Document 0qwQ6MRwpJ5oXB992M6E5R2xV

A. Steinegger c / o Swiss Aluminium Ltd, ALUSUISSE Feideggstrasse 4 P O.Box495 CH-8034 Zurich Telephone 01 34 90 90 Telegrams ALUMINIUM Teleprinter 52487 alu ch Mr. Homer M. Cole Reynolds Metals Company 6601 West Broad Street RICHMOND, Virginia 23261 U.S.A. Your re' Y0gr letter Of Our re'. ARUW AST/dav SOM Zurich March 14, 1980. Re.: IPAI Health Committee Task Force on Sampling and Analysis Gentlemen, I enclose my contribution on Air Sampling and Analysis Chapter IV: Limit of Exposure and at the same time would like to apologize for the delay. I also have the following remarks to make with regard to this draft - particulars for Canada are still missing, but I think these can easily be added. - Furthermore the Japanese and Australian values are already rather old and at the same time second hand. Here too supple mentary data should present no difficulties. - I have no particulars concerning the South American countries. - The situation in the U.S.A. is not fully illuminated. I suggest, therefore, that a decision is taked on basis of this draft as to whether the entire matter should be extended further or whether it should be condensed to allow a better understanding. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE RECEIVED MAR 2 01980 HMC REB JDD JTM Tex TX TINES RMC0021123 Mr. H. m. Cole 2 3.14.1980 ALUSUISSE I look forward to receiving your ideas and suggestions; above all I would appreciate receiving a corrected version of Tables I - IV to see how far the data given are correct. Very truly yours Enclosure TX TINZR RMC0021124 INTERNATIONAL PRIMARY ALUMINIUM INSTITUTE THE MEASUREMENT OF EMPLOYEE EXPOSURES IN ALUMINIUM REDUCTION PLANTS Chapter IV - Limits of Exposure A. Different Kinds of Limits of Exposure B. Status of the Limits of Exposure C. Short Discussion of the TLV and MAC Values of Primary Importance for the Aluminium Industry Appendix: The Limit of Exposure in Different Countries: Summary of Airborne Contaminants in the Aluminium Primary Industry Table I Table II Table III Table IV of Primary Importance of Secondary Importance of Less Importance Principal Use or Source of Emission Bibliography TX TINER RMC0021125 1 A. Different Kinds of Limits of Exposure The first lists of permissible concentrations of pollutants at the workplace published date back to the thirties, a fact which is generally unknown. The significance of such lists has increased considerably, particularly in the last few years because more and more importance has been placed on health protection. This rapid development led to state institutions, research centers and universities in various countries con cerning themselves with the establishment of limits. It is not surprising, therefore, that today in spite of various efforts, there are no standard terms and values. However, looking more closely, it can be ascertained that the existing limits can be listed according to two main groups k MAC = maximum admissible or allowable concentration and the TLV * threshold limit value, a.) MAC Values Generally MAC (MAK) concentrations are absolute admissible limits which should not be exceeded at any time during working even if at times lower concentrations prevail. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the MAC value is defined as follows: "The MAC value (maximum admissible concentration)**^ is the highest concentration of a working medium in the form of gas, vapor or suspended matter which can be permitted in the air at the workplace, which, according to the present state of knowledge, generally does not adversely affect the health of the personnel even in the case of repeated and long term exposure, but adhering to an average weekly * German: TX TIN'ER KMC002U2 6 Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration * MAK working time of up to 45 hours, and does not cause personnel excessive discomfort." As a rule the MAC value is integrated as an average for one working day. In the case of transgressions of the MAC value, the particular circumstances have to be taken into account, however, as the MAC value alone does not allow direct con clusions as to a possible risk. The MAC value list is revised every year according to the latest know-how which is elaborated systematically, and republished. Furthermore, 2) the MAC values are partially explained and substantiated However, this documentation is being continuously completed. In the case of the U.S.S.R.-MAC value, in contrast to that of the Federal Republic of Germany, the discomfort factor is left out, but on the other hand they have the stricter formulation that in no case should biological or functional changes be ascertained. This strict formulation of the U.S.S.R. concept is3^ : "Maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are those concentrations that, in the case of daily exposure at work for eight hours through out the entire working life, will not cause any diseases or deviations from a normal state of health detectable by current methods of investigations, either during the work itself or in the long term." The MAC value for new substances is fixed in a gradual process: provisional toxicological evaluation, assessment from experiments with animals and statistical epidemiological interpretations. To date this 4) procedure has been applied for more than 800 substances ?X RMco pXER 021 Spain has a TLV list of its own, mainly derived from the TLV-ACGIH? however, these values have to be respected as ceiling values^ . b.) TLV Values These are based on the lists which are published yearly by the ACGIH*. As can be seen from the foreword, the limit values are fixed in such a way that practically all jobs which are exposed to such concentrations repeatedly over a longer period of time, do not result in any injury to health or in discomfort. A certain discomfort and reversible injury to health in connection with special prerequisites cannot be excluded, however, in exceptional cases. The following kinds of threshold limit values are defined by the ACGIH: "Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect." "Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit (TLVSTEL) - the maximal concentration to which workers can be exposed for a period up to 15 minutes continuously without suffering from 1) irritation, 2) chronic or irreversible tissue change, or 3) narcosis of sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair self-rescue, or materially reduce work efficiency, provided that no more than four excursions per day are permitted, with at least 60 minutes between exposure periods, and provided that the daily TLV-TWA also is not exceeded. * American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists^ "Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling (TLV-C)- the con centration that should not be exceeded even instanttaneously." These values are marked with a C in the tables where the substances are named. Apart from a very few substances, e.g. acetone (listed in the appendix to the TLV), the limit values of other substances may be exceeded for short periods as follows: TLV > 0-1 (ppm or mg/m3) " >1-10 " >10-100 " *100-1000 Excursion factor nn 3 2 1.5 1.25 The number of transgressions is limited by adherence to the 8 hour value. ACGIH also publishes a documentation of the threshold limit values which is adapted to the latest results, continuously revised and added to^* , c.)