Document 10bem4M4G0n0Lkbyr6pyeL7Qj

FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 1963 DOC BRK020 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Book Excerpt - Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Second Revised Edition FRANK A. PATTY Editor 1963 VOLUME II TOXICOLOGY David W. Fassett and Don D. Irish Editors Index by MRS KATHLEEN KUMLER Authors W. B. DEICHMANN F. W. HEYROTH K. ROWE D. W.FASSETT C. H. HINE H. E. STOKINGER H. W. GERARDE D. D. IRISH W. L. SUTTON ee C. L. HAKE R.A. KEHOE J. F. TREON soe D. O. HAMBLIN M. L. KEPLINGER R. J. WEIR L. W. HAZLETON F. A. PATTY M. A. WOLF INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS a division of John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York London Sydney iz = xy ed mbes . : a4 oF Z, ts 7 a ea a oC so AUTHORS of Volume II William B. Deichmann Ph.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine University of Miami Coral Gables Florida David W. Fassett M.D. Director Laboratory of Industrial Medicine Eastman Kodak Company Rochester New York Horace W. Gerarde M.D. Ph.D. Senior Research Associate Medical Research Division Esso Research and Engineering Company Linden New Jersey C. L. Hake Ph.D. Head Chemistry Research Department Pitman Company Division of The Dow Chemical Company Indianapolis Indiana Donald O. Hamblin M.D. Formerly Medical Director American Cyanamid Company New York New York Lloyd W. Hazleton Ph.D. President Hazleton Laboratories Falls Church Virginia Francis F. Heyroth M.D. Deceased Assistant Director Kettering Laboratory of Applied Physiology College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio Charles H. Hine M.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology School of Medicine University of California San Francisco California Don D. Irish Ph.D. Biochemical Research Laboratory The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan Robert A. Kehoe M.D. Director Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial HealthHealth College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio M. L. Keplinger Ph.D. Toxicologist Medical Department Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Delaware Frank A. Patty Formerly Director Industrial Hygiene Department Personnel Staff General Motors Corporation Detroit Michigan Rowe Michigan V. K. Biochemical Research Laboratory The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan Herbert E. Stokinger Ph.D. Chief Toxicology Section Division of Occupational Health United States Public Health Service Cincinnati Ohio William L. Sutton M.D. Laboratory of Industrial Medicine Eastman Kodak Company Rochester New York Joseph F. Treon Ph.D. Manager Biological Sciences Section Chemical Research Department Atlas Chemical Industries Wilmington Delaware Robert J. Weir Ph.D. Toxicologist Hazleton Laboratories Falls Church Virginia M. A. Wolf M.S. Biochemical Research Laboratory The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan vii * o aen ES en = } om De ne - 2 dithcSne icitannssc eae sea cane re CONTENTS xxix Substituted Morpholines ..........:-scee ree ncc e se eeeee ene eer roe eees Hexamethylenetetramine ......-.. ee. e e r ens e ee cee ce e nenr nce e e eenn es Quinoline 6... ccc cece cence eee nee eee Eee Eee eY oo Azides ccc c ccc cece ene ne ee een EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EERSTE TEES General Considerations .... cece. cree. eee. ene. r ncn. ers r. ecrec eeee r ees Sodium Azide ......cccce cere cece reece renee eee enna near teens sees e eens Hydrazoic Acid ...... er. ence. eeec neec ceec eeee neae er sn cenee eee e see e ee Diazomethane 2.00... cece eet e ener eee e enter e renee nanan eee ees Nitrosomethylurethane ..... ce. ree. e ce. eee. eree0 e en. enec r ene eee e eeeee ees Dimethylnitrosamine ..... ee. eee s. een. eeee. et0 re e0 res 0 tnt nc erse ss te enes Hydrazines 2.20... cece cece eee ener eee eee eee eee General Considerations .....e. ee. ce. nce. ene. e er0 enc. e nsc ee ee ne ee ees Hydrazine 0.0... eee cece eee eer EEE TERETE EES Dimethylhydrazine ......----ss cee ces ree see rsr enetc ree er ere s er ss Phenylhydrazine ...... 6... ceeeeeceeee eee n eee n nn ene rere sees sree eee ee renee enereereestress sees tees Chloroethylamines ..........6sseeseeree General Considerations .........ce cece sence renee e seen cent en ance rene chloroethyl .....-.r- eee r tes rre eee terr see ere rtee es chloroethyl .....