Document 0qbwNw8NBpK8oR7wR3w885g0M

LIA16280 -*V- LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 110 LXXiMOTOM AVCNUC : 1T.IAT. tat rat ntuanta u ad nopucs KS^utof Ala*. Stewart, Director of Hesteroh national Load Cowpany After an oil day session eovsrlog the business aopoeto of the load industry, any tali on research should bo praept, abort, aad directly to the point* Moreover, lnasoueh oa we have Bore than 5000 years of growing pain* behind us th* patter of roooaroh end derolopront ct this tire si^nll not roes toe l^pertast. However, oost of our aarketa began to derelop about 5&-60 year* ago or at about tho tine organised Industrial raaaarcb began* Tbo necessity of are research In our Industry la trought about by tbe properties of laad aad lta cocpcunds -- alnce our aarkrts, both actual and potential are a trtaendous rtisulaBt to oor carpenters, Datle^ back to the tlee of the alehnalsta, lnforastion of all daaaea has been provided on lead -- therefore, such was known about lta proper ' tlaa, and these properties belrg l^ortant, lead becoaes a st-mdard for ecaparlaca in the cScales! aad paint lntistry, A contlnnoua study of lapauraait of our old products aod tbe developoent of new lead predicts beowes a *eJt' HOT ggmjQfVSWS I had a preUrinary survey aad* on nee develecaenta during the pest few years particularly tbs last four years and I sure I have not done too veil* Therefore, If I hare clssed scee, or over quote or under quote, It is because I found it very difficult to collect tbe Infcreation. Metallurgy -- A refining process for the reooval of tine by tho St, Joeeph Lead Co. has been an laportsnt contribution to lead aetallurgy. This prooeaa developed over the part fee years ter the rtBoval of lino tram lead under vacua* eight Mil art a pattern for th* rTMoval of other irpurities froa lead. It nay pave tbe way far the treataent of lead with hydrous csustlo soda atploylnc 2-3 atacoptere* of pressure with lsproved efficiencies la operation. For tbs rotoval of snail Mounts of xlas fron lead, this process is very definitely a new developoent. Cable Sheathing - Ibis is aa important business for tbs load Industry la ISid about Id 5, COO tons of Load saa oonsueod la this field of butanes, ^ilob Is open to considerable competition fey aatorlals otter thaa lead. Creep resistanoe Is very Important to the life of cable sheathing as tbs Internal pressure of oil or the gas filled cables provide a continuous hydrostatic bead rtdoh tbs lead sheath aust dthatand, Also the dally load power varies, oeualng Presented at tbe 22nd Annual Meeting lead Indirtrlea As sod atlon* April 13-lL, 19$0, Chicago, 111,, at the Panel Discussion of Lead - 'J' -Swaprau.|.n,Me.<pBiw vat-i'JW.'JJ.')Wl;a4.>|w,)i.s-irtA owitihJUMWUW-'iApMi wmmmmM wm*' j r . RWRWPMWi pwpMpiiM||B8M^MMMMMiiii MR LIA16281 i i i i l 0 o a dully varianoa in Viaporttura, Manhole handling to withstand slow tending is another lEportar.t fee ter and, lajt bat not least, tSo weight of liml All of the i faotors naJce load sheathing a prey for caspatltlon. Bcwwsr, there here toon a nur.bor of dovalopraente and as axarplaa I hare seloctod the following. First, the Anaoonda Wire and Cahlo Coopany Kara a darwlopw/ct la their alloy F-3 indioatti* what can bo had by a study of balancing minor canatltoacta. Figure 1* shows the roslatanea to fatigue atraaaca. The fatlgna tnduranoo Halt la tho unit load that stay be applied to a actsl 10,000.000 tlaoa althout failure. According to tha inforaetlon supplied ao, F-3 Alloy was abla to withstand a load of lbOQ pal, while copper lead