Document 10ze9kqkoDxQzxJoR7pzpYo8m

1, Disc brake emissions collector (left) from back, showing Instrumentation; fright) ehowlng thermal control aida. ', '.I I ' .' ' HOW _MUCH ASBESTOS DO VEHICLES EMIT? '' .I Most of asbestos emitted from vehicle brakes and clutches catlnn Qf emii!Siona trenda for frfc, is converted to other products, with only 3.2% of total asbestos emitted entering the atmospt~ere, according tion materials with continued use, The third vehicle test simulated a complete brake reline, including to Bendix researchers. turned discs and drums. All friction materials cmntalrwd urasltrstos, ancl wcrc rrpn~lltnth.. thnst 1'11pplircl loy lhf' iurlu~try. Mn A ttmtprrhl'nr<htJ imr,;tiAntion of gas Surf:tcH Mmplt>s, lnclucling wrar Jrori1tl" frurn Alt.,x, Btnclix, Ha)l~tHIIlM n1ttl pnrtir.ulut" ml:;."'lons from unto ,lchrb on hrakt> mul coJie,to r shroud Munl.uthn, Thiukol, und Worlcllrslu~ nh)ti\'t' hrakt~ urul clutclll's during I'Urfacl'!l. . were used for original cquipnwut and actual \'rhiclt l)pcration shows that, Airhorne samples, collected on aftermarket disc pads and clrurn 011 thtt 11\'Nage, moru than 99.7% n1emhrane filters. linings, selected in part because of of thr asbl'stos tunille<l is comutecl The dutch was sealed by closing ; their high-volume usage. to orher products, The contribution ,the remaining few holes in itil-1casing. to tht' atmospht're is estimated to be The lrft wheel brakes were kept in Collecting the emlaalona S060 lh pt>r year for the whole coun. their normal confib'1Jralion. 'l"hcy were Fig. 3 show11 a crossstctionul vluw try -- ur :t2~c of tlw totnl nshcstos used tu monitor the operation of the of the elise l.ntke cmi>i.~iou,; mlltclnr. cmitlttl, ~<hrouclrd hrakc>!l. \Vear del.ris was Tlw ruhhing St'lll is lucatc,,J at rlw Tlw:<P figur<s 1urc uhtRirlt'd will takcn from thC' left hrukcs ns wt'll as '.but or huh section of the mlur. The <\ m<'dilllnWt>lght (18SO.Jh test from those on the right. The ~mounts seal is a spring-loaded, graphitr.-filled weight t, high-\'olume passrnger car of dehris formed and the 'composi- TeRon eeal of commercial mauufae with a 3-:<pt>td mnnual transmisgion, tions werr. US('d to <lcmonstmte that lure. The main portion of the shroud 't'Jltilaltd t'a"tirtlfl elise hrah~ in tlw hrakr !'hrouding did not signi- was coated with black oxide. A water front, cast-iror1 drum brakes in th!l ficantly affect op!'ration of the right- cooling system was added, and an rear, and a drr chllch, A front disc hand brakes. ppen "mag" wheel was used to aid brake collector (Fig, 1) and a rrar in cooling the enclosed hrnke. drurn I! rake collt><'tor (Fig, 2) in stallcd nr1 tilt' ri~ht ~itlc of tllll \'I' How the testa rere run A cross-sectional view of tht~ tlruru Three l'ehiclt le~ts wen run: tho bruke cmisgions collcetor iK nlwwn iu hi<'lt' l'L)lltdtcl till' \\'tar dtl,ris and fir:st with original equipuwnt fric- Fig. 4, along with details of the rut.. ~purattcl it i11to tlmt fractions! tion materials; tlw secoud simulating bing seal, which is the same trpc us ~ump sarnplts, induding ~he we11r a partial reline - fropls ouly were that on the disc brake rmissions mldrhris on lining surraC('s, In rhet relined, with the rears 1retained as is )ector. The axle hub used to align hnles, and on th~> brake dq1m. to gi\'e a replicatf' lf'sl, and an indi- fhe drum was morlifia-l - 'th .