- Other Values TX TINER RMC0021129 Some countries3* have in addition to the time-weighted averages, a value for short periods of exposure, for example a reaction time of 10 minutes (Czechosolovakia) or 45 minutes (German Democratic Republic). Similar short time values are also already being discussed in the Federal Republic of Germany. Rumania has, besides a mean concentration comparable with TWA, also a maximum concentration which must not be exceeded at any time, it is probable that defined short time exposure limits as also proposed by ACGIH, will gain in importance in future. d.) Limits for Carcinogens In the case of substances which have to be classified as carcinogens, according to today's knowledge, no harmless quantities can be indicated with any certainty. In order to make an assessment nevertheless, some substances have been listed in the ACGIH-TLV values on basis of eipidemiological studies with simultaneous reference to their cancerogenic character. In the Federal Republic of Germany, TRC1s*(technical reference concentrations) have been introduced for a few substances known to be cancerogenic. These values have no preventive medical substantiation, but can be used as reference for measurements in connection with technical and personal protection. In most of the TLV and MAC value lists, the carcinogens are listed divided into groups. e.) Limits for Mixtures and Substances of Variable Composition The West German MAC value committee rejects a calculation of the MAC value from mixtures, as special toxicological know-how for the substances in question is necessary for evaluation. In most countries, above all those which base their lists on the TLV values, a calculation of mixtures is possible; however, the character of the mixtures e.g. two different acids or as an example to the contrary, a solid and an acid (not chemically related), has to be taken into consideration. A typical example for a variable composition is the welding fume for which the TLV of ACGIH gives a value of 5 mg NOC/mJ . However, it should be noted that when welding aluminium, the most important pollutant is ozone, and for that reason above all this MAC value is of signif icance . German: Technische Richtkonzentrationen = TRK **NOC = Not otherwise classified TX TINER RMCOO 2113 reason no limit values of their own are issued but the latest TWA values of ACGIH and in the meantime the Russian MAC values are published. In most countries the state or official organizations publish their own limit values based on the TLV or MAC values. These limit values are indications and recommendations which are generally recognized and applied. They are used by official supervisory authorities and insurance companies as a criterion. The values can also be declared binding for granting operating permits to plants or in a wage agree ment between employers and trade unions. It must be pointed out once again that apart from the Russian MAC values, the limit values are not to be regarded as a sharp limit between safe and dangerous, but as a guide for monitoring health. An open problem when comparing the different TLV and MAC values is their determination, which is very often different. Considerable differences can result during sampling already. ?X XMCO Tt, c-P. 11 Status of the Limit Values The status of the limit values varies considerably in the different countries. In the following countries the official lists of the maximum admissible concentrations are legally binding ': Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia. In the U.S.A. there is an official list of TLV's which 9\ are published in the Federal Register (FR) and which have to be respected by all the holders of government contracts. They are based mainly on the latest lists issued by ACGIH. In