Document 15r9BB833e9YK0pr5EmnYD08d

MAY/JUNE 1968 INSULATION DIRECTORY/ ENCYCLOPEDIA ISSUE ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS CONSTANTS EQUIVALENTS CONVERSION - TABLES | GLOSSARY FORMULAS ASSOCIATIONS CONCEPTS APPLICATIONS MATERIALS | WIRE & CABLE CIRCUITS- PARTS ' ' COMPONENTS * TEST INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT j MANUFACTURERS DISTRIBUTORS TRADE NAMES STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS NUMBER 6 i SC-ELEC-04200 ;*T 3__ PRODUCT INFORMATION Section 3-3: Fibrous Products: Fibers; Yams; Cords; f" ___ nwines; Lacing Tapes; and Untreated Felts. Mats. wen. Tapes, and Fabrics Veu? Developments V'' libers made from inorganic boron Stride are available. The material is jd to be chemically inert, abrasive istant, dielectrically strong, to jthstand temperatures in inert at- ihere up to 2482C and in oxidizatmosphere to 92?C, and to pro- de a good strength to density ratio ibich offers a wide variety of possible implications since boron nitride can :ow take the form of thread, paper, rtile, and composite reinforcements, is immune to attack by roost organic ilvents and roost corrosive agents, 'ensiie strength is over 200.000 psi .gJJind modulus of elasticity is 13.000,15g000 psi- It is white in appearance and .si^jas a silk-like texture. In addition to desirable electrical insulation and re eforcing properties, it is suggested as effective shield for radiation. The velopment was announced by The rborundum Co. ^ A new family of high performance finishes for fiber glass fabrics used in reinforcing plastics requiring long term wet strength retention has been developed by J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc. Called the S900-series. the new fin ishes are claimed to be useful with polyester, epoxy, and phenolic resins and to make obsolete prior finishes such as Volan, S550, and A1100. A pilot evaluation of the finishes for electrical high pressure laminates and low pressure applications in the air craft and aerospace field has been successfully completed. ^ "Nomex" polyamide fibers, which had been considered difficult to dye. are now available in a line of heat resistant colors which withstand ex posure to 204C for 200 hours mini mum with little or no color change, according to the Industrial Yam Div,, Belding Corticelli. The yarns are used for sewing, braiding, identification. and insulation. ^ Two lines of non-woven fabrics prepared from "Nomex" high tem perature resistant nylon have been introduced by the .Fiber Products Div., The Kendall Co. One is a thick, lofty materia! made by mechanical entanglement without addition .of binders. The other is said to be a thin, tough web held together with a high temperature binder system. Both types may be saturated with com patible resins or combined with other components to make composite insu lation. ^ According to J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc., there is increasing usage of high purity quartz yarn in braided insulation for thermocouple wire, high temperature hook-up wire, space sep arators, coaxial cables, and various heating elements. ^4*t6or Credit* Thil entire tection wet tietf pre- - pered. In the first portion of this section arious terms are explained while in he middle portion the various fibers commonly used in electrical insulation materials are briefly described and evaluated. The last portion covers the forms which are available" such as cords, tapes, fabrics, etc. Note that only untreated forms (except cords and lacing tapes) which are not de scribed elsewhere are included in this section. For example, braided sleevings appear in section 3-6, treated fabrics in section 3-7, pressure sensi tive cloth tapes in section 3-9, etc. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF TEEMS There are two forms of fibers-- staple fibers which are the short fibem such as those of cotton, and filament fibers which are long strands such as Section Fibrous Yams. Cnrrls. Tapes. Mats. Fabrics 71 6' %^ s- . l those of many man-made fibers and silk. Yarn construction can be varied according to actual fiber or fibers used, whether the fiber is staple or filament, staple length, size, weight, amount of twist, number of plies, etc. Spun yarns are produced by cleaning, paralleling, attenuating, and twisting staple fibers into yarn by spinning. Tensile properties of a spun yarn are determined both by the fiber used and bv the degree of frictional adherence provided by the nature of the fiber and the twisting effect. Spun yams wear well and offer good flexibility because individual fibers can move within tbe yam construction. They also generally are characterized by a good bulking factor and absorption. The cotton system is used for spun yam sizes--it is the number of 840yard hanks per pound. From a weight and bulk standpoint, filament yarns normally have better tensile proper ties than spun yams but they do not compare in absorption and adherence, although these latter properties can be improved by construction. Tbe denier system is used for many filament yams--it is the number of grams per 9000 meters of length {in practice, the number of half-decigrams per 450meter skeins). A filament yam denier is the equivalent of 5315 divided by the cotton yam number. To achieve the advantages of each, spun yarns and filament yarns may be twisted to gether into p/ied yarns and plied yams may be twisted into tabled yarns. In woven tapes and fabrics, the yams which run lengthwise of the fabric are known individually as ends and collectively as the warp. The yarns running widthwise of the fabric are identified individually as picks and collectively as the filling. In woven materials the most com mon type of weave is the plain weave or taffeta weave in which each warp varn alternately goes over or under each filling yarn. This type of weave can be very tightly woven and gen erally permits sufficient stretch to con form well to irregular surfaces, the degree of conformobility depending, of course, on the actual weave con struction. In twill weaves, each warp yam goes over two or more filling yarns, with the interlacing advancing one pick on successive warps. Satin weaves have fewer interlacings than plain weaves. The interfacings are regularly spaced in satin weaves, Lena is a variation of a plain weave--it is an open, net-like weave with the warps interlocked to prevent slippage. Of course, many weave variations are possible. Mai or matting is a non-woven ma terial in which there is an oriented or random distribution of the fibers (generally, except with chopped strand glass mat the production process used may involve some parallelizing of the fibers but theoretically, if perfect random distribution were possible, the strength would be equal in all directions). Bonding agents or resins are frequently used by the mat pro ducers to achieve bonding together of the fibers and facilitate further proc essing into other forms by converters. Lap is a felted form designed for recarding into a more refined felted material. It is a parallel collection of ribbon-like felted slivers. Slivers are the stranded fibers as they come from the carding or combing machines. Felt is made of matted fibers which have been worked into a compact ma terial by rolling and pressure. Bond ing agents or resins are generally used. Roving is a collection of carded fibers rubbed into a single soft and bulky strand without twist or a sliver which has been drawn out and slight ly twisted. In the case of glass, roving is a collection of continuous filament untwisted strands into a single bulky strand. FIIEK5 Aeetata Acetate fibers are cellulose based fibers in filament form characterized by high dielectric strength and a di electric constant of about 5.0 at 60 cps and 50% RH. Cellulose acetate is a non-corrosive material which per mits its use in contact with delicate conductors. It is resistant to trans former oils, weak acids, weak alkalies, salt water, and most ordinary varnish solvents such as naphtha, toluol, and alcohol. There has been some mention of the use of acetate fibers in varnished fabrics but the primary electrical ap plication appears to be in the form of woven cloth for pressure sensitive elec trical tapes because of non-corrosive ness. Some use as woven tapes for coil wraps is also reported, as well as a yarn serving on wires. A related material developed from acetate and tradenamed "Fortisan," Chemically inert, high temperature resistant boron