Document 15qkXqGyG8VQRwe4rGwJjEraa

The voice of an industry nv contemporary survey of the gen component of our age. ^ hat puts it all A eral populace as to the use of lead together? Solder, says our story on today is apt to reveal more ignorance Page 14. than enlightenment. A major use of lead, one finds, is in lead pencils. For those who have leisure time bv the sea, lead fishing line sinkers rank high on the list of application. Even for the informed, an aw areness of the continuing range of lead utility and application in our society needs to be refreshed. This issue of LEAD Magazine typically represents this con tinuing change and range of application. Energy conservation is a central pre occupation of our time as we come to accept the concept of limited natural re sources. The use of the vast energy poten tial of the sun and wind challenges the engineering imagination. With this chal lenge goes the problem of storing the power of these fickle sources. Will leadacid batteries play a role? We think it likely. See articles on Pages 4-5. Lead has For a dramatic re\ieu of this movint target of application, LIA's new awardwinning film. "Lead in Motion" is . pecially to be recommended. The him explores the multiple applications of this basic metal from the point of view of energy. The primary theme of the him is that lead is a universal product with many known, as well as potential, uses. The role lead batteries plav in powering electric industrial materials handling equipment, as well as lightweight trucb , used to pick up and deliver mail, pack-. ages and industrial products is shown, j Other applications include lead's use in? controlling noise and X-rav radiation,] as well as the metal's use for architee> tural applications and for corrosions resistant paints. been throwing its weight around for cen turies. The principle of ballast gets a The 16mm color film is 22 minuts^ long and is available free to qualified high flying application in the world's groups for viewing. "Lead in Motion f tallest tower. See story on Pages 8-9. can play an educative role in your pet's Lead in architecture is as old as the sonal and community relations program^ Romans. Yet we think the lead shim ap plication at the National Gallery in Wash For your copy write Ray Assadi, Mathj ager Association Services. Lead Indu*i ington will strike you as novel. The tries Association. Inc.. 292 Madison Avfcj printed circuit board is an indispensable New York. N.Y. 10017. ; L I A 21 5 8 I^ead: key to safe X-Ray technology ecent technological advances in the Rscience of radiology have made it -sible to accomplish a number of tasks ' at are not normall>' possible with conoptional X-ray equipment. Perhaps the ' significant of these developments 1,1 (he highly sophisticated units, called j^le-bodv scanners, that, within a mat0f minutes, can examine thin cross- -tions of tissue at various depths within ' hodv or brain and deliver a computer,t,J X-ray picture. t'ouuled with these advances continuT efforts are being made to protect both iil[ient and medical personnel from the elects of excessive exposure to radiation, phis protection is still provided by var; us forms of lead, the traditional mate al used for radiation protection. Lead is built into the equipment itself. pjr example, it is used to collimate or jjrect the X-ray beam to a specific part oi the body during the X-ray procedure. Lead also is often used to line walls, floors jnd sometimes even the ceilings of rooms ,,here both conventional and whole-body ,can equipment are used. The metal can also be found in the glass windows that permit radiologists to observe the pro ceedings. Tvpical of the new body scanners that employ lead is the unit manufactured by Pfizer .Medical Systems. Inc., Silver Spring. Md. According to a Pfizer rep resentative. the scanner's collimating as sembly is completely lead lined. Part of this assembly includes cast lead colli mator shields 1 j-in, thick which rest on top of the X-ray tubes. Alignment of the X-ray beam is achieved through two pieces of 4 s-in. cast lead. Each piece con tains an aperture through which the X-raybeam passes and focuses on the specific part of the patient's body. Cast lead is also used as a counter balance in the scanner, which rotates around the patient to focus on a specific area of the anatomv. As these examples illustrate, every ef fort is made to provide radiation protec tion through the use of lead when the scanners are in use. This precaution is extended to the rooms that house such equipment. Typical of such rooms is one at the Mayo Clinic at Rochester, Minn., which houses a scanner produced bv EMI Medical, Inc.. Xorthbrook. 111. The room has w alls containing 2 pounds per square foot l psf l lead, and i^-in. thick glass windows that are the equivalent of 4 pounds psf lead. The room's radiation protection capability was tested bv the clinic before the scanner was used. A re port on the test stated that the amount of lead in the walls is "more than ade quate for protection of personnel in the control area." Lead's traditional use in X-ray and even nuclear shielding is based upon its density. Because the metal is the most dense of any commonly available mate rial, it provides the greatest protection per unit of thickness. And because of its smooth surface, the metal does not be come readily contaminated with dirt or other material which, in turn, might become radioactive. Lead surrounds entire woruing area of new whole-body and brain scanners--lead imo'egnated clothing, lead-lined walls, leaded observation windows, ana even collimators within we scanning devices. Solar cells, wind genera There could be a sun powered home in your future he owners of all-electric homes are Tcurrently paying as much as $2,100 per year for utility charges in areas of the country such as metropolitan New York City. The result is not only a major financial problem for such homeowners, but utility costs are sure to rise even higher if the cost of oil and coal--two primary sources of electricity--continue to escalate. Solar energy is showing promise of cost-saying potential in powering homes of the future. In fact, solar power is al ready being used for a number of homes. Most installations result from demonstra tion or research and development pro grams. and provide only partial electrical power. However, they illustrate that tech nology is available to produce electric power from the sun. One of the major hurdles to be over come before solar electric power is readily available is the cost of such in- an alternate source of electrical energy. The solar array provides electrical power for the low voltage appliances such as TV. radio, stereo and clock, and for the front door's electronic latching device. It also supplies standby power for the overall security system in case of electrical fail ures. The electrical power provided by the solar cells when they are exposed to light is stored in two