~ , .,.,. FMS\ 06667 n-7 r~\ l I ,, I'f 1 ( I IL A..embled. nar drvm brake emlnlona c:ollector (tell) shown from Inboard; (right) ahown from outboard . I ahwd 1o of \In t':OO.(tl,. 11'~11111 I 11111\ tlnun ~., pf view t'l'lllf, 11 lilt' Th,, -11111 lllf<ll' hflllltl 'nlter td an o aid rln1111 wn In r mh 'l''' '"' " l'!l\ ,,Jign niPr that wn~ ruttl't'ntrio In the nxlo hrur. nil U\'l'rU~l' nf n~ht,.:lo!l ronhnl In tht ings within 0.001 in:: (0.0025 em). hrnk11 l'llli~simls wn>~ 0.2:it1h. A lllpert>d leud facilitated ' drum As 11 d~ttk on BPn<lix resultB, in mounting. Chlfll," tolerances were rieptndl'nt nsht'sln~< unaly~l'!l Wl're also ne<-t-5Mry on the c.otwPnt ricitjes to oh . madrl, whirh gan~ :<lightly different lain rea!'onahll' !ileal liff'. ri'!IUit!l. For txamplt, Battelle Colum- Sen>n lf'EI vehicle driving schedules hus Lol,oratoril's, which analyzed 24 .l were UFt>d, Each was followeq hy 11 !'amples J!l'llcralt>d during the pro ml'n!'nn-ml'nt prncl'dur" that inrludt>d p:ram, ohtnilw!l nn R\'f'TUI!I' of 0.1 il 'jt, lnkin~t tmlll!'itm~ ~mpll'!<. mt'<\suring which 1,. 69'ii nf tlw Btntlix IIH'ra~c wr11r, h~Jlf'ttinj!; ~>y~h'm!', und repine .,f 0.21~- fnr thr t<anw 2t nnnlyl't'!l. ing wnrn pnrl11, if IWCt'~!'ary. The l'xplannlinn fnr llw hip:her Flr~t, thn low-ltmpl'ruture tf'!'t8 Bt'ndix ,alut'H is u,. follows:' ull larger wHe run Burnbh, Afterhurnish fiht>rs lhmullt'!l of filtrils) founrl wert' B;t!'t'linl', und Del roil Traffic. Thrsc U!<Rumerl to In~ rylimltr" o( projected were followed hy the high-tempera- dianwltr and kn~lh, and u fiher with ture tests - 10-stop Fade, Afterfade un t'lliptil'al crn~RSC'r.tinn was actually Bastline, 15-st9P Fade, and Final ~<mullu in ,olnme than reportl'd. In Ba!leline. adrlitinn, oil fihl'r~ were li~I'UIIIl'O to Meaaurlng asbestos content Fuch of thu ~amplt'>l wu~ unnly:tl'tl lnr u~lwst"~ '"""'Ill hr uptirnl und lrl'ln>n mlrrol't'Op)' For \'t>hldl' ll'ft 1, ashl'slos content ul hrnkt ml~~loru1 ran~"~ from \.65~! dnwll to 0.5~b. or 'lhr 47 analptj wporttd, only twp wero hi' 1Oil~~ u~lttsto>~ ( pnrlinlly tlt~ ~nidttl ""'"""IO!j ur nli,irru filurH \\'t'TC \\'t'llk nrul nnr.hunic-nlly n.lurt!d to nonfihrom~ lllllll'riul hy tlw llllwr unalytic-al l!dmiqtu used, henet, unly the wmninin~-t n~<lwf'lo,. fihril!\1 ,'were counted), To comparl' l'mis~lnns pm~~rly, it uJ,ml' l.OtV1 , For \f'~l l, lhl' owrnll WIIS nt't'l'!l..'\llry to calt-ulnlt~ thl' n~htstos lllrfll~ll Wll~ 0,~8~(,, mi!lflinn~ (actors fnr l'lll'h 8umple in ror ....., 2. tht u~lw~hlii eontrnt rTilllJ!I'I' rum 1.12'( tlnwn In 0,03~;,. or 1111' l:i onaly~,-~ nportcd, only micrul-\rum~</milt, V:rhtt:;; nf llw.....