Document 10E8kNeB1v8DE87MvYZb90wvX

J vr<^. ii $ 1--=--fi PLAINTIFF'S U EXHIBIT 1I sf\-n2> ( ENCYCLOPAEDIA ** t-t IS BRITANNIC A ^4 jVae; Survey of Universal Knowledge j: t'OURTKKNTli KDITION S$i Volume 12 HYDROZOA loJKRK.MY, K1HSTI.K OF c W || i I ii S n> ^v *' c. *"( to INDUSTRIAL WELFARE AND MEDICINE j^/ cnt of an Industrial Transference Board '`for the purpose of ers and colliery owners arc represented. Four-fifths of the contri .aung the traoster of workers, and in particular of miners, butions coming from each coal-field must be spent within that ..Horn opportunities of employment in their own district or 6eld: the remaining one-nub of the fund is devoted ft welfare ' m arc no longer available." matters of mutual interest to the whole industry, Mich as the pro < of Comtnoos Official Report Dec. 7, 1927. (J. H.) motion of research into safety and health, and the provision of . ..TRIAL WELFARE AND MEDICATE, a term in Great Britain to embrace oot only the activities of indus* nodical services but the control of environment and working :ions. the study of the ejects of poisons and other occupa! health hazards and the investigation of the mortality and idity e.rperience of occupational groups. In the United States higher education for miners and their families. Expenditure from the fund is now year by year keeping pace with contributions. The Act of 19:0 was due to expire in 19:$, but the success achieved, by the activities thus instigated led to prolongation of the life of the levy to the fund for a ; unher period of five years. The total credits of the fund on Dec. 31, 193d, amounted to ork is called industrial hygiene. The subject is treated hem <3 sections: A Great Britain and B. The United States. The provision of pithead baths has been insured by part III. GREAT BRITAIN of the Mining Industry Act 1926, which placed a levy on < royalties, "the royalties welfare levy." The sum so raised is made iustriai Welfare.--The movement, which was only embry- over to the central Welfare committee to be devoted to the pro hefore the World War, received great impetus in Great vision of pithead baths. ;q from the recommendations of the Health of Munition The central committee consults with district committees con jgn' Committee. The work includes needs within and outside cerning the amount and purposes of grants in each district. The ictory. Within the factory it covers the selection of workers activities of the fund (with the one exception of allocations for egagement; supervision of general behaviour; of progress pithead baths) deal with needs outside working hours; while apprenticeship; of transfer and disposal of workers; of progress in factory welfare made under statutory orders is extend si cleanliness, ventilation and temperature; of canteens; ing with regard to needs wit/dn working hours. The contrast is nbuiances, rest-rooms and first-aid; of cloak-rooms, saw- sharp. conveniences and of overalls. Outside the factory it coven In the case of factories voluntary effort is forwarding outside nf accommodation, transit facilities, sick visiting, recreation welfare schemes; buc in the mines no similar efforts are taking ducation. The keeping and studying of personal records of place with regard to such needed inside welfare as the provision of sfs, sickness and accidents is required. Welfare committees drinking water, improved lighting, or pithead kitchens. csed of workers are found invaluable to the activities of The procedure followed in these two lines of advance is also re superintendents. in contrast. Factory welfare proceeds through statutory orders, e Home Office obtained powers under the Police, Factories, compliance with which can be enforced; while minmg welfare Act 19x6, enabling the Secretary of State by order to consists of activities, originated and pursued by the mining com re occupiers of factories to make reasonable provisions re munity, but financed through a statutory levy. ts "arrangements for preparing or heating and taking meals; Industrial Fatigue.--The maintenance of health, especially y * of drinking water; the supply of protective clothing; that of women and young persons, has always been a driving force j uid first-aid arrangements; the supply and use of a the code of legislation controlling factories and mines, but its u. .kroons; facilities for waging; accommodation for dose study is practically a new science, known technically as the ag; arrangements for supervision of workers." Under these study of industrial fatigue. In Great Britain the study is pursued a more than 14 orders had been made by the of on general principles by the Industrial Fatigue Research board. concerned with the sperial seeds of differat "H'WPt At m integral part of the Medical Research coundL This board came use time a series of valuable pamphlets have been issued to into existence in tqtfi, owing to appreciation of a national need -rth how the requirements of the orders can be complied with, for intensive investigation to which attention