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Compounding Materials Used in the Rubber Industry ^ Parc II--.Dry Inorganic Substances; Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes; Liquids and Gases Industrial Safety Series No. RU-3 Published by chc National Safety Council 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 1, 'Hiis pamphlet is the second "t a series of two on "Comi>ounding Materials I'setl in the Rubber Indus try." The first pamphlet. Xo. RIM, i' confined to the classification of or ganic accelerator*. anti-oxidants and irv organic com}xumls. This pamph.ei is confined to the following three grou|* of compounding mate rials : ' 'ey ituirvamc Hut-i;nvw wnui. i.d. material* ami i.ii|ui<i- ami gaso. 2. An attempt has lx*en made to ii>i herein alphalH'tically. in the three aiiove groups, practically all of the usual contjimimiing ingredients used in the manufacture of rubber which are not covered in Pamphlet Xo. KIM. It should lx* realized, how ever. that new compounding ingredi ents arc constantly ixting developed and in some cases new and unusual i>e> are living made of the present .ngredients. A brief description of each citnjx>umiing ingredient is giv'n. together with its use in the ruhi'er industry. its relative health haz ards and recommendations for its '.tie handling from a health view-*mt. Many of the solvents used in `mpnunding rubber are flammable, ertain m thy dry substances used resent ;t dust explosion hazjmi. and :>a* use of various oils involves the ootiger of *|mntanemis ignition. How ever. the are hazards of the sub* -:.mces listed are not discussed in de.A. a* those hazards are fully cov ered in other publications. Thu pamphlet is a compilation of ex perience in accident prevention, it should not be assumed, however, that it includes every acceptable procedure in the field covered. It must not he confused with federal, state or insurance requirements, or with American Standard safety uhIcs. Dry Inorganic Compounds 3. Most of the compounds in this group are of a soft mineral jxiwdcr type, of a panicle size less than two hundred mesh, many of less than three hundred mesh, or finer. Few of them contain hard or abrasive par ticle* such as silica or corundum. Only a few arc toxic. On the whole they arc comparatively free from health hazards. However, they are all more or less dusty when handler! carelessly, and the ordinary dust haz ard is always present. Good storage bins, conveyors, hooded mills, and efficient exhaust systems will readily eliminate the dust hazards and in most cases prevent harm from the toxic or siiica-licaring compounds. (See also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet Xo. 4, "Oust." and .Safe Practices Pam phlets Xo. .32. "Exhaust Systems,'' and Xo. 04, "Respiratory Protective Equipment.") 4. There are several comjxunds. however, that should receive sjX'cial consideration, such as '.earl or silica bearing compounds. These a.v so designated in the following list of materials. Aluminum Jflakc S. A fme cream-colored powder, consisting primarily of aluminum sili cate, used as a fjler in rubber, ii* is non-gritty and non-toxic but rather dusty in handling. Ammonium Carbonate fv .\ white crystaiine ..r lumpy powder having a pungent odor am monia. It readily decompose* an. give* off an irritating out..- during mixing. It is u*ed in sponge rubier* It Is slightly toxic, but them * little health hazard as it is hutin the rubber industry. Antimony Sulphides 7. There arc two types, die guld en and the red antimony sulphides, used for coloring rubber article*. .'?oinc grades contain a considerable percentage of tree sulphur and rai cium suiphatc. They are slightly toxic, irritating to the sk;r. and th.- mucous membrane*. Careful handling is required. (Sec also in<tu*trial Data Sheet D-Chcm. 22, "Antimony ar.o Its Compounds.") * Ajibcacinc S- A fibrous variety of magntMut!. silicate used m rubber as a filter, especially in jiuckings and ga.-kets. It is white jxmrh-r. non-gritty an. non-toxic. U should be borne in mind, however, that many of these silicates, when not pure, may contain trace* o; silica, and dust should i- kept down. . i `tfyriiiiil. /v.iV, Xtiliimul Safely Couneil. hie. .1/1 rii/hu >v..vtvm. /`ru.ietl tu L!. S. .i.j :.S77v/.l/. S.U-ICTY SERIES NO. RU-J .V fibrous magncsi: many types o: .<nia.ii gcod*. :y <>f* the pack! ind where the T SQ1C considerable he?.: in many length:- : ::ocr. jits Inch long to gam z ;jwv usually greyi-h ^h:te ii .--nnce. Suitable exh.i.u< sy?- -* - vspirato'y pro:eel. ve ccair- - are usually needierI : prevert >.>.a:aiitn of dust by this -'vxer*. Cadmium Yellow 17. A fine light-yellow powder of cadmium sulphide, used for coloring rubber, it is slightly toxic. It can cause irritation of mucous membfanes and also gastritis. Careful handling is required; hands mast Ik* kept dean ami dust at a minimum in the workplace. Calcined Magnesia 1S. (See magnesium oxide.) Calcium Chloride toxic There are, however, so-called "chrome greens," which are not pure chromium oxide but are mixtures of blue ami yellow pigments made up of compounds other than chromium. Such pigments might have toxic prop erties, esj>ecially it they contain lead stilts. Such greens arc usually un satisfactory for heat vulcanization of ruhlier, since they lose their color under high tetn|x*RUurcs. Neverthe less, the purity of chrome green should be determined More giving It a dean "bill of health." sum Du.sc mule name loriun -ium Sulphate . A heavy while pewuer usel vnawing ruhlx*r an<. also as a I: {< insoitihie In swst sa lt * non-al>sorishi-n and jkitThere Is no hazardhznriTmc. :rum ihr.l of dust. *vt Commercial name -r nasusl of barium su!j*hate. <:on White ' ' A 'iifte name for ih.hu'jxjrc. n:ont;e "rr'tmite is a fine coGoica! \ 'b:ainetl irom nature deposes. a urn- grriSh-wntc vi er. similar in many characirr- o*h--clays. `ion: -nice. htw. -r. has *he ] mi'uUt.t '-vneeiy of c.rvv hydrolysing wher. or*uasJi`n- - >n:r.c' with water a.nrl swelThg .' rma jelly-like structure. Snail ::::> <*:!>< a treiner>.H*cs jhxnt- 1*). White to brownish deliques cent crystals or lunifis which arc eas ily soiuhic in water. 'Phis material is not added to ihe rubber, but is dissoivnl in water and used as a hath for vulcanizing ruhlter articles. It is irritating to the skin hut non-toxic. Carbon Black 2C. An exceedingly fine dusty black powder. It is used in quan tities for tires and many lines of rubber goods as a reinforcing ingredi ent. The dust is difficult to rojx* with but is non-toxic. Carbonate of Ammonia 21. (Sec ammonium carbonate.) Carbonate of Magnesia 22. (See magnesium carbonate.) Caustic Soda 2?. Same as sodium hydroxide. It is a white moisture-absorbent <ui>stance, usually in the form of sticks, flake* or lumps, ami easily soluble in water. It is used as a bath or wash for rubber articles to cleanse, remove bloom, and grease. U is very' Chrome Yellow 27. A decp-ycllow powder used for coloring whiter. This Ls a chro mate of lead, although there are also chromates of zinc and barium. The lead salt is the one usually umk! for rubber and is quite toxic becaase of the lead it contains. It should be handled with the same precautions as other lead comixtunds. (See leatl com|x>untis.) Qays 28. There are innumerable days, varying in colors and ranging from white to black. Those used for rul>Ixtr conqtouiKltng arc usually the white variety, ranging from white to cream or buff. Most of the clay* an* fine summit [xiwders, varying greatly m both chemical ami physical properties. They' arc of natural origin and chemically a hvdmus aluminum silicate. 