoting natural solutions with a low global warming potential (GWP) instead of continuing to use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with a high global warming potential. Is therefore in favour of a ban on all refrigerants with a GWP >5 after 2030 for heat pumps, room airconditioners, chillers, and refrigeration applications alternatives. This sends a clear message to the market, is administratively easy to implement, and faces a low risk of circumvention. Strongly recommends combining REPower EU ambition with the F-gas phase-out, aiming for refrigerants with the lowest possible GWP, especially in the field of heat pumps. EESC also: Believes that fears of market bottlenecks in the sector are unfounded due to the increased production capacity of the industry, which will be mostly based on natural refrigerants. The EU has a clear opportunity to make this an exemplary case in setting global green standards. Considers the current quota charge too low and calls for a mechanism to increase income from quota sales. This income can be earmarked to boost customs controls at Member State level, to help with the adoption of low-GWP alternatives and to provide sufficient training to the installers of the equipment concerned. Believes that addressing training needs on HFC alternatives is key. Skilled technicians, as well as qualification, certification and registration schemes are essential for promoting low-GWP natural refrigerants. Concrete steps in the right direction? AREA campaign entitled Grow your business: Get ready for flammable refrigerants! Thank you for listening! Gandkom xi mistoqsijiet? Sprgsml? ? Avezvous des questions poser? ; Kas on veel ksimusi? Domande? Kysymyksi? Vannake krdsek? Any questions? An bhfuil aon cheist agat? Alguna pregunta? Haben Sie noch Fragen? ntrebri? Mte dotazy? Perguntas? Czy maj Pastwo jakie pytania? Frgor? Ima li pitanja? Jautjumi? Otzky? Vprasanja? Vragen? Ar turite klausim? Session 2: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps NEGOTIATIONS IN ENVI ON THE F-GAS REGULATION REVISION Stelios Kympouropoulos Shadow-Rapporteur (EPP) ENVI Committee, European Parliament 07 February 2023: 16:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels Session 2: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps COMPARING THE USE OF HFCs & HFOs WITH NATURAL REFRIGERANTS IN HEAT PUMPS Michael Kauffeld Professor in Refrigeration Engineering Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences 07 February 2023: 16:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Michael Kauffeld Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences Institute of Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Environmental Engineering Tuesday, 7th February 2023 HFC emissions from heat pumps Kauffeld, M.: Availability of low GWP alternatives to HFCs Feasibility of an early phase-out of HFCs by 2020. EIA report - Environmental Investigation Agency, May 2012 Annual sales of heat pumps in Europe from 1990 to 2020, with a forecast until 2030 (in 1,000 e) Statista 2022 2012 Much higher GHGemissions to be expected, due to (unexpected) increase in HP sales 124 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Low GWP Refrigerants The Answer from the Chemical Industry: HFO = unsaturated HFC e.g. R1225ye(Z), R1225ye(E). R1234yf, R1234ze(Z) or R1234zf or Blends of HFO + HFC (Temperature Glide !!!) Quick break down in atmosphere GWP of 1 - 5 R1234yf www.autofficinecarrozzerie.it 4 - 5 times more TFA after break down in atmosphere than R134a From car air conditioning alone up to twice the TFA-concentration in atmosphere than before (natural + man made) TFA is very stable in environment Accumulation in terminal water bodies (Mildly) flammable ASHRAE class 2L Flame propagation velocity lower than for HCs (1.5 cm/s instead of 46 cm/s) Required ignition energy much higher than for HCs (5,000 - 10,0000 mJ instead of 0.25 mJ) Heat of combustion 5-times lower than HC Auto ignition temperature similar to HCs, i.e. 400 C Form Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) upon combustion Health issues at high concentrations for prolonged time periods due to high reactivity HCFC by-products during manufacturing Still very expensive 125 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld HFO - a personal view (initially shown at Euroshop 2017) 60 - 30 - 15 It took 60 years (1930 to 1990) to find out that CFCs damage the ozone layer It took 30 years (1990 to 2020) to acknowledge HFCs contribute noticeable to global warming It will take 15 years to accept that HFOs are harmful to the local environment (fitter's health and terminal water bodies) 126 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld German UBA Study 2021 Assuming that the concentrations in Bayreuth in 1995/1996 (Klein 1997) were representative for the whole of Germany, the trifluoroacetate deposition in these periods amounted to 54 to 65 g/km2 or 19 to 23 tonnes, which would also be about 3 to 5 times lower than the values determined in February 2018 to January 2020. 