was directed during a os these lines continues; but already some matters have the War by the activities of the Health of Munition Workers' at of general application, thus drinking water mutt sew be Committee. Problems of interest to particular establishments are icd in all factories, while the provision of first-aid has be- tackled by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology ([see generally compulsory under the Workmen's Compensation IwoosrauL Psychology). Much practical knowledge as to human 9*3- - ' activity, embodied in some 50 reports issued by the board, and zer activities which may be raped "voluntary" welfare m the Journal of the Institute, has been placed on a scientific basts. ie bousing efforts, recreation grounds, institutes, educational Certain points may be succinctly sated: work is necessary to us, nurses and sick visiting, canteens and dental dinics at health, and health is needed for efficient work; even, steady work nes; all provide camples of extension of factory welfare is better than spasmodic efforts; an optimum temperature, which ul legal compulsion. should vary about a mean, exists for each process and is asso tS;t the Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act called for ac- ciated with ben output, least sickness and fewest accidents; venti ttdaiioo for persons employed in metalliferous mines to dry lation is to be read in the stimulating effect of air movement, nientJy and ehange their riorhet. In 1910 the Mines Acd- rather than in change of air; rest periods during long spells of (Rescue and Aid) Act gave power to make orders relating work, particularly if posture is changed, may increase output and 3) The supply and maintenance of appliances for use in res- lessen monotony; monotony in repetitive work, is temperature, .ark. and the formation and training of rescue brigades; (6) in ventilation, in long spells of activity without pauses, and even mppiy and maintenance of ambulance md the k food supply, is disadvantageous; good factory canteens im jig of men in ambulance wort prove health arid output; change of personnel; i.*,, labour turn e Coal Mines Act of 1911 contained, too, an important over, reduces production and increases lost time due to sickness * providing for accommodation and facilities for (along and accident; suitable overalls create pride in work and in person; and drying clothes where the majority of workmen employed vocational training adds joy to work; vocational selection on en- nine desire such. Uruonunatdy this clause was a dead letter ' gagtmeot increases output and reduces labour turnover; certain < at some half-dozen collieries. But under the Mining In i workers exhibit a predisposition to sustain accidents and should n rQso, welfare work for miners received a great impetus. i be employed where accident-risk is' at a minimum; the tendency A ides a fund, derived from a levy of td. a ton on the to sustain accidents is associated with a tendency to fall sick. st 0. -b mine evtrf'you, to be applied for purposes coo- Industrial Medicine.--This deals with the prevention of sick 4 with social weU-bdftg, recreation and conditions of living ness and the restoration to health of the disabled. Modem research ctkrn. and with mining education and research. . , has enabled Important proactive measures to be adopted, and es- e fund amounts to about ii.000.000 a.year; its allocation is tabliihed the tremendous importance of personal, as contrasted ted by an independent central committee oa which both min with mechanical factors; they account for 80% of industrial aeri- " zf .I ! < -i V,.i . >; ; ,t If- 1 -o8 INDUSTRIAL WELFARE'AND MEDICINE ^* dents. Further, just in the case of sickness, the newly employed sweeps have long been noted for their high death-rate from scratf and those who are not quite weil are disposed to sustain accidents. 1 cancer which originates from exposure to soot, a distillation pro* Action should, therefore, aim at interesting workers in accident: uct of eoaL Quite recently an equally high mortality from jo** prevention through the saiety-arst movement (see Sx/rTY Fust), ! cancer has been revealed aaoog muie-spinnen in the cotton trace Jat reducing labour turnover, at maintaining health, and at elimi- due to contact with lubricating oils, possibly obtained from nating the susceptible. Under the heading of accidents are here in*: Cancer of the lips and buccal cavity is nearly confined to su* eluded sudden gassings; e.g., from carbon monoxide, nitioua I who by smoking expose these parts to the distillation produca * fumes and arseniuretted hydrogen, as well as caisson disease. | tobacco. The evidence here summarised suggests that ccrua Information as to the occurrence of certain occupational dis- j products obtained by distilling vegetable substances can sensit* eases; e.g., anthrax, tone jaundice, chrome and epitheliomatous . the skin to cancer. ( ulcerations, and poisoning from lead, mercury and arsenic, is ob- Evidence from the dye industry