the lists published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)"*^ based on the FR, no excursion factor is defined, but for 20 substances an "acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift". The time of exposure is indicated additionally. The TLV values of ACGIH are a recommendation and have, like those of the American National Standards Institute or other organizations, no legal status. However, these values can be declared to be legal by the Federal Govern ment or by individual states. In general they largely correspond to somewhat older issues of the two abovementioned organizations. In some countries 8)' e.g. Argentina and Italy, limit values are laid down by the state for selected substances, above all mineral and silica dust,by decree. In France too the limit value for asbestos for example has been laid down by decree. The limit value for CO was fixed in an official circular letter. In general France is against laying down limit values, the reasons given for this point of view being above all individual reaction, differing external circumstances such as for example heavy manual work, the doubtful transfer of experiments with animals to human beings and the different analysis methods. For that c. Short Discussion of the TLV and MAC Values of Primary Importance for the Aluminium Industry As an extract from the various MAC and TLV lists, the most important substances are briefly discussed in the following and attention is drawn to trends towards possibly stricter limits.' The figures in brackets correspond to the numbers in the table in the appendix The Limit of Exposure in Different Countries: Summary of Airborne Contaminants in the Aluminium Primary Industry. Fluoride {I 6) Ip until a few years ago, most of the limit values (with the exception of the U.S.S.R.) corresponded to the presently valid TWA of 2.5 mg/m^ for gaseous and particulate fluorides and 3 ppm or 2 mg/m^ for hydrogen fluoride. To an increas ing extent, however, the values in various countries have become stricter. For example, Switzerland has fixed a limit of 1.5 mg/m^ for fluoride, for both gaseous and particulate, Italy and Holland 1.0 mg/m^ for HF. To declare a short-term value in the same order of magnitude as suggested for a time by ACGIH or to fix this value as a ceiling value (for example as done in Sweden), is hardly appropriate, above all for particulate fluoride as its influence on human beings is primarily a long term one. In addition totechnical limit values, a bio logical limit proposed by NIQSh'1* is used in m^ny countries as a guide for health surveillances This biological limit is 4 mg fluoride/liter/^s preshift value and 7 mg/lite^as postshift v^lue. TX TINE* RMC002113j 9 Carbon Monoxide (I 7) The limit value of 50 ppm or 55 mg/m3, which is generally valid, has recently been replaced by 35 ppm or 40 mg/in in the Scandinavian countries. An identical change is now also being discussed in the Federal Republic of Germany. In the U.S.A.f NIOSH is also propagating a reduction of the presently valid value. Sulfur Dioxide (I 8) Besides the presently valid TWA value of 5 ppm or 13 mg/m3, a limit value of 2 ppm or 5 mg/m3 has been included in the TLV list since 1978 as an intended change. These values are already valid in Scandinavia and are being taken into con sideration as a possible amendment in the Federal Republic of Germany. Coal Md# Tar Pitch Volatiles (I 3) Formerly when fixing the limit value, only a limited number of aromatic hydrocarbons soluble in benzene (anthracene, BaP, phenomtrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene) was included. Today this term, when fixing the TLV value of 0.2 mg/m3, extends to all existing components of a mixture, which are soluble in benzene, this in view of the fact that a ''safe" limit for cancerogenic substances cannot be given. In Norway and Iceland in addition to this value, a 0uio*vJUC_ limit value for the identified polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAH) of 40^ig/m3 is applied. Sweden for its part has fixed its limit value at 10 jig Ba?