nitride. The Car borundum Co. 72 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 can withstand continuous tempera tures of 316'C and up to 538^ intermittently--fusing can be accom plished by briefly heating at about 338-371C. " Raviag As previously mentioned, roving is a collection of carded fibers rubbed into a single soft and bulky strand without twist or a sliver which has been drawn out and slightly twisted, except that in the case of glass, roving is a collection of continuous filament untwisted yarns into a single bulky strand. For electrical applications, the pri mary roving materials are asbestos and glass. Ceramic fiber roving is a-so suggested for applications similar to asbestos roving but where even greater heat resistance is required. Asbestos roving is used extensively in wires where heat is involved be cause of its thermal properties. The roving is wrapped over the conductor without compacting the fibers too densely in order to retain the thermal insulation qualities. It is useful in heater cords, heat resisting fixture wires, appliance cords where heat is a problem such as toasters and irons, heating elements, shipboard cable, ere. Plain asbestos roving is a mixture of asbestos and cotton or other organic fibers. Reinforced asbestos roving has a core of cotton, nylon and cotton, glass, or other yarns to provide addi tional strength. Asbestos roving is cov ered by ASTM D-375-59, Specifica tions for Asbestos Roving for Elec trical Purposes, with Methods of Test for; and military specification MIL-I- 3053C. ' Glass roving is widely used in re inforced plastics. Both standard rov ings and chopped strand can be sup plied. Some of the plastics applications include use of glass roving at the edges of large plastic products to pro vide extra edge strength; in molding compounds; and in plastic rod stock. Fused silica or quartz roving is used for plastics reinforcement and filament winding. Lap Lap is a fire resistant, untwisted, ribbon-like form of asbestos felt made from slivers of asbestos fiber blended with cotton or other organic fibers. It is used as a wrapping on wire and cable in the same manner as asbestos roving. Falls aad Mats Felts and mat-like materials are non-woven products with either ori ented or randomly distributed fibers permitting strength, conformability, and stretchability to be fairly well equalized in all directions or accen tuated in a desired direction. Strength of an otherwise weak web is increased by inclusion of binder {which may be a homogenous fiber or resinous in nature) or by combination with a carrier. Practically any fibrous mate rial can be supplied in mat or felt form but for electrical uses, the com mon types are asbestos mat and felt, glass mat, and polyester mat. A per centage of binding agents such as fibers, starch, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyester resins, or silicone resins is generally used. Asbestos felts have been used to some extent for wire and cable insula tion. They are also used in prepregs and as a base for laminated plastics. Asbestos felts and glass cloth rein forced asbestos mats are generally available treated with asphalt, poly vinyl acetate, silicone, and polytetra- fluoroethvlene resins in sheeting and tape forms for electrical insulation. The primary electrical use for glass mat is as base reinforcing material for rigid plastic laminates (see section 3-14). , Non-woven polyester mats can be manufactured from 100% polyester fibers without the use of adhesives or similar binding agents--thermoplas tic polyester fibers can be used for bonding purposes by means of a hot calendering process. A large variety of thicknesses and weights are avail able. These mats reportedly have bet ter moisture and temperature resist ance than cellulosic paper and woven cotton fabrics and are more flexible and conformable than woven glass. The felt-like construction is said to permit excellent penetration of ins- pregnants. In tape form, the un treated plain mat can be used for hand taping of irregularly shaped coils. To increase lengthwise tensile strength for machine taping wor the mat can be reinforced with cos tinuous polyester filaments runnir lengthwise in parallel (no adhesi' used). Light