Document 174ydeMaBVeBg37xxMMEMkBK

tJ 193537 immmiiL.i-ivviTTM.-f .,! im.'. . `..Nri^TT'trmrinnimniitimnnimHimi... 'U v--.--a^uiitoomujiuiiinm'..iTrTcrynr'nKHrrTiirii.) rrT?,-'i'iT..r>TM THE IAITE1) STATES OF MIKHHA AmiOTtHHOaBUHlESE! BRESENTS1, SHAitTi.^MlElh UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE United States Patent and Trademark Office January 12,2000 TfflS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ANNEXED HERETO IS A TRUE COPY FROM THE RECORDS OF THIS OFFICE OF: U.S. PATENT: 2,986,379 ISSUE DATE: MAY30,1961 By Authority of the COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS . MONTGOMERY Certifying Officer May 30, 1961 Filed June 4, 1957 R. E. KRAMIG, JR HEAT EXCHANGER 2,986,379 3 Sheets-SJieet i Vr H[ 2 'r* sZZ 1 -------- --n 1r\ 2/-~ l to 22 10 -IFftcf'# INVENTOR ROBERT E. KRAMIG,JR, DECEASED, BY ANNA LOUISE KRAMIG .EXECUTRIX BY ATTOZHtyS. May 30, 1961 Filed June 4, 1957 R. E. KRAMIG, JR HEAT EXCHANGER 2,986,379 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 74*. BY ANNA LOUISE KRAMIG, EXECUTRIX BY ATTOZUSyS. May 30, 1961 Filed June 4, 1957 R. e. kramig, jr heat exchanger ,2 986,379 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Q i INVENTOR. ROBERT E. KRAMIG , JR.,DECEASED BY ANNA LOUISE KRAMIG, EXECUTRIX BY ATTOHEy&. 12 air passageways from becoming clogged so that the effi ciency of the heat exchanger does not decrease with age. 2,986,379 A still further advantage of the present heat exchange unit is that it is economical to manufacture and install. HEAT EXCHANGER 8 In the present process of producing heat exchangers, Robert E. Kramig, Jr., deceased, late of Wyoming, Ohio, by Anna Louise Kramig, executrix, 615 S. Springfield commercial asbestos papers having fibers running par allel to the length of the paper, is first impregnated with Pike, Wyoming 15, Ohio a phenolic resin, such as Bakelite. The impregnated sheet is then heated sufficiently to partially set the resin Filed June 4,1957, Ser. No. 663,544 8 Claims. (CL 261---28) 10 after which the sheet is corrugated. Subsequently, this corrugated sheet is brought into contact with a similarly impregnated flat sheet, a layer of adhesive, such as poly vinyl acetate or a phenolic glue being applied between the two sheets. The two sheets are pressed together ' This invention relates to heat exchangers and is par ticularly directed to novel core units for use in water 15 with the adhesive between them and are heated in any suitable maimer, such as by means of an infra-red heat cooling towers and to a method of fabricating such core oven to a sufficiently high temperature to fully set the units. phenolic resin. The composite corrugated and flat sheets Heretofore, many different types of heat exchangers are then cut to proper size for assembly into a contact have been proposed for use in connection with water 20 core. The contact core is fabricated by placing a plu cooling towers. In such devices, it is conventional to rality of composite sheets next to one another, the sheets introduce air at the bottom of the exchanger and water being arranged so that the corrugated and flat sheets are at the top of the exchanger so that the water drips down alternated. Adjacent sheets are secured together by wardly through a core member. At the same time, air means of a suitable adhesive to produce a core sub is forced upwardly through the core to create a counter current flow in which the water is cooled by evaporative 25 unit. Finally, these core sub-units are stacked together to form a heat exchanger core of any desired dimension. action. Alternatively, large sections of the composite sheets are The principal object of the present invention is to stacked and glued together after the sheets have been provide a novel core for use in water cooling towers of finally set The large sheet sections which are secured this general type which will provide a maximum amount 50 together in this manner form a large unit which can of cooling action in a minimum space and which even be sawed or otherwise cot to produce cores of the desired after extended periods of use, will not deteriorate or size. become covered with fungus growth. Cores fabricated in this manner are very light in More particularly, the present invention contemplates weight and may be preassembled at the factory and ' heat exchange core comprising a plurality of sinuous, r corrugated, sheets separated by generally planar 35 readily can be transported to the installation site, where erected by a relatively small labor force. they The divider sheets. In die preferred embodiment, die corru ernes are inherently rigid and self-supporting so that gated sheets and divider sheets are formed of an asbestos it is only necessary to support the edges of the core paper impregnated with a phenolic resin which is ther within the tower, eliminating the need for expensive sup mally define set The corrugated sheets and divider sheets a plurality of vertical tubular passageways, the 40 porting structure