-.. ss eee etee teen et ene e eee een ence ees chloroethylamine ..... cec. e ce. cee. ec. t . er2 ete5 nece nes chloroethylamine eee seen e ne nerees ...-.-....esseeeeeereeeere 2204 2206 2207 2208 2208 2210 2212 2213 2215 2216 2218 2218 2222 2225 2227 2230 2230 2233 2233 2233 2234 XLIX Potential Exposures in Industry Their Recognition and Control By FRANK A. PATTY .occccccec cece ee cence een ee sees eee ees eneeenenescnnercrner Abrasive Blasting ...... ce. ncee. en c. neec n etc na nc eenc eeee tesac ne re eere ees Abrasives Manufacture and Use ........scecceeecsesecerneeeeenertareees 1. Artificial Abrasives .....c. cece cece eee e eee e reer eee een erences eenees 2. Sand Abrasives ...... cece cece eee ee nent eee n eet n eens eset ee as Acetylene Manufacture ........s rec nes e tee nee t ce reee ese serr e ee ee s er ee es Acid Manufacture and Recovery ......:.+-esceeseeceneeeceereceneseesces 1. 2. Hydrochloric Acid ........ ec eee e eee eee eet er rennet eee nnnees Nitric Acid oo... cece cece cece cece cece ence cece eee ne nena ee en sere eeeas 3. Sulfuric Acid co... cece cece cee cece eee ee eee cnet ene enna tes Aircraft Manufacture Maintenance and dec can cece eeeeeseeeeeeenee Repai1 r cree eet renerenecnenrees Aluminum Manufacturing ..........cseeeee Ammonia Manufacture and Use rnc ........-ceseeecescr cee rs cnn eceee aee s Aniline Manufacture Distillation and Handling ...........-++++-seeeeees Anodizing oo. cece cree cere erence nee eee een ete n ee eeen essere cee ese eee Armature Workers Metal Casting cee eeeee ence ee een sn ........ccsceec eeee ensc eare eree es .......ccccee cece cere renee eter eens enn ena cere ren een ens Asbestos Workers ........cce cence eee e enn eee e eee n eens enna ee een eae et Asphalt Mineral Pitch scenes eernenn eee c ens ........cceeeescceeeerenee Automobile Manufacture ......... ccc reece eee eee n ene ee neren een eeeeenes Battery Manufacture ....... cesses ec ceeenenn seen e ence eeeereeseere ences Beer Vat Coating ......... ces ce cece ec en cence eee en cree nena neces eens eens Bleaching .......cceccce ccc e neces ence eens en sean seen ness en es ee ean eees Beryllium Processing Operations eect ee .........0s nee ees eeee eee cer e cee es Brick and Tile Manufacture een eeenees ............ceeceeeeeeeeeeneescnee Broom Manufacture ..... ce. ce ce. s e ec nce s encec ee ss nenrc e cnc aa se ean es es Carpentry cece ence cece ...... eec cenec nes penne een enone eens e teense eeeeees Carroting oo. .c cece cere cece cena n ean ee nner encnnar se ees cencneanceseeceser 2235 2235 2236 2236 2237 2237 2238 2238 2239 2239 2239 2240 2241 2242 2242 2243 2243 2243 2244 2244 2246 2248 2248 2248 2249 2249 2249 2250 .mosphere ided Fire ak can be can cause workmen involved ion of the , benzene s involves ly slightly od general very effec- he dangers e skin are es or any aol amount of d be thor- elie Seats rproof ink .k Poisonwith such r exposure ng Aniline ooked and orrosion is eet h with the ned in this { a number en being com- of the tank e excessive Where any e and cor- owever to ts are dis- serpnt POTENTIAL EXPOSURES IN INDUSTRY 2243 Armature Workers Lead tinning baths and lead pots when small and equipped with temperature controls may not present serious lead exposures However the larger opera- tions especially when no temperature control is in use can offer serious exposures , Wherever there is any question of exposure the operation should either be provided with mechanically induced air flow to remove or dilute the lead fumes before they can be inhaled or else air blood or urine samples should be collected and analyzed for lead to establish whether ventilation is necessary Waterproof varnishes especially those made from cashew nutshell liquidformaldehyde resins may cause dermatitis This may result from contact with the wet varnish from the varnish dust dispersed in grinding armatures or from skin contact with dirty solvent baths for dipping and cleaning old armatures The solvent bath should not be permitted to become badly contaminated and skin contact must be avoided In the case of wet or dry varnish good personal cleanliness is an effective preventive measure and varnish dust should be controlled by process ventilation Protective creams and clothing may be useful in some instances Metal Casting metal casts for displays trophies medals and the like are usually cast from white metal or britannia metal which are alloys of tin antimony and copper often having some zinc and bismuth occasionally lead