'l*hey are used as fillers and for reinforcing. The days are usual ly non-gritty and non-toxic. A suit able exhaa*t system or respirator is usually requiretl to protect the res piratory orjsms. "u "i water solution**, fin sc ar: *f these protjenies* :: twd :Hekening agent anstahHaer - .v.T.iT (!is|x*rsiuns of '.>e a-- <*; its activity are ixorpiva -eries when iiruuh.. ir.to c:n- with wmer. care -hn^'c! be laser -T.vm inhalation -waTJovrlnn "iv :st. .sr.c i-ixi. ' r A trade iismv.tr . * -.u'.-nnte. i uv Lead . A grayish-blur -racr is-.-' * ~ri!r arcHera!'** m? rtm- .................A mixture ir.rve t-i .......'umU. and very v : - >er ea- ''mesp caustic, disintegrates organic tissue, and should be handled with great care to keep it from contact with the skin ami eyes. (See also National Safety Council Safe Practices Pam phlet No. 25. "Acids and Caustics,** ami Industrial Data Sheet D-Chcm. 2. "Handling Caustic Soda.") Chalk 24. (Sec whiting.) China Clays 25. (Sec days.) Chrome Green 2b. A green mineral powder used for coloring rubber. *l*he most satis factory green for rubix*r work is the oxide (*r-Os. which Is inert and non- Crimson Antimony 29. Another name for red anti mony sulphide. Diacomaceous Harth (Celite) 50. A soft earthy rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms. U grinds to a fine powder, extremely light and ihiffy, used for filler in rulilier conqiounds. It is non-toxic, but care should lx* taken to keep, down excessive <Iust. A suitable ex haust system or respirator may lx* needed. Kmcnr 51. A fine abrasive [xnwler used with rublier for making erasers and **u:< COMPOL'XDIXG MATERIAL /.Y THE RUBBER IXDUSTRV--P.IKT II wheel:*. Basically, ii is an i.1 :ja^;iuuintim oxide. it is non-toxic but .harp ani dangerous to inhale. In its use the same precautions as for silica 'are required. (Also called corundum.) i;o.\siI Hour 32. (Sice diatomaccous earth.) l:rcnch Guik 33. (see talc.) Fuller's llarth 34. A clay relatively high in mag nesia. It is used as a filler in rubber gimkIs am! is non-gritty and non-toxic. (See also days.) Golden Antimony 35. (.See antimony sulphides.) Graphite 3o. A grayish-black soft greasy tx>wticr. Used for lubricating rubber :uou!<ls and as a filling material for such ctmi|)unds as gaskets, pack ings. etc. It is an impure form of native carbon and is also produced artificially. It is non-toxic, but res* ' juratory protection is usually neces sary in its use. Ground Glass 37. A fine powdered glass used for ci*m|xmmiing rublicr to make erasers and other rubber abrasive utensil.-. The same precautions should lie obxTvcd as tor silica. It is non toxic but should not be handled with hare hands because it may cause minute skin lacerations that may be come infected. Gypsum 33. A grayish-white powder used for coni|X)unding rubber. It consists of a pulverized natural hydrous cal cium sulphate. It is non-gritty and non-toxic, but respirator}* protection is necessary in its use. Hard Rubber Dust 30. A tine ground hard rubber, grayish to black in color, very light ami fluffy, and sticks to whatever it touches. Ordinarily it consists most ly of vulcanized hard rubber, which v is rubl>cr anti sulphur, but it may also contain other mineral or organic .-ubstances used in compounding rub ber. Dust should be kept down, but the material is not toxic. Finely ground rubber dust is explosive when mixctl with air. Heavy Magnesia 40. Heavy calcined magnesia, or magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) Hypo ^ 41. I.ead hypo-sulphite. (See lead compounds.) Iron Oxide 42. The red oxide of iron. (See red oxide.) ' Infusorial Karth 45. (See diatomaceous earth.) Kaolin 44. A white china day. days.) (See Kksdguhr 45. (See diatomuccous earth.) Light Magnesia Oxide 46. The light calcined magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) Xotc: Magnesium carbonate is often spoken of incorrectly as light magnesia. Lamp Black 47. A black carbon pigment ob tained by burning ofls and oily resi dues. Carbon black is often mis called "lamp-black." Its character istics arc similar to carbon black (see carbon black). It Is not used to any great extent. It is not toxic. Lead Compounds 43. Before the advent of organic accelerators, the lead comjwunds were the most widely used accelerators of vulcanization. Some are still useti in large quantities. The usual lead compounds tised in rubber compound ing arc: Blue lead lead thiosulphate, hyposulphite or hypo, lead oleate, lead oxide or litharge, sublimed white lead, and basic white lead. Blue lead, lead thiosulphate, and hypo are no longer used to any great extent. There are active compounds of lead which react readily with sulphur at vulcanizing temperatures to speed up vulcanization. They arc more or less active compounds and arc readily as similated if taken into the system, either through breathing or through food contaminated by contact with dirty hands or clothing. 4d. lx.ad nitrate Is still used to c considerable extent both as an ac celerator and for extruded and mouhkxl goods. It gives a good fin ish and eliminates bloom in certain types of stocks. It Is an active poi son and should be treated with care. It is a soft, waxy substance, and so there is no danger of dust, the real danger being from sticking to hands and dothing. It can be handled with safety if cleanliness is carefuilv ob served. 50. I+cud aside nr litharge Is prob ably the most extensively used lead compound and the one most to be feared. It is an orange-to-browncnlnred jxnvder. The dust is verv fine, but being heavy, settles quickly. Those handling this material should wear 'suitable respiratory protective equipment if there is the slightest danger of inhaling any dust or get ting dust in the mouth or saliva, it is dangerous to handle tobacco, gum. fruit or any food until after the hands and face have been thoroughly washed. Mixing mills should be hooded and every precaution takes to keep down dust. Lead oxide is toxic, but there is no need to enlarge here cm lead poisoning. litharge can be safely handled if reasonable Cite is exerdsed in its use. `fhe worker should he instructed as to its serious toxic properties, and pains should lie taken to show him how to handle it safely. 51. Sublimed white lead is largely lead lphate with about 15 per cent of acivo lead oxide present. It U the free lead oxide which is the active accelerating ingredient and also the real toxic substance. While much less toxic than the litharge, it shnuid be handled with the same care as the latter substance. 52. Basie white lead is a whits powder consisting of a basic car bonate of lead. It is not used notr to any great extent for rubber comjvmmnng; but ii is a s*cry active and toxic substance and if used should be handled with as much care as litharge. 53. All jxtrsons using lead cucl*<oun<ls to any extent should inform themselves '.>n the symptoms of lead poisoning, its treatment, and avoid ance of trouble from poisoning. (Set also National .Safety Council ilcaur. Practices Pamphlet No. 5, "lead."; INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SEMES NO. RCM Lime 54. A fine dry white powder used extensively in rubber compounding as a secondary accelerator and drying ingredient. This compound is the >o-callctl hydrated calcium oxide or slaked lime. U Is slightly caustic and irritating to mucous membranes, and suitable protection against its caustic action is required. (See In dustrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 19, "Lime," tor details.) ' Litharge 55. Lead oxide. pounds.) (See lead com Lithopone 56. A hne white powder consist ing of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide of high coloring power. It is a widely used pigment for pro ducing white rubber goods. Being rather inert, there is no hazard con nected with its use other than the general dust hazard. The zinc pres ent in the material might be dis solved if considerable quantities of dust were taken into the system. but zinc in such small quantities would not be considered as a toxic mate rial. Magnesium Carbonate 57. Also called magnesia carbo nate and light carbonate. This is a fluffy white powder: next to carbon black it is one of the lightest jxnvdcrs used.