wlthatood only 62$ pal* Tha Hoop, atroaa tart la tha load that eeusea a tube to Increase in its diameter. A ahaath of F-3 alloy withstood a load of 1000 pal and erparriad only IX la one year, while a coppoiwlaad sheath required etkly WO pal to aspand IX la one year. This la show la Figure 2.o Figure 3a douonstretea tha relative life of V3 alley. This teat eooilrta of deflecting the teat spedaea one half loch evury 70 seconds or 123b tinea per 2b hour dxy. According to those data, F-3 Alloy ahowod an average life of 30,000 cycloe (2>*l/3 days), while ooppor load showed a ralatlvo Ilfs of 7500 cycles (6-3/U days). This is a relative Ineraaee la life of over >Xg for tho F-3 Alloy over the copper-load alloy. Saloo Vital - This Is a Xatlcnal lead Cowpary dovclopaant of an alloy, highly corrosion resistant for anodes, ooils and linings la chrcadw plating installations and related Installations shcro corrosion duo to high oxidizing conditions la a factor. la aoeb electroplating aystots the ease st*l being plated la used as tho &--dc because the rate of plating and the solution of tho anode sro the asms rate. Howvrcr, la the easo cf chredua plating, this is n<* ao. If yes usod a chroalua anode, Its rat* of solution is about 10 tires faster than it will plate. Therefore tha solution boccmas saturated with chrowdia salts, tfarariag tho Able solution out of balmoc. Further, a chrzEiux anedo is unable to ro--oildiao tha chroduB ckrcoato farutd at tho oathode to chrcmlo add. All this neaas an insoluble anode has to ba used and the chronica salts supplied by adding chroade acid to the solution. Lead alloys have boon used, such as t% antlconlcl lead ant 7X tlrs-lcad alleys. Hcnajwr, froa a corrosion atandpclnt these alloy* aro very erratic in scrvleo. In erdur to obtain any degree of service cut of these alloys, it is noooassry to fora a coating of lead chroaata zhlcb la relatively insoluble In chradc acid solution. Inaaauoh as tha load chrcBSto ooatlng la not toe adherent. It falls off, resulting In rapid corrosion. To clrcuavont this trouble, the rohoriw relation has boon to oonnoet poriodleally tho tank linlac and coils as an anodo in tho plating operation for 2b hours. Oudor this condition a pro tective ooatlng of load chroaato la built np. With Kaloe ootal none of thaoa precautions aro noooaaaiy. Boraosrar, the ineroaaod corrosion roaiatanoe has been gained at no oo^unoo to tho desired physical properties. % Illustrations at and at pap**. IT 4tiMfca MS* ! LIA16282 9 ffryalcal proportla of Males fetal Tcnaila Strength Bongatlon Saloo fetal (Rollad) it Aatlaoodal load (Ballad) Brlncll Rardneae Cut feloo fetal btmdod ilOOO LOCO 7$r xo.1 Ba ?a 1222 6.6 8a 5.* 5S* L7* 2ior ?a k.7 k.0 Cast 11.9 8.7 6.9 6f Antlacolal Load IrtTYH U.0 7.6 5a BoUad 7*8 sa La Ccrroalon featrtanoo pf feloo fetal Chrcao Plating SaintIon 11 Dqra ct 1L07 - 250 g. Chrcade told, 2.5 Sdfurio lcld/lltM* X Loaa Originally 0.05* Ihlok Saloo fetal 15 bf Aotlaodal U* Cutaldo Laboratory Corroalon Tort Correalon, tneboa/jrocr IB hr*. 151 hra. 397 hrc. feloo fetal 0.314 O.CfcQ 0.017 Tollorlxai 1,97 tHacartlnoed After IB fee. feMMP.HW L IA16283 adS: i Q Load illoy Coatings on Stool Sheet - In the fabrication of air conditioning duct* wh-ro r.claturu, thu ulucrjr.t*', and tasperaturo provido t o iy highly sorrow tlvo oondltiorj, load alley coitod steel has boon found to be very highly roslitor.t. It dU bo intcrcetlng to ooaalder for a moment all the oondltion* to irfilch thuao duota an subjected. 