polyester woven fabri can also be used for reinforcemei. The mat is used in various coraposi insulation constructions such as a ca rier for flexible manufactured mb products and the polyester mat/poi ester film/polyester mat sandwich' --the latter composite can be mat without adhesives and can be sm plied plain or with a treatment sm as an epoxy coating. Mats with var ous fuliy cured varnish treatments epoxy coatings are available as wi as a semi-cured epoxy construct^ which can be cured in place to for a void-free moisture barrier. App: cations for these products inciu> motor slot insulation, phase and lav insulation, lead wire insulation, a> outer wraps. Cords, Twines, and Lacing Tapes Cords and lacing tapes are d; cussed together because their applic tions are so similar--they both a used for tying down insulation at windings, lashing-of motor coils a: transformer windings, banding armatures and commutators, holdis leads in position, wire and cal harnessing, and general electron lacing work. In addition, cords m. be used for space filling and sepat tion purposes. Cords are yams whi< have been twisted or plied together weaker fibrous cords may use anoth type of fibrous yarn for reinfon ment. Lacing tapes are braided woven. There are also some rour braided cords. Fibers commonly used in electrii cords and lacing tapes include cottr glass, nylon, and polyester. Asbesti polytetrafluoroethylene, silica, at vinyl cords are also available. Cor and tapes may be treated in vario ways to improve properties such abrasion resistance, knotting streng' flame resistance, fungus resistan' handling, fray resistance, hold! ability at high temperatures, e Treatments include wax, oil, nprene, vinyl, silicone, polyester, v nish, polytetrafluoroethylene, rubb sizing, etc. A glass cord impregnated with 80 Insulation Directory /Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 ured high temperature epoxy resin ufcci for commutator string bands. ;cine. and tying. The resin prevents ;lass abrasion during handling and irovides extra toughness and bondBg strength after curing. The 100% polyester mats described .j^^jjgviouslv can also be slit into tape tSS^nd subsequently twisted into twines t-r-jjKflitable for coil tying applications. 'fTp this form, they have excellent knot ^gtrength and abrasion resistance and aiTe compatible with resin impregnaj0n svstems. lit- Tvnical types of cords and lacing jypjcai Cords Onq Lacing Tap*;* Description Nom. Dimen., Inch Break Sir.. Lbs. plain asbestos, unsized Plain asbestos, sized Cotton cable laid Cotton cable laid Flax cable laid Glass, untreated Glass cord, uncufed epoxy 1/16 3/32 1/64 ' 13 1% 3/64 .077 1/16 108 50 307 100" Glass, neoprene treated Glass, vinyl coaled Glass, fiat braid, vinyl coated .085 .065 080X.010 250 176 50 Glass, fiat braio. silicone treatec flat braid. PTFE treatec Glass, braidec cord. PTFE treated :: .080X.010 3/32x.012 .045 50 65 45 Nylon, flat braid, waxed Nylon, flat braio. syn- tneuc rubber Polyester, flat braid 3/32X.012 ,090x.0125 3/32x.012 50 50 50 Polyester, flat braid, waxed Polyester, flat braid, synthetic rubber PTFE. flat braid ;i : -035X.005 ; 1 .220X.014 .025X.014 4 145 10 PTFE, round twist, synthetic rubber PTFE, flat braid. silicone finish PTFE. flat braid, pre-sbrunk Silica, flat braid Silica cord Vinyl, round Vinyl, souare Vinyl, rectangular j .010 4 HOx.011 ! i .031X.023 1 090X.017 33 15 45 ; .090 10 ! 1 /32 : 7.5 \ 1/8x118 - 49.6 | 1/16x3/16 37.2 Note that a variety ot sizes anti treatments not listed in table are available. Breaking strength values shown are minimum or average. Tempera ture limits are generally determined by the fiber, treatment, and application. Cured strength is 210 lbs. tapes; are shown in the table. Wow* Top Although this portion rs primarily concerned with untreated woven tapes, the availability of a parallel strand cotton tape should be mentioned since it is used for similar coll winding purposes. The parallel strands arc bonded together with a special ad hesive but this treatment is strictly for bonding purposes and not for im provement of other properties as is the case with treated tapes covered in other sections. The most common tapes for elec trical insulation are woven from cot- ASTM Phyiftel far Cotton Tope ; [ Thick'ASTM ness. T ype 1 Inches Total Picks Min. ! Breaking Width, Ends Per Inch Yds. 1 Strength, Inches |(Warp)i (Filling) Per Lb iMin. Lbs. Recommended ^ arn N umlKTs i K 36 36 350 ! 