~ fm:. lnr8 Wl'l'e uhtaimtl hy multiplyj11~ tlw wl'il!hls nf hrnk tJ,hri~< gruralttl hy nnr 11 us uhuw 1.09~(, nnrl only thrl'l' 1111' apprupriall' uslu!<ln!l Jll'l'l'c'nlN, 11rrr lwtm't'll 0.511 and 0.96%1 all tlwn dividing hy mill's vcr tr.~t uthrrs Wt'rl' k~~ tho11 0.507f., Tht' schedull', Tim~. tilhtr n hi~h uslu~loR "' rrall 8\'t'TII!lt' \\'88 0.25~{,. conltnt nr n larl!l' pomplt /-(:tVI' u high For vt>hicll' tl'sl :-t, thll range of fuclor. a~l.,;;fo~ wnll'lll in lrukl' rmis~lons """"In1uril fmm 0.51'1 O.Ofl:l~r. Of tin unnly~"" nptiTII'If, tlmt \\I'TI' l~t"'1''' 0.211 1uul 0.51 /r; all ntlwrs '"'"' "'"~ thnn tl.20%. The O\t'rull IIH'rillf!' \\'0!1 0.0(~~. Thr. tnnrl~ in u~htl'tns l'llliFPimts 1'1111 lu f'IIIIIIIIUri1.1'tl as fnllnws: ..\,.lw"'l"" l'llli~~inrrs nn hi;,!lll'r fur r/w (rirtiuu "'"fut~ mul tltntu"''' with UM'. Till' tlrtml !trukt prndmt,; mun F'or all thrf't' Hhldt~ tf'ets, tbll ovor. chhl'sln~ tmJ,.,.IonR lltUII tlw tliHt' llrukt inilinlly, hut lhr difTtrtJu:t flterrmuH II.'! tin~ friotiun IIIUit'riuJs Clllllilllll' ill usr.. HI'&\'}' (abusive)' duty do not nc~cssurilr gin! n higher per cl'nt usltestos; tlw largl! amount of dthris produced, howevt'r, give a ~ignificnpt riRe is nshtslo!l tmission!l, Asht'slos tmti~~inns frorn l'rnkrH tic ITl'IISl' from fnrJu liT ln'U\')'11111)' "'"JIK l hi~htRI) to lurrni.'lh \II mmlrrutu hruking (lowest). For tlw tlisc pari~ only, tlwr11 i~< nn incnusc in ILIw~los l'mi~slorrH "ith im:nuserl a."lw~tos conll'nt in thl' fric- tion material. tThere was no r<nch trend for thl' drum hrakl' mnttriaiK.) Both front rlisc Jlatl~ anti tlrum liningH nf \'l'hldr lrNt :~ lrrul wnr rnltH ruurpamltlt In thu,.., fum11l in tlu ollrn twu nhirln lt'"ls, yet till' D!'lll'slos tmissions wero sil!'nificantly luwl'r. IRoth pad11 and Ptrondury linin;!!! conlainrrl hra!'ll chipA, whirh mny han~ ht>l'n in part Tl'spomihlc for thl' mnr" complt'lt' con,rr~inn 11f Ihi' n~lttt<tos in hruke l'misl'imtR.} For huth di>'t' mul lrum lmrkt~. 1h11 ~urfm,. t~umplr wu .. tlw larl!'~l uf till' ihnr lnlmul 92t;(- ), tlw KIIIIIJl ~umplt was nc,;l ( ulunrt 7t~.), nnrl tfw uirlulrlll' llllniplt WUM ~lllUJifRf (nhout 1~ 1. How asbestos emissions add ~P An l'Stimatc of thl' total l'miS~~ionR from hrakl'." unrl rhtlrhl's i10 J!iHn in Tuhh 1. Vahll'~ fur tlw rrumlur uf \ rhid... j II 11"'1' il rt' fliiMI'tJ lUI I'~ Ij lllllh'M fI'! 1111 the ~ntiorrul lli~JhWil}' Trnllit' Snfl'l)' Arhnlnil'trutiun, thr F('(lerul Hi)lh"ay Arlmini~l ration, ami other !Ifill rt:f'!l. FMSI 06668 BRM<l rAO .. . i. ' ,. I .., ' ..,: .(. ) ).". '\ .i : ~ ~ , '. i '- . . t:. ' . '., .,, .,. I "' ;. I ,' ~J jiXLE .~ t t<OUSING I, ,, ':,. '( ..; I SPL AS!< SHI[~p I _;_-- II\IIOOtftEPl ','\ ; .TO -u~=::;::===~===-- ~~~~~~ I '. ., Uf'IIT .; ,l S. Dlso brake ahroud shown ache~matlcally. 4, Drum brake ahroud ahown achemallcally. Tntnl u~h~tn~ <'lltl~~ionF pr yrnr 111'1'1' ulculat'cl hy nmhlplyin!l' the lll'il!ht nf ml~~lnn~ pcr nhklr-milc hr till' llllllllur nf mile,. till' nhlr.lc l'fJIHIIi!lll f!h'C'SI ~~-s..!