-and it therefore causes consid erable dust. It is very soluble if taken internally, but it has no poi sonous effects, h is an ingredient often used for baby and toilet pow ders and also used in many medical preparations as an anti-add and mild laxative. There is no health hazard connected with its use other than that of dusL Magnesium Oxide 5S. Also called magnesia oxide and calcined magnesia, it is obtained by heating the magnesium carbonate. Two grades are used extensively in the rubber industry, one called heavy calcined magnesia and the other light calcined magnesia. The heavy prod uct is more dense and slightly darker in color than the light calcined ma terial. Both are used as auxiliary accelerators and to neutralize acid reactions. The percentage used is relatively small in most cases. The dust is slightly irritating to mucous membranes but non-toxic Suitable respiratory `protection is required in its use Magnesia Uses 59. Same as magnesium oxide. Mica 60. A form of aluminum silicate which, when finely ground, is a soft glistening powder.- The tlat particles slide over each other, giving the slip pery properties noted in graphite The color runs from a cream white to gray. It is used for dusting raw rubber to keep the slabs from stick ing together, also for dusting finished goods to give a smooth, glistening finish. Mica is also used in packings and mechanical goods as a filler where goods are to resist heat and acid. The material is non-toxic, and there is no hazard other than the dust hazard Cheap grades, however, may contain traces of silica. Suitable respira tory protection is necessary. Mica in needle-like form is iikclv to be more irritating to the skin and nasal passages than mica in plate form. Oxide of Magnesia 61. (See magnesium oxide.) Oxide of Iron 62. (See red oxide.) Paris White 63. (See whiting.) Plaster of Paris 64. (See gypsum.) Plumbago 65. (See graphite.) Pumice 66. A grayish powder consisting of ground lava. It is a compicx sili cate of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It is used as a soil abrasive for producing a smooth polished sur face on rubber goods such as me chanicals and rolls. Also it is used as a filler in acid and heat-resisting rub ber goods. H is non-toxic, but care should be exercised in keeping down dust. Prussian Blue 67. There .are a number of socalled Prussian blues with varying shades and solubilities, all belonging to the iron blues. They are fcm> ferri-cyanide compositions and arc non-tbxic. The blues used fur rub ber arc the insoluble type and pre pared to withstand the temperatures of vulcanization. They are used in comparatively small quantities, and there is no health hazard connected with their handling, aside from that of dust. * Red Oxide 66. A fine red pigment, very dense and heavy, and consisting of the red oxide of iron; also called iron reel. It Is one of the most wide ly used red pigments for coloring rub ber. It is non-toxic, and no serious health clanger is involved in its han dling. However, it U advisable to keep dust down, as the oxide dies readily. Red Ochre e 69. A dull brownish-red powder used for coloring rubber goods. It consists of a ground natural impure form of iron oxide, more gritty as a rule than the regular red oxide, it is non-toxic, but it may contain silica, and so care should be exercised in keeping clown dust. Rotten Scone 70. (See iri]xdi.) Sand 71. (See sSicon dioxide.) Selenium 72. Metallic selenium in the form of a fine heavy grayish-black powder is used to a limited extent in several branches of the rubber industry, no tably in the insulated wire industry and where a very low percentage of sulphur must be used. Information concerning its toxic properties is rather meagre. U is claimed to be non-toxic, anct we have no records to indicate that there arc any health hazards in connection with its- use in the rubber industry. It is ad visable to protect workers against in halation or swallowing of the dusL Silica 73. (See silicon dioxide.) Silicon Dioxide 74. .Uso called silica and quartz, sand, etc. A hard abrasive powder, varying in particle size from a very fine powder to large sharp panicles known as sand. The color may vary from almost pure white to yellow or COMPOUNDING MATERIAL IN THE RUnilER INDUSTRY---PART U 5 i>rown or grayish. This l the malerial which has been so widely dis cussed in cases of silicosis. It oc* curs as an impurity in many dusts and |X)wiicrs and b> usually present in common road dust. In rubber compounding, its use is confined to such special rubber articles as erasers and abrasive wheels. A very fine grade is abo used as a filler for cer tain rublxr gtxxls. Wherever it is used, the workers weighing and mix ing should Ik* protected I>v exhaust systems, or they should wear suitable respiratory protective equipment. There is an abundance of data avail able on silicosis which should be studied by anyone using or contem plating use of silicon dioxide. (See also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 20, "Silt- CUStt.'") Slate Flour 75. A line bluish-grav powder consisting of ground slate. In compo sition it is a sedimentary rock. It is used as a cheap filler and for cer tain heat-resisting and acid-resisting rubber goods. U Is non-toxic, but it may contain silica: therefore precau tions should be taken to prevent in halation of the dust. Soapstone 7<>. (See talc) Sulphur 77. A pure natural dejwsil ground to an exceedingly tine powder. It is light yellow in color and b the prin cipal vulcanizing ingredient used in rubber manufacture. With few ex ceptions. all rubber goods are cured or vulcanized with sulphur or with sulphur comjxnjnds. Suiphur dust is irritating to the eyes, respiratory or gan* and skin. Cloves and shirts with sleeves may be necessary to pro tect the hand* and arms. Goggles and respirators shoultl be used if lucre is much sulphur dust. Ade quate ventilation and exhaust equip ment should be provided to keep the dust at a minimum. There are sev eral varieties of sulphur, such as flow ers of sulphur and precipitated sul phur. but chemically they arc the same as the natural product. Talc ` 7S. A fine white-io-gray powder that feels extremely soft and peculiar- Iv greasy or soapy. It is used through out the rubber industry as a lubri cant or dusting powder. It a hydrous magnesium silicate, very in ert. It is nun-toxic, and there Is no health danger in its handling other than that of dust. Tellurium 79. Tellurium is used to a limited extent as a vulcanizing agent and especially where very low-sulphur stocks are desired. It is a grayishblack amorphous powder. IVfmite records as to its toxicity are lacking, but some workers appear to be very sensitive to the odor given off when they come into intimate contact with rubber stocks containing this chem ical. Aside from the disagreeable odor, there appear to be no rccortls of cases where it has presented a serious health hazard