lead-acid batteries in the basement. Since the solar cells themselves have no storage capability, these batteries supply the necessary power requirements at night. During the day the solar cells recharge the batteries in addition to han dling the powerload. A built-in blocking diode in each solar array prevents dis charge of the batteries back through the silicon cells in periods of darkness. The solar array at the CDA house is mounted on the south facing roof at a 30 to 35 degree angle. It weighs 70-Ibs., handle the security system. The lead batteries provide about 25o ampere hours of storage. They are sub. ject to a regular cycle of charging duri ring the day and discharging at night Tli also is an annual cycle of gradual charge during the winter months wh power requirements might exceed amount available from the solar array follow ed by a gradual return to the fu;j ' charged state in summer months. Batt ", life expectancy is 10 to 15 years Captured solar energy also supplies up to 75 per cent of the cooling needs and 100 per cent of the heating requirements of the Tucson house. Although light and major appliances are powered in a conventional manner, ov erall energy savings are estimated at 90 per cent in the winter and 80 per cent in the summer. The to tally integrated solar collector-roof svstern is said to be the first commercially available to the building industry. Eiectnc energy from photovoltaic cells on root of CDA house is stored in two lead-acid Aerial view oI the Copper Development Association $ new Decade 80 Solar House m batteries locateo in basement. Batteries provide about 250 ampere hours of storage. Tucson. Ariz. Circled area pinpoints silicon solar ceil array. stallations. However, there is every evi dence that, when mass-produced, solar electric power installations can in time become competitive with 'conventional electric power. One tangible example of the viability of the solar energy concept is the new Decade 80 Solar House outside of Tucson, Ariz. Conceived and built by the Copper Development Association (CDA), it shows how the sun can be used as,a heating, cooling, and electrical source in the face of continuously higher costs for conventional means of supplying such services. The elegant desert home is said to be the most self-sufficient in the coun try on an energy basis. One of the most interesting innova tions of the CDA house is the silicon solar cell unit anchored to one of the roofs. A product of Solar Power Corp.. Wakefield. Mass., it was incorporated in the overall design to demonstrate howfuture houses might be furnished with and measures 48-in. x 30-in. x 3-in. The mounting is fixed to give maximum ex posure to light. Ideally, for maximum power output, the array should track the sun, but the energy used to operate the tracking device would offset any gain in array output power. According to Solar Power Corp.. the best fixed position is usually facing the equator at an angle to the horizontal equal to the latitude plus five degrees. The array is composed of 34 solar mod ules mounted on a frame with series and parallel connections to meet design re quirements. With no moving parts or deteriorating chemicals in the modules, maintenance requirements are low and life expectancy is 15 to 25 years. Twentyeight of the modules provide 13Vj> ampere hours per day on a year 'round basis to power the appliances and electronic lock. An average residential home might use 300 ampere hours at lOOv per day. The remaining six modules are designed to The system consists of 2-ft. x 8-ft. cop per sheets laminated to plywood, com bined with rectangular copper tubing The tubes carry the water used for energy transport and storage. A buried insulated storage tank furnishes standby energy when needed in the form of 3,000 gallon of solar-heated water. Air conditioning is provided by two standard lithiumbromide/'water absorption units modified for hot water firing. "Decade 80 shows that a solar home can be almost maintenance-free as ta as its energy system is concerned, noted Paul A. Anderson CDA's building con struction marketing development mw ager. He pointed out that the year 'round operating efficiencies of the house U* not dependent on its being located * Tucson or other such high sun-yieW ^ cations. "Solar energy storage technology is at a sufficiently advanced stage to ni*jj ; solar assisted homes practical as far as Canada,'' he said. LIA26760 for future energy sources y/ind: future source for electric energy? uae atomic powered or fossil-fueled Hpower plants used today by utilities venerate electricity could someday be "^ppleniented bv a system of wind-driven tiiue generators, each capable of pro per power for as many as 25 homes. \ prototype of such a system is cure,,tlv under test at the Plum Brook Stalion,, nf the National Aeronautics and ; ce Administration's 'NASA) Lewis |,f.parch Center in Sandusky. Ohio. Plum p-ook is the site of a 100 kw experimental turbine generator designed to pro^jde data to determine the feasibility of ,,ind energy systems to generate commercial electric power. The Sandusky turbine, the largest wind energy system of its kind currently in Operation. is installed atop a 100-ft. high tapered tower. Its large propeller or rotor Pas a span of 125-ft. and w eighs 4000-lbs. According to NASA the giant turbine can provide enough electricity to power about 25 homes in the surrounding area. The gigantic turbine begins to generate power in a 9.5 mph wind, and reaches its maximum 100 kw output in 18 mph winds. When wind speeds exceed 40 mph, the turbine automatically shuts down by feathering the blades in much the same manner that the pitch angle of aircraft propeller blades is mechanically adjusted for decreased wind resistance. NASA is managing the turbine tests for the Energy Research and Develop ment Administration i ERDA i as part of a national five-year electric power wind seneration program. ERDAN aim is to develop wind energy electric power sys tems that are both technologically and economically viable. The Sandusky unit is among the number of different types being investigated. Specific areas of evaluation at Plum Brook Station include performance, op eration and economic characteristics of wind energy as it applies to the electric utilities. Tests and experiments will also provide data for improved low-cost com ponents and electric energy storage sub systems. According to Rudv Duscha, storage project engineer, the first step in the eval uation of such storage systems was to determine how much storage would be required to satisfy a reasonable electrical base load. "Originally." Duscha savs, "1000 kw hours were considered suffi cient for a period of four days storage. For reasons of economy and space limita tion we have since revised that figure to a little over 500 kw hours." Among the electric energy storage sys tems that will be evaluated are lead-acid batteries, considered one of today's most viable means