suggests that the products1* coined from notification sent by practitioners to the chief inspec question may possibly be benzene compounds. Workers in tB tor of factories. industry exposed to certain amino-benzene compounds, pastiot Compensation claims for diseases named in the schedule to the larly benzidine and naphthylamine (compounds which, when ikr Workmen's Compensation Act 1906 give information concerning gain access to the body, are excreted by the kidneys), have be* the occurrence of other diseases, of which certain troubles which found to develop malignant tumours of the bladder. particularly concern coal-miners are the most important; idn Treatment during the early stages of illness and injuries sw. nystagmus, and miners' beat knee, beat hand and beat elbow. mined in occupation is not peculiar to industrial medicine, e'* Here recent investigation into causation is ahead of prevention; though recent advances in orthopaedic surgery have beta * thus, the distressing trouble, nystagmus is aasooated with work great benefit to those manually employed. But in a few cs* for long periods in imperfectly lighted galleries of coal-mines, treatment is special to the disease; e.g., the onset of caissoa Owing, however, to the danger of explosions from mine-gases, the ease can be met by immediately resubmitting the victim to dr problem of improving the lighting underground is not a simple high pressure atmosphere from which he has just too rap& one (see Coax, an Coal Miking). In contrast stands another compensatible eye trouble, cataract, which oceurs among glass blowers and furaacemen exposed to glowing heat. Here means for prevention are known; they con sist in wearing spectacles, the glass of which has been specially de vised for cutting off heat rays, but difficulty arises in getting the workers to use them. * Further knowledge is drawn from occupational mortality rec ords. They reveal any undue prevalence among a group or groups of workers of some particular cause of death; phthisis is the most notable example (see Tusncuioszs). Recat statistical investi gation has shown that when this cause of death ()*' is the only emerged; or, again, persons overcome by carbon monoxide P* can be best brought round by the new method of administer** a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide through artificial respuw tion; while bums caused by adds or which must be specially neutralized before ordinary treatment is applied, a* be added to the list The convalescent stage on the contrary may be profoundly * pedited by occupation, particularly where recovery is slow a* tedious. The industrial convalescent tends other to return * work too soon before be is ready for full employment, wfc fc may quickly break down again, or, by saving himself, develop b^ habits; or to delay--particularly if he is receiving compensation* one in excess, its undue prevalence is due to the spread of infec until he has lost skill, developed some permanent stiffness, or tw tion among persons whose daily work brings them dose together; come neurasthenic. He needs, at an early stage, amusement * e.g., in tailoring, printing, and making boots and shoes; (6) is divert'his thoughts; next, occupational therapy, in which associated with excessive death-rates from other long diseases, and performed for wages during limited hours, in order to occqtf occurs later m life than usual, as h*pp^** sandstone ma his mind and assist in restoring lost or weakened function; ** sons, goId-mines, tin-miners, grinders of metal, some pottery a hand stiff after a wound; or lastly, vocational training for 8* workers and others, its excessive prevalence is due to wWaKwy work when be cannot return to his previous occupation. V fine dust of silica, which sets up a condition in the lungs known At each stage industry can play its part, but with regard * as silicosis, a condition which takes some yean tOL&yeiop and pre occupational therapy and training it is the only available agenct disposes its victims to tuberculous infection; and (e) is associated ``After-care" in workshops, and special settlements for those dr with excessive death-rates from sH other causes of death, and charged from tuberculosis sanatoria is pointing the way, whkfc * oceun rather earlier in Efe than usual, as happens tooeg publi equally valuable for orthopaedic, mental and other cases. Occr cans and inn-servants, its undue prevalence is earned by excessive * therapy and vocational training era rapidly coming * indulgence in alcohol * the front'both a Great Britain and America. ~ Knowledge of causation in each cue points the way to prevcotioo: (0) Commodious, well ventilated and lighted premises, as sociated with medical examination to eliminate the tuberculous, wiii rid tailoring, printing and sboe-making from the scourge of phthisis, (b) Reduction to a minimum of risk from breathing silica dur? must abolish rificosts; the problem now belongs to the tech nical engineer and h being solved in certain Industries. The finsrrisi burden of compensation is p ** g active ttwitfaa to dust prevention and control (c) limitation of alcohol consump tion, sock as bis bees taking place in this country in recent years, and could be extended, has already reacted not only upon the oc currence of phthisis in industry, but also of iU health from other causes, including accidents. Another disease to which mortality records have directed at tention is occupational cancer (see Cancix). Workers who handle pitch, adctiSarion product of gas-tar, and others who trix pitch with coal-dust in the manufacture of briquettes, suffer from warts BauMHum.