/m^. In Switzerland a provisional limit value of 0.2 mg/m3 has been proposed for the fraction which is soluble in cyclohexane. As analytical points of view also have to be observed when fixing the limit value for tar and pitch vapours, it can be assumed that there will be a further development of today's way of thinking. TX TINER RMC00 2113 4 - 10 - Coal Dust (I 4) A special value for coal dust is only found in the ACGIH-TLV lists and in such, countries which adopt these lists more or less in their entirety. It amounts to 2 mg/m3 respirable fraction*<5 % quartz. In the Scandinavian countries the general limit for organic dust amounts to 5 mg/m3. In Switzerland due to the differentiation between substances / with a density larger or'smaller than 1.5# a value of 5 mg/m* alsc/results for the particulate*. tal particulate and 2''mg/nr for fine Aluminium UetaT Oxide, Wralriincj Tuutes n tT A special value for aluminium metal and oxide is found in the ACGIH-TLV lists. In some countries# for example Switzer land, Al^O^ aHcate^ to t^ie nuisance particulate. A value / of 5 mg/m3 for aluminium welding was included. These values were listed in the adopted values 1979 for the first time. ^ </ Asbestos (I 2) The limit values for asbestos are being reduced worldwide. In the last edition of the TLV-ACGIH list, the value of 5 fiber/cm3 is still shown in brackets. This value is indicated in the list of cancerogenes, and it is also pointed out that cigarette smoking can enhance the incidence of broncho genic carcinoma. In the definition of the fiber, a length of mor'5' than 5 jim is given. The limits published in the US Federal Register Vol. 39 (1974) valid as from July 1, 1976, are 2 fiber/cm3, longer than 5 jim. Furthermore, a ceiling con centration of 10 fiber/cm3 is declared to be binding. The method of determination is also specified. These values refer to all kinds of asbestos. * Definition, cf. paragraph on Nuisance Particulate (I 7) TX TINER RMCO 0 2113 5 In the TLV-ACGIH the following breakdown is made for the intended changes in the mineral dusts: Asbestos Amosite ............................ Chrysotile ...................... Crocidolite .................... Tremolite .......................... Other forms.................... 0.5 2 0.2 0.5 2 fiber/cm3 nn 11 ii n it ii m In Germany, a reduction of the technical reference con centration (TRC) has been made both for asbestos and asbestoscontaining particulate. The value valid today of 2 iiber*/cmJ for all kinds of asbestos is still applicable only for existing plants. For new plants and with effect 1.7.1982 for existing plants, a TRC value of 1 fiber/cm3 will apply. Parallel to this change, a reduction of the value for asbestos-containing particulate from 4 to 2 mg/m^ will take place. A number of countries have followed the value indicated in the US Federal Register. For example, in France, Norway and Switzer land a limit value of 2 mg/cm3 has been fixed for all kinds of asbestos. Sweden and Iceland limit the value to 1 fiber/cm3, the use of crocidolite being more or less forbidden in Sweden. Iceland limits crocidolite to 0.1 fiber/cm3. Nuisance Particulate (I 7) In the case of airborne particulate, the size of the particle among other things is important. That is why very often differentiation is made between respirable and total dust. The respirable fraction is generally meant to be the