1 i first, moisture, Sulfur aa hydrogen tulflda and u aulfur dioxide i and aulfur trlaxldo also oarbon tdoxido as carbonates, load ooablnos Kith all of thosa fencing Insoluble compound! and all of 4xich actually protects tha laad frai further cerroeloe. figment Dcreleoacnta - first, I ahoold Uko to talk about tdiite load. 11though it haa boon well known for many years, not too many knew that a new cbailoal composition of white leal was dlsoovored within tho laat twenty roars. In 1870 Dr. Stronghola, University of Upaala, Sweden, and In 1892 or 1893 during a lecture in Chicago ty ji J. Moreaan, both of theao gentlemen indicated tho poaaibiliVy of a noro bnsia whit* lead than tho courtotional ZPtCOjHKCK)^. It will be aoca by roforrlng to the phase diagram in figure l>a that ihen the load carhenate content of the mixture of litharge and load carbonate reaches the point where there is 60^2 lead carbonate you will noto there is definitely a break in tho pH value. Upon analysis of tho a olid phaso, tho ecmpow altion was found to ba Ufb003.2Fb<ce)2.nO Continuity tho Introduction of carbon dioxldo until tho next brook in pH aa noted, tho lead carbonato content was found to be 68,6 and tho analysis of tho solid phaso at this point abowed tho composition to conform to 1 2PtC0j.Pb(0e)t Continuing the introduction at carbon dioxide beyond this paint raeultod in tho formation of normal load carbonate PbOOj Results at this work proridod tho conclusion that there could bo s nixturo of two basic ooapounds of ahito lead within a range of 60.2 to 68.Si lood carbonate. Thare is only ono other pliant in the choaical world ^llch envoys the Sawo position. Load Scop formatIona - figure 5 is a photomicrograph lUustratlng tho fomatioo 6f lead aoapa. Jt will bo seen that their noedlolikc atructure adds mechanical trergth to a paint fila as s wlro mesh night contribute nochanloal strength to roanfcreed concrsto. Moreover, tho breakdown ctmaloal reaction of the paint vehicles are arrostod ty th-- prosenoa of vdilto load in a paint, for cxanple, such troakd<wn acids as hydrochloric sold, tootle sold, propionio sold, sldotydcs sod other broakdown products are trctrallaed. If theao aclda wore pumltted to remain or to Incroaso without forming compounds idth lead, the film would brook dean prematurely. WfllippMi IJMpilHWliJPI lUjp>gjg4LiWapf|iJa^gl;%lg MWiiii!i*L'!iM<iRjui-> p<f:.iMs.iwwwp UFIPU Ji'i. i -iH-iLii. UJipiRnHiinnMqpipip^p^si^^ LIA16284 ' ' Kinr weir. -5- Zine Seap Tonsatlon - See Tif-ro 6* Beth photcaicrogruphi wcro takon at tho exr.v. nugrvificaticn.' Noto the ehortnoss of tho lino eoap cryvtall Cccpsrod to tho load leap crystals, Zina oxide Clio fonas eccpound* with the breahdcA aeidj of the paint vehicles anl cl oca thla selectively without cny prcferunoe for load, Thertfarc, tho proper balsnoa between tine oxide and Alto load to prorido optima roaultf la a paint flln 1* a nooosslty* Kguro 7* doscrlboe tho tonallo strength characteristics of throe straight pigaentod flics, It will bo noted that tho straight Alto load fUa enjoys tho greatest strength cwor lta lifo of axpoauro. Figuro Bo Illustrates tho aoap forsatlon of baelo dUoato Alto lead Li5X This la a basic new dcvulopeent and has all the good propertloa <f Alto load* However* tho structure of thla pignwit was doelgnod Vy research to concentreto tho active part of tho plgacnt on the surfs* of the particle* t t t t f t t r t \ \ The heavy dark border shewn on the crystal edge* ef figure 9* cooprlsee baelo eliloate Alta lead* Aich Is oonoantrsted at the surface of the crystal* i ! Figure 10* la a drawing to aat forth that tho active water!al la \ basic Silicate white lead la at the turfaoe and that the oars la substantially K Inert silica* Thla dewlojrunt prowldea a plgaent for the paint aanofaetorer* which la eeonasically important. The product la lighter than Alta lead and yet due to the concentration of the active baelo Alta lead on the surface of the crystal tha paint aanufacturer can us* this eccpound with equally as good result. 