of storing electricity. Duscha indicates that because specifi cations limited the size of the storage area, industrial-tvpe lead-acid batteries w ith a capacity for relatively high ampere hours were considered. According to Duscha. "Since we want to keep the storage area small, we are considering 2-volt battery cells in the 1600 amp hour range. These cells could be packaged into 120-volt strings of 60 cells each. These 60 cells could be suitably traved in smaller units for convenience of han dling and locating. In turn, three separate 120-volt strings would pro\ide the nearly 500 kw hours which would be sufficient for our needs." The harnessing of wind to generate power dates back as far as 10th Century Persia where a windmill-type device was used to grind grain. Construction and operation of the 100 kw wind turbine marks a renewal of interest in wind en ergy conversion in this country. The largest known wind turbine to be built in the L.S. is a 1250 kw machine that was operated intermittently between 1941 and 1945 near Rutland, Vt. More familiar, perhaps, are the wind devices found on the large ranches of the prairie states during the 19th and early part of the 20th Centuries. Wind gener ators are still used to pump water from artesian wells in many farming regions and can be used to provide power for low-wattage electrical equipment. NASA's Lewis Research Center in SanOusky, Ohio. LIA26 It 1 5 The fife and drum corps of the recreated 1st MarylanO Regiment from Revolutionary War times forms lead musket palls which are hand cast for Regimental use. Revolutionary War history reveals that a regiment of Maryland soldiers saved the entire Continental Army from The 1st Maryland is distinguished byi defeat and capture in a valiant rear its authenticity of dress and manner. - Lead buttons up modern guard action at the Battle of Long Island in 1776. The troops prevented the British from completely overrunning ashing- Each piece of uniform and various ac- o coutrements are exactly reproduced veM sions of the originals. The fidelity of | Revolutionary War soldiers ton's army and helped rescue the Revo lutionary cause from possible disaster. Now, 200 years later, a reincarnated 1st detail, which extends to spectacles and ^ pipes, is marked bv one exception--u form buttons are made of lead insteal Maryland Regiment is playing an impor of the original pewter. tant role in this year's Bicentennial activi Roger Zook, Senior Drum Sergeant ( ties. Regimental music, and a member of I This recreated Continental Army unit 1st Maryland since its inception in 196 is composed of men from all walks of life. hand casts all of the lead buttons ust Periodically `hey del: their 20th Century He also supplies the .50, .69 and u5cal garb in favor of exact replicas of the her lead balls for the soldiers' musketi 200-vear-old 1st Maryland Regimental During staged maneuvers, these musket uniforms. In this attire they stage public are loaded and fired exactly as outline! displays of mock warfare and Revolu in the manual of arms used by Genera tionary ar camp life. The Regiment Washington's troops. A spokesman f performs at ceremonies and festivals the Regiment estimates that more mua throughout the State, as well as at Fort balls will probably be fired during Frederick, near Big Pool, where it is centennial re-enactments than in the < headquartered. The stone fort, built in tire Revolutionary War! L1A26762 The enterprising Zook performs his (.asting operations at campsite or over the gas kitchen stove in his Kiverdale. \[d. residence, using a casting pot and bullet ladle. One pound of lead yields about 100 buttons, depending on the size and tvPe involved. ^ ith help, Zook turns out up to 1.000 buttons in (our hours, and about 300 lead bullets an hour. In 1967, when the bullet casting began, receded telephone cable shielding served as the source for lead. Later a switch w as made to linotype lead which retains its luster longer and pours easier. The linotvpe contains about 84 per cent lead. _) per cent tin. and 12 per cent antimony. Re-melted cable shielding is still used as the chief material for musket ball casting. Zook uses beeswax and candleuax to llux his casting pot. skimming the surface twice every half hour. While the molds and tools employed are not from the 18th Century, they are not too far removed in appearance. The molds are supplied bv Robert Klinger of the Smithsonian Insti tution. The 1st Maryland is the chief recipient of Zook's casting efforts, although he makes buttons for other Regiments as well. He charges a nominal fee for the products of his labor to cover the cost of lead and time involved. Each Regi mental coat contains 46 large, and two small buttons. The w aistcoat has 12 small buttons and the breeches 15 small and three large buttons. Hunting shirts have one to three small buttons, and the dis tinctive tri-cornered hat features one large button. Some of the buttons include a "I MR'' imprint. As the Continental Army private spent most of his time in camp and a relatively little amount of time in actual battle, members of the 1st Maryland go to great lengths to demonstrate the camp life of Revolutionary ar soldiers. During the Regiment's monthly performances at Fort Irederick. the young soldiers set up a camp precisely as dictated by General H ashington's manual. The 50 or more members of today's Regiment erect 20 small enlisted men's tents, two officers' marquees, tripods for cooking, gun racks and other pieces of eqiupment routinely used by the 18th Century soldier. Called "Music and Musketry of the American Revolution," the Regiment's show is an increasingly popular affair "ith natives and tourists alike. Partially as a result of their success with this show, *he 1st Maryland has been designated as he State's official Bicentennial troop. Bicentennial salute: lead based flags Of all the tributes offered to the United States during its Bicentennial year, sales manager at Sterling, states that thfe paint system is specifically designed for perhaps none will be as patriotically exterior use on this type of water tank. meaningful and visibly dramatic as three It is an exterior alkvd coating system symbolic American flags and Bicenten consisting of a medium and long oil al- nial numerals (1776-19761 painted on kyd resin. Silicone was added to the paint a 165-ft. high water tower in Cocoa, Fla. to provide the ultimate in gloss and gloss The flags and numerals are a personal retention. gift to Cocoa and the nation itself from One of the key elements in the paint a naturalized American citizen and a system is a rust inhibitiv e primer coat resident of the L .S. for only 20 years. containing a 38 per cent red lead pigment. Demetrios Dourakos. president of the The lead pigment provides a superior Royal Painting Company, Merritt Island. protection against the corrosive salt-laden Fla., decided to express his appreciation atmosphere that is a part of Florida's to his