25 20 0 \Wi> A-l .005 X 56 36 270 30 38/1 Filling j 3 7 'i 36 200 40 ; h 36 36 290 | 23 i X 56 36 190 30 A-2 .007 1 "O 36 140 | 40 20/1 Warp IK 92 36 110 j 50 30/1 Filling IK 108 36 90 i 60 1 K 36 28 300 ; 25 : H 56 28 200 A-3 .007 l - n 28 150 IK 90 28 120 30 40 , 20/1 Warp 50 ; 30/] Filling IK 108 28 100 60 : K 52 40 220 40 i X 76 40 j 150 B-l .013 1 100 40 ! 115 65 85 i 0/1 Warp IK 135 40 85 115 j 30/1 Filling IK 148 . 40 75 130 ; B-2 .020 K X 1 IK IK 40 60 80 100 120 40 no 40 93 40 : 70 40 i 55 40 ; 45 so ; 75 1 300 20/2 Warp 125 i 20/1 Filling 150 j K 60 40 ; no 60 ! K 80 40 i 90 75 j C-l .030 1 100 40 j 70 IK | 132 j 40 j O-O- IK 1 150 ! 40 ! 45 90 115 140 I 20/2 Warp | 20/1 Filling 1 "A" indicate! plain weave; "F" is herringbone weave fat teas: jingle point tisill, two up and two downj; and "C" is non-eiastic weave. Thick- ness, Inch .0035 .005 Width, inch h H K 1 IK IK K H X 1 IK IK FoJy**ter Fiber Tape Total Ends Picks Per Inch 50 72 62 75 100 *4 125 150 50 72 62 41 75 * 100 125 150 41 Break. Strength. Lbs. 30 37 45 60 75 90 30 37 45 60 75 90 Norn. Yds./ Lb 600 480 400 300 240 200 600 480 400 300 240 200 Section 3-3: Fibrous ] arris. Cords. Tapes. Mats. Fabrics 8J ton, glass, and asbestos yams but woven polyester, silica, acetate, and various combinations are also avail able. Woven tapes are used for taping field and armature coils, banding wire insulation, cushioning insulation for the end turns of coils, tying and fastening purposes, coil wraps, trans former insulation, anchoring and in sulation of leads, wire and cable in sulation wraps, splice insulation, phys ical spacing, and filling of space. When tapes are applied, they can be lapped (generally one-third to onehalf), edge butted (which might take more time), or spaced (which provides only physical spacing). In order to reduce labor time, it is important to alwavs use the widest tape width pos sible when applying tape wraps but it should be rememembered that nar row tape widths provide the smoothest wrap for tiny or sharply curved coils and components. Selection of proper tape material, weave, width, thickness, construction, etc., should be determined by the re quirements of the application--factors to be considered include tensile strength, machine or hand wrapping, heat resistance, cushioning, tear strength, elongation, conformability, ability to be impregnated, and com patibility with other materials in the insulation system. It is possible to slit tape from woven cloth sheeting but very little of this type is used because of poor tear strength and raveling. Woven tapes generally are woven to the width de sired with a selvage edge--this type of edge is obtained by weaving the warp yams closer together at the edge in order to increase tear strength and prevent raveling. Woven asbestos tape for electrical insulation is commonly called listing. Asbestos tape is generally available in both commercial and underwriters' grades in widths from V2 to 3 inches. Both ferrous and non-ferrous types are made--ferrous means that the magnetic iron in the tape does not exceed 2rf and that the total iron con tent (magnetic and chemically com bined) does not exceed 6%--non-fer rous means that the magnetic iron Joes not exceed 0.75% and the total iron content does not exceed 1.75%. Variations in construction are possi ble such as combining asbestos warp yams and cotton filling yams or re inforcing the asbestos with glass. For the asbestos fine tapes in thicknesses of .010", .015", .020", .025", and .030", underwriters' grade is stand ard. Commercial grade is used for thicknesses of 1/32", 1/16", 3/16", and y''. Other grades can be supplied on special order. Asbestos is used because of its thermal properties, flexibility, and resilience. ASTM D 315-62T. Specifications and Methods of Test for Asbestos Tape for Electrical Purposes, covers underwriters' grade tape in thick nesses from .010" to .030" and widths from yy to 2". Construction specifi cations tabulate the total ends, picks per inch, and pounds per 