including perforated platforms or the like. Consequently, the present cores are not only eco sheets being oriented so that the asbestos fibers extend nomical to produce, but they are economical to install as transversely of the passageways. In use, water is sprayed welL onto the core and flows downwardly through the tubu These and other objects and advantages of the present lar passageways. Hus water is contacted and cooled by streams of air flowing upwardly through the same pas 45 invention will be more readily apparent from a considera tion of the following detailed description of the drawings sageways. illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention. A heat exchange core of this type is substantially In the drawings: more efficient than comparable heating cores formed of Figure 1 is a vertical cross sectional view in diagram wood, metal or the like. I have determined that this 50 matic form of a water cooling tower constructed in ac increased efficiency is doe in part to the excellent weta- cordance with the present invention; bility of an asbestos sheet impregnated with a thermally Figure 2 is a partial perspective view of a typical set phenolic resin. I have farther determined that the water-air contact core to be used in a tower, such as orientation of asbestos fibers transverse to the passage the tower shown in Figure 1; ways also contributes to the increased efficiency, since 55 Figure 3 is a vertical cross sectional view of a tower the transverse fibers tend to break up any stream of similar to the one shown in Figure 1, the section being water causing the water to Sow in a thin film over the taken at right angles to the section of Figure 1; entire surface of the sheet. Thus, the rate of water passage is retarded and a maximum surface of water is exposed to contact with the counter current air stream. A heat exchanger of the present invention is also highly advantageous since it can be kept in use for an indefinite length of time without cleaning or repair. The resin impregnated asbestos sheets are not affected by Figure 4 is an end view of a modified form of con tact core which may be used in a tower such as that 60 shown in Figure 3; 'Figure 5 is an end view of a second modified form of contact core; Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view of equipment for the contact with water and do not rot, corrode or deteriorate in any other manner. practice of the initial steps of the method of preparing 65 phenolic resin impregnated asbestos paper according to Moreover, 1 have discovered that an asbestos sheet this invention; having a thermally set phenolic resin is self-disinfecting-, Figure 7 is a diagrammatic view of equipment for the that is, the material inhibits fungus or other microorganic practice of farther steps in the manufacture of the contact growth so that no slime coating forms on the heat ex changer in use. This self-cleaning action of die core 70 core, utilizing inFignre6; paper made by the Initial steps disclosed is extremely important since it prevents the water and Figure 8 shows diagrammatically a cutting mechanism Coev provided bv USPTO from the CSIR Imaoe Database on 01-07-2000 """u L/C piACCU <U LUC U&Ul CUU UL LUC O^^cUcLUid JUGCU ^0 dlC UCUL 1U LUL1LL X1U1U. tWU US ClUt VOli UfictLIWJJ shown in Figure 7 in lieu of the rolling mechanism; per inch. Figure 9 is an enlarged side elevational view of the In operation, the water to be cooled flows downwardly phenolic resin impregnated composite sheet as it emerges, through the passageways or interstices 31 formed between from the oven in Figure 7; 6 the corrugations and the adjacent divider sheets. The Figure 10 is a top plan view of the sheet shown in Fig water thoroughly wets the sheets and is spread over the ure 9; entire surface of the sheet by the transverse ridges formed Figure 11 is an enlarged top plan view of a typical por by the horizontally oriented fibers. These fibers function tion of any of the cores shown in Figures 1-5; and very effectively to diffuse the water, to slightly impede its Figure 12 is an end view of a third modified form of 10 flow and to prevent the formation of any streams or rivu core. lets. At the same time that water drips downwardly over One preferred form of evaporating water cooling tower the core surface, air flows upwardly through the passage embodying the present invention is shown in Figure 1. As ways so that a heat transfer is effected between the air there shown, cooling tower 10 comprises a housing 11 of and water, and the water is further cooled by evaporative rectangular or other suitable cross section. A water sump 16 action. 