--<t) WetfarReports of Health of Mautw Worker* Committee, iftf-rt, Cd. 9065 (191S); Annual Repot*** Chief Inspector of Factories; A. aC. Anderson, "Welfare ia m Factories and Workshops," Jour. Indms. Hygn vol 3 (19:0); Reports of Miners' Welfart Fund; Industrial Welfare Jeer. (3) lodw trial Fatigue.--J. Goldmark, Fatigue end Efficiency (:91a); Induct* Efficiency end Fottfne, Health of Munition Workers' Committee. tetua Report* Cd. Ssti (tqty) *, . L. CaUts and M. Greenwood. If, Health of the Industrial Worker (X9*x); H. M. Vernon, Fatigue end Efficiency (jgsx); P. S. Florence, Economics of Aw** md Unrest (19x4); Reports of Industrial Fatigue Research Book Jam. Sat. Inst, ladust. Psychology. (3) Industrial Medians.--Lt Arfidxe, Diseases end Mortality of Occupations (:89a); T. 0o Diseases of Occupation (X90*); E. L. Colli*, Industrial Pm***"* comotet (1919); H. E. Mode. Industrial Medicine end Surgery (>4<wr E. W. Hope, W. Banna and C 0. Stallybrue, Industrial Bypentm Medidne <1933); G. K. Sober and . R. Hayhurst. Industrial (1934) J B. I- Coltts, Phthisis end Industrialism (19*$): way, "Anatomical Distribution of Occupational Cancer*. Indust. Hjf- voL 7 (39*5). < aV which appear on the exposed pans of the skin, and also 00 the scrotum. These warts show a special tendency to become epitbeliomatous with the formation of "pitch" cancer. Shsie-oil workers coming in contact with crude paraffin, a product obtained by dis tillation, similarly suffer from warts and "paraffin" cancer; but workers manipulating refined paraffin do not suffer. Chimney THE UNITED STATES *' Though the specific occupational diseases are numerous, s ** tiveiy small prat of the sickness of working persons is due to J Apart from such disabilities u those due to faw posture and inadequate or defective iflurntnatioc. most of * *> . . . XI % INDUSTRIAL WELFARE AND MEDICINE ^ie j] effects of work and working environment obviously hundred. The most important are lead and its derivatives, the jj. * netted upon tie body or through entrance to the body volatile solvents, of wujrh benzol is one ot the most important, , iy of the skin, nose or mouth. and carbon monoxide. There are others scarcely less important, Pujt, fumes and Goies.--With little doubt, the most impor- such as mercury, arsenic, and hydrogen sulphide (q.v.). jmgie occupational health hazard is atmospheric pollution Skin Affections form a very large and important group of Auc or irritant dusts, fumes and gases. Most of the industrial occupational diseases involving a multitude of industries and proc v^.ons are air borne and through inhalation reach the lungs, while esses. A list of skin irritants would be almost as long as that of ones are in part swallowed and thus exert their effects the industrial poisons. Prominent, however, among the industrial the gastrointestinal tract. Most dusts are made up of . dermatoses are the superficial cancers produced by coal tar, soot ^ of a wide range of sixes, from fragments readily discernible and a number of petroleum products (see Dangerous Trades), , 10c unaided eye, to microscopic panicles measured in fractions chrome sores, a great variety of bums by powerful acids and g i micron. Probably one-half of the dust inhaled is exhaled; a alkalies, the dermatitis of candy workers and chocolate dippers, ^ portion of the remainder is caught by the moist mucous that of masons and plasterers and the folliculitis or infection of francs of the upper respiratory tract, the nose and throat. the hair follicles of the arms commoa among machinists. The . v is trapped on the walls of the larger tubes leading to the causes of the many industrial skin diseases are so diverse, the and much of this is driven back toward the throat and is conditions differ so sready and $0 many simulate dermatoses of Tasted with mueose secretion. Only the very small dust non*industrial origin that most cases call lor the investigation and Tcie, those approximately 5 microns (1 m. jxis* in.) or care of a dermatologist. A form of bladder cancer occurs among diameter, can penetrate far into the lungs. Dusts made up workers in the aniline dyes. This type 01 cancer is very difficult to i parade may not be readily visible. They can be present cure and methods of prevention have not yet been perfected. ,a a 1 damp atmosphere. Ventilation^--Wholly apart from risks of atmospheric ^ ill dust is notably harmful, nor all