community and to his adopted marine environment. country on its 200th birthday. Approach L sing the Cocoa project as an example. ing city officials, he volunteered to paint Dourakos hopes to encourage other cities the symbolic Bicentennial flags on the throughout the nation to adopt similar city-owned water tower at no cost to projects during the year. One citv, Stuart. Cocoa. Fla., contracted Dourakos to paint two Dourakos designed the flags, each of American flags on its own 140-ft. high which is 31-ft. high and 84-ft. wide. With water tower. The two flags measure 26-ft.. the assistance of four employees, the proj 8-in. high and 56-ft. wide and were ect w as completed in about 10 days using painted in nine days by four employees 120 gals, of paint. of the Roval Painting Co. The same Paint and materials were donated by paint system, including the rust inhibi- the Sterling Division of Reichhold Chem tive primer containing the lead pigment, icals. Inc., Sewicklev, Pa. Garv Wright, was used to paint the Stuart water tower. Sixteen-ton lead "hula-hoops" counter sway of world's tallest tower Close-up of steel communications mast shows how 40,000 IP. lead counterweights, seen in circled areas, ere Installed. 8 ow do y o u keep the world s tallest Hfreestanding structure from swaying The steel mast, which weighs 29fj [ will accommodate antennas for fiVe | TM in the wind so much that it literally television stations in the Toronto TM "whips" itself to destruction? This was the problem faced by the de as well as the city's five radio stati * Provisions also have been made for? 4'' signers of the C.\ Tower in Toronto, ture television and radio station t r which has replaced Moscow's Ostankino mission facilities in addition to micr4"] Tower as the world's tallest structure. wave transmission. 1 Both the 1.815-ft. high CX Tower and the 1,748-ft. high Ostankino Tower were primarily designed to house radio and -! television transmission facilities and. be cause of their height, they both are major tourist attractions. One of the major problems engineers had to overcome in designing the CX Tower was to compensate for the ef fects of wind and other phenomena on the structure. It's a commonly known fact that tall buildings sway in the wind and the record high CX Tower is par ticularly susceptible to such stress. To solve the wind vibration problem. CX' Tower designers called on Vibron Limited, a Toronto engineering firm that specializes in noise and vibration control. After extensive tests and studies, Vibron developed a unique system for controlling the sway of the Tower and, in particular, the 335-ft. high steel com munications mast atop the structure. The system incorporates the use of tw o lead-filled counterweights to dampen the vibration and sway of the building. The counterweights weigh a total of about 40.000-lbs., and they are installed at the 1,850-ft. and 1.900-ft. levels. A kev component of each counter weight is a 14-in. wide. 12-in. deep cir cular steel ring. These are filled with about 800 pie-shaped lead sections that weigh 25-lbs. each. The ring installed at the 1.850-ft. level is 10-ft. dia., while the one installed at the 1,900-ft. level is 8-ft. dia. The lead-weighted rings are not at tached to the steel mast, but rather are hung from it through the use of three horizontally-mounted steel columns at tached to the sides of the mast. Fourbearing universal joints that pivot in all directions attach the columns to the ring. Four separate hydraulically-acti vated fluid dampers mounted to the side of the mast and attached about midwayin the center of each universal joint provide energy dissipation. As the lead weights move back and forth in much the same manner a hula-hoop operates around one's body, the hydraulic damper system absorbs the vibration and dis sipates energy. LIA2676A interior sound control: key to quiet, secure offices ltrior designers who specialize in I' planning offices for both new and .ptine construction are becoming in- * ,,-inalv involved in seeking wavs to , j-11 d - 11 C c 1 ercome one of the most difficult prub- 1 nli encountered in insuring a com- priable environment: noise control. [-pere are three basic types of office , The first and most common noise from tvpewnters and conversation ,,niniina from routine office activity, second is mechanical noise from im' water systems, etc. The third is i]io0ipe from outside sources--street traf- airplane noise, sounds from adja' nt industrial plants, etc. Noise from v of these sources can be annoying the point w here work concentration is impaired and conversation is difficult. Adding to the problem is the need in manv office situations for confiden ts! work and conferences, in such cases, it js necessary to dampen sound to inilire that conversation in conference rooms and offices cannot be heard out side these areas. Companies that spe cialize in industrial research and de velopment are particularly security conscious and take every step to insure privacy. To help overcome such noise control and sound dampening problems, archi tects and corporate office planners are turning to companies that specialize in soundproofing spaces inside offices, buildings and industrial plants. One such company is U allboard Construction, a Boston-based company that specializes in soundproofing offices. The company cooperates with interior planning and design firms such as Rodgers Associates, Greenwich, Conn., to develop specifica tions for each project. In recent years. Wallboard has completed three major noise control projects in the Boston area and another major project, offices in a Federal government building, is being completed. The company is typical of those who work on regional area projects as opposed to those who undertake jobs anvwhere in the country. According to Gene Carlin, project manager for manv of allboard's sound control installations, lead is particularlv suitable for dampening sound in offices "Lead is the most effective material foi economicallv dampening sound at a rea ?onable cost. Lead can be used to elimi nate thick enclosures that are not only more expensive to install, but take up more potential rental space as well. With today's cost-per-square-foot of office space at an all-time high, it's uneco nomical to decrease the amount of usable space by installing thick walls." Carlin reports that a law office in the New England Merchants Bank in downtown Boston is typical of installa tions that take advantage of the various properties of lead. Designed by Rodgers Associates, the offices occupv 2kg floors of the bank building. Because of the nature of work undertaken in the law firm, it was not necessary to dampen sound in all offices and areas. Most of the lead was installed above walls as plenum barriers between the various offices and in conference room areas in order to insure client privacy. Nearly 15,000-sq. ft. of lead was used for the project. According to Sidney Rodgers of