Document 15KVaYqxoy03jLMEJ0M0Lg0BK

*J Y CENTRAL SYSTEM Car> cl the \eu ) ork Central System's fast `"overnight'* treignt. the "PacemaKer" are all equipped mth solid lead base bearing Oier 336 million bearing miles hale been traieted hr these cars without a single bearing lailure. See stars page 3. Lead And The Railroads IT mav seem strange that lead, the heaviest of the common metals, figures so prominently in lightening the task of transporting ourselves and our goods. American railroads and their dependence upon lead for safe and efficient operation is an excellent example of this paradox. Lead base Each, pair of steam locomotive drive wheels are counter balanced with as much as 2.500 lb. oj lead enclosed in the solid sections oi the wheels shown. bearings, lead-acid storage batteries and lead paints are used in large quan tities by all railroads. In turn, the lead industry depends on the railroads for the safe delivery of millions of iAILWAV AGE tons of lead ores, concentrates, bul lion, pig lead and a multiplicity of lead products. The standard A.A.R. solid bearing as Lead hardened and strengthened sembly, containing about 8 pounds of with small amounts of tin. antimony lead (approximately 4 pounds of lead and arsenic, or even smaller percent in the lining and another 4 pounds ages of the alkaline earth metals is a in the journal shell alloyj, more than standard anti-friction material for meets these requirements. Though on many types of bearings, and the lar any given day only about 40 percent gest consumer of lead for this purpose of the approximately 2 million freight is our vast railroad system. Many cars operated by our railroads may vears ago the Association of Ameri be found on the owner's lines, the can Railroads standardized on lead more than 16 million solid bearings base bearings for freight cars used installed in the cars maintain a daily in interchange. Like the cars them operating efficiencv of better than selves. these railroad bearings must 99.99 percent. Few bearing installa be eompletelv interchangeable. Thev tions of any type, in any industry, must provide dependable all-weather can match that record. performance with simple maintenance Solid-type lead base bearings have and minimum standby inventories. served the railroads well at a mini mum of expense for a number of rea sons. They are inexpensive to install, maintain and replace. Like the safetv valve on a steam boiler, the comp.-rc.tively low melting point of a lead alloy becomes a very important safety factor. Should lubrication fail, the bearing will not "freeze'' and wreck the unit, or possibly the entire train. Solid-type'bearings can be applied and removed from freight equipment, and wheels changed at any point on the railroad with practically no auxiliarv equipment required. Because a solid bearing is essential lv "free floating ' on the journal, there is at least 1 inch of lateral movement available to cushion the effect of iat- LIA25996 The world famous Hell Gate railroad bridge is protected against corrosion by red lead base primer paint, an other form of lead used extensively 4 by the railroads. tures, much rolling stock is primed with red lead base paints to guarantee long life free from rusting. Station houses and other modern buildings are generally painted with white lead- THE NEW HAVEN EAILROAD containing paints. In addition to providing bearing eral shocks thus protecting valuable ties in the machining and alignment surfaces, a source of electricity, and lading from damage. of the shaft. paints for corrosion prevention, the Lead base solid bearings figure Other properties of metallic lead entire lead industry, its miners, re prominently in maintaining the fast are used to advantage by the railroads, finers and lead product manufactur delivery records of '`overnighters." for example, there are over 23,000 ers, provide the railroads with a fair Today, 124 overnighters are in opera steam locomotives still in operation share of revenue. In a recent year tion in the United States and Canada. and practically all of them use as about 1,124.000 net tons of lead ore These fast freight trains travel dis much as 2.500 pounds of lead per pair and concentrates were shipped in a tances from 300 to 545 miles in 12 of drive wheels in the form of count total of 20.000 railroad cars within to 14 hours and between terminal erbalance weights. the borders of this country. More points must maintain maximum A use of lead familiar to all auto than 8,000 cars shipped over 447,000 speeds permitted by roadbed and mobile owners, the lead-acid storage tons of lead-containing residues and traffic conditions. All these trains battery, is another important contri scrap. About 757.000 tons of lead are lead base bearing equipped. The