9 Plasties and the lead Industry - Vliyl chloride polyaers and oo-poljwrs* Although vinyl chluride was poljmerit*d into a resin In 18Jfi In Krance, tho developieat did not take hold In thla country until about 153>-l9hD, The del^r was due largely to tha lack of knowledge as to bow to prevent tha vixyl ? chloride free breaking dom under beat and light* The national Lead Ccnpoy started woridig with ten companies on an experlaental basis beginning in ljul and after learning the necessary cbanlrtry k. Involved in asking plasties* we developed a nwber of organic lead caspounds* ell of Aleh eould atabili** vinyl chloride polymers to a more or lacs degree. r_ The chadstry here Is wich the sane as I explained regarding Alta lead and lta function in stabilising a paint fllw* In this oase the lead reacts with tha breakdowt adds* sainly hydro chlorie add* Figure lie shew* tho effect of a lead stabiliser ccwpared to vinyl plastic containing no atabiliesr. C' riguro 12a show* the s a c aaterlal exposed to Florida sunlight for one year with and dthout a lead containing rtafcdllser# F Figure 13* ahowa tha nuaber ef applications to Aloh tho vinyl plastloo arc now being put* suah as floor coverings* handbags* upholstering cloth* and wearing apparel. r: .t r h- f kr- 1 1 ^l.. liJeU! 1,. 1|I%L11H IUil,k-U4lJUJIl'm Lk-il L. 1 L / am mrnmmmmmmmm LIA162 65 ,aaato. - -A=m **"*f**l iwmfttfci i 9 ftgurs U>* illustrates a nuaber of e dloh are lead stabilisers for vinyl plastio*. ilal or industrial Item* Son* of the items shorn In figure 15* are l cardan hose, actor pipe, bear hose, coaxial cable, light and boor/ IM* tubing. figure 16* above some at the rigid and acml-rtgid materials being node dth vinyl plastic*, such a* phonograph reoorda, of which I an advised ii00,000,000 are produced each year and the market la rtlll growing. figure 17* daacrlbea a tort boat LT $32* It aeta forth the oaa at vinyl vehicle paint*. The boat m painted aboot 3$ year* ago - August 19U6, and inspected February 16, 1?5Q Three ooate - #1 le a vert coed of plpwifsd pbocphorle add #2 la a vliqrl oopolyav pljmiteii with red load tvo ooata Lart coot la a vtiyl oopclyear pigmented dth ouprous oxide. The muTial thing about this Job la, the oorroeioe and fooling after 3^ year* has been lubstoatlally ail. The ratings after 3} years are about 60-90* of the original costing. Rcraally under the conditions of tost the rating would be abwt Hof at tbs original paint. Specifications ter vinyl eopolyasr vehicle* containing red load are now being propared la cooperation dth the Navy, Coast Guard, and U.S. Karldms Ccadssioe. In closing I should like to say a word about research. I should like to remind you that research la net directed* - It la dcre you find it, like gold, or let us s*y load, and don you find it, "the idea*, the important step is to culture It, and develop it until you have sooethlng useful to sans ths public. - P* mm mmm mpgpppw i mmmmm 0 --m g p wf uw j WWlWWW IIMl III 'HJBIW P ) w ill! i DW lW p P W fP fW 0 nc. j * ,J ' Tit. 1 H H *( 'U mmmfw mm in' IIP1 mmrnmm m-mmmrn , ' LIA16288 ? li I MIWafcl hjj Tlf U 7K. U <yHtjU IIU!Jggeg8|JWIIWaWP>^WWp^>WlJiULU|WL-l.l>i.<M,l.- .11*.