12 is located at the bottom of the casing to receive and A modified form of core is shown in Figure 4. As there temporarily store the cooled water. Water is withdrawn from the sump and Is delivered to the place of use bv shown, modified core 32 comprises a plurality of sub-core units 33 constructed in substantially the same manner as means of a pump 13 having an intake line 14 connected the sub-core units of core 29 shown in Figure 2. Each of to the sump and discharge line IS leading to the apparatus 20 the sub-cores includes alternate corrugated and planar (not shown) requiring cooling water. Such apparatus sheets defining a plurality of vertical passageways as de may be a water cooled condenser for a refrigerating sys scribed above. tem, air conditioning system or the like. However, in modified core 32, each of the sub-core units Air is forced upwardly through housing 11 by any suit 33 has its lower surface cut in some suitable manner as able means, such as blower 16 having an air intake 17 25 by sawing along a downwardly extending inclined plane and an air discharge conduit 18 leading to the lower end so -that each of the sub-units includes a short vertical edge of the housing. The air rises upwardly through the hous 34 and a long edge 35. The sub-units are alternately ing and passes upwardly through a core 20, the construc joined together along their short and long edges to form tion of which is explained in detail below. After the air depending ridges 36 from which water drops from the has passed through core 20, it is eventually discharged 30 core unit. The function of the downwardly directed, or from, housing 11 through an exhaust stack 21. inverted, ridges 36 is to increase the efficiency of the Water is distributed or sprayed over the top of core 20 blower by facilitating discharge of water from the core in any suitable way, such as by means of a rotatable spray without interfering with air flow upwardly through the head 22 which is turned at a predetermined rate to pro core passageways. vide proper distribution of water over the top of the core. 35 More particularly, when water passes through a core 32 Water is supplied to the spray head through an inlet pipe having downwardly extending ridges which are preferably 23 which is connected to a source of water, such as the inclined, approximately 60 from a horizontal plane, the outlet connection of the condenser mentioned above. water trickles from the lower edges of the tubular pas Contact core 20 extends over substantially the entire cross sageways and flows along the lower edges 37 of the sheets section area of the housing and is supported at two or 40 comprising the sub-core units until the water reaches the more of its edges by means of mounting brackets 24. In lowermost point of the ridge from which it drops in the the embodiment shown, these mounting brackets are in form of enlarged drops into sump 12. Thus, the water is the form of angle irons having a depending leg 25 secured not picked up by the air from blower 16 as that air flows to the inner wall of the housing and an inwardly extend along horizontal passageways 38 between the ridges and ing leg 26 forming a support for the core. These angle 45 passes upwardly into the vertical passageways. It will be irons may either extend continuously along the side of the appreciated that the water is directed around the openings tower or may be in the form of a plurality of separate of the vertical passageways to the bottom edges 37 of the spaced angle irons, as shown in Figure 3. ridges so that the water does not form, a film over the One preferred form of contact core. 29 is best shown, in bottom of the. vertical air passageways which might block Figures 2 and 11. As there shown, contact core 20 com 50 or interfere with the upward air flow. prises a plurality of assembled sub-core units 27. These Figure S shows a second form of modified core 40 com sub-units 27 may be firmly adhered together as by prising component core units 41. These component core gluing or by some suitable mechanical securance means; units include alternate corrugated and planar sheets form or alternatively, they may be assembled loosely together ing vertical air passageways, as described above. How- and held in place by the walls of housing 11. If desired, 55 ever, in modified core 40, the lower surface of core sub core 20 can be constructed as a single unitary structure. units 41 converges upwardly toward the center of the As shown in Figure 2, each of the subunits 27 com sub-units so that two downwardly directed semi-ridges prises a plurality of sinuous or corrugated sheets 28 sepa 42 are formed. When the sides of adjacent sub-units 41 rated by generally planar divider sheets 30. The divider are brought together, complete ridges are formed which sheets and corrugated sheets are joined together by means 50 are generally similar to the ridges shown in Figure 4. of any suitable adhesive, such as a polyvinyl acetate ad The manner in which water is discharged from core 49 hesive or a phenolic resin glue. Corrugated sheets 28 to eliminate interference with, the upward flow of air is and dividers 30 define a plurality of vertical passageways the same- as that described above in connection with the 3L The upper ends of the passageways are open to re description of modified core 32. ceive water