bution of lead to railroad operation. bullion and pig lead-were shipped in cars of one such train, the New N ork They are used to crank the engines 14.500 cars. Thus American railroads Central system's '"Pacemaker" freight, of diesel-electric locomotives and to in one year used about 42.500 rail have traveled over 336 million bear operate their control circuits as well road cars to transport more than ing miles without a bearing failure, as to provide power for passenger car 2.328.000 tons of lead and lead-con a record made in a period of slightly lighting and air conditioning. They taining materials to and from lead more than a vear. are relied upon to safeguard the smelters and.refineries. Since a large Not onlv freight and passenger operation of vitallv important rail portion of this lead is mined in the cars make use of lead's anti-frictional road signals, switches and communi Rockv Mountain area, and the bulk properties for bearing purposes, but cation systems. of it consumed in states east of the diesel locomotives, electric locomo Lead in an entirely different form, Mississippi, the average haul is long. tives and motor unit 'cars are also as a paint pigment, also finds exten But this is onlv a part of the total equipped with lead base bearings in sive use in railroads. Practically all lead actually carried bv the railroads. the form of traction motor support railroads protect and preserve their Approximately one-third of the lead bearings. signal towers, bridges and other right- used in this country each vear comes Lead base bearins metals offer high of-way structures from corrosion bv from foreign sources. The bulk of resistance to compression vet are soft periodically painting them with red this tonnage, which amounted to 541.- enoush to prevent wear of the more lead primers. Besides railway struc- 000 tons including scrap in" 1950. costlv and hard to replace axle. They possess the plasticity necessary to absorb foreign particles which nor- mallv would score the shaft. Should the axle journal itself become badly Standard A.A.R. solid type lead base bearings help scored, the lead bearing installation make possible the permits it to be turned down I some vast interchange of freight cars in times as much as 1 inch below the classification yards original surface! i and reused. When such as shown here. the bearings have served their useful life, their high scrap value makes for economic replacement. Lead base bearins metals also conform and ad just automatically to slight irregulari --3-- LIA2 5997 upon arriwfl at American ports, is shipped toijts ultimate destination by rail. Sedfcidary lead (reclaimed scrap I whjfih supplies one-third of the lead need each year is also shipped by rail, tij&ugh to a lesser extent than primary "Sead. Last year approxi mately 450.000 tons of secondary lead were consumed. Shipments of the foregoing forms of lead !^ig, scrap and concentrates! are restricted for the most part be tween lesd mines, refineries and the large inswstrial consumers of pig lead such as ^manufacturers of paint, bat teries, tetraethyl lead, cable sheath ing, pipe and sheet. How are these ^product*, shipped? In 1950 the total tonnag^of finished lead products consuiragB amounted to 1,212,000 tons of^ead content only. While it is difficultalo determine how lead in this form ijfchipped, it may be estimated consenaitively that 75 percent of this tonnagtmoves by rail. This estimate is douSy conservative in the sense that it represents only the actual lead contentg of the lead products con sumed."; The figure. 1.212.000 tons. covers'3Dnly the actual lead content of oaiirt. for instance, and does not take into account the fact that every gallon of white lead mixed pigment paint weighs from 12 to 16 pounds. Loading pig lean'into a railroad car-- a few of the millions o i ions of lead, lead ore and Lead prod ucts shipped yearn by rail. but contains only irom 1 to 4 pounds of lead. Nor have we considered the total number of times a given pound of lead is shipped before it is con sumed. For instance, lead concentrate is first shipped to a refinery whence it is shipped to a vvhite lead pigment manufacturer and then to a paint manufacturer who finally ships the finished can of white lead paint to his dealer. At any rate, the tonnage of lead products moved bv rail is. bv all means, a substantial figure. It is interesting to note that another characteristic of lead, its high density, eases the railroad's job of hauling, for when lead or anv of its products are shipped, their high weight-to-voiume ratio reduces the bulk of the ship ments. Cars for shipping lead and lead products can nearly always be loaded to their rated capacity. Obvi ously a freight car is not operating efficiently and providing proper re