127 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Behringer, D.; Heydel, F.; Gschrey, B.; Osterheld, S.; Schwarz, W.; Warncke, C.; Feeling, F.; Ndler, K.; Henne, S.; Reimann, S.; Bleep, M.; Jr, W.; Liu, R.; Ludig, S.; Rdenauer, I.; Gartiser, S.: (2021), Report No. FB000452/ENG, Persistent degradation products of halogenated refrigerants and blowing agents in the environment: type, environmental concentrations, and fate with particular regard to new halogenated substitutes with low global warming potential, Published by German Environment Agency May 2021. Trifluoroacetate - TFA is accumulating in biosphere TFA concentration in rain water increased by a factor of 3 to 5 over the past 23 years in Germany reaching concentrations of 38 g/L in 2018. In the USA, the concentration of TFA in surface waters increased by a factor of 6-fold in 23 years to as much as 2.79 g/L in 2021, and in China between 2002 and 2012 by a factor of 17 to up to 0.83 g/L. TFA has been detected in almost all recent ground- and spring water samples of recently investigated drinking water sources in Germany; in some cases concentrations are up to 12.4 g/L, which is above the threshold value of the UBA of 10 g/L for drinking water. Behringer, David. "TFA als persistentes Abbauprodukt fluorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe" Public Health Forum, vol. 30, no. 4, 2022, pp. 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2022-0077 128 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld TFA in the Rhine river 129 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Scheurer, M.; Ndler, K.; Freeling, F.; Janda, J.; Happel, O.; Riegel, M.; Mller, U.; Storck, F.R.; Fleig, M.; Lange, F.T.; Brunsch, A.; Brauch, H.-J.: Small, mobile, persistent: Trifluoroacetate in the water cycle - Overlooked sources, pathways, and consequences for drinking water supply. Water Research, Vol. 126, 2017, P. 460-471, ISSN 0043-1354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.045 TFA in Swiss lakes German DVGW in Karlsruhe analyzed 9 selected water samples on behalf of Swiss environmental organisation ohneGift TFA concentrations in drinking water obtained from Lake Zurich, Lake Biel and Lake Murten correspond to the concentrations in the respective lake. The treatment processes of the Swiss lake water works are powerless against TFA. Roman Wiget, drinking water expert and managing director of Seelndische Wasserversorgung (SWG) warns: "At present, no method is known by which TFA could be removed from the water cycle by proportionate means, i.e. without very high technical and financial expenditure. The substance particularly affects those drinking water users who receive treated lake water". Drinking water of Birrwil, which comes from a groundwater well, is also contaminated with TFA. The affected population does not receive any information on TFA. Place of sample Biel Murten Zurich Birrwil Limmat, Schlieren, 2 km after ARA Werdhlzli Zrich TFA in lake water (g/l) 0.41 0.91 0.25 0.54 0.33 TFA in drinking water (g/l) 0.45 0.80 0.25 0.67 Source: Trifluoracetat - fr immer in unserem Trinkwasser? | Naturschutz.ch 130 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Increase in TFA distribution when changing from HFC to HFO Degradation Mechanisms of HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf Oxidation by OH For HFO-1234yf, the formations of organic hydroperoxides (reaction between a peroxy radical and HO2 radicals) and peroxy nitrates (reaction of peroxy radicals with NO2) from the OH-initiated oxidation products, and their fates, occur in the same way as shown for HFC-134a but are not shown in the diagram. Surface distribution plot depicting the multiplicative increase in TFA distributions predicted by changeover from the STO-HFC-SCI scenario to the STO-HFO-SCI scenario. Holland, R.; Khan, M.A.H.; Driscoll, I.; Chantyal-Pun, R.; Derwent, R.G.; Taatjes, C.A.; Orr-Ewing, A.J.; Carl J. Percival, C.J.; Shallcross, D.E.: 2021. Investigation of the production of Trifluoroacetic Acid from two Halocarbons, HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf and its fates using a global three-dimensional chemical transport model. ACS Earth Space Chem. 131 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld There will not be a 5th Refrigerant Generation !!! Mark McLinden, NIST: Thermodynamics of the new refrigerants. IIR ICR 2019, Montreal Thermodynamic Analysis of 60 Mio. Chemicals After HFO, only