when used in rubber. It is advisable to protect workers from direct contact with the material as much as possible. Titanium Dioxide 50. Ttmnium dioxide, either as the oxide or in combination with bari um or calcum sulphate, is used as a white coloring pigment for com pounding rubber. It is one of the whitest anti most stable of the few white pigments suitable for rubber. These titanium whites are exceeding ly tine white powders, and the usual precautions for pigment dusts should be observed. There appear to be no records of their having caused any toxic hazards as used for rubber com pounding. Tripoli 51. Abo called rotten stone. It is a porous, siliceous rock resulting from the natural decomposition of sandstone. It is used as an inert filler and as a mild polishing com;ound for rublxtr. It is non-toxic, but care should be exercised to pre vent excessive dust, and csjx*dally in halation of dust, since it may contain a small amount of silica as an im purity. Tripolite 52. (See (itatomaccous earth.) Ultramarine Clue 53. A powder used for coloring rubber goods. Its cnmjvisttion is vari able but consists essentially of a dou- bk- silicate of sodium and aluminum, and sodium sulphide. It is a darkblue powder, fast to heat and suipfcur. It is non-toxic, but dust should be kept to a minimum. Umber _ 34. An iron oxide with varying amounts oi day and silicon com pounds. There are two common va rieties. The raw umber is the nat ural deposit ground and marie smooth, whereas the burnt umber is calcined at low heat. The former is a yellow ish-buff to brown color, and the latter a reddish-brown color. They are low cost colors, used extensively in rubber floorings and mechanical goods. There is no health hazard in their handling other than that of the dust. Venetian Red 35. (See red oxide.) Vermilion S6. A fine brilliant scarlet-toorange-colored jx>wder consisting of mercuric sulphide. It Is used in a limited way for coloring ccnain types of rubber but is too costly for gen eral use. It is a very inert com pound, and no health hazard 1* in volved in its use except that of dust. Whiring S7. A soft white or gray powder consisting of more than 98 per cent calcium carbonate, it i one of the most widely used filling compounds for rubber manufacture. The poorer grades may contain some traces of silica. It is non-toxic, and there is no health hazard connected with its use unless it contains free silica, which can he determined by labora tory analysts. White Lead 88. (Sec lead compounds.) Yellow Ochre . 89. A mineral deposit whicn, when ground, produces a cheap pig ment used in coloring rublter gmuls. Used principally for flooring and mechanical goods. It consists of hy drated ferric oxide mixed with day awl other siliceous material* in vary ing amounts. Tncrc is no health hazard in iu* use except that of dust. Zinc Oxide 90. Next to >ulphur, this is prob ably th.e most widely used rubber IXDUSTKIM. SM'/urr .S7CAV/*;v NO. RU-j inurvMlicm. U is used both as an ac tivator of acceleration in vulcanizing the rubber ami as a white reinforcing ingredient. It is a nnc white amor phous powder. Taken internally, it is siightly toxic, hut with proper pre cautions for keeping clown the dust then* is no serious health hazard in its handling. However, many grades of zinc oxide contain lead salts which increase their toxicity. Zinc Sulphide 91. A fine white powder with yel lowish tinge used for coloring rubber. 11 has gn*at coloring |wwor hut is nut as good a reinforcing ingredient as zinc oxide. There is no especial haz ard involved in its use. (See also zinc oxide.) Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes <>2. 'Hie substances in this group are largely used as softeners and plasticizers. 9A This grottp contains materials which art* either liquids or semi solids, and therefore there is no dust hazard. Also, all members of this xroup are practically non-volatile at temperatures encountered in rubber processing. None of the substances mentioned is known to be toxie with the possible .exception of some of the tars or pitches. They are not haz ardous as used in (he rubber industry because of the relatively small amounts used and because they arc neither in fine particles nor sufficientiv hot to give off fumes. 94. The oils arc usually added directly to the mhher on the mills and worked in. The solid resins and waxes are either melted or ground to coarse Hakes before they arc added to the roblvr: with reasonable care and cleanliness there is no health hazard in their use. 95. Oils ami resins knmvn as or ganic accelerators are not included with this group but are discussed in X. $. C. pamphlet No. RU-l. Asphalt 96. Also called bitumen and min eral pitch. It is a natural deposit of bituminous mixture, either solid or svmi-soiid. readily softened by heat, and is used as a softener and cheap filler, especially for extruding and covering'stocks. The color of the natural materials is brmvn or brownish-blatk. Many treated or blown asphaltic com|xtunds are also used in rubber compounding, and the lat ter may he obtained in almost any degree of hardness. They are usually black and have a bright fraciure when broken. Asphalt handlers may be troubled with irritation of the skin because of the mineral oil in the asphalt. Therefore handling of as phalt with the hare hands should be avoided where possible. Balaam 97. (See Canada balsam.) Beeswax 98. A yctlowish-io-whho-colorcrt wax obtained from the honey comb of bees. U is tough and has a fairly high melting point. It is used to render rubber impervious, as well as a softener in extruding, and ns a mild preservative against the action of iight. Bitumen 99. (See asphalt.) . Brown Substitute 100. (Sec factice, brown.) Black Substitute 101. (See factice, black.) Burgundy Pitch 102. An opaque yellowish to reddish-brown resin obtained from Norway spruce. Softens under heat and is used in conjunction with other ofls, to give tack to rubber, es{>cciallv unvulcanized frictions, tapes, etc. It is also used in tacky cements. Pitch is a skin irritant to many per rons, especially when a high standard of personal hygiene is not maintained. Canada Balsam 103. A resinous exudation from spruce, used to give tack in rtibJxtr frictions and cements. (See-also bur gundy pitch.) Carnauba Wax 104. Used quite extensively in rubber compounding to produce a dense, impervious product for rubber coatings, flooring, etc. It is a very hard, yellowish-to-buff-cnlored wax of high melting point: it usually is melted before it is added to the rub- lw ijaich. Carnauba wax i ol>tained as an exudation from leave? of the Brazilian wax palm. Its use does not present any special hazard?. Castor Oil 105. A thjck vellowish oil ob tained from the castor bean. Used as .a softener in rubber and In the production of certain robber substi tutes or factice. Certain ' 106. A purified mineral earth wax having a melting |x;int of approxi mately 74 degrees Centigrade. It comes in white cakes. Used in rub ber to render it more impervious to water and air, as a softener, anti for extruded articles and-coverings, elec trical insulations and for acid-resist ing rubbers. No hazard is involved in its use. . Coal-Tar Pitch ' 107. A Imnvn-to-black amorphous body consisting of the residue re maining after the coal-tar has been distilled, it varies from a soft sticky to a hard brittle mass according to the degree to which distillation has been carried out. Coal-tar pitch is used as a softener and tack producer, and for extruded goods. It may con tain residue; of coal-tar products which are toxic, but the feign temper atures of distillation should remove most of these, and the small un^om.used for most ruhher work prccluue any serious health hazard in its use. provided a hiat standard of personal hygiene is maintained. Colophony 10S. Common pine resin which is obtained as a residue after the dis tillation of turpentine oil from crude turpentine. Varies in color from light-amber to dark reddish-brown, h is used in ruhlter compounds for producing lack and in rubber cements. It usually comes in lumps and is readily pulverized or melt* down when added to the rubber batch on the mill There is no known hazard in its use. Corn Oil 109. A pale yellow oil obtained from the germ of corn, ft is used in robber as a softener, in rcciair. ->g old rubier, and in the manufs*c..re of factice or robber substitute. *sm C0MP0USD1SC MATERIALS IS THE RUBBER ISOUSTKV- FART 11 C^mmsced Oil :u. A paie yellow to rcdilishv.