Rodgers Associates, the sheet lead was hung from ceiling slabs in 4-ft. lengths to allow space for duct work. lighting, etc. above the dropped ceilings. Rodgers says the lead was in stalled in 3-ft. and 4-ft. widths in order to permit ease of handling. Though smaller, a sound control pro ject \\ allboard completed for the ac counting firm of Arthur Noung K Co., required a similar installation of lead. About 4.200-ft. of 1 lb. lead was used to soundproof the firm's executive offices as well as the conference room and library in the middle of the office area. Here. too. the lead was used to keep sound from being transmitted between offices and other work spaces such as the library. N\ allboard worked w ith the Interior Design Group on the accounting office project. ^ allhoard cooperated with the Bos ton office of New fork-based Griswold. Heckel & Kelly to install 11,500-sq. ft. of sheet lead in the Peat. Marwick, Mitchell offices located in the Boston Company Bldg, in Boston. Consisting primarily of ceiling-hung sheet lead plenum barriers, the installation had to match a 36dB \ aughn wall svstem. Be cause of the private nature of conver sations with the accounting firm's clients, sheet lead was used to dampen the sound in all the firm's offices. allboard is now completing the in stallation of about 7,000-sq. ft. of sheet lead in a General Services Administra tion (GSAt office at 100 Summer Street in Boston. The company is working with GSA staff architects and the general contractor, Aberthaw Construction Co. of Boston, to install 1 lb, sheet lead above selected walls for three floors of the building where conference rooms, executive offices, and security and audit offices are located. ` I,c Plenum barriers installed out of sight above ceilings help control noise In interior spaces Line drawing ot typical planum barrier installatipn shows now 1 lb. sheet lead 11 this executive area In a Boston office. is hung from calling slab to top of partition. LI A? 6765 Lead: Part of the picture in National Gallery addition Artist's rendering of new Fasf Bunding addition to National Gallery of Art in Washington. D C The ultra-modern new wmg (foreground) will be connected to the existing Gallery (rear/ by an underground pedestrian concourse. he .National Gallery of Art in ash- Tington. D.C., is an elegant, marble faced building constructed 35 years ago today's techniques. So. thin, square j pieces of lead were used to solve the J problem. f to house a number of the nation s art In order to adhere to the original de-1 treasures. The Gallery's collection of sign concept. I.M. Pei N Partners. New f paintings and sculpture has grown N ork City, designers of the addition,; through the generosity of over 200 specified lead shim "spacers'' to achieve^ prominent donors and it is now one of the lg-in. joint in the marble wall svs-ij the prime tourist attractions in the na tern. `Tn addition, we wanted to ac-'J! tion's capitol. commodate temperature induced move-|; With the number of visitors increas ment without the periodic necessity of ing, a burgeoning art collection, and large expansion joints." reported Proj a growing number of programs and ser Architect Robert Bates of the Pei fin vices. expansion became necessary. It Bates explained that the shims, whii was decided to add a new wing to the are 1-in. square and lg-in. thick, Gallery's facilities to provide nearly placed on top of the base course 600,000-sq. ft. of additional space. Plans marble. A horizontal, factorv-extrudi called for the wing s exterior w all to neoprene gasket is placed into the stoi be compatible with the existing struc to seal the wall from the elements. 1 ture. which boasts a facing of rose- tar is placed on the stainless steel white Tennessee marble. Obtaining the chors which hold stone in place aga; ji marble for the job was no problem. the masonry backup wall. The tv Duplicating the original Gallery's wall course of stone is then set down on tl system was another matter. support. When the National Gallery was built in 19-11, the practice was to use lg-in. Since the mortar is soft, the stone i finish joints between the sections of set down until, it bears on the k* marble used to face the building. Re spacers. This tightly compresses portedly. it is difficult to attain mortar joints of such thinness in stone with neoprene gasket and establishes the ish in>>o ' . a[ l ^-in. width. 26766 weight is temporarily transferred ^ugh the lead spacers to the steel " ports of the stone below. The sup' [S are designed to hold two courses ^le the mortar is curing. As each ure of mortar on the steel angles ,ures. the steel permanent support be- ^es functional for that particular , .ufse. There is no accumulation .T pUht transmitted through the spacers. When completed, the exterior of the jjgit.n. known as the East Building. ,,[[ contain loo-' >0i i.-q. ft. of marble. ,,-h stone is chin, thick and measures bv 5-11. In addition, the interior l3il w ill contain 7!.o00-sq. ft. of marble. \jrJiough these stones also measure 2-ft. ,v 5-ft.. thev are only l'^-in. thick. A ,0tal of 25.900 marble slabs will be ,.ed in the completed addition. About 5i].0!HI lead spacers, weighing almost a on and a half, will be used to construct -he facade of the new wing. The East Building is located directly jeruss fourth Street from the existing nailery, and faces the L .S. Capitol. It also will respect and complement its neighbors. These include the white stone ixiwernment buildings that line Consti tution Avenue and form the Federal Triangle, and such important edifices along Pennsylvania Avenue as the Na tional Archives and the Post Office Building. General contractor for the East build ing construction project is Charles H. Tompkins Co. An underground link betueeen the addition and the Gallery it self is expected to be completed this summer. The entire project is slated to be finished in the 19 > 7-78 season. The 591.000-sq. ft. of new space it will create will free the ground floor of the Gallery, now substantially devoted to administrative offices and storage, for public use. The East Building will house a Cen ter of Advanced Study in the Visual Arts which will include a major library and photographic archive. It also will incorporate exhibition galleries. The complex structure might best be de scribed as a trapezoid divided diago nally into two complimentary .triangles. The larger of these faces the existing museum. The other triangular portion is the Advanced Study Center. I'Bnor wall of new East Building addition to National Gallery of Art in Washington. 