particulate with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 5 jim. * Definition fiber: length > 5 ji, diameter<3 ji, length: diameter>3 : 1 TX TINE?, RMC0021I 3 -S The sampling of this particulate takes place with an instrument th^ has a size separation according to the ACGIH criteria. A similar definition is also used in the Federal Republic of Germany for fine dust based on the Johannesburg Convention 1959 {50 % separation of the particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 5 pm). In the assessment of whether.the limit values for nuisance particulate can be applied, attention must be paid to the quart2 content. If it is >1 %, for example according to the TLV-ACGIH or German MAC values, the limit value for quartz-containing dust must be applied (cf. Table II 12). For inert dust, a value of 10 mg/m3 total dust and 5 mg/m3 respirable dust is indicated in the TWA-ACGIH lists. In Switzerland the limit value is adjusted to the specific weight of the substance as follows: density = 1.5: <1.5: 20 mg/m3 for total dust 8 mg/m3 for fine dust 5 mg/rd3 for total dust 2 mg/m3 for fine dust. 8 mg/m3 is the German limit value for fine dust, while Norway and Sweden apply a limit value of 10 mg/m3 for the total dust. In Norway, a special value for potrooms is applied, namely 5 mg/m3 total dust. TX TINES RMC002113 APPENDIX 13 The Limit of Exposure in Different Countries: Summary of Airborne Contaminants in the Aluminium Primary Industry A table of the different TLV and MAC values was published in 1977 in the Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 37: Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Toxic Substances by the International Labour. Office (ILO) Geneva^. For a better general view, the limit values in different countries are listed in Tables A - C in order of their importance for the aluminium industry. The number allocated to the individual substances is indicated in Table D. The workplaces or jobs where the airborne contaminants mentioned mainly arise are indicated in this table. As a basis the TWA values in the TLV list 1979 of ACGIH were taken. In the colum "Different", those countries with deviating values are listed, while those with no fixed limit value are listed under "None". The lists of TLV and MAC values have been reviewed for the following countries: Australia (AUS) Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Holland Japan ** Italy (HOLD Norway (NORW) Iceland (ICEL) Sweden Switzerland (SWITZ) 1975 1979 1979 1975* 1975* (by 1979 1979 (only mentioned when different from Norway) 1979 1979 with changes fc 1980 Italian Association of Industrial Hygienists and the Italian Society of Industrial Medicine TX TINER RMCO 0 2113 3 The following abbreviations were used: CA for carcinogenic resp. for respirable prov. for provisional * value taken from 3) 14 TX TINER RMCOO 2113 3 ft) S-i J) 1 1 ___ ft) a H --> ft) --j r V. 1 -j -- :p -- -J cp c -it co 4J 0c c re 1-1 J-' to = 4J 4 H co H * HCP 'a re x <4-1 c 3 S CO re co H a On 4 0) x co 0 re? CP ft) E c 3 4-> 0) E H o u X r0 a c TJ 0 ft) 0 C nj --. a o X \ 0 H 0 H C ! rH CO a N ft) x r* co 3 V. 4 u rH CO TJ re rH 4 cn 0 0 0 3 <D 3 CO re cp re 0X o a> X <v <0 O H X H re a; c x u X X iH T--Jt ft) T3 c ft) (A CM C C CO X 0 cp + <0 4-1 DO 0 res X 0) X i--l 44 X 0 Si ft) 0 ft) a1 1! c c 0 4 4-1 3 44 X 00 X 4 *H o-* Si cn 4J 0 (0 4 re o u ft) a--* 0) a> o Cb CM o X 0) u0 o U c X 0X <44 re T~ CO c re X CP o Cb r* CM n in \> Summary o f A irb o rn e C o n ta m in a n ts , T a b le I : O f P rim a ry Im p o rta n c e ft) ~~ - r- Z< ---J. ZQW c W O ft- J &3 0 D OS < O 3 z < tbsw cp o 04 < * 4 rH 4J o re * 44 4J 04 c 0 CO ft) >l-P 4) u rH 4 D . COO 44 0 Em 44 E H ca D'-'s. Q E-* CD h2 0 W CM