harmful dusts equally poisons, of increased or diminished atmospheric pressure and of Certain dusts, such as lead and mmgnncy, are inju- extremes of temperature and humidity, good working conditions, VJ> because they are definitely poisonous. Others cause a disease entail proper ventilation. The criteria of good ventilation ore i lunp known as pneumoconiosis. Generally speaking, in that air should be (2) pure rather than polluted by dust or other dusts, as those of metals or minerals, do more damage foreign nutter, (2) cool rather than warm, (3) moist rather than zj erganic dusts, as vegetable or animal muter. Not infre- dry and (4) moving rather than stiff. * uClriiyl dusts are of mined character, inorganic dust being min* A temperature of approximately 68* F is sufficiently high for f Vj Th organic, or are mixed inorganic .osts, one of which may persons engaged in sedentary or very light work and too high for t iirmfui and the .others relatively ha--dess, or even slightly those engaged in more active exertion. At 68* F the relative ^jrtive. Recent research suggests that a mixture of 1% aiumi* humidity for sedentary work should be about 45%. $* T dust in a silica dust atmosphere inhibits the action of the right.--A great pert of the work men and women perform ^ m the lung. There are two known harmful dusts, silica. under modem conditions must be done in buildings dependent f :oe dioxide) and asbestos. Other inorganic dusts- are tela* for light upon sources other than the sun. The aspects of indus ,,T ^aimless. Silica is a major constituent of sand, quartz, and trial lighting which warrant particular consideration are its char* '..zz. It produces a form of pneumoconiosis known as silicon's, icter, its adequacy and the location of the source in relation to the ^attired by a growth of fibrous tissue in the lungs accost* eyes of the worker. Apart from the question of general or focal by gradual loss of normal lung function and usually, illumination of work, a discussion of light involves consideration is associated with the development of pulmooary tu* of the hazard of such light rays as the ultn-vioiet rays and of the ^ota. (See MiNcas' Phthisis.) Asbestotis is a generalised kindred rays known as Roentgen rays or X-rays and those ema Ltbrosi* of the lungs which causes symptoms and disability nating from radium. Ultra-violet rays given off in arc welding, in .jr ibtt silicosis. are flashes 00 electric switchboards and from various other "ftiiosi cause perhaps the most dearly defined group of oceo- sources, may produce a very distressing dermatitis or ophthalmia, ^31 diseases. The rapid progress of industrial chemistry has the latter a congestive reaction of the conjunctivae or lining mem* :o the introduction of many substances known to be toxic, biases about the eye. Workers with X-rays and radium or with at* processes are constantly being developed bringing, not <***" other radio-active substances may develop a severe derma .-^questiy, new hazards in the exposure of workmen to poison* titis or even cancer of the skin. gjtets&ces. . . Industrial Medical Service--The mutual interest of em jrf i% used in most points, in door ""`"`m* hi many sorts ployer and employed in the maintenance of the health of workers zas. commonly io brass sad m solder; in plumbing installs* has led to the establishment in the United States of hundreds, per ^ io the storage batteries which furnish power or light for haps thousands, of industrial and mercantile health services, vary 1 wars, railroads and aeroplanes, in the rubber of tires and ing greatly in purpose, in degree of elaboration and in standards * Txk ol that used for other purposes, m modem high com* of professional service, but all contributing in some measure 'Tr gasoline, in the type and plates from which books and toward the furthering of the physical well being of the working - Tr"*** P"01^ >sd in scons of other articles of common men and women who utilize them. Many of the industrial medical ' bcvtiably, the men and women, who produce, use or market activities found their origin m an effort to meet the need for ` ,,( the snides containing lead may be affected by this very furnishing the prompt and adequate medical care demanded of ' jubiuace. Reports of deaths attributed to lead have de* employers by the operation of workmen's compensation acts jti relatively in; reces^ years, but such reports do not seen* which most of the several State legislatures passed between 19x2 x the actual influence of lead There is and 1920. Many of the industrial clinics, dispensaries or plant evidence that lead reaching the lungs is more readily continue to limit their activities largely to emergency t^a that ingested. Same individuals are extraordinarily largely. There is, however, rapidly spreading a reaiiatioo of the to poisoning and when exposed for even a few days fact that sickness is more important as a cause of working ^^ible quantities of lead may be seriously affected. This incapacity than are ircidenfi, that