natural fluids left 132 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld There are Alternatives to HFO Ammonia CO2 Propane Propene Iso-Butane Water Ad in American refrigeration magazine (1922) Ad in American refrigeration magazine (1943) 133 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Refrigerant Production related CO2 emissions CO2 equ. emissions kg/kg 1360 14.0 12.0 10.9 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.1 2.0 0 0.8 1 0.0 Ammonia R744 1.1 <1 Pentane 0.9 <1 LPG <1 R1234yf 3.6 R134a Manufacturing CO2 equ. Emissions kg/kg GWP of Refrigerant Baral, A.; Minjares, R.; Urban, R.A.: Upstream climate impacts from production of R-134a and R-1234yf refrigerants used in mobile air conditioning systems. International Council on Clean Transportation, 2013 Wood, S.; Cowie, A.: A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production. IEA Bioenergy Task 38, June 2004 Winnipeg Sewage Treatment Program South End Plant. Process selection report. Appendix 7, 2011 134 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Refrigerant Ammonia R744 (CO2) Pentane R1234yf R1234ze R134a GWP20 0 1 1,4 1 4 3810 GWP20 from UNEP RTOC 2018 Assessment report Energy efficiency of selected heat pump fluids Without suction line heat exchanger With suction line heat exchanger McLinden, M., Brown, J., Brignoli, R. et al. Limited options for low-global-warming-potential refrigerants. Nat Commun 8, 14476 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14476 135 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Energy efficiency of selected heat pump fluids Example air-to-water HP for multi-family house Manufacturer Ochsner Aereco Hitachi Austria Email Hisense Swegon Hoval Wolf Refrigerant R407C R410A R410A R452B R32 R32 R290 R290 SCOPH 3.83 4.92 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.0 5.7 5.46 Max. t in C 65 60 60 60 60 58 70 70 CCI 2023 136 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Risk with heat pump with flammable/toxic refrigerant Number dead Number hurt 10-4 Traffic accident Unacceptable risk Technician (Ammonia HP) 10-3 10-6 10-8 Home owner (Gas furnace) Technician (Propane HP) Home owner (Propane HP) Acceptable risk Technician (Propane HP) Technician (HFC HP) Home owner (Ammonia HP) Heat pump with 1 kg refrigerant charge in separate room in basement Wolfer, M.; Seitz, E.: Ammoniak und Kohlenwasserstoffe als Kltemittel: Risikoanalyse, Produktshaftpflicht und Strafrecht. Schlussbericht BFE-Forschungsprogramm Umgebungswrme, Zrich, Nov. 1999 137 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld 10-5 10-7 Risk with heat pump with flammable/toxic refrigerant Igniting an optimal Propane / Air mixture in the compressor compartment (conc. 4,2...5,2 Vol.% R290 / Air) 0.16 s flame, max 50 cm from housing No explosion No flame going into the system No parts which are blown away H. Knig, Th. Hackensellner, G. Jager: Risikoanalyse fr Wrmepumpen mit R-290, Entwicklung einer Risikomatrix als Akzeptanzkriterium. DKV Tagung 2022 in Magdeburg 138 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld LC150 - a benchmark for small heat pumps using propane Results - Reduction of refrigerant charge by up to 75%: Refrigeration circuits with 150 g R290 and a heating capacity of 8-12 kW and good efficiencies (SCOP > 4.3). - Comprehensive database for components; simulationbased and experimental evaluation of more than 30 different refrigeration circuits - Evaluated and Automated test procedure for refrigeration circuits at different refrigerant charges and operation conditions, automated data evaluation - Recent work: long-term testing of best-off circuits, evaluation of safety concepts Fraunhofer ISE Other heat pump on the market Refrigeration cycle / Fh ISE Refrigeration cycle / Fh ISE Manufacturer data from Market research by Fh ISE. Year 2019 139 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Future heat pumps 1. Low direct emissions of greenhouse gases - Use low GWP natural refrigerants - NOT use HFOs due to TFA formation in atmosphere - Reduced refrigerant charge quantity, especially when using hydrocarbons 2. Reduce indirect greenhouse gas emissions - Reduce energy consumption - propane is one of the most energy efficient fluids - Run on renewable energies - Utilize waste, for example heat from refrigeration and air conditioning systems - Use refrigerants with low GHG emissions during manufacturing 3. Thermal energy storage 140 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Questions? Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Michael Kauffeld Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Environmental Engineering Moltkestr. 