100 feet for each thickness and width. Cotton tapes are supplied in a vari ety of weaves, thicknesses, widths, and constructions to provide different degrees of tensile strength, tear strength, elongation, resilience, and other properties. Plain weave tapes with their excellent stretchability are used most widely but there is ah some use of herringbone weav. (twill) which are also called webbim. or staybindings. Cotton tapes read: absorb varnishes and other iropre nants. Cotton tapes are covered by AST) D 335-51. Specifications for Wove Cotton Tapes for Electrical Purpose The table shows the ASTM phvsic requirements for cotton tape. Most glass tape for electrical ins lation is woven from continuous fil. ments. the staple fibers being usonly where cushioning and resiliem are desirable. As with cotton tapes, wide variety of tape constructions a1 available. Many of these are shov in the tables. Tight weave B tapes using contin ous filament 450 varns (except 22' used in the warp in .005 and .00' thicknesses I and medium weave tapes using continuous filament 22 yarns represent constructions inti duced many years ago and are iisigned to meet military specificath MIL-Y-1140C. The B weave tapes 0 very flexible and possess rnaximu Specifications far Glass Tapes Using 7S`s ontf 750'* SingJ*! Yarnt Thickness, Inch Width, Inch Construction Warp Total Ends Filling Picks /In. Min. Av. Breaking Strength, lbs. .004A .005A .007A .010A 54 25 24 86 W 37 24 131 1 49 24 157 154 73 24 234 54 26 26 183 W 37 26 260 1 49 26 345 154 71 26 500 54 26 26 183 14 . 37 26 260 1 49 26 345 154 71 26 500 54 22 16 310 54 33 16 465 1 44 16 620 154 66 16 930 .004 B 005B .0078 54 25 30 86 14 37 30 131 1 49 30 157 154 73 20 234 54 26 34 183 14 37 34 260 1 49 34 345 154 71 34 500 54 26 34 183 14 37 34 260 1 49 34 345 154 71 34 500 Above tapes use 75`s yarns except that .005" thicknesses use 150's in filling and .004' tapes u 150's in both warp and filling. K2 insuiolinn l)ir*t{/>rv Enrvcioppthfi Isstir, )lnv jun*. t*fh6 T^^iie strength--the tight weave . ^tften makes them preferable for hand t'tapins where tension may not be tivertb' distributed across the tape ""^width. The B weave tape is the only y^ne available in a space-saving .003" * thickness. The A weave tapes using ^continuous filament 225 yarns are '-oow used to a somewhat limited ex . ten(__high tensile strength makes them suitable for most applications. 4= The medium weave C tapes were introduced after the original B and A glass tapes. The C weave tapes are moTe open weave than the B or A tapes and are made with lower cost - continuous filament 150 yarns--tenafie strength is generally slightly less than the preceding tapes but the lower cost C tapes are suitable ior many machine taping jobs. More recently, glass tapes using low cost, finer filament 150's and 75's jingles yarns were developed. These tapes are said to. offer improved pli ability, eoniormabiiity, abrasion re Balance, and ability to be thoroughly impregnated by insulating varnishes. . These tapes are suggested for replac ing the A-225 and C-150 tapes and in some cases, the B weave tapes. ASTM D-580-49 covers Standard Methods of Testing and Tolerances for Woven Glass Tapes. Glass yarns are now woven in com bination with polyester yarns for cer tain applications where some stretch 1 jj desirable. Typical physical specifications for polyester fiber tape are also tabulated, C*#tts For electrical insulation purposes, cloths and fabrics are nearly always treated or combined in some manner. They serve primarily as treated cloth . insulation materials and prepregs (see action 3-7) and as base materials for laminated plastics (see section 3-14). They re also used in composite in solations (see sections 3-8 and 3-15). Asbestos, cotton, glass, and glass/ polyester are generally used for treated fabrics but there has been ctne usage of nylon, ravon, and silk. :. Asbestos, cotton, glass, and nylon are *nmonly used for laminated plastics with limited usage of silica, polyester, ^oarli. and other man-made mate -- ***k- Much of the general informa- Thicknew. Inch .003 ,005 .007 "Glow Topes iliisg 4S0't, 225 s. or 15G* Tor** Width, Inch Total Ends Picks Per loch Approx. I'ds./ Lb. 