from to to rj days are lost Lgonai personal idiosyncrasy appears is groups of workers ex* from work on account of illness for one lost from injuries, and *S[ ia my industrial poison. Acute poisoning is very rare. that economic seif-interest, if not humanity, caffs for intelligent the cases of chronic type recognized have been ripomf consideration of the iff health of workers and of means for its eve * period of months or yean. Death may be due prevention or remedy. *.v tssevere poisoning, but is most cues is a past attributable The most simple effort to meet the ft***1 needs of industrial *7weuao. with lead as a. secondary factor. TOedbeuead- workers lies in the provision of the "fim-aid kits'* found in most V 4 prevention and control. It is quite impracticable to list industrial establishments throughout the country. From this grf the recognized industrial poisoaa, which number several elemental installation, plant medical services range far in com* INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD plcxuy of organization. In many industrial dispensaries a trained, INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD, T3 registered nurse is on duty the full working day, who usually commonly known as the I.W.W., a revolutionary labour works under the direction of a part-time or full-time physiaan. organization which played in the early :otb century a consics Few full-time physicians are engaged in plants employing less ble part in American and world labour history. It was lour.: than a thousand, but many such plants employ part-time physi in July 190$ at Chicago, III, as a result of a conference of Soc. cians. In larger establishments a reasonable ratio for adequate ists and trade union leaden, of whom, the most outstanding -vt health protection is one physician to every 2,000 employees and E. V. Debs (<?..), William D. Haywood. Daniel DeLeon, W. one nurse to every i.ooo. Trautmann, Vincent SL John and the Rev. T. J. Hagertv, * Where plant medical departments serve a large organization the provided the first organizational plan of the union (known variety of activities may include certain or ail of the- following: Samuel Gompers' derisive nickname of "Father Hagerty s wm Physical examination' of labour applicants and the subsequent of fortune"). All workers of every trade were to be accepted periodic examination of employees; re-examination of individuals the union which was, and is, subdivided into industrial sectio transferred from one department to another*, emergency treatment (29 in number in 1938), craft unions not being allowed. T of minor injuries and illnesses; diagnostic aid in involved and basis of the organization was explained in its well-known prentnf" obscure clinical conditions with guidance in the seeking of further medical counsel and care and a well-trained and competent visiting nurse service. In addition, there may be an eye clinic for the treatment of eye injuries and diseases as well as for refraction; dental clinics for the examination of the teeth of labour appli cants .and for the supervision of the dental hygiene of employees; psychiatric clinics for the study and guidance of cases of mental abnormality, and physiotherapy units with facilities for the care "The working class and the employing class' have nothing common. . . . Between these two classes a struggle must go < until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possess* of the earth and the machinery of production and abolish wage system." (This phrasing was adopted in 1908, a prev\o-. reference to political action being deleted, as a result of struggle in which the syndicalist element thrust out the folio** of DeLeon.) lhe organization was bitterly opposed to the An*" of such cases as old fractures, bums, bruises, sprains and arthritis, can Federation of Labor (9.0.) on the ground of its alleged sup'* by baking, massage or diathermy. ness in defending its members, its toleration of inter-union craf A few establishments maintain sanatorium facilities for tuber quarrels, and the anti-revolutionary attitude of its presides* culous employees, either through a private institution or through Samuel Gompers (?..). the support of beds or cottages in semi-public sanatoria. A few Its chief strength, originally, lay in the Western Federates railroads or isolated groups operate excellent private hospitals. Miners, which withdrew in 1907 on the unseating by the L1V.T More frequently, industrial organizations maintain in local hos of President Sherman, its nominee. Since that time its strer.