_r~- X )O"I! X 9.97R X ]03 \'l'hH'If'nttlf' IL!!o to opPralc at highf'r tcmpcraturl'&. In nddilluu, the tlulc'h i~ used mnre uftl'n. Wlwu tlw:<~~ clifTcrcrurs nrc tuktu into nttounl, totul UllliiHtus wa~ clrhn pcr pnr 1111l tlw mnnhcr nf H'hirJc,. in llrll', Fnr '\lllllJIIc. ~nr pa~~C'IIj!<'r rurto, tlw fnllnwinf.l I'Fiimnll'!l wcrc> n~ccl1 mli('S x -1- x 91l.4 >< 10" \'(hid('~ )'f'llf 15 ~ ;r = 60..100 lh pl'r yrnr tmissioru; per light I ruc:k Uft' 1'111 ..ululc'd 111 87.51 p.g/mih. Distrihution fuctor11 hat! to hr motlificrl lucnll!lt tlw truck clrum Tnlnl u;hp;lns t>ml,.~lons prr n, hiclc: 2R.51 ,,p/mllr, whirh wa~ nh. 1ahwtl h~ Hrnt!fill!l' tlw vnhtC'A from tlw tlmc \Thldt tc~r~. Till' 11~1.,.,.11,~ from lht tl'~<t nhirlc hrukc iH more oJH'II than the l'llr drum hiclion mall'rials' wn~ c:nlrulotl'd to brake ond, in many in~tunces, has no cul up us follow11: Rl.9~t cll'pO~<itcd l'plu!!h Fohiclrls. It wasl'slimutrl, then. 1111 tlw pnmul. 1 kl~( ntnirwcl in foro, thnt unly ulwul 25~(. m1 mm:h .tht lrnlw mul/nr clil'po~ocl nf tluri,rt~ .: clclorit~ nnutin~< lrt u truck flrmn lmtkto \\ crnl!' !111111111lmilollf!<' fur pn~~crt. "''n ir, nrul :t 7';(. l'ltlillocl tn ' tJ;,. f!l'l' cnrs ""~ c'l'limnlctl nt C')C')jiJmilc~. nlntu~piii'TI', Till'~ l"'rctnlnf!<'ll wtrc u"ccl to cll'lormitll' tlw dil'trlhutlor' uf IIH irt n pn!>"''"f!''rtH tlrnm lomkt, Th clist rllouticm nf cnrio<!licuul fur I nwkM, was, tlurdnrl', caJc.ulutccl to lw: :'\ullllll'r of pn~I'IIJU'r ,rhlrlr!lt tmir~.,ion" fnr pnl'l'l'lll-!t'r rnrH. 87.9~i road clropout, 2.9'ft uirhornr, llti, IOO.OilO, Tnwk lorakts trsunlly nn lll'U\'i!'f and 9.2/f( rl'tainl'rl in thl' lontkcs. ..Suhthlllin~t thr.r ,nht('S in thfl thnn pu~~tnpcr-rar hruk,s nrtcl tl'nd t Tlris work was JWrfornwd with thll 1\itpport of the En\'ironmental Protec Tllble 1 6ummaJ1 of All Brake and Clutch Eml..lone (lb par yeer) tion Aglncy, through contract 1\n. 68-0 ~-0020. I 6 Passenger Carl Light Trucka Medium Truck1 and Bu Heavy Truckl 1\Aiacellaneou Number of Vehicle~ 96,400.000 17,100,000 Total Aabesloe Eminlonl 60,400 32,300 1!.1100.000 1.200.000 11,6HI.OOO Totals '% or Total 16,300 32.900 16,300' 158,200 Oiatrlbullon Dropout 49,470 28,420 14,330 28,920 14,330 135,470 (8~.6) "lrborne 2,230 940 470 950 470 6,060 (3.2) Brake Retention 8,700 2,940 1,500 3,030 1,500 17,670 (11.2) Eallmalad equal to medium trucka weights of friction material Jllled for both cate eori almoet equal. lnolude motorcyol81, trallert, and the like. Michael G. Jacko, Jlhyioo I r:hemit, Bendix Re~~nrrh Laboratories; Robert T. DuCharme, ~"l'"nisor, Brake Engineer lng Laboratory, Anromoti1e Control S> lm~ Group, Bendix Corp.; and Joseph H. Somers, Offin nf Air & Worer Pro l!rBolf~. Emironnwntnl l'rolcctlon A~:nry. Bn""d on SAE JDionr No. i305411, "Hruko and Clutch Emiion~ Generated tluring Vehicle Optrutions," pre~l'nted nl the SA~ Automobile Engineering Mr"tln11, May 1973, Ol'lrnic. FMSI 06669