30 76133 Karlsruhe Germany Tel.: Fax: E-Mail: sah-ka.de MCTMO VIE Michael Eckert, Michael Kauffeld, Volker Siegismund (Editors) Natural Refrigerants: Applications and Practical Guidelines TRI-HP I PROJECT 141 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Hochschule Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences , K EMPA - Measurements at Jungfraujoch and in Zrich, Switzerland Maximum value beyond scale not shown Results are expressed as dry-air mole fractions in parts-per-trillion (ppt, pmol mol1). To expand the y-axes for better illustration of some of the smaller mole fractions, the results are omitted above the largest tick mark labels for each compound. https://www.empa.ch/documents/56101/190047 /HFO+update+Report/fe3b26b5-fcb6-4cd9-a6f65c39ac01f20a 142 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld Heat pump penetration and number of heating degree days in 2021 143 Comparing the use of HFCs & HFOs with natural refrigerants in heat pumps, Michael Kauffeld This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement N. 814888. The sole responsibility for the content of this event lies with the organisers. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission (EC). The EC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. www.tri-hp.eu TRI -- HP PROJECT Trigeneration systems based on heat pumps with natura' refrigerants and multiple renewable sources Session 2: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps RISKS OF RAPID DEPLOYMENT OF HEAT PUMPS BASED ON NATURAL REFRIGERANTS Coen van de Sande President of the Association of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump contractors (AREA) 07 February 2023: 14:00 - 18:00 L42, Rue de la Loi 42, Brussels About AREA European association of national refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) associations, representing RACHP contractors and engineers. 24 national member associations 21 countries 13,000 companies employing 110,000 people 90% SME's Annual turnover 23 billion Contractors are the essential link between end users and manufacturers. EU ambitions The European RACHP contracting industry fully subscribes to the EU's decarbonisation and climate neutrality ambitions set out in: European Green Deal Fit for 55 package F-gas regulation Contractors play an important role in the various transitions that are needed to meet the ambitions of the EU Transitions The main identified 4 transitions for our sector to meet the EU ambitions are: Transition from gas boilers to heat pumps Transition from HFC's to low GWP refrigerants Transition from separate heating, cooling & ventilation units to integrated solutions Digitalisation Natural refrigerants in heat pumps This transition introduces: Shift from environmental to safety Low risk profile HP's to high risk profile HP's Not only for installers but for the entire chain/sector: operators, enforcers, public, animals, buildings etc. Natural refrigerants in heat pumps Consequences for our companies: Training/certification installers, engineers, warehouse employees Investments in tools, equipment, storage, transport, personal protection equipment Draft safety procedures, work instructions, risk assessments Natural refrigerants in heat pumps Consequences for stakeholders in our sector: Plummers/heating contractors need to make a huge step from gas boilers to heat pumps charged with natural refrigerants Building owners/operators need to train their employees, revise their safety procedures, request for new permits etc. Transporters need to adapt their trucks, train their employees (ADR regulation) Enforcers need to be trained and revise their protocols Certification Bodies need to be trained, revise their protocols Schools/training centers need to revise their teaching materials Standardization institutes need to revise standards Natural refrigerants in heat pumps To mitigate risks AREA pleads for: Mandatory certification for companies and employees that work with natural refrigerant in art. 10 f-gas regulation Art. 5,6,7,8.1 of f-gas regulation applicable not only for systems charged with f-gasses but also for natural refrigerant Realistic phase down f-gasses and prohibitions placing on the marked HP's Holistic EU-view regarding refrigerants > no contradictions between f-gas regulation and PFAS We need at least to 1-1-2028 to prepare the sector to this transition Panel Discussion: Phasing down F-Gases in Heat pumps 17:20 - 18:00 Panel Discussion Topics Introduction Round REPowerEU Targets Manufacturing: Impact on value chain and production line Training: Addressing the skills gap Open questions from the audience 154 Panel Discussion: Introduction Round Panel Discussion: REPowerEU Targets Panel Discussion: Impact on value chain & production Panel Discussion: Addressing the skills gap Panel Discussion: Open questions