and possibly arsenic The alloys are melted in pots temperatures rarely exceeding 300 or 400 Burring filing belt sanding and buffing may be done and unless controlled significant exposures to mechanically generated metal dusts may result At the temperatures ordinarily employed there is little likelihood of an exposure to metal fumes however Where uncertainties exist exposures should be evaluated and when found excessive controlled Other possible exposures in the industry involve plating baths and cyanide dips Soldering operations are usually at low temperatures to avoid fusing the melting alloys and therefore are not conducive to the formation of metal fumes Asbestos Workers Dustiness around asbestos workers is sometimes above the proposed standard of 5 million particles per cubic foot Perhaps mining offers the greatest exposure to dust and in fabrication plants the operations listed in the probable decreasing order of dustiness are screening picking stacking and willowing in the preparation room carding dry weaving spinning twisting winding and warping The sawing filing drilling and grinding of brake linings is ordinarily well controlled Grinding mixing and bagging asbestos cement and insulating material and the sawing or beveling of asbestos board are dusty operations unless properly engineered The asbestos content of these dusts frequently is not high but diatomaceous 2244 FRANK A. PATTY exposure earth in considerable quantities may accompany it thus complicating the with free silica It is desirable in asbestos exposures to keep the dust count to 5 million particles or less per cubic foot of air down Asphalt Mineral Pitch The name asphalt applies to bitumen or to earth or rocks with bitumen and to a residue from impregnated certain petroleums coal tar lignite tar etc. artificial asphalt It is a black solid formed in the earth from slow of organic matter It is decomposition composed chiefly of hydrocarbons along with varying amounts of oxygen nitrogen and sulfur compounds Asphalt is used principally for excluding coatings upon roads floors or roofs It is employed as a rust preventive in ducts collectors tanks and so forth to protect metals from corrosive acid liquids and gases For such is commonly dissolved in benzene application it Vapors and gases from heated asphalt are obnoxious and toxic containing among other compounds some hydrogen sulfide Dermatitis from contact with asphalt has been reported as common with the entire body sometimes affected Skin cancer has also been reported but statistics are lacking Some authorities attribute most of the poisoning that has occurred from the use of solvents employed with it ( benzene phenol etc. asphalt to the Grinding operations and hot processes should have exhaust ventilation Personal cleanliness is the heart of any program for preventing skin disease Automobile Manufacture The manufacture of automobiles has few operations that are peculiar to the industry There are many exposures and potential exposures common to other industries These are discussed elsewhere under specific headings such as Abrasive Blasting Anodizing Battery Manufacture Electroplating Foundry Operations Forging and Iron Working Garages Grinding and Polishing Heat Treating Industrial Ray Lead Workers Metal Cleaning Metalizing Motor Painting and Decorating Pickling Plastics and Resins Radio ManufactuTreestainndg twe Repair Welding etc. e Body polishing by the use of tripoli polishing compounds is an more or less peculiar to the production of highly polished automobile operation harmful effects have been associated with this bodies No operation However any dust arising from the polishing and especially from compressed blowoff and from the cleaning of the brushes should be controlled There seemson peoralotgiiocnasl excuse for condoning such dust in concentrations of more than 5 million per cubic foot of air Since the tripoli polish is applied as a slurry dust conptarrotlichlaess not been a difficult problem ane Mn ' p } + i Anoth solder Th metal by | years past closures a blood or u exposures ciently hig are adequa take care c cient air ex plied he removal of fore intoxic with lead coupled wi 0.08 mg le encountere Conta bile manuf that are in A stati tact with th the highest exposed pe screw titis th soluble oils Some each of thes primary ir nitrophenol amines and objectionab It is in sterilization desirable Ir where they teurization 1 that certain odors withou The no effective was