from the spray head 22 and the lower ends of 55 A third modified form of core 43 is shown in Figure 12. the tubular passageways are open to discharge water into sump 12 and to receive air from blower 16. Both cor As there shown, modified core 43 includes a plurality of sub-core units 44 which are glued or otherwise se rugated sheets 28 and divider sheets 30 are formed from cured together. In this embodiment, the lower surface asbestos paper impregnated with a phenolic resin, such as of each of the sub-core units 44 is sawed-or otherwise Bakelite, which as explained below, is thermally set to 10 cut to form a centrally disposed downwardly directed form a hard durable sheet The fibers in corrugated sheets ridge 45, the sides of which are preferably inclined at 60 28 and divider sheets 30 preferably extend at right angles from a horizontal plane. These ridges function to facili- to- passageways 31, Le-. in a horizontal direction. The - fate the discharge of water in the same manner as de exact size of the corrugations is not critical; however, I scribed above. have determined that good results are obtained when 78 While- the precise give of the overall core unit is not h,, i mp-rn from the CSIR imane Database on 01-07-2000 Critical, it has been found that in some installations the foe corrugated sheet 74, with foe adhesive being disposed core need be only fifty percent as large as previous cores between foe sheets. The sheets are firmly adhered or of the same capacity. For example, for one three-ton glued to each other, to form a composite sheet 75 which air conditioning unit, a core of adequate capacity is 11% enters oven 76 where the phenolic resin in foe papers is inches by 27% inches by 27%. inches, or about 5.12 cu- 5 brought to the final fully set or "C" stage. For this feet in size. Water is circulated through this unit purpose, oven 76 may be an infra-red oven which heats approximately ten gallons per minute. For a five ton foe composite sheet to a temperature of approximately refrigerating unit, the core size is 16 inches by 27% 400" F. The composite sheet, now indicated by foe inches by 27% inches. It is to be understood, of course, numeral 77 Leaves foe oven 76 and is rolled into a roil that these dimensions are merely given by way of exam 10 78 for future use. ple and that cores or other sizes may be employed. Alternatively, if it is desired to. use roll 78 as a cylin The manner in which heat exchanger cores are con drical contact core, another adhesive applicator 80, simi structed by the present method is best illustrated in Fig lar to applicator . 67, is placed at foe end of foe oven. ures 6. and 7. ' As there shown; the starting material is Its applying roll 81, applies an adhesive to foe underside in the form of a roil 46 of commercial asbestos paper. IS of the composite sheet 77, so foe various layers of the One. preferred material is six pound asbestos paper, .015 composite sheet within the roll 78 are glued to each other, inch thick having an asbestos stock fiber and a sulphite and such roll can be used .as a cylindrical contact core, and starch binder constituting approximately 7% by or may be sawed to different lengths for use as shorter weight of .'the paper; the remaining 93% being pure as contact cores. bestos fibers which run lengthwise of the paper. 20 It is to be understood that roll 81 is omitted when it The paper is fed .from roll 46 through guiding rollers is desired to subsequently unwind roll' 50 to produce 47 and undere rollers 48 mounted within bath 50. This cores of a rectangular cross section. Roll 81 is also bath contains'an initially soluble phenolic resin, prefer omitted when it is desiredto make a cylindrical core which ably a phenol formaldehyde condensation product, com is held in assembled relationship by a mechanical means, mercially known as Bakelite, dissolved in isopropyl alco 25 such as tie bands. More specifically, such a core is hol in the proportion of two parts of phenolic resin to formed by winding composite sheet 77 convolutely upon one part of 91% isopropyl alcohol. itself to form a cylinder of foe desired diameter. The The absorption of the phenolic resin solution in the material is then held in this cylindrical shape by applying asbestos paper is controlled by the squeezing action of tie bands or bails formed of aluminum or the like around a pair of squeeze rolls 51. These rolls squeeze out a 30 foe circumference of foe cylinder. portion .of- the solution absorbed by the paper and return As a further alternative, .cuffing mechanism 82 shown it to bath 50 so as to leave a predetermined amount of in Figure 8 may be substituted for applicator roll 81 and phenolic resin absorbed in the paper. When the paper winding means 83 at foe right end of oven 76. In such reaches its final stage, later to be described, the phenolic an installation, sheet 77 leaving oven 76 is fed directly resin in the paper is between 25% and 40% by weight 35 to foe cutting mechanism 82 of Figure 8 which may in of the final product. A ratio now preferred is 34%. clude a longitudinally movable anvil 84, and a longitudi Such phenolic resin is an irreversible thermo setting com- nally and downwardly movable knife 85, which moves ound, which after the final stage is water insoluble, and down against composite sheet 77 to cut it into the desired tacts with the asbestos paper to prevent the formation lengths as determined by foe frequency of operation of of fungus slime when such product is used in a water- 40 the knife 85. The longitudinal movement of the anvil air contact core. . 