'Min. Breaking Strength Ratin', Lbs- H X X 1 IX X X x i IX X X X 1 IX 4 Htn* 21 30 45 63 108 21 27 39 51 75 21 27 39 51 75 42 42 42 42 42 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 620 419 282 206 279 216 140 113 77 231 179 123 94 63 45 60-64 95-97 135 190-232 125-129 146-166 244-249 313-335 459-477 125-120 148-366 239-244 333-335 459-477 .005 X 24 35 258 100-106 X 32 35 185 135-142 1 42 35 140 160-175 IX 62 35 95 250 1$ 05 2.0 .007 X 24 32 179 130-361 X 32 32 128 175-215 1 42 32 97 IX 62 32 67 370-43 8 ,010 X 16 21 133 160-233 X 24 21 89 250-321 1 32 21 68 350-428 IX 48 21 45 550-662 .015 X X 1 IX 14 20 26 40 16 16 16 16 95 230-319 66 320-420 50 440-593 33 660-833 0.005 X X 1 IX 24 32 42 62 29 29 29 29 0.007 X X 1 IX 24 32 42 62 29 29 29 29 0.010 X X 1 IX 16 24 32 48 23 21 21 21 0.013 X X 1 IX 14 20 26 40 16 16 16 16 0.020 X X 1 11 IS 21 14 14 34 IX 31 14 0.025 X X 1 IX 20* 30' 40' 62' 14 14 14 14 90-114 124-152 158-200 232-295 114-132 152-177 200-232 295-342 165 249 332 497 207-254 296-376 386-490 593-752 253-334 34S-464 485-632 713-962 450-608 690-912 920-1216 3426-1833 *1mended as a guide and noi jm establishing specifications. "Tight weave H quality tape uses 450's yarns except that .005 and .007" thicknesses use 225's in warp. Medium weave A quality uses 225's yarns. Medium weave C quality uses ISO's yarns. Section 3-3: Fibrous Yarns. Cards. Tunes. Mars. Fahrirs 83 tion riven for woven tapes would also apply to fabrics such as strength, flex ibility. resilience, stretchability. etc. AdknowledgmMtf The editors are indebted to the following persons who have reviewed, commented on, or made suggestions for improving this sec tion.- Don W. Lyon, Johns-Manville Fiber Glass Inc., Toledo, Ohio; Horace L. Free man, Carolina Narrow Fabric Co.. WinstonSalem, N.C.; J. A. Bettes. Jr,, Asbestos Textile Div., Raybestos.Manhattaq, Inc.. Manheim. Pa.; Walter Koval and Gary R. Squires, Haveg Industries Inc., Wilmington, Del.; P. N. Dan gel and Robert N'evins, Fiber Products Div., The Kendall Co.. Walpoie. Mass.; C. P. Slenk, Refractories & Electronics Div.. The Carborundum Co.. Ni agara falls. N.Y.; Hugh Shulock, Indus trial Glass Fabrics Dept., J. P. Stevens & Co.. Inc,, New York, N.Y.; and Arnold Freedman, Synthetic Thread Co., Inc.. Bethlehem, Pa. Cp4i, Sgi--*. omd Laoimg or Ty**g Taptit Treated aa4 Untreated Asbestos (3, 18, 42. 60, 61, 67) Ceramic {<, if 52. $4| Cotton (6, 8. (3, 17, 18. 35, 78 81) Rat (8 17, 22) Glass (9 18, 32. 34. 39. 43, S3. 57. 67. 6&. 70 71. 74. 77. 8!. 82. 83) Paper (13. 18. 46, 49, 65, 74) Potvamioe (heat resistant rvoe traaenamed "hiemex") (8. 9. 13. 15 18 36, 49 7l, 77) Po+vamide (nylon) (6. 8. 10 18, 22. 34 41 69 7l 77) Polvester (4 8, 13. (5. 17, 18, 22. 36. 4!. 53 69 7i 77 79, 81) Polvterrafluoroethvlene (2, 8. 30. 13 18. 19, 22. 36 41 49 77, 79) Silica (36. 37 40. 6? 68, 73) Vinvi (12. 18. 22. 36. 4f. 53, 58. 59 68 80. 82) Rovmg and Lap Asbestos (3. 42, 60. 61) Ceramic (4. 14, 54) Glass (21. 43. 44. 55. 57 67, 81) Polvamibe {heat resistant type tradenames 'Nomex'1) (45) Poiveste' U&) Ouarir (34 44. 67. 73) Slice (33. 37 40. 44. 6?) Mats and Felts. Untreated Asbestos (3, 5. 60. 61) Ceramic {*, 14, 54) Cotton (5, 28 45. 56) Glass (24. 29. 43. SS 62 67 . 81) Polyamide (heat resistant type tradenamec 'Nomex") (4S) Polyester (20. 26. 45. 51. 56 81) Polypropylene (45, 56. 65) Ouertj {34. 67, 73) Silica (37. 40. 67) SUPPLIER DIRECTORY LISTING Wove* Topes. Ue+teoted end Non*Adhnsiv* Acetate (18. 53. 67, 69. 78! Asbestos {3. 7. 18. 42, 60 61) Ceramic (14) Cotton (II 15. 18. 30. 35 53 69. 75) Glass (7. 15. 18. 21, 30 39. <2. 53, 60 66. 67) Giess/osbestos (7. 18. 42. 67) Giass/polyester (7. 15. 18. 39. 67) Polyamide (heat resistant type tradenamed "Nomex") (IS, 69) Polyester (7. IS. 18 20 53 69. 78) Quart* (15. 34, 67. 73) Silica (37, 40, 67) NOTE: Numbers in porenlhelas fallowing each oroduct covered in this section correspond with the numbers shown in front of each supplier of products fisted here (thus indicating which firms supply the product concerned). Only company names are listed here--see Port *. section *-1. for addresses of suppliers. Boid face type indicates ad vertisers--advertisers' listing at back of book for page numbers oi advertisements. Products Covered in this Section Rber*. Threads, cud/or Itsmi (Plaits or Cnated) Acetate (8. 