*n oil obtained from seeds of the .\.::on plant, it is used in rubber i. a Niitcner. for reclaiming old rub* \nrr. ami in conjunction with resins to rmsiuce tack. Cunu'r lit. A synthetic resin consisting <>i jxiiymers of coumarone, indenc. ar,;. homologous com|x>unds. It can iw obtained in several states, varying fmm a liquul to hard, high-melting rv>ins. The color varies from lightiiui'f to brown. It is used quite ox ter lively in various rubber comv>uml< such as those for soles, floor in'.:. friction tapes and cements. (*umar is also used in add-resisting and alkali-residing stocks. It Is non toxic- Dcgras il 2. Also known as sod oil and grease. It is a dark-brown grrttse obtained from the washings of >hcvpV wind. It is used as a softener arid for aiding in the processing of raw rublier. such as in calendering and extruding. It is non-toxic. Faeticc, Black U.T A black gummy cake re sembling rubber but easily disinte grated by crushing. It is made by vulcanizing vegetable oils with sul phur and adding mineral rubber. Black lattice is added directly to the rubber on the mill and is used as a soft tiller. It lias the property of absorbing other fillers and thus bulk ing up the rubber. It is also used for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded goo<ls. There is mi health hazard in the use of fact ice. i itiiie. Brown 114. Also called brown suiisthute. 1: i> a vulcanized oil usually made .urn nr dtuitar oil by heating with sulphur chloride. Rajwsced in Gum Trugacamh soya Ivan oils arc often used for making white facticc. The facticc is added directly lo the rublier hatch on the mill. It is used in druggists* sundries, tubing, extruded articles, rolls, park and moulded articles. It gives a smooth, velvety 121. Dull white translucent flakes or yellowish jviwder. It is a vegeta ble gum used for cements and a.- a thickener for latex solutions. It U non-toxic . Gutza Pcrcha * * . finish and facilitates calendering, 122. 'The coagulated raflk juice of tubing and other processing opera various tropical trees. It comes in tions. There is no hazard aside from yellowish or grayish hard leathen' that of dust. Gilsonitc tin. A-very pure natural bitumen found in the United Stales only. It is a black mass breaking with con* choidal fracture and showing bright lustre. It is used in floorings, me chanical goods, coatings, varnishes, sticks. U is used with rubber to impact certain leathery properties and m golf ball manufacture and cements. One large use has been in ih*r coating and impregnation of fabric for driving belts, dutch linings and wire coverings. It is non-toxic Hardwood Pitch insulation, gaskets and cements. 123. A brown bituminous mate Glucose 117. A thick, viscous, syrupy li quid made from cnm. It is used in a few rublvr compounds a n d cements, ami for latex compounding. rial consisting of the residue from the cfistillaiioa of hard wood. It is used as an accelerator activator, and for giving tackiness to rubber stocks. Ir is added directly to the rubber on the mall. Only comjaaraiiveiy small Glue and Gelatin US. A nitrogenous colloidal sub stance of the protein class which is percentages arc used, and no health hazard Is involved except that of pos sible skin irritations. derived from animal connective Ilydroicnc tissues and hones obtained from slaughter house anti tannery waste. It comes in sheets, chips or ground granules, usually of a light-amber color, and always contains some water. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill or dowsed in water. Glue is used in rubber as a reinforcing ingredient of low gravity. 124. A black bituminous mass resembling asphalt, obtained from the residue remaining after the de structive distillation of petroleum. Used as a filler and softener in much the ante manner as asphalt, (dee asphalt.) . Linseed OtI It gives strength, stiffness and good 123, Ah amber-colored drying oil processing qualities. It is used in obtained from the seeds of the flax tubing, rollers, coatings and latex plant. It is used in rollers and compounding. cements in prq>aring rubber substi Guayulc 119. A resinous rubber native to Mexico and southern United States, having about twenty-five per cent of tutes in the form of factice by vul canizing the oil with sulphur chlor ide. It is non-toxic Mineral Oils resin. It is used largely for soft 126. Numerous grades of mineral rubbers such as friction stocks. Be oil. Ringing from the light jiaraffin ing of a -mil resinotis nature, if does il> to |x*troi;i<ums. arc ttx-d i\*r i-ocessvt. to me nro'ier stage. It _ dark-brown cake, easily crumhleil. i.'ded d.:cc;'.v to the rubber on U is used as a sou tilling raaicrial in moulded goods, druggists' -undries, proofing and tubing. racticc, White 115. A white granular powder pre yed bv vulcanizing vegetable oils as smoked sitvets. anti small amounts are often added to the harder rub ber# to speed up the breaking down time. Gumkamya 120. Gumkaraya is a bassori type of gum simitar to gum tragacanth. It is used for thickening latex solution# and is non-toxic tiw cc.r..:uun these are the light paraffin oils. The il- are added directly on the rubber mill and are rapidly absorbed by me rubber. There is no health hazard, except possibly that of skin irritation. Mifioul Rubber 127. A term applied to natural asphaltic deposits such as ^isonite s INDUSTRIAL SAl'IiTV SERIES NO. RU-3 ancf also to blown asphalts. Hlown asphalts may bo obtained in van-ins decrees oi hardness and are sold ac cording to their respective melting points. They are often called 'M. R." by rubber compounders. Mineral rubber is used in many lines of rubber manufacture both as a cheap bulking tiller ami to aid in processing raw rubber. It is used in frictions, spread goods, cements and many types of mechanical rubber gootis. Mineral rubber comes as a solid mass in sheet metai drums or it may be obtained in a granular form. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill. There is no health hazard ..... .., *' ; *. '.T -.