turn to its owners if it cannot be loaded to its rated capacity. Indeed a^cooperative venture--the lead industry contributes in raanv ways toward maintaining the safe operation and welfare of our raiiroad systems upon which the lead manu facturing and consuming industries depend to insure delivery of their goods when and where needed. Leal In Modern Plumbing Systems LEAD in modern plumbing systems oilers far more advantages than wall or floor than any of the other materials used for this purpose. those-xustomarily attributed to this Its time-saving qualities can be at tributed to the ease with which lead waste and vent systems can be prefab ricated long in advance of their need mostijjersatile of all the common metalsdSTo its customary advantages in plunSBina systems, such as non-rust These space-saving lead wastes and vents for back-to-back bathrooms were pre fabricated in the plumber's shop located on the site at the Kansas Cits upurtmen.i protect. Summit House on the Plnza. ing and non-clogging, can be added its space saving and time saving qualities. Modern dav construction costs are such that architects and builders are constantly striving to reduce the amount of space required for services and, utilities and at the same time maintain safety and quality. In pliimbing waste and vent systems, lea? pipe and fittings do this remark ably well. Lead, because of its flexi- biHtv and the absence of bulky joints can be installed in less space between -- 4. t LI A25998 1 4 i The plumbers along with some of the prefabricated lead work installed in the 202-untt apartment project, Summit House on the Pluza, located in Kansas City. Approximately half the lead fittings, wastes and cents installed in a Beaumont, Texas, apartment project. In the foreground, note how little space is required to make a 180 degree change of direction. on the job. This means that work can these assemblies in place and the required for this installation is go on in the plumbing shop while amount of space saved can be easily shown. other construction is delayed by noted in the absence of bulky joints weather or other reasons. Also, such and special fittings that would have LOW-RENT PROJECT shop work is usually done under the most ideal working conditions result ing in workmanship that is most sat isfactory from the standpoint of cost and quality. Because lead is flexible, slight miscalculations that mav occur in the preparation of the roughing-in are easily overcome at the time of ac tual connection to the stack and fixtures. These space and time-saving quali ties of lead plumbing can be and have been applied to practically all types of construction. Recent examples are two large private apartment projects, a low-rent housing project and a hos pital. These all reveal that no matter been necessary with other materials. Winn Senter is the general contractor for this apartment project that will be known, when completed, as the Summit House on the Plaza. In Beaumont. Texas, the prefabri cated lead plumbing for another large apartment project was prepared in the plumbing shop on the construction site and installed by the Chas. Keisling Plumbing Co. of Houston, Texas. Here again, the entire underfloor plumbing has been prefabricated of lead. In the foreground of the accom panying photograph of this job note how little space is required for the 180 degree bend in the lead waste Prefabricated lead plumbing can be applied to low-cost construction as well, as shown by the plumbing in stalled in a 150-unit, low-rent project in Fort Smith. Ark., by the L. D. Bur ris Heating and Plumbing Co. Lead bends for water closets, lead drum traps for baths with connecting lead wastes and vents were all prefabricated in the temporary shop on the site. Over 1.700 wiped joints, requiring little more space than the pipe itself were used in connecting up the more than 12 tons of lead pipe and fittinss necessary for this piumbins installa tion. how complicated the layout, the sav outlet of the lead trap into which HOSPITAL PROJECT i ing of space and time as a result of the bathtub will waste. Approxi The plumbing system of a hospital i prefabrication is possible with lead. mately half the lead pipe and fittines is probablv more varied and extensive APARTMENT PROJECTS In Kansas Citv. Mo., prefabricated lead plumbing for an 11-story, 202- Fort Smit h, Ark, apartment building was prepared in plumbers and some of the lead plumbing t advance of need in the temporary prefabricated for in shop of the A. D. Jacobsen Plumbing & Heating Co. located on the job site. stallation in a lowrent apartment project. The extent of prefabrication of the lead work is shown in the accompany ing shop photograph of the compli cated lead assemblies just after beins completed. Other photographs show LIA25999 than anv other building of compar able size. The new 12-story. 