0 C. being 'aced with y thick Tennessee marble. The spacing of the finish joints between the marble is accomplished with aid of lead shim "spacers" which temporarily set the Vs-m. height of the joint. The marble compresses `ictory-extruded neoprene gasket to this thickness. Drawing of Tennessee marble installation 'or exterior w31I face of new East 3uilding addition to National Gallery Of Art in Washington. D C. LI 426767 Lead-lined rail and truck tankers ward off chemical corrosion he corrosive nature of many chemi Tcals make them difficult to transport. One wav to overcome this problem is to line tanks of the two principal carriers for these chemicals, rail cars and trucks, w ith lead. For example, one highly corrosive chemical is liquid bromine. This mate rial contains unique properties which make it- a useful additive in many pro cess industries. They include the pro duction of gasoline, dyes, photographic chemicals, medicinals, fire extinguishing fluids, hydraulic fluids, and water dis infectants. Liquid bromine for such applications is usuallv shipped in rail tank cars in capacities from 2,300 to 4,400 gallons, or tank trucks of 600 and 1200-gallon capacity. The difficulty of shipping this highly corrosive chemical is com pounded by the fact that it also is very heavy--about three and one-half times the weight of water. Therefore, shipping containers must be exceptionally strong as well as corrosion resistant. Lead not only supplies the necessary corrosion barrier, but helps to strengthen the con tainers. Due to unusual transportation require ments involving liquid bromine ship ping, lead linings must be metallurgicallv bonded to the steel used to fabricate the tanks. The lead,'steel composite pro vides the best possible combination of strength and corrosion resistance. It al lows the tanks to cope with the heavy bromine's reaction to the vibration, swaving and bumping involved in rail and truck movement, and also provides a corrosion resistant barrier between the chemical and the steel. The metallurgical, or homogeneous, bonding technique can be compared to using soldering techniques to bond one material to another. In the case of lead lining a chemical tank, the technique insures a total metal-to-metal bond for the inside diameter of the cylinder tank car as well as the dished ends. The homogeneous bonding process in volves three steps. Initially, the interior face and ends of the tank are sand blasted to bare metal. The surface is then pickled with a caustic chemical such as muriatic acid to remove impuri ties. After the surfaces have been pre pared. thev are fluxed with a chloride and a 60 -10 tin lead powder is hv hand with a brush. T, he lead "Min, is then built up by meltins filler with a torch. In applying the lininjj with a ;or^ the precoat and then the filler materi ' are alternately melted and joined soldering temperature is approximately oOO-F. Several passes are required to build up the :ili;-in. to 1 4-in. thi^. ne?s required for adequate corrosion protection against bromine. After each pass, the built-up linina is inspected for pinholes and other flaws, and additional passes are made as required to insure quality control. About three to four weeks are required to lead-line a sinde tank, depending on its dimensions. Rail tank cars ranae from 5 to l.e in diameter, and are 25 to 40-ft. length. Approximately oi.'U-sq. ft. q lead is required for a m-in. linina on the inside of a tank that is 6-ft, ij diameter, and 40-ft. long. The estimated service life of such cars when hauling bromine would be about 7 years. While it is possible to apply the lead lining bv "strapping on" the lining, this technique is not preferred because ia use shortens the service life of cars used to transport liquid bromine. Because the lining is not metallurgicallv bonded to the steel, the heavy volume of the liquid bromine causes it to shift and rub against the steel shell. The resulting abrasion reduces the thickness of tie lining and shortens its service life. Liquid bromine attacks lead at the rate of about 20 mils per year and abrasion adds to this wear rate. Because of the economic advantages of strapped-on lead linings, this tech nique is used for many chemical tran* port applications other than liquid bro mine. A third technique, adhesive bond-! ing, is also used for a wide variety oil chemical tanker linings. Both technique are used to construct in-ground mi above-ground storage facilities for caul's tic chemicals. Lead used to line both portable mi> stationary tanks for transporting m&j storage of caustic materials is called chemical lead. It is 99.9 per cent pui* lead, and contains small amounts &- copper and silver which add to corrosion resistance and mechanics strength. 12 LIA26768 ittery-powered ink and boutique rvice airline issengers pair of battery-powered banks on wheels are making it possible for le passengers at New York's Ken- International Airport to change money into foreign currency at the ture gate before flying overseas, in another unusual application of ry power at the airport, an electric boutique on wheels provided pasrs with a miniature mobile shopcenter during a six-month test pelast year. e battery-powered banks are opd bv Citibank. In service at Pan ican 1 P\N AM I and Trans World tes l b \i terminals, the mobile s can each accommodate two bank s w ho exchange money in 320. 350 3100 denominations. The electric lied, battery-powered banks supnt Citibank's stationary branches d at PAN AM and TWA. e first vehicle began operation in TWA's e/ectr.c courtesy cart transports e:cer!y and handicapped passengers oerween the airline's terminal and gates at Kennedy. the middle of 197 l at the PAN AM ter minal while the second was introduced this past January in TWA's terminal. Both vehicles operate seven days a week and are powered by six. six-volt leadacid batteries that are charged daily for approximately 3-4 hours. Clavton Mead. Citibank manager-- foreign currency exchanges at Kennedy, reports that the vehicles are a big suc cess. "The vehic le in the PAN AM ter minal services about 12 gates. During the summer months the cart operates about 8 to 10 hours a day and averages 10 to 12 miles, in the winter months it is in service perhaps 5 to 6 hours a daycovering about 3 to 4 miles. Our second vehicle has been in service only a feumonths but it too will probably work the same hours as the other vehicle.'' TWA introduced a new concept in airline passenger shopping when it tested a battery-powered mini-boutique in its departure lounge at Kennedy Air port for a six-month period during 1975. The boutique, a one-fourth-scale replica of one of London's famous doubledecker buses, was powered bv six. sixvolt lead-acid batteries. Operating in the departure lounge for about 10 hours per day. the "mini-bus" carried a wide va riety of international food and gift items including gourmet foods. French per fumes and colognes: Swiss chocolates, designer ties and' scarves, and even fresh loaves of French bread flown in from Paris. Battery-powered vehicles are not a new concept with TWA. In fact, for about the past 10 years the airline has been operating an electric courtesy ve hicle to transport handicapped arid elderly passengers between TWA's lounge and gates. The vehicle, which is also powered bv six, six-volt batteries, has