CO 2 <a, < *3 op op *O O s. 2 lH 4 0 ft) ft) O X4 J3 Z H H 44 44 O u 31 CM 04 ..Hz 4 0) XN bi Si 3J H 01 Q H H CO U 44 H2 D 2 w < CO to ft) O' t <3 re cX 00 a C0 'O a> a) 4 re3 4 0 ft> O 4J X J O' 0c s -H CO X 4 O CO UP A CP CP g re E O O\ \4 (X 4 ft) H ft) X XX X 44 CP X a Cu CN CP C ft) H re O' XE 0 CM LA 0 1 ..cp CO X 0 CO ft) X 3 "v CO TJ O' ft) X CO cCP - re H ,B*^ < a M H m cp O y E S--x c 1 CP O' E < 2 O UP gH 0 ' "v. zH +4 ^ *T ro m ro CP O E O 0 O 0 O \s uUu44 lH ft) ft) ft) ft) ft) ft) XI Si X) X X Si H H w H H 4H 44 44 44 4H 44 UP CM UP UP O OJ O O CM 04 S H X c re | ft) 'O X re X C O X X 0) 0 C> 3 'U 44 uc a) re 3* 3c c H rH X 4 c re *o O 4-1 rH Si ft) ft) u 3 3 << CO 4H U 0 CO iH ft) H 0) 4-> re H ft) 4 W *H x O b ft) 4-> 0 H 44 CO 0 4H4 0 CO H H 0 4 4-> CO ft) CO X 0 0g 4 4= 0 4 0) ft) X 4X J2 CO <5 O u - O < TX TINER RMC00 21140 Ut AJ S c0s s. 40J) 0 C 4J 0 0 b CO a> H 0) c 0 z < uu 0) 4J erut H.C H4J c 3 >4 to J< D E* 1 z b DO O <M i > 4J U to 0 E N 0 o fn 3 44 CP 4J c U0 y0-i <4-1 H t^ x o> a o .C 0 O* 3 -4 y .2 > 0>1 H3 H .. o NWS eg cp tn 3*0. oo r- z[lj Z o * JIDj 4J -EH mg --jJ. 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COs gaa Xos' O' <H 2 <8 44 O0 - 44 O' g ato in o 4 CD o z X N H 44 c fl3 fCa g (0 44 fa cX 0 a to to 0c) u f0a <D 3 O H 4 0 Qto) o (8 u 3 O' f0a) f(a8 3 fOa a) 44 44 4 <8 <0 r>4 a 3 0 H 0) o 44 c 4 <8 (to8 a m in --' ro g gx a O' ag sco. H <D rO H x o H *0 4 3 TX TINER 44 H HMC00 2114 2 3 CO O f S econdary Im portance 1------------- ! -- 0 r3H co IQ 35 > UC 3 corn io O' E 3s c 0. 0) M \ E -H a \X <0 O' Om-H x> e a-H o 40J> C 0) 3 in o o in 0 u n in c JJ wm - 0 E Z^ w 0 a aw o' o X s ao E aw 2 05m O in W ro ot X 1 Sa o (A* z Q) 3 *Z H wU io D Q ><U S O' C CO C *H -H * N h 0J H 10 J H 4)HOS 0 (0 X CO e H o Xc X0 H C CO H CO 3 E a 0to 04-H IN 0 33 O' CC *H E H 04 0) O4 O 4--m E N. Z O' w s 0) Q3 KOH * -3 co m > CN m rH JJ JJ 3 CO 3 Ufn SPO 3 JJ E 3 S 3 'O'-*. \ 0 0><H O* xE 3 S a 1 JJ (0 co 0 0 m 0 D- JJ U o c 0 z > < -< I o H CM JJ c 0u1 z < Q) X IM < 3 o in o U in n a X < o to 6* H s CO in in ** <X9 0- N X Z ZX <sa CO U X x u DX<OS < b. O Z W JJ JJ 10 (0 33 35 T3 3 04 JJ CO -0 0 4J U U 5j >00 J yj uj &<h 0 n M^ Summary o f A irb o rn e C o n ta m in a n ts , T a b le I I : s m co H CM to o < 1 s < s Q4 Or6-i 04 S 0\ zH H JJ e 10 c s (0 JJ c 0 o 0) c <0 SJ 0e .o 0 ug g << v O oo oo tn O' cn E E\ 04 O' a. e r- m in mm ^ E "v 04 O' a O' ae ae (N m S ''v. MW HM 0J a*0 H X x 0 0) 35 0) 0) c *o C H -H 0 Ij kj Si u 00 (0 JZ JC. a uu O PO E N O' E \ M H CO CO 3 o> CO 3 0 u si H TX TIiN'ER RMCO 0 2114 3 TX TINER RMCO 0 2114 4 -H CM TX T RMCQO Summary o f A irb o rn e C o n ta m in a n ts , T a b le X I I : O f L e s s e r Im p o rta n c e Ta TIN Kk KMCOO 2 1 1 4 6 F o o tn o te /R e m a rk s c e ilin g v a lu e 2) in te n d e d c h a n g e s : 3 p p m , 6 m g /m * 1) c e ilin g v a lu e 2) in te n d e d changes: not c e ilin g v a lu e 3) F in e d u s t 0 c 0i Z P cas u as IM U-l H o 1 1 m cn O %% oo in - O ^ o z < 04 < >3 N - OH 05 2 h U1 Jh j < fit H 1 l < u a <N A r-- _..--. X in On HW u u < rn 1 E < E^ a a> dTE CO \ 0H zM W U c <0 e H OS E 73 <8 U X c0 0 H o T3 OS C c 1-1 <D CP 00 1* 4J H H <2 CM --. in O * o o in ro PO E CP EE O S. wM MH WH CD 'U H x> 0 w E <TS 3 H <* 'D m ITS O 0) C IN ns > 3 > '-- IW as H X 0 o as CE H 3 TX TIN RKC002i Summary o f. A irb o rn e C o n ta m in a n ts , T a b le IV : P r in c ip a l Use o r S o u rce o f E m is s io n J /1 1 /2 1 /3 H /1 II/2 II/3 II/4 II/5 II/6 II/7 II/8 c 0 W * 4J Si CO c u E f0 <0 0 pH 10 o ITJ a) . u to c (0 s 0 to 0 0a u JJ fO 0 fa cu < O' 0 to e (0 Jj cn H H *J O' c c H CO H rM Jj 0 ae 'O a> Cu c *> 10 <0 O' H 0) Jj e X H 0 0) 9 JJ <0 tJ 0) pH fi O s Jj 0) 0* JJ c JJ A3 a> co *pC pH W O' XJ O' u 9 O' 0 a 0) 0 (0 c H H JDj <c*H X) c H jj E 0) pH jj u Jj o T3 C 0 O 09 s a> O' 0) *H a U c CO O 0 CO jj m O pH AS pH CO 0) . 