** V> .V. ..;** .. crushing* and the liberation of hydro gen sulphide which should be re moved by adequate ventilation. Monran Wax I2S. A mineral wax extracted from lignites. In the crude state it is dark brown. When refined, it is a white semi-soft wax. The crude wax is used for soling, flooring. special slocks, insulating compounds and ex truded stocks. This wax imparts excellent processing qualities without the softening effect resulting from the use of softer waxes such as paraffin. Xo hazard in iu use. Naphthalene 129. White crystalline flaky com pound, used to a limited extent in certain rubber gootls as an odorant and processing aid. The material has a camphor odor characteristic of moth balls. It may contain, as im purities, coal-tar products which arc slightly toxic. However, such small quantities are used in rubber com pounding that the health hazard is slight. Oil Substitutes 130. (See factice.) Ozokerite 131. A mineral fossil wax occur ring native, and ycllowish-brown-io* black or green in color. Used as a rubljcr filler and softener, qtcdally in such goods as electrical insulations, frictions, extruded and mechanical slocks. Usually added directly to the rubber on the mill, either as broken lumps or in molten state. (See also cercsin which is prcjxircd from ozok erite.) There is no health hazard. Palm Oil 132. An orange-yellow fatty oil or grease of butter consistency. U is obtained from the fruit of a tropical palm. It consists ehictly of palmitic add and the glycerides of palmitic, oleic and stearic adds. It is used in rubber to aid processing, espcda'lv for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded goods. Also used to reduce the tack in very sticky compounds. There is no health hazard in its use. Paraffin Otis Panuitu Wax 134. A white, translucent, waxy, tasteless and odorless solid obtained -from petroleum. It consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons chiefly of the methane scries. It varies in color from the light-yellow crude to a hard white refined wax. Wax is used in rubber as a softener, as an aid to processing, as an anti-scorch mate rial, and as an anli-oxident ami light resistor. It is also used for rendering rubber less permeable U> water solu tions. Petrolatum 135. Also called vaseline and mineral fat. A light-ycllow-to-amber colored, oily, semi-solid material con sisting chiefly of hydrocarlxms of the methane ami olefine scries. U is ob tained by distillation of the still resi dues obtained in steam distillation of paraffin base petroleum. It is used in rubber as a softener, in reclaiming old rubber, as an antiscorch material for active accelerators, and to aid in smooth calendering and extruding operations. There is no health hazard. Pine Tar 136. A very viscid, blackishbrown liquid with a characteristic odor ami taste. It is obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood. It is used in rubber goods as a softener, tack producer, dispersing agent, and accelerator for synthetic rublwr. It finds a large use in tread stocks, frictions, tape, reclaiming of rubber and cements. It contains phenolic bodies, but as used in rub ber it should not be hazardous. It is usually added directly to the rub ber batch on the mill. ' Pine Tar Oil 137. A reddish-brown oily sub stance obtained from the destructive* distillation of pine wood. It is a lighter distillate than pine tar. It has a strong tarry odor and taste. The material Is somewhat toxic and should be handled carefully. It is used for the same purposes as pine tar in rubber, but- the lighter oil is preferable for certain compounds. Rapesocd 02 133. A <lvk-hrown-io-oah-vt*How ,-*n ; . *j: '. * . .* . r** V . i.utu.i u.'.m t. . ... .. making iacticc or o-cuiied rubber substitute. (See factice.) Rosin 139. (Sec colophony.) ` Rosin Oil 140. An amljor-colored oily liq uid, with a pleasant odor but a strong, peculiar taste. It is obtained by fractions] distillation of rosin. It is used for producing tack in runber adhesives, tapes, mechanicals, and in red:timing ruhlwr. There is no health hazard. Shellac 141. A resinous exudation from the twigs of a species of East Indian tree: it is caused to exude by the bite of an insect. It is obtained as orange-to-light-buff brittle flakes, or as a ground powder. It is used to a limited extent in rubber as a stiuencr and in hard rubber to give firmness and finish. It is non-toxic. Sod Oil 142. (Sou clcgras.) Stearic Acid 143. A colorless, odorless wax like material handled in blocks or flakes. It is obtained from highgrade beef tallows by sa|>on:ficauon nr distillation and pressure and also - by hydrogenation of oleic acid. U & used in most types of rubber goods as a stabilizer of vulcanization, as.an activator of certain accelerators, and as a dispersing agent and softener. It is used up to several per o.-:u on the rubber and added directly to the COMPOUNDING MATERIALS IX TUB RUBBER JXDUSTRY--PART 12 9 rublfc-r. in which it readily disperses. U is non-loxic. Liquids and Gases 144. In this group are included the usual liquid solvents and gases used in rubber manufacture with the *xcepiiun of the liquid accelerators, which are listed under organic ac celerators in N'.S.C. pamphlet No. KU-l. ami softening oils, which are listed above. - M5. This group contains some of ihe most hazardous chemicals used in ihr industry and should be given careful study by the safety engineer to see that they are properly handled. Liquids Acetic Add Hu. Acetic add is not used gen erally throughout the rubber indus try. only in special pans of it. U i.-. however, useti in large quaniities ior ccnain purposes. It is used for coagulating rubber latex in ccnain latex preparations, and in sponge rubber production. In coagulating and latex work, the temperatures are low or normal, comparatively small pro|)ortions on the batch are used, anti handling is simple. When used lor swinge rubber. the lemjwatures are higher, anti disagreeable fumes arc given off which should be con ducted away by proper ventilation and exhaust equipment. 147. Acetic add is a clear, color- les.- liquid at ordinary temperatures. It comes in a number of different strengths, varying from the pure con centrated acid, known as giacial ace tic add. down to dilutions as low as 25 per cent. It has a strong, pungent odor characteristic of vinegar and is very corrosive, especially in the high er concentrations. It is very irritating (> hands ami nasal passages. In >muii quantities it is not toxic, hut care should be taken to keep it away from the bare skin, and any fumes j-amild lx* conducted away from the workers. Alcohol NX. Alcohol is usually user! in the denatured state. Us use is not extensive in the rubber industry, be ing cammed to certain types of wnwMr. ;\> a means of introducing ccnain resinous conqmunds into rub ber. and as a cleaning solution for raw and finished rubber where it is necessary to avoid solvent action on the rubber. The characteristics of alcohol are well known; it Is not necessary to dwell here upon its re lative toxicity. Various types of denatured alcohol arc available, and all arc toxic if-taken internally; but as used for rubber work there should be no hazard if not actually taken internally. All grades of alcohol arc flammable. Ammonia 149. Ammonia is a colorless gas, but as usually used it is dissolved in water and known as ammonia water or ammonium hydroxide. It is sold on its ammonia content designated by degrees Hautnc. The usual grade used is K\ Haumc, or a saturated solution. U is a dear, water-like liquid with a strong, irritating odor. In the concentrated form it is strongly caus tic and should be kept away from ihe skin. Rubber gloves and non-ventilatcd goggles should be used in handling it. It gives off powerful, pungent fumes when exjtosed to ihe air, causing bronchial disorders if in haled in considerable quantities. The fumes are toxic but usually do not leave any serious lasting effects. Where used, a good ventilating or exhaust system should be installed. In the more dilute forms of ammonia liquid, the water retains the gas in solution, and only slight fumes are given off. trader certain conditions ammonia mixed wit h air is explosive. 