16. 23. 2S. 53. 64. 49. 78) Asbestos (3, 33, 38. 42, 4$, 60, 61, 67) Ceramic 114, 52, 54) Cotton (5, 8. 13. 15, 17. 33 53. 59 81) Fused ouam (3*. 47, 71. 73) Glass (13. 24, 3Z, 3J, 43, 51. S3. 57, 67. 62. 7Q. ?l. 72. 81, 83) Polyamide (nylon) (l, 5. 8. 23 36 64 69 71) Polyamide ('Heat resistant Woe traoenameo Nome*") (8 13. 23. 33. 35, 69. 71) Polyester (5. $. 13. 16, 17, 23. 25. 33 34. 53. 53, 64. 69. 71. 78. 81) Polypropylene (5, 8. 17, 53. 55. 59. 71) Polytetrafluoroethyiene (2, 5. 8, 13, !?, 23. 27, 34. 69) Rpvon [8. J?, 33 64 69 81) Silica (37, 51, 67) Cloth end Febrit. Untreated end Nee-Adhesive Acetate (18. 53, 67) Asbestos p. 7, 18. 42. 60, 61, 67) Asbestos/glass (3) Asbejtos/polyester (3) Ceramic {(4) Cotton (18. 45. 50 .53. 67. 81) Giass (7, 18, 21. 29, 42. 50. 53. 6?. 81) Polvamipe (Nylon) (IB, 45, 67) Polvamide (heat resistant type tradenamed "Nomex") (18. 45. 67) Polyester (18. 20. 45. 47, 53. 67) Poiyesterypiess (18, 50 53. 67) Polypropylene ()S. 45. 47, 53, 65, 67) Quert2 (34, 67, 73) Ravon (16, 45, 50. 67) Silica 07. 40 67) Suppliers of Preceding Produets 1-- Allied Chemical Corp. 2-- Amerco Inc., Tetraduor Div. J--AMERICAN ASBESTOS TEXTILE CORP. 4--Aremco Products Inc, 5-- ARVET CORP., LAMCOTE DfV. 6-- Tne Atkins & Peerce Mfg. Co. 7-- Atlas Asbestos Co.. Seai-TTte Mfg. Co.. Div. 8-- BELDING-CORTICELLI, INDUSTRIAL YARN DIV. *--SEN71EY-HARRJS MFG. CO. 84. Insulation Dirrctnrv 'Encyclopedia Issue, Mny June, 1966 K^-Blrnoach fteolg Co . inc. n--Bo-Buck M:lis Inc. !2--7tie Boraen Co., The Boroen Chemical Co., Div, BORDEN CHEMICAL CO., MYSTlK tape div. h--The Carooruncum Co.. Reiractone* & Electronics Div. is--Carolina narrow fabric co. fa--Cetanese Corp.. Ceienese Hastics Co.. Din . 1?--Chadwick Yam Co. 13--Chase & Sons, Inc. 19-- -Chempiatt tnc. 20-- Chevron Chemical Co.. Oronite Oiv. 21-- Clark-Schwebel Fiber Glass Coro. 22--OaovrA iectron/cs & Cable Coro. 23--E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS * CO.. (INC.) 2*--The Eaaie-Picher Co. 25-- Eastman Chemical Products. Inc.. Suos'oiery oi Eastman Kodat Co26-- The Eaton-D`kemn Co. 27-- Entio Co-d. 2^-FaOncon Products 29-- Fiber Glass mousmes. Inc. 30-- Flbe- Mfg. Co. 32-- GENERAL CABLE CORP 33-- Generaf Electric Co-, fnfuraring Mete^iab Oepr. 3a--General Electric Co., lamp Glass Dept. 35-- General Primed String Co. 36-- Gvdeorod Bros. Silk Co., Inc. 37-- Have? Industries, Inc., Sil-Temp Materials D 38-- Hecmoft M-inei Ltd. 19--HESS, GOLDSMITH l CO.. HORACE LINK DIV. 40-- HitcO. Materials Div. 41-- icore Industries 42-- JOHNS-MANVILLE 43-- Johns-ManvUie Fiber Glass Inc. **--Kautman Glass Co. 45-- THE KENDALL CO,, FIBER PRODUCTS DIV 46-- Kratelt Co. 47-- Kressifk Products. Inc. 48-- Laie Asbestos of Quebec Ltd. 49-- John A. Manning Paper Co. 5C^*-Mnljlcen Industrials Inc., Exeter D!v. 51--3M CO. 52-- Mitronics. Inc. 53-- Mutuai Industries, Columbia Electrical Tap Div. 54-- National Bervllla Corp. 5^--Owenj-Cormng Fiberglos Corp., Fibergias Inoustrial Materials Div. 56-- Mellon Coro., InduslWal Div. 57-- Pittsburgh Plate Giass Co., Fiber Glass 0i>. 58-- Plastic Extrusion & Engineering Co., Inc. 59-- Plymouth Rubber Co.. Inc, 60-- H. K. PORTER CO.. INC,, THERMOlO 01V 61-- RAYIESTOSvMANHATTAN, INC., ASBESTC TEXTILE DIV. 62-- Relchhold Chemicals. Inc. 63-- Rieael Paper Corp., Industrial Films Div. 64-- Robison Ravon Co., Inc., Atlantic Yarns D 6&--Schlighter Products Co. 66-- Smooth On Mfa. Co.. Inc. 67-- J. P. STEVENS 1 CO.. INC.. INDUSTRIAL GLASS FABRICS OEPT. 68-- SUFL6X CORP. 69-- SYNTHETIC THREAD CO., fNC, WIRE i CABLE DIV. 70-- laconic Plastics 71-- JONATHAN TEMPLE t CO., INC. fADV) INSULATIVE FIBRE GLASS YARNS Custom Quality and Service JONATHAN TEMPLE & C< See page 79 7?--Tensol'rte Insulated Wire Co., inc.. Subs O' Carlisle Corp, 73--Thermal American Fused Quart* Co. 7<--. W. Twitgftell. Inc. 7^-Uriiteo Shoe Machinery Corp. 76-- VARFLEX CORP., VARFLEX SALES CO. DIV. 77-- Western Filament Corp. 78-- Wm. E. Wright & Sons Co., Trtmte* Int 79-- Trj.Point Industries, Inc. 8D--The Borden Chemical Co.. Resinite Western Operations 8t--CPS Inoustries, Inc., Ripco Products D 82--Efectra Insulation Corp. 93--OOOGE FIBERS CORP.