been designed to look like one of San Francisco's cable cars. of the two Citibank lead battery-powered foreign exchange banks that serve passengers at Kennedy International Airport /> " L I A 2 67 69 3 Wave soldering brings economy, reliability to printed circuit board production ith a bis assist from wave solder- Wins. Dymo Graphic Systems has tains some 300 integrated circuit pack ages, each with 14 leads. Another 300 carved out a 314 million share of thefeed-through holes connect the circuits electronic newspaper typesetting mar from one side of the board to the other. ket. A key element in the New Jersey- Wave soldering is more than equal to based company's success is its ability to the task. This system automatically con quickly, economically and reliably join veys PC boards over the top of one or and connect the scores of electronic more mechanically generated waves of components used to produce printed cir tin lead solder. As they pass over the cuit 1 PC i boards. crest of the wave with electronic com These boards are the heart of Dymo ponents facing downward, the boards Graphic's computer-directed printing are simultaneously soldered at the de system that increases the typesetting sired point in seconds. rate over 450 per cent. The equipment Wave soldering was adopted by Dymo permits type to be set at an average Graphic at its Clifton, \.J. facility when rate of 150 lines per minute. This com it was no longer economically feasible pares with an average rate of 27 lines to hand solder PC boards from a time per minute achieved manually. and quality control standpoint. The Joining hundreds of components to original wave soldering system by Elec- the PC boards bv hand represents a trovert, Inc., Mt. \ ernon, IVY., featured monumental soldering job. The boards a 10-in. wide solder wave. About two range in size from 2-in. x 3-in. to 16-in. years ago, a switch was made to a \ 22-in. The largest board alone con newer Electrovert model with an 18- in. wide wave to accommodate larjerboards. A 12-foot 1 ong convevor transport! about 100 boards dailv through fluxing preheating and actual soldering of thcomponents to the circuit. The eorney moves on an incline to achieve best ad herence of the solder to the circuits* provide smaller fillets around the jornai and insure a thinner, more unifora solder deposit over all the circuitry. The boards move along the conveyd on pallets at about 4-ft. per minute. Jf though the actual soldering is almort instantaneous. According to Dym* Graphic production engineer Robert Mack, as many as five boards n* soldered at a time. "We vary the speed slightly from board to board, dependio) on the tvpe of circuitry involved. !* reported. Special pallets enable smaller boaJ< to be soldered side-bv-side to take V4 LI A 2 67 70 (vantage of the 18-in. wave width, fl'e also have pallets designed to sup,tt the bigger boards on a flat planed' pck explained. "The conveyor is adited -o the entire board makes con t when it hits the top of the wave, y pallets also keep the boards rigid Lireverit heat warpage." The initial "foam" fluxing of the .ards removes oxidation from the gallic surfaces to facilitate solder riding. Mack reports that rosin-based ,\ is employed for good capillarv acn of the solder in the plated-through les. The flux also protects the circuit an reoxidation and contamination til the solder joint is safelv made. The preheating step which follows iporates excess solvent and conditions assembly against thermal shock en the hoard touches the solder wave, heating also overcomes the heat sink -ets of large components. For the actual soldering, a 63 37 tin d solder is employed to permit rapid ning at the lovvest po~sible temperae. This i; important because delicate ing and materials used for the vari- electronic components can be damd bv exposure to excessive heat. [he PC. boards pass through the bicetional solder wave where there is must solder movement, or the highvelocity point. This permits the solto w et the boards more effectively, - scrubbing action of the solder's w which is counter to the direction the PC boards traveling on the Con or. also helps the wetting action. boards exit at the wave's lowest jcitv point to reduce icicle formation i excess solder deposits. Post-soldering operations consist of cleaning of the boards with an organic solvent, inspection for defects, and hand soldering touchup. if needed. The fact that touchup at the plant reportedly runs onlv about 2 per cent attests to the reliability of wave soldering. Mack noted that wave soldering is plaving an important role in the upgrad ing of newspaper printing, just as it did for radio and T\ . "This metal joining technique permits the mass production of high quality PC boards which are helping to bring this third form of communication into the world of mod ern electronics," he said. Central control unit at left is heart of Dymo Graphic Systems' electronic typesetting system. Unit contains control panel (left/, tape , reaper (center), and film transport fright). The ! epuipment's printed circuitry is shown at right. . The numerous electronic components nave j oeen reliably wave soldered to the PC boards. FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS AND DELETION PLEASE ATTACH OLD LABEL. ^ ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST (please check one) V ATTACH MAILING LABEL HERE _________A___________ To _______ Name, Title Company PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Painting Health & Safety Architectural & Building Q Design & Radiation Engineers Ceramics Chemical Engrs, Battery Power ~ Miscellaneous (please specify) Street City, state, zip code LIA 2 A7 71 ARCHITECTURAL Corrosion Resistance of Lead in Practical Application of Sheet Publications and Films Lead Roofing and Flashing Chemical Applications A chart presentation of the corrosion re Lead for Noise Barriers D-scusses how the use of various thick Twelve-page catalogue ustine th. -I tions and films available from TkDljWM Detailed instructions on the simplest and sistance of lead and its alloys against nesses of lead bonced to or used m con industries Association, me. M-13 h* * most usual methods for forming or join ing lead for roofing and flashing appli 188 chemicals from 0s to 3C00F. Six pages H-3 junction with other construction mate rials determines the Sound Transmission The U.S. Lead Industry cations. Complete specifications. Dia grammatic drawings. Sixteen pages. A-5 Lead for Corrosion Class ;STC) rating of walls and partitions J-15 An annual review of activity with, r. custry that contains a gene-a' * : ' Lead In Building A four-part data sheet containing informa tion on waterproofing, sound barriers, roofing and flashing and anti-vibration ap plications. A-13 Resistant Applications Soft cover booK, 156-pages, designed to familiarize engineers and engineering students with the corrosion resistance, design and fabrication data on lead and lead-paseo