150. Dilute ammonia is used very generally to preserve raw latex, in manufacturing latex compounds, and throughout the liquid latex industry. The concentrations here seldom run higher than a few per cent, and there is practically no hazard other than where the ammonia solutions are pre pared. Ammonia is also useti in the spread-goods industry as a neutral izer for acid released during the vul canization operation where sulphur chloride cures arr used. The hazard here is also small since most of the cold curing ehsimlxTs are of non>sity equipped with adequate venting systems. (See also N'.S.C. pamphlet No. 25, "Acids and Caustics.") Benzol 151. benzol, nr l>cnzine, as it is chemically defined. Is a clear, water- white liquid of characteristic odor, derived from the destructive distil lation of coal. It is very volatile at room temperatures and should never be allowed to stand in open containera. The vapors are very flammable and very toxic. Kenzo! is used largely for making cements and adhesives for assembling rubber parts during proc ess of manufacture. It was formerly used in large quantities as a wash for raw rubber, being applied by hand swabs. It was here that many of the mast severe poisoning cases were ex* plercncctL The vajiora spread rapid ly and should be removed by exhaust systems to <tacrease both the fire hazard and the health hazard. The workers should not be allowed to breathe any considerable quantity of benzol vapors, nor should they be permitted to get the solvent on their clothing, hands, or other parts of their bodies. The solvent can be absorbed through the skin as well os through inhalation, producing lasting serious complications. (See X.S.C pamphlet No. H.P. 14, "benzol.") Benzene -152. Same as benzol. Must not he confused with benzine, which is l jictroleum product and not a coal-tar product. Scoriae 153. A distillation product from petroleum, being a clear solvent simi lar in properties to ordinary cleaners' naphtha but very light and volatile. Also coiled jjctroicum ether. U is used as a cleaning solvent for swab bing raw rubber and is much safer to use than benzene, from the toxicity standpoint. However, it is very flammable. It should be used in safety dispensers to eliminate the fire hazard, lltvathing benzine vapors will cause dizziness. Carbon Bisulphide 154. A clear, calories.-, very flam mable liquid. When pure it is al most odorless, but ihe commercial grade usually used has a strong, dis agreeable _ odor. It is exceedingly volatile at room temperatures, having a flash point at minus 25 degrees Centigrade. It may ignite from a sjjarfc or flame many feet away*. It is very jx>isonus to breathe. (i-'or further derails as to it.- toxicity, sec \\i.C. Industrial Data* Sheet .0Chcm. 1, "Carijon bisulphide.'') . .155 Carbon bisulphide is wed `or removing sulphur bloom on rubjXT goods, in rubber adhesives, and x< a diluent for suiphur chloride in cold vulcanization and vapor cure. Departments using this solvent should be adequately equipped with Are extinguishers and exhaust sys tems. Keep solvent off the hands. 15h. Within recent years the use of carbon bisulphide has been very limited as. in the majority of cases, less dangerous materials have been substituted. There are. however, a tew places where it finds a use in rubl>cr manufacture, and the safety engineer should study each situation and see that (he material is handled in a safe manner. Carbon Dioxide , 1*57. Carbon dioxide is an inert ga> used in the rubber industry for inflating air bags and tube* and for vulcanizing purposes. It is non-toxic, but is highly suffocating since it is devoid of active oxygen and does not supjxm life. Its danger lies in the fact that it Is a heavy gas and likely to collect in "dead pockets'* where ventilation Is poor. Considerable quantities may be liberated through leaks, or discharge from bags or vul canizers at the conclusion of vulcan ization operations. Adequate ventil ation will remove any danger. Carbon Tetrachloride 15$. A light, colorless liquid with a peculiar characteristic odor. It has a low boiling point and is very vola tile at room tcm|x:raturc. giving off heavy vapors. The vapors are not flammable but are toxic They are heavy and sink to low parts of the room, often collecting in corners and l>ooriy ventilated places, making a real hazard to workers unless re moved by projxr ventilation or ex haust equipment. This solvent finds an extensive use in rubber manufac turing on account of its freedom from Are hazard and its excellent solvent properties for rubber, h has re placed many other solvents. (See X.S.C. Industrial Data Sheet DChcm. 25. "Carbon Tetrachloride'*) Chloroform 159. A clear, colorless, highly volatile liquid with a peculiar charac teristic odor. It is toxic, but it will not ignite readily. It is an excellent solvent for robber anti is used for cements and cleansing solvent. How ever, it has been almost entirely re placed by carbon tetrachloride which has properties very similar to chloro form where used in robber manufac turing. It shouUUbc handled with the same care as carbon tetrachloride. Coal-Tar Naphtha 160. Refined coal-tar naphtha is a dear, water-white liquid having a heavy, gassy odor. It is flammable and should be kept in approved dis pensers. There is also a crude mate rial which is straw colored, but this grade is not user! to the same extent1, as the refined grade. Coal-tar naph tha consists of a mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene and other higher homologs. It is toxic, but less vola tile than benzol. It is used to a con siderable extent for rubber cements, rubber doughs, and as a cleaning solvent. The same precautions should be taken as for benzol. Ethylene Dichloride 161. A colorless liquid having a strong chloroform-like odor. It is an excellent solvent for rubber and is used (or rubber cements ami ploughs on account of its low Are hazard. It is toxic and in many respects acts like carbon tetrachloride. It should be handled in a similar manner to carbon tetrachloride. Its viqxjrs arc very heavy. Gasoline . 162. The name given to a scries of solvent distillates derived from petroleum and having a range in gravity from 50 degrees to 90 degrees Raumo. The range from 56 degrees to 70 degrees is the usuai range of robber solvents. They are clear, water-white, oily liquids of charac teristic not unpleasant odor. The gasolines arc the most universally used solvents in rubber manufacture, partly because of their low cost. They arc all toxic and flammable and should be handled with care. Vapors should be removed. Gasoline dis solves the natural oils and fats of the skin, causing dry and rhnpivd skin. This can be prevented to a great extent hy first coating the hands with a neutral glycerine soap preparation, which repels the gaso line. 1 (>>. Gasoline is used us a clean ing and swabbing solution in the manufacture of many rubber articles, in all types of rubber cements, in preparing coating and spreading dou'*hs,`tand as a diluent for other solvents. . Glycerine 164. Also called glycerol, it is a dear, colorless or ]talc-yellow, heavy, syntpy and odorless liquid having a sweet taste. It is non-flammable and non-toxic and presents no hazard from the health standpoint. It is used in rubber manufacturing as a preservative coating or dressing on finished rubber goods, to prevent rub ber from sticking together while in the raw state and in liquid latex preparations. When used as a dress ing. it Is either swablied, sprayed or painted on. > Kerosene 165. A dear, water - white to straw-colored, oily liquid. It is ob tained as a rfkuliate from iietroleum and refined to remove low flash con stituents. It is comparatively safe to use, although the skin of some workers is sensitive to kerosene oil. it is used to a limited extent in rub ber manufacture, but very extensive ly as a wash for rubber machinery, robber rolls, etc. In rubber manu facturing it is used for softening and blowing sponge goods. Kerosene presents a Are hazard, but it is not as hazardous as gasoline. Naphtha 166. A name given to both ixuro* leum and coal-tar solvents. The type of naphtha should l>c sjjecified; otherwise it is very misleading. (For petroleum naphtha, see benzine, petroleum ether, and gasoline. For coal-tar naphtha see coal-tar naph tha.) Petroleum Ether 167. (Scr benzine.) Solvent Naphtha 16$. (See coai-tar naphtha.) Sulphur Chloride 169. The subchloride of suiphur. It is an amlier-to-veliowish-rcri. oily, iummg liquid with very penetrating odor, used in vulcanizing rubber ..v the so-called cold process and vy;>or process. Its use as such is confined roM/'OCXD/ya .uatzkj.uj; /.y run hvum-ir industry /mat // u largely io sheet, spread ami dipjvd "Hts. U is also used in the manu facture of rubber substitute!