84 and knife 85 is in foe same direction and at substan The impregnated sheet' 52 leaving rolls 51 enters, an tially foe same speed of travel as composite sheet 77, so oven 53 where, foe. phenolic resin within the paper, is that there is no relative movement between these ele heated and cufed.to a. "B7 stage,, foe paper remaining in ments. Such cutting mechanism, per se, are well known a relatively flexible condition. For example, in one in 45 in the art and need not be further described. stallation, foe paper remains approximately three minutes The composite sheet 77 leaving the oveu 76 is shown in the oven and.is heated to a temperature of 285" F. in enlarged scale, in Figures 9 and 10. The corrugated After foe paper leaves oven S3, it passes through pinch sheet 74 and the uncorrugated sheet 72 which entered rolls 54 and thereafter, passes guiding rolls 55. Finally, oven 76 are now indicated by the numerals 74a and 72a the impregnated sheet is rolled into a roll 56 in which 50 respectively in Figures 9 and 10. The right angled rela form it can be stored for future use in foe method as tionship of foe ridges formed by the asbestos fibers at the disclosed in Figure 7. surface, with respect to the corrugation 86 of the Rolls 56 are used as a starting material for foe process paper 75d, is apparent in these enlarged figures. The. steps disclosed in Figure 7. One such roll 56 is rotata ridge3 increase the relative surface area of the paper and bly mounted in any suitable manner at 57. Another 55 hence the film of water wetting foe paper, and also insure roll 58 which is preferably but not necessarily of the a for '"h distribution of the water as it descends through same weight and texture and impregnated and cured in foe me core. The composite sheet 77 is relatively stiff and same manner as roil 56 is rotatably mounted at 60. The self-supporting and can be glued to form sub-core units 27 "B" stage sheet 61 drawn from roll 56 passes over various and cores 30 or foe modified sub-cores and cores as do- guiding rolls 62, and then passes through the hot corru 60 scribed above. gating rolls 63, where the paper is corrugated and the Having described my invention I claim: resin is partially set. The rolls preferably are maintained 1. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combina at 350* F. to 400 F. The paper, which is corrugated tion with the elements of such an apparatus of a contact to form 2 to 8 corrugations per running inch leaves core and means for passing a gas and liquid through said the rolls 63 and passes over a support roll 64. 65 core in intimate contact with one another, said core com Meanwhile, foe impregnated sheet 65, leaving the roll prising a plurality of composite sheets adhered together 58, passes under guiding roll 66 and travels over an ad side by side, each of said composite sheets comprising two hesive applicator 67 which includes an applying roll 68, asbestos sheets, one of said asbestos sheets being corru a dipping roll 70 and an adhesive container 71. The gated, the other being substantially planar, each of said cement or ahesive in container 71 may be a polyvinyl ace- 70 sheets being impregnated with a phenolic resin heated and ite adhesive, or a phenolic resin glue of any suitable cured in foe sheet to an advanced stage of thermo setting. type. The paper with foe adhesive applied thereto, and 2. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combina now indicated by the numeral 72, passes around roil tion with the elements of such an apparatus of a contact 73 and over support roll 64. Sheet 72 passes between roll 64 and foe corrugated sheet 74 and is pressed against 75 core and means for passing a gas and liquid through said core in intimate contact with one another, said contact 'irwin 2,080,379 78 core comprising a plurality of asbestos sheets disposed said core in intimate contact with one another, said core side by side and impregnated with thermally set phenolic comprising sheets of asbestos paper approximately .015 resin, alternate sheets of said core being corrugated to inch thick impregnated with a thermally set phenolic form a plurality of parallel passageways through said resin, said sheets being alternately corrugated and planar core, and the asbestos fibers in the said asbestos sheets (T and being secured in assembled relationship to form a being oriented at substantially right angles to the passage plurality of vertical passageways through, the core of the ways to form ridges within the passageways. size for the flow of gas and liquid therethrough. 3. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combina 8. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combi tion with the elements of such an apparatus of a contact nation with die elements of such an apparatus of a con core and means fen passing a gas and liquid through said Ht tact core and means for passing a gas and liquid through core in intimate contact with one another, said core com said core in intimate contact with one another,, said core, prising sheets of asbestos paper impregnated with a phe comprising, a mass consisting essentially. of paper ar nolic resin, said sheets being alternately corrugated and ranged in plies, at least some of the plies being corru planar and being secured in assembled relationship to gated, and the .corrugations of such plies being arranged form a plurality of vertical passageways through the core IS in parallel- alignment, and the corrugations of the corru of the size for the flow of gas and liquid therethrough. gated plies cooperating with an adjacent ply to- form pas 4. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combina sageways extending continuously from an upper surface tion with the elements of such an apparatus of a contact of the mass to a lower surface of the mass through which core and means for passing a gas and liquid through said passageways liquid and gas may flow in contact with one core in intimate contact with one another, said core com 20 another, the said plies being constituted of thin asbestos- prising sheets of asbestos paper impregnated with a phe fiber paper, the said paper being impregnated with a resin nolic resin, the surface of said sheets substantially retain bonding together the asbestos fibers of which the paper ing the surface roughness of the asbestos paper prior to is made, thereby rendering the paper physically inert to impregnation, said sheets being alternately corrugated and liquid to which said mass is exposed during use, but with planar and being secured in assembled relationship to 25 the surfaces of the corrugations of said paper conform form a plurality of vertical passageways through the core ing substantially to the surface texture of conventional of the size for the Sow of gas and liquid therethrough. unimpregnated asbestos paper, whereby the fibers rela 5. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combina tively exposed at the surfaces of said asbestos paper tion with the elements of such an apparatus of a contact present obstructions to films of liquid Sowing over such core and means for passing a gas and liquid through said 30 surfaces and thereby promote the wettability of the sur core in intimate contact with one another, said core com faces of said corrugations by said liquid to increase the prising sheets of asbestos paper impregnated with a resin, exposure of the liquid flowing through said passageways said sheets substantially displaying the surface roughness to gas also flowing through said passageways. of the unimpregnated asbestos paper, whereby the sur faces of said sheets are wettable and are effective to retard 35 References Cited in the file of this patent liquid Sow, said sheets being alternately corrugated and planar and being secured in assembled relationship to UNITED STATES PATENTS form a plurality of vertical passageways through the core 639,523 Chapin____________ ------- Dec. 19, 1899 of the size for the flow of gas and liquid therethrough. 6. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combina 40 869,747 941,605 Starr ---------Oct 29, 1907 Baekeland_________ - - Nov. 30, 1909 tion with the elements of such an apparatus of a contact 1,695,912 Brown_____________ -------- Dec. 18, 1928 core and means for passing a gas and liquid through 2,035,970 MacDdowie_______ - _ Mar, 31, 1936 said core in intimate contact with one another, said' core 2,104,060 Spafford ___________ -----------Jan. 4, 1938 comprising sheets of asbestos paper impregnated with a 2,231,088 Richardson________ --------Feb. 11, 1941 thermally set phenolic resin, die surface of said sheets 45 2,434,466 substantially retaining the surface roughness of said un 2,609,314 Marc_____________ Engel et al.________ ---------- Sept. 2, 1952 impregnated asbestos paper, said sheets being config 2,661,197 Norman---------------------------- Dec. 1, 1953 urated and secured in assembled relationship to form a 2,793,017 Lake------------------------------May 21, 1957 plurality of vertical passageways through the core of die 2,809,81* Munters--------------------- _ Oct 15, 1957 size for the flow of gas and liquid therethrough. 50 7. In a gas and liquid contact apparatus, the combi- FOREIGN PATENTS ___Tea with the elements of such an apparatus of a con 550,561 Great Britain______--------- Jan. 14, 1943 tact core and means for passing a gas and liquid through 571,510 Great Britain____ _