$ti pitals beds or wards, for the care of injured employees, la most has varied very greatly; the figures of paid-up membership * instances these various services are conducted at the cost of man 1906 were 60,000 and in 19x9 35,000, but these figures give ** agement; in others, the cost is shared by employees, perhaps reliable indication of its strength. Since the defection of tb through a mutual benefit association. The problem of adequate miners, the LW.W. membership has become more and more p^ medical service is largely confined to small manufacturing estab dominant among the nomadic workers (partly foreign bora) sk* lishments. Nearly 62% of the Industrial wage careen are em as lumber-men, loeg-shoremea and "hoboes," for whom tfr ployed in such plants. American Federation of Labor made no provision. This class * The prime purpose of these varied industrial medical activities worker rarely pays dues, except on the occasion of first taking < is not to replace or supplant the personal physicians of employees, an LW.W. ticket. Of the innumerable strikes directed by ti* but rather to meet emergency needs without loss of working time, LW.W. the Lawrence, Mass., strike of 19x2 was the most faaioc production and wages; to stimulate an intelligent interest in the and first brought the organization into prominence. Some 50.^ maintenance of health and to oner guidance in the efforts of sick textile operatives were involved and for the first time htT or defective individuals seeking competent medical care at prices bodies of non-EngiUh-speaking workers were led together '* they can afford to pay. 'Hirough the study of the dinicai records ,ultimate victory: their spirits being kept up partly by the * of the all too small portion of plant medical departments which of the LW.W. "red book" songs, of a coarse but vigorous chr keep trustworthy and accurate records, there ts coming to Ught acter, which have since travelled across the world. In addit^ knowledge of the nature and extent of sidmess among the great many "free speech fights" were undertaken, e.g., in 1909 at ifif, portion of the population engaged In Industries. Such important soul*, Monl, Spokane. Waahn Newcastle. Pa., and later organizations as the National Association of Manufacturers and Important struggles at Paterson, NAberdeen, SD.. Old the National Industrial Conference Board are interesting them Pa., San Pedro. Calif., etc. These were mostly cases in which * selves in the establishment, the cost, and the accomplishments of mtmidpaiities objected to LW.W. propaganda and arrested it* industrial medical services throughout the country. "wobbly" (the slang name for LW.W.) speaker?, the LW.*. The Governmental Control of Industrial and mercantile work ing conditions is not uniform throughout the States. In most of the larcer industrial States, departments of labour or mduttrial commis5ions maintain inspection forces and issue regulations for the sup pression of unhealthful conditions and the encouragement of safe replying by providing a continuous stream of speakers "until dr jails burst." Over 5,000 "wobblies" have been in prison. E*" where, especially in the western States, the history of the LW.% has been violent and sanguinary. The facts which led. for rstH* practices in operation. Subsidiary or septnto beards administer the workmen's compensation acts. Forty-six States have some form of workmen's compensation act and sa States provide compensation for one or more occupational diimca. There are >3 States and four muoidpai departments of health that provide industrial services, giving advict and malaag examinations of MHifriaiui hazards where they to the shooting of the organizer and poet, Joe Hill, in Utah. * greatly disputed; the murder of organizer Frank Little in B**MonL, has beet dealt with in a Federal enquiry. (Sea the Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor.) In some of the Sts? attempts were made to drive the LW.W. out of existence. _ may exist. The U. S. Public Health Service, through Its ofice of in After the World War, the general attack on "red" orpa** dustrial bypen*, has for yeen made many notable contributions to the subject. dona, together with a quarrel with the Communist Internad** (?.v.) gravely weakened the LW.W. A luge number of * BtPT.rrcr.'Trec,--Jctmtai 0/ Industrial ffjgkm (19:0 Jf.); The Journal of Industrial Medicine (:93s re?.); J. C Aub and others "Lead Poisoning" Mtdiana Monographs, voL 7 (so*6); Y. Henderson and H. W. Haggard Noxious Costs (1917); R. P. Whitt, Tka Der- matergoses (193*); A. Hamilton. Industrial Toxicology (1934): W. L have passed "criminal syndicalism" laws, mostly held ccos^ tional on appeal to the Supreme Court, with the object of pressing the LW.W. altogether. A mass trial of over at prominent LW.W. members at Chicago in Aug. 1918 resulted- Dark and P. Drinker. Industrial Medicine (*935): Symposium: Tka environment and Us ejeet upon man, published by Harvard School of Public Health (1937); Mttfical Research Coandfr--Report No. to Toridty of Industrial Solvents" (193d); C K. Drinker Carbon Monoside Aspkysda (193d); A. J. Lama and others. SUkosis and a number of heavy sentences. The less important position of * LW.W. after the war may have been due to the immigrati* ^ which cut off the influx of unskilled labor, its most fruitful of recruits. Rut whatever the cause, its mllucticr Asbestam (293*)- <W. We.; W. L C) by 1930 it had ceased to be of social consequence. -