750-bed Shreveport Charity Hospital. Shreve port. La., for example, has 1.500 plumbing fixtures, including 228 water closets. Some of these fixtures required un usual connections, a few of which are shown in the accompanying photo graph. Included are double Hi in. lead waste arms, shown in the center on the table, for back-to-back lava tories, wasting into a single connec tion to the stack. This was accom plished bv connecting the two waste arms to a ferrule with a single wiped joint. Also shown are shower wastes entering the top of lead drum traps and several of the extremely long lead closet connections required. Poe Plumbing and Heating Co., of Green ville. S. C,, are the contractors. S(fl*9&t>i the unusual plumbing connec tions. all easily pretabricated with lead, installed in the neu 12-story 750 bed Shreveport Charity Hospitai.ShreveDori. La. This installation, as well as the others herein described, all make use of lead's versatility as a waste and vent material in the hands of plumb ing craftsmen. It will be noted that all of these intricate assemblies, pic tured and described, were made with a minimum number of joints without any special fittings. What other ma terial could have met the exacting requirements of some of these con nections as easily as lead? Great Lakes Ice-Breaker Ferry V Protected By Red Lead Specification Paint. ANEW ice-breaker ferry, the Yacationland. was recently com corrosion by two coats of a fast dry ing red lead paint meeting the require pleted at the Great Lakes Engineeringments of Federal Specification TT-P- Works Shipyard in River Rouge. 86a. Tvpe IV, which savs "Type IA Michigan for the Michigan State paint is intended for use as a primer Ferrv service across the Straits of on iron and steel surfaces particularly, Mackinac and was put in service this as those subjected to severe humid w inter. conditions or fresh water immersion. The Yacationland, 360 feet long In addition to its excellent water im and 75 feet wide, is protected from permeability. the paint film exhibit- keel to mast against the ravages of good resistance to acid and alkaline a i T The new ice-breaker jerry, the yacationland. latest addition to the Michigan State Ferryservice across the Straits oj Mackinac. All steel surfaces have been primed with two coats oj fast-drying red lead paint. environments, Abater storage tanks, structural work on dams, structural metal and equipment in bottling plants, laundries, and mines are typi cal of the steel surface? for which this paint is particularly effective a- a pro tective coating. ' The new State Ferrv with it- four huge diesel engines delivering K).i'(Xi horsepower will be one of 1 lie two most powerful vessel- on the l.rejt Lakes. The other is the t . v. Coast Guard icebreaker, the Mackinaw. The \ acationland w ith a speed of 15 knots and its powerful hull con-lniction will be able to move through the lmmidable ice jams of the Straits with out difficulty. There will be -pace on the main deck for some 150 vehicle-, about 50 more than the large-t ferrv currently in service. Radar and -binto-shore phones will as-ure -afe navi gation through treacherou- "alerduring all seasons. Construction of the A acationland required the building of a new slip at Mackinaw Citv as well a- the in stallation of another fuel line -v -ieiu. This fuel line will carry oil from ship tankers to storage tank- on -non * t i LIA2 6000 and then back to the end of the dock to refuel the new ferry. Complete new docking facilities were built on the St. Ignace side of the Strait; of sufficient size to handle the new ship. These docks will permit four of the State Ferries to load at one time as compared to oniv two at the old St. Ignace docks. The new dock construction alone will cost approximately 84.000.000. The State of Michigan has invested 34.700.000 in the Vacationland. This investment is protected against de struction by rust by two coats of the red lead-phenolic primer and a finish coat of a gloss-white enamel. About 4.500 gallons of the red lead specifi cation primer were required for the job. The following is a detailed for mulation meeting the requirements of the Federal Specification ( F.S. TT-P86a, Type IV) as published in the Lead Industries Association Red Lead Technical Letter No. 6. Composition Percent Red Lead (97% grade) ............................. . Diatomaceous Siiica.................................... Magnesium Silicate ..................................... Aluminum Stearate...................................... 