equipment. Defines plumbum series and corrosion resistance of series. H-6 Lead Proves a Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material A reprint of a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness in sound attenuation to help meet OSHA noise requirements in factories and also on planes and trains. J-17 fr the year and a series of Ch\Uw.rnir> tab,es g'vmg current statistics ,#r* ' production and consumption M-14 n Lead--a Modern Design Material Summary of properties ana a,,. lt forms of lead for raciaticr; -j sound vib'at'Or control eiecti-COf"rw- " scu-ces. sola.nng ana ce-ar-lca TIE CERAMICS Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Lead Chemicals Soft cover boon. 334-pages, is designed Specifying Lead for Noise Control Eight-page repr.nt contains guidelines to pages M-15 Use of Lead in the Automobile - I i i Potters and Hobbyists Detailed information on the proper formu lation, firing techniques, handling, etc. of lead fluxed glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists. Illustrated. Sixteen pages. B-U Proceedings of First international Conference on Ceramic as a worKing manual for the chemist or chemical engineer engaged in applied technology or pure research. Covers or ganolead compounds, oxides and hydrox ides. sulfides and teiiurides, halides binary compounds, lead salts, lead chel ates, safety in handling compounds. Pur chasing price: $3.00. H-7 help architects and engineers fully utilize the advantages of lead as a noise control material. A number of case histones are included to show how some of these guidelines were used to solve a variety of commercial, industrial and residential noise problems. J-18 BATTERIES Reprtht of article from Me:bis iVe* cuss-hg m oetail the various aoniw tions of leac m the automcc.i**1e * pages. M-17 e r Fw Lead Industries Associate S>*teen-page D'ocf-.re con;t - , scription of Associations pL-p-.sfe .l9* tyre and management, rusts",' anc major act'v.ties. Current memcer 2 is included, aiong with other fore;Bn .2 Foodware Safety SOLDERING AND WELDING A Primer on the Lead-Acid Battery domestic trace associations w-tn *h<2 coope'ation ,s mamta.ned M-18 fT' I Top international experts m ceramics. Pood and Drug agency Officials, and the in ternational lead research community met m Geneva m November. 1974 to discuss heavy metal release from glazed ceramic foodware. Full proceedings--speeches as well as question and answer dialog--were Soldering Preforms Circuits Manufacturing reprint discusses how the use of lead solder preforms saves time and simplifies task of joining metals for automated production. 1.3 A condensed story of the principles of the lead-acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding some of the fundamentals and definitions of direct-current electric en ergy. Two pages. L-6 Electrics Get Key Post Office Tests Lead--The "Clydesdale" Workhorse in Space Reprint from Szace Wo'is detailing tht applications cf 'eac >n space exploration illustrated Four pages. M-19, ^ tapeo, translated and transcribed. 272 Reprint of a feature from Electrical World Ecology in the New Lead Belt pages, $5-00 per copy. B-13 Solders and Soldering New 16-page booklet fiiied with oasic in Describing tests on the suitability and economy of electric battery-powered de livery trucks for the Postal Service. L-18 Reprint describes cocpe-at.on o' and environmental- sts fluttry1 southern Vissou' lead mines*10?!?! PAINTS formation on soldering ana the selection of the right sciaer alloy for the application. Data is presented on a variety of tm lead Electric Work Vehicles A 12-page folder Describing battery- pages M-23 Lead, "The Cinderella Metal." ** Follow the Safety Line with as wen as other scider alloys. Several case powerec snort-haul delivery vehicles and Booklet is rep'-nt cf tai g-ver. at th* Chrome Yellow Formulations and suggested applications for chrome yellow safety paints, illus trated. Eight pages. F-5 history treatments of tyDical soidenng applications are included. 1-6 SOUND BARRIERS comparing their economics to internal combustion delivery trucks. L-19 Battery Powered Electric Work Vehicles First Nationa. Ccnference on Mating. Ava.iab'i'ty.'Ut-'zation. k q Hendncfc President, Noranca Sa-es Corp. a Can* dian ieac proGuce'. orscusses supply and prreng trends for the meta. anc emph*. sizes its Significance ana value both no. Organolead Antifoulants An 8-page reprint describing how organo lead coatings have proven successful in preventing marine fouling. Tests were conducted m Connecticut and Maryland. Directory of Acoustic Specialties Summary of available materials for sound insulation by barrier, damping and absorption methods. Sixteen page list of materials by brand name and manufac turer. Eighteen pages. J-4 A 16-page Bulletin on electric vehicles for short-haul, multi-stop commercial ap plication. Lists major vehicle manufac turers as well as comparative costs electric vs l.C. vehicles in closed-looped service. L-21 and m tne futupe M-31 t Leaded Grades: Answer to Free-Machining Needs. Rep-.nt reports on benefits oerved from us>ng leaded stecs fc free macnimng. Case histories are employed to demo* i Lead Pigments Bulletin Brochure. 12-pages, describes the ad vantages and varieties of lead pigments in anti-corrosion paints. Covers red lead, dibasic lead phosphite, basic silicate white lead, basic lead phospnosiiicate, basic lead chromosilicate, basic lead si I i co chromate. Lists major suppliers. F-7 Lead a Major Factor in New Machinery Noise Suppression Systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed noise level allowed by WalshHealey Public Contracts Act. Two pages. J-9 GENERAL "Lead Abstracts" and "Yearly Indices" Bi-monthly abstract of all current world literature on lead and its products and published research. A general index is published annually. Must be requested on company letterhead. M-2 strate that these graaes can enable pantsmaxe's to ra^e production of Qual ity components with efficiency and ace* omy. M-32 FILMS Lead In Motion A 21-mm. 16 mm color film Laatfl properties and its potential for uniimite future applications are explored from th. Sheet Lead Plenum Barriers Detailed description of acoustical plenum Primary Lead Production Areas in the U.S. viewpoint that an atom of leao--like aMelemental matter--is an arrangement o<- energy--pa^ Of a universal system. Tgi CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION barriers and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures described and illustrated. Eight pages. J-10 For schools, libraries. Il"xl4" map show ing locations in U.S. of most lead smelters and refineries, and lead mines. M-ll order specify desired show date and t alternate date. No charge to boiro| viewer pays only return postage. N-2 PRINTED IN U.S.A. NAME, TITLE PLEASE SENO ME THE PUBLICATIONS MARKED BELOW T WRITE IN CODE NO. COMPANY STREET CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE LIA26772