Document 1Q34bb4EV05NDg8D3pLo0NM0m

328 NOTES TO PAGES 181-82 1923 congress of the German pathological society, where several participants (Berblinger, Teutschlaender, Askanazy, Fahr, Kraus, Mathias, Monckeberg, and Verse) conceded the reality of the increase; see the Verhandlungen der deutschen pathologischen Gesellschaft 19 (1923): 190-92. On Leipzig's increase, see Carly Seyfarth, "Lungenkarzinome in Leipzig," Deutsche medizinische Wochen schrift 50 (1924): 1497-99; and more generally, Milton B. Rosenblatt, "Lung Cancer in the Nineteenth Century," Bulletin ofthe History ofMedicine 38 (1964): 412-13. 30. A good review can be found in Hueper's Occupational Tumors, pp. 369468. On the gas warfare theory, see Fritz Reiche, "Zur Genese der Bronchialkrebse und ihre Beziehungen zu Kampfgasschadigungen," Medizinische Welt 6 (1932): 1013-14; on the street dust and road tar inhalation theory, see R Hampeln, "Haufigkeit und Ursache des primaren Lungenkarzinoms," Mitteilungen aus den Grenzgebieten der Medizin und Chirurgie 36 (1923): 145-50. For the racial mixing thesis, see Jens Paulsen's correspondence as dted in Hildebrandt's Rassenmischung, p. 102. Walter Kikuth claimed that X-rays might be responsible for the increase; see his "Uber Lungencarcinom," pp. 107-28. Schonherr be lieved that increasing automobile traffic was responsible for the growing lung cancer rates in Chemnitz; see his "Beitrag," p. 450, also pp. 443-44 for his dis cussion of the malnutrition hypothesis. Walther Berblinger in Jena in 1925 dis cussed mine gases, chemo-toxic inflammation, and smoking, but decided that irritating influenza germs from the recent pandemic were the most likely cause of the increase; he therefore predicted that lung cancer rates would eventually decline. See his "Die Zunahme des primaren Lungenkrebses in den Jahren 1920-1924," Klinische Wochenschrift 4 (1925): 913-16. Edgar Bejach did not men tion lung cancer in his 1927 survey of German antitobacco movements (Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung). 31. Franz Herz, "Hat das Lungenkarzinom an Haufigkeit zugenommen?" Medizinische Klinik 26 (1930): 1666-69. Pfeil endorsed Herz's view in his 1935 "Lungentumoren," pp. 1198-99. 32. Hintze, "Kultur und Krebs," p. 62. 33. Cigarettes began to come under suspicion in the mid-1920s; see, for ex ample, Robert Probst, "Die Haufigkeit des Lungencardnoms," Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung 25 (1927): 431. A good overview of tobacco hazards research circa 1930 is Friedrich Schmetz, Das Tabakrauchen im Lichte der offentlichen Gesundheitspflege (Berlin: Schoetz, 1930). A brilliant early critique of nontobacco explanations for the rise of lung cancer, based on experience from Cracow, is Adam Syrek, "Zur Haufigkeitszunahme des Lungenkrebses," Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung 36 (1932): 409-15. 34. Hermann Tillmanns does not mention lung cancer in his "Ueber Theer-, Russ- und Tabakkrebs," Deutsche Zeitschriftfur Chirurgie 13 (1880): 519-35; nor does Hans Passler in his "Ueber das primare Carcinom der Lunge," Archivfiir pathologische Anatomie und Physiologic 145 (1896): 191-278. 35. Joseph Cortyl, Du cancer desfumeurs (Paris: Med. diss., 1897). The expres sion' cancer des fumeurs was borrowed from Bouisson's 1861 Tribut. 36. Hermann Rottmann, Uber primare Lungencarcinome (Wiirzberg: Med. diss., 1898), pp. 29, 52. Harting and Hesse failed to mention tobacco as a pos NOTES TO PAGES 183-85 329 sible cause of the Schneeberger Krankheit (uranium miners' lung cancer), fa voring arsenic, instead, as the guilty party (radiation is now the recognized culprit). 37. Fritz Lickint, "Tabak und Tabakrauch als atiologischer Factor des Car- dnoms," Zeitschriftfilr Krebsforschung 30 (1929): 349-65; compare also the fasci nating review and response by Victor E. Mertens, "Zigarettenrauch eine Ursa che des Lungenkrebses? (Eine Anregung)," Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung 32 (1930): 82-91. Herbert L. Lombard and Carl R. Doering independently of Lick int documented a high proportion of smokers among U.S. lung cancer patients in their "Cancer Studies in Massachusetts," New England Journal ofMedicine 198 (1928): 481-87. 38. Adler, Primary Malignant Growths, p. 22; a connection is also posited in Theodor Fahr's discussion of the paper by Otto Teutschlaender in the Verhand lungen der deutschen Gesellschaft filr Pathologie 19 (1923): 192, and in Schonherr, "Beitrag," p. 443. Carly Seyfarth in 1924 pointed to the high proportion of to bacco workers, innkeepers, and bartenders among Leipzig's lung cancer vic tims, suggesting that exposure to "tobacco particles" (including smoke) might account for that city's rising lung cancer rates; see his "Lungenkarzinome," p. 1499. 39. Fritz Lickint, Tabakgenuss und Gesundheit (Hanover: Bruno Wilkens, 1936), pp. 83-84. Frederick L. Hoffman was one of the first Americans to take Lickint seriously; see his "Cancer and Smoking Habits," in Cancer... Compris ing International Contributions to the Study of Cancer, ed. Frank E. Adair (Phila delphia: Lippincott, 1931), pp. 62-66; also his Cancer and Diet, p. 489. Jesse M. Gehman was another; see his Smoke over America (East Aurora, N.Y.: The Roycrofters, 1943), pp. 180-84. The Viennese clinician Franz Hogler in 1941 noted that 82 percent of his lung cancer patients were male and that all were heavy smokers; he also recognized that the removal of tar from cigarettes was as important as the elimination of nicotine. See his "Welche Erkrankungen sind auf Nikotinschaden zuriickzufuhren?" Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 50 (1941): 1016. 40. Fritz Lickint, Tabak und Organismus: Handbuch der gesamten Tabakkunde (Stuttgart: Hippokrates, 1939); compare also his "Die Bedeutung des Tabaks fur die Krebsentstehung," Deutscher Tabakgegner 17 (1935): 27-30. Some brief notes on Lickint's biography can be found in Wilhelm C. Crecelius, "In memorium Fritz Lickint," Deutsches Gesundheitswesen 15 (1960): 2283-84, and in Werner Schuttmann, "Ein Jubilaum im Kampf gegen den Tabakmissbrauch," Miinchener medizinische Wochenschrift 131 (1989): 966-68. Lickint in 1939 was appointed a member of the Fiihrerrat of the Deutschen Bundes fur Lebensre- form; see Reitte Luft 21 (1939): 2. 41. Other German terms used at this time to designate nicotine addiction include: Nicotismus (Bamberger), Nicotianismus (Krafft-Ebing), Nicotinsucht (Lickint), Fumigatismus (Werner Kautzsch), and Kapnomanie (J. Stein); see Lick int, "Nikotinmissbrauch," pp. 306-9. Tabakismus was a German rendition of John Harvey Kellogg's "tobaccoism." The concept of "chronischer Nikotinismus" dates back at least to Leo Fiirst's "Zur Prophylaxe des Coffeinismus und Nikotinismus," Die drztliche Praxis 14 (1901): 351-54.