85.00 8.00 6.60 0.40 `Phenolic Varnish ...................................... . Aromatic Petroleum Spirits....................... . Dipentine........................................................... Antioxidants .................................................... Driers .............................................................. 100.00 74.00 22.40 2.75 0.50 0.35 100.00 Pounds 950.0 39.6 74.0 4.4 432.0 129.7 16.0 2.2 2.0 1699.9 Gallons 12.85 5.36 3.10 0.53 57.70 17.70 2.26 0.27 0.23 100.00 Pigment = 65.9 % Vehicle = 34.1% Wt. Gal. = 17 lb. PV = 41 `Phenolic Varnish: Phenolic Resin (100% para tertiary amyl phenol-formaldehvde resin l .................................... Tung Oil ................................................ Mineral Spirits ...................................... 20.25% 39.75 40.00 100.00% No t e : This paint performs best when applied to surfaces freed of all con taminants by sandblasting or other equally effective means. New Pickling Process Uses lead OST steel undergoes pickling at M one time or another before it painting by corroding the metal with acid under controlled conditions. becomes part of a finished producWt. hile some alloy steels are frequently "Pickling'' is a common method of pickled with muriatic acid, nitric acid preparing a metal surface prior to or mixtures of acid, the common plating, galvanizing, enameling or grades of steel are usually pickled Flow diagram o! the new phosphoric and pickling system. Cleaning and pickling lint PHOSPHORIC ACID PICKUNG with a 6 to 10 percent sulphuric acid solution. In some instances pickling is done with phosphoric acid at 15 to 50 percent concentration. Pickling steel with dilute phos phoric acid has one chief advantage over other acids in that the metal acquires an adherent phosphate coating which is rust resistant and forms an excellent base for paint. But despite this and other advantages, phosp'horic acid pickling has not been used ex tensively because the acid itself is so much more expensive than sulphuric acid. Recently a process making phos phoric acid competitive cost-wise with sulphuric acid pickling was proven successful. The new process depends on continuous purification and recla mation of the phosphoric acid pick ling solution. In the reclaiming proc ess the acid is pumped directly from the pickling tank through a cation exchange unit of special design de veloped by the Permutit Company containing a hvdrogen zeolite cation exchange resin. The resin absorbs the dissolved iron in the pickling solu- Phosphoric acid pickling line in use in the Peoria, Hi. plant oi Caterpillar Tractor Co. Regenerating tank is the tall tower at lejt. order to thoroughly agitate the acid. It is interesting to note that when one of the first commercial installa tions of the phosphoric acid pickling process was put into operation, the piping for conducting the sulphuric acid from storase to the acid regen erating section was made of a rigid metallic material. This material failed after the first month of service, was replaced with lead piping and sgjce then has given continuous satisfactory service. While the regenerating unit does not at present utilize lead in its con struction, designers at the Permutit Company are contemplating the use of either bonded lead or sheet lead construction in future installations. The pickling operation in industry almost invariably goes hand in hand with lead especially since the bulk of pickling is done with sulphuric acid. Lead lined tanks for batch pickling, brick and lead lined tanks for con tinuous pickling and combinations oi both are common applications of lead. Added to this, as a result ol increased emphasis on water pollution control, are waste pickle liquor recovery sys tems which also utilize lead where corrosives are encountered and other common materials of construction cannot economically withstand ac.-d attack. To the more familiar pickling techniques, we may now add the new process of phosphoric acid picklins which a gain depends upon the excel lent corrosion resistant properties of lead for safe and economic operation. tion in the form of iron phosphate and converts it back to phosphoric acid. However, as reclamation of the acid proceeds the exchange resin eventually becomes exhausted and no longer removes iron. To regenerate the resin the flow of pickling solution is stopped, and the tank drained, backwashed with water and regener ated with sulphuric acid thus restor ing the zeolite to its original condi tion. This is where lead enters the picture. Because of the greater corrosive ness of sulphuric acid, lead has proven to be the only practical ma terial of construction. A storage tank for holding the sulphuric acid (30 percent) labeled "dangerous, strong acid" in the illustration is of sheet lead lined steel construction. The tank is 4 ft. in diameter and 2 ft. 6 in. high and consists of a steel shell lined with 8-lb. chemical lead. No strap