0 0) H x: O' u 0 * 0) * CO O' Jj CO JJ a) o CO JJ C 10 jj JJ a> CO pH 9 axi O' 9 sO H Jj u -C CO JJ c (0 0) (0 C O Q, pH s E H JJ pH to 0 *H O Cu 0 O 10 a D 0 Jj jj * 0 u a O' .c 0) JJ CO 0) c 0) c c p > O Jj JJ H H Jj H 0 (0 JJ 0 0) G CO <0 pH Si aH 0 co o pH <0 (0 H c JJ o Jj 10 o . 0) pH CU 0 Jj Cu V 0C a (0 U s cu *0 JJ JJ J= 0 O 0) c 0 C w CO H UH JJ <0 9 *pC CO pH CO cu JJ CO S <0 E 0 (0 U (0 c O % 0 H O 0 H 4> Q, 0 Jj 0 Jj 0 u 9 -0 XJ a 9 1-1 0) Jj JJ CO C *0 Jj i E JJ JJ JJ 0 CU c t--1 H C a ns <0 u f>fii 9 4H 0 Cu 10 s 0 CU pH O' 0 e 0) H JJ Jj CO H 10 CO a CO 0) 0) Jj pH c JJ H 0 10 Cu JJ CO * CO CO E CO 0 E 00 Jj Jj *0 a to JJ to Gc0c 9H O' C c H 0) O 0 a 0 0) H E CO H H H CO H 9 9 JJ JJ JJ 9 ^j O JS JJ CO U 0) CO (0 Jj 0) a O' c 4J (0 Jj 0> a 0 J= JJ CO 0< jj uu jj 0 (0 0) 0 to 0 C0 0 0 .X (0 U x: * (0 Si co O' 0) G T3 H O SG H <0 pH O' 0 O' cH JJ c H JJ 0 JJ co O' CO 10 e <0 0 pi 0 c c T3 C (0 9 H o> e c H H s Jj 9 V H) a co "p 0> 9 JJ H 0) H *p| cm 0 CO CO (0 10 Cu E O' 9 O' a O' O c 0 c 0) O' G JJ O -H js G Jj X jj X jj c H H 'O 0) JJ 9 aOH CO 9 <0 pH jj 0 3 pH 10 0) CO CU El, o Cl, cu w 5 9 /1 0 in P CO -z \\ \\ HH Mw <b1) 9 UH O' c H *0 w-- 0) 3 JJ 0) c S <0 Jj C 0 -H X3 Jj (0 H-t JJ <c 0 u C 10 0) rO H X 0 % iH <0 JJ 0) E P 9 to H s J0J H to p 0) 9 X3 pH CO << CO 0) H H jj 10 opH > JS u aH, jj (0 JJ pH (0 0 u 0) 'O H X 0 G JJ 0 CO E 9 *0 C 0 pH X2 <0 Jj 0 C0 ua 0) JJ C0 rH 9 O H 0) jj 0 jj H <0 X a0 10 H 0) 0> T3 -0 o ^H c Jj jj (0 9 f> to UH 9 H pH rH 9 9 El, Z W u X (0 0) 03 0) H jj Jj Jj 10 0 0) pH 0) JJ 9 x: c H O 0) 0 10 UJ H T3 co x: jj H o co jj k X c 10 0) 0 10 0 (0 pH 0 y a H O' jj 3 T3 0) 0 jj <0 c to rH pH CO H c C H 0 jj 9 x: 0o 0 g Sui 0 pH Jj Si 10 X 10 H Jj E 0) C pH 0) c 0 oS m x: H 0) H H N < u u b. X s o TX TIN RMC0021 TX TINE* RMC002U49 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen 1979 deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg GesundheitsschSdliche Arbeitsstoffe. Begrtindungen von MAK-Werten, bearbeitet durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, S.Lieferung 1978, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, BRD Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Toxic Substances Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 37 International Labour Office, Geneva Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentrationen 1978 in der Sowjetunion, Grundlagen der Normierung Prof. Dr. Helmut Kettner, Duesseldorf Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 39 (1979) Nr. 1 Januar Methods used in Western European Countries for Establishing Maximum Permissible Levels of Harmful Agents in the Working Environment, E. Vigliani, Sezione: Medicina del Lavoro Igiene Ambientale, 1977. TLVs, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes for 1979, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Third Edition 1971, 4th Printing 1977 with Supplements 1977 and 1978 Working Environment, Report VI (1), International Labour Conference, 61st Session 1976, International Labour Office, Geneva US Federal Register, Vol. 39, No. 125 - Thursday, June 27, 1974 General Industry Safety and Health Standards, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA 2206 (29 CFR 1910) (Revised January 1976) Criterial for a Recommended Standard ... Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Fluoride U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare NIOSH, March 1976 TX TINER RMC0021150 BIBLIOGRAPHY contd. 12. Interim Guide for Respirable Mass Sampling, AIHA Aerosol Technology Committee, AHIA J. 31:2, 1970, p. 133. TX TINER RMC0021151