* and oil t act ice. When used tor sheet anti spread goods, the sulphur chloride may be applied in liquid form by dis tributor roll, or the gtxxis may be hun* in chambers where the sulphur chloride is valorized by heal. 'Hu* suiphur chloride is extremely active chemically ami is usually diluted with some solvent such as carbon bisul phide or benzol. In vulcanizing dipjwl good*. the latter are usually immersed for a very short time in a diluted solution of the suiphur chlor ide. 170. Sulphur chloride is readily decomjjnsed in a damp atmosphere and should be kept well buttled when not in use. U is extremely corrosive, due to liivnuion of hydrochloric acid in presence ut moisture. It is extremely irritating to the eye*, lungs. and mucous membranes. Workers should be protected from its fumes by adequate ventilation and warned to keep it away from their lutmis. Sulphuric Acid 171. A strongly corrosive, dense, oily liquid, colorless to dark brown, decoding ii|xin its purity. Used for removing cotton filler in. reclaiming old rubber. In a diluted form it is used as a coagulant for latex mix ture.'. It is`also used in attaching ntblvr to metals ami in producing >oiphnnated rttblnT resin products. It causes very severe bums and will char almost any organic matter. Workers using sulphuric acid should la* protected from having the mate rial ilv into their eyes or onto their skin oi own their clothing. The acid will rapidly cat its way thruugh clothing to the flesh. (See X.S.C. pamphlet Xo. 25. "Acids and Caus tics." for details.) I'olitid or Toluene '.`A A colorless flammable liquid obtained by fractional distillation of coal-tar oil. It resembles benzine in odor any many of its projierlies. al though it is less volatile at room u-mpertuurcs. h is an excellent rub ier solvent, used for rubber cements, doughs and as a cleansing solution. H i> toxic and should be treated in the >ame manner as benzol. Poisoning effects can be very serious. Workers should lie protected from its vajvirs and should keep it from their hands. Its vapors arc heavy and ding lo the door anti in poorly ventilated cor ners. (See benzol for handling.) Turpentine 175. Also called ^spirits of tur pentine. A clear, llammuhlc, color less liquid with a characteristic rosin like odor, obtained by distillation from turpentine rosin. Turpentine is a powerful solvent for rubber and was formerly used in making rubber cements. Hut its use in rubber work has become very limited, and it is no longer an important factor in rub ber manufacturing. It is toxic and irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory organs. (See N.S.C. In dustrial Data Sheet D-Chcm. 12, "Turpentine" for details.) Xylene or Xylol 174. Xylene is a clear, colorless, ilammnbic liquid with a characteristic penetrating odor. It is one of the romdituents of roaJ-nir naphtha and is obtained from the latter source by distillation. It i? a good solvent for robber and is used in niblier cements, doughs for the spreading trade, and as a swabbing solution in the man ufacture of rubber goods. It is toxic, but not to so great an extent as hen-* zoi and toluene, probably because it is less volatile. It is a Arc hazard, and the same precautions should be taken both for fire and toxicity as those noted for Ixmzol. Gases. 175. Comparatively few gases are used in rubber manufacture, and in nearly even* ease they arc used for vulcanization in some form. Cases arc handled in dosed chambers. Con sequently, leakage or inadequate ex haust systems arc the usual causes of trouble or discomfort to the workers. Ammonia (las 17b. A colorless gas with a powerful, penetrating and irritating odor. It affects the eyes and respira tory organs. It is used for neutraliz ing any arid afier sulphur chloride vapor cures. It is produced by heat ing concentrated liquid ammonia water in the curing chamber and finally is exhausted by suction or forced air. (For full details see XjS.C. pamphlets Xo. 25, "Acids and Caustics," and Xo. 95. "Safe Han dling of Compressed Gases.'*) Chlorine Gu 177. A heavy, greenish-yeiiow gas. higK!yfFritatmg and toxic It is used only in specialized industries: for instance, in producing chiorinaterl rubiter. It must be rigidly confined in suitable chambers and kepi away from workers. It is extremely corro sive, therefore hazardous, especially in the presence of moisture. (For further data on chlorine see N.5.C. jianq^hlet Xo. 71, "Sale Handling of Chlorine.'*) Hydrogen Chloride 178. Also known as hydrochloric acitl gas; is colorless and exceedingly pungent. U is highly irritating ami toxic. It has a strong afltnity for water and should be kepi in dosed systems. It is used only in special-, ized industries where rubber is con vened into certain resinous products. It requires sjxrciai handling. Hydrogen -Sulphide 179. A colorless, flammable gas. with a very offensive orlt.r and a sweetish taste. -It is user! only to a limited extent for specialized work in vulcanization of sheet or sprcr.ti gamis in conjunction with other re active gases. It is highly toxic and flammable and must be handled with great are. The goods are exposed in closed chambers and the gas blown in anti latrr exjielleri. {For details on its health hazards see X'.S.C. In dustrial Data Sheet Xo. in. "Hydro gen Sulphide.") Sulphur Chloride * )<S0. (See sulphur chloride unde, liquids.) Where the .gas is used it is merely the liquid suiphur chloride vji|)oria*rl by heat in the hot curing chamber* for vnjxir curing of sheet and spread gtxls. Usually the good* an- frstonned in large rooms or chambers, and a quantity of liquid suiphur chloride is cvajxirateri on u hot plate, circulation being accom plished by fan if necessary. Con centrations arc usually small, and therefore serious hazard is avoided with adequate ventilation. Sulphur Dioxide lSI. A poisonous, colorless gu.with a suffocating odor. It is usee. INDUSTRIAL SAl-l-rry SF.kMX NO. RU-3 <iniv in special industries lor proriuc- ^ ACKNOWUiDOMFST Safety Council is tmlcbU rnj: special types of vulcanized prod* nets. The vulcanization must be carried out in cU*cd chamlx***, and workers should be adequately protcacd from the gas. This pamphlet is hasett *.r. c puyr presented before the Rubier Smigt of the iVafimnd Safety Con,.'. Ty U /. D. IJraiyt eausul/in: ruesnhe. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, The Sctioud. / Nealy and the Executive ( nj the Rubber section, mu direction the yeaphlci was > i\ * i f i i i 'A