ping is required, the lead being sup ported from the top by turning over the flange. The lead pipe for conduct ing the acid from the storage tank to the zeolite tank is made of chemical -lead. A lead overflow pipe is pro vided. Approximately 40 ft. of pipe are required per unit. The tank con tains a perforated lead pipe coil throucn which air is introduced in The following articles and reprints contain Information, drawings and specifications on the ose of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, uoon request to the lead industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, H, Y. THE USE OF LEAD IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY Detailed description of *inou appiicatioos of lead in the modern pulp tod paper mill. Com all phases of paper pulp manufacture and treatment including auipbite acid manufacture, acid pulping, bleaching and flock handling. Replaced from "Paper Trade Journal." Oct. 26. 1950. LEAD IN MODERN PLUMBING-- WHY, WHERE, BOW IT IS USED A 24 page booklet containing descriptive informa tion aa veil aa four pages of detailed drawing* for plumbing installations id various type house*. MFTAL PROTECTIVE RED LEAD PAINTS The seraatility of red lead in protective primer* to meet a wide range of surface condition*, drying schedules and economic demands is described. Reprinted from "Pam ind Varnish Production." January, 1951. A STUDY OF PAINTS FOR ENCLOSED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN STEEL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION A reprint of * paner which was retd before the General Meeting of the American Iron and 8teel Institute. May tS-2C. U>49. which ipontored the work The study included soma 34 kind* of paint systema. AN INVESTIGATION OF PRIMERS FOR MARINE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS Results of aa i..;eitUatlt. of synthetic vehicle* and red lead ailed, pigment primers orer an exposure period of three-and one-half year* in a rigorous marine atmosphere. Reprinted from "Official Digest" published by The Federation of Paint and Ysroiab Production Cluha. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS A series of technical letters Issued by the Red Lead DJviiion. Lead Industries Association, Tba numbers sod titles follow: (Available separately ) Technical Letter No. 3 --Red Lead Primer* for Atmospheric Exposure Technical Letter No. 4 -- Red Lead Paints for Marine Exposures Technical Letter No. 5*-- Red Lead-Vinyl and Coumarone Type Paint* Technical Letter No, 6 Red Lead Paint Formula tiona CORROSION OF LEAD BY SULPHURIC ACID Data o b lead and lead alloys, including ehartY. for corroinn bv sulphuric acid. The proper te*i method, and corrosion rates ar varvinc tempera rure* and concentration* are detailed. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Chemis try. Pepiemter, 1951. PHYSICAL AND CORROSION CHARACTERIS TICS or LEAD IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY A detilled disruaalon of the use of lead In the rhernleal Industry presented before me National Association of Porrotion Engineers Conference. April 11.lu i rM 9 NEW DEVELOPMENTS EXPAND USE OF LEAD CONSTRUCTION Improvements in lead fabrication and iastallaiioo method* are described and illustrated ' lo a re print from "Material* A Method*" May. !9$U The article ahowa bow lead construction develop menu have continued to keep pace with develop ments in the chemical and process industries. CORROSION FORUM A series of one page articles oo me use of lead as a material of chemical construction In contact *nth tn* following chemicals (available separately*: Chlorine. Hydrochloric Acid, Hydrofluoric Acid. Industrial Alco hol. Sulphuric Acid, Sodium Chloride. Sulphur Dioxide. Phosphoric Add, Chromic Acid. Copper Sulphate. Citric Acid. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering " FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW.P.325 For Pipe. Bends and Trap*. LEAD Part 5 ot Section IV of the Federal Standards Stock Catalog, official publication by the Government Print ing Office. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION TT-P-Rf,, Paint I Red-Lead-Base, Ready-Mixed Covers four types of red lead base paints including two fist dryl&K formulations. Many lotended applications listed- LEAD WELDING An informative as well as practical guide to lead welding Reprieved from the "Welding Sandbooi, Third Edition ' published by the American Welding Society. CPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL HE Gl*Al) TO MAIL LEAD" UEGI LAKLY. FREE OF CHARGE. h t q TIIOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE TVITIIOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLI TION OF ^OCR LEAD PROBLEMS PUNTED IN U. S. A. BV P0'BU5HF*5 PRINTING COMPANY NEW YOU CITY LIA2 6002