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Facts About Asbestos-Cement Pipe CertairileedlH PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT CT-1022 Asbestos--an irreplaceable material. Fact: A/C pipe is one of more than 3,000 products containing asbestos that serve people beneficially worldwide. In many products, such as A/C pipe, brake linings, fire protection equipment, and textiles, asbestos is irreplaceable. Fact: Although asbestos represents only about 15% of the material used in A/C pipe, it contributes its tensile strength, almost five times greater than that of steel. It gives A/C pipe flexibility, excellent chemical resis tance, and provides the taxpayer with a very cost-effective pipe material. A/C pipe is used worldwide. Fact: A/C water pipe is recommended and installed in virtually every coun try in the world and in all 50 of the United States. Over 1,600,000 miles are in service worldwide, with 250,000 miles in the U.S. where over a quarter-billion dollars worth is installed annually. One-third of all U.S. water pipe in use today is A/C. A/C pipe is safe to use. Fact: There is no evidence that anyone in the general public has ever con tracted any disease from naturallyoccuring asbestos found in most water systems. Fact: The release of asbestos fibers from A/C pipe is infinitesimal and is far less than the amount of fiber found in many natural-source drinking waters. This has been confirmed by government, industry, and scientific studies in the U.S. and abroad. Fact: Despite more than 40 years of rapidly increasing A/C pipe usage in the U.S., a 1977 American Cancer Society report: "Cancer Facts and Figures," states that "gastrointestinal cancer rates for all sites (where A/C pipe was being used) for the period 1952-54 and 1972-74 declined 33 percent." A 1977 study in Connecticut said there was "no correlation between the incidence of Gl cancer and the use of A/C water pipe." Knoxville, Tenn., has been using A/C pipe since 1938. Nashville, Tenn., has no A/C pipe in its system. A study by HEW, NCI, and the National Institute of Health: "U.S. Cancer Mortality by County," showed that over a 20-year period, Nashville, with metallic pipe, had a 29 percent higher death rate from Gl cancer than Knoxville, with A/C pipe. Fact: Asbestos fibers in A/C pipe are securely bound into the chemically stable cement and silica materials from which the pipe is formed. The hazards of aggressive water Fact: Certain types of "aggressive" water will attack all water system components, even including corro sion-resistant A/C pipe, as well as metallic pipe and pipe installed in homes. Aggressive (very soft, highly acidic) water costs the U.S. water works industry a billion dollars annually in replacement and repair. No piping is suitable for use in highly aggressive water areas. The answer to aggressive water is to neutralize it at the source, regardless of the pipe materials used A/C pipe is safe to install Fact: Manufacturers and the water utility industry have made mass distribution of detailed work practices to con tractors and installers of A/C water pipe. These present proven methods of cutting, beveling and tapping pipe to insure a safe work environment. Fact: Complete data on A/C pipe can be obtained from: Mr. Wally Werner CertalnTeed Corporation Government Relations Office 1627 K St. NW,, Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 833-3670. CTD033123 A/C Pipe and Health Contents 5. Asbestos and A/C Pipe 7 Asbestos and Health 19 : A/C Pipe ; and Reid Operations n. A/C Pipe and Waterborne Asbestos CTD033125 17 Asbestos inWoter... The Risks 2L ACbmmitmenl to Quality 1 Peiceptions of Risk The world has never been . . . and never will be free from risk. It is inescap able. It is life itself . . . and since the dawn of time, man has accepted risk as a normal part of his daily activity. The perception of risk varies . . . from situation to situation . . . from individual to individual. What one person considers safe, another may perceive as downright foolish. This simply illustrates that the per ception of risk is subjective, emotional and often has little basis in fact. All risks do have one thing in common: they can be measured . . . objectively, sci entifically. There is a name for this meas urement ... it is called probability. Just as the meteorologist predicts the probability of rain, so can odds be calculated for driv ing an automobile and having a severe ac cident or lying on the beach and getting sunburned. SAFE VS. ZERO RISK Something is judged "safe" if its probabil ity of risk is acceptable. However, to say something is "safe" does not necessar ily mean it is "free from risk". A seemingly "safe" 6-minute canoe ride, for example, carries the same risk of death as a 500 mph commuter flight from Washington, D.C., to New York City . . . traveling the same dis tance by automobile, the risk increases five-fold.1 Very few things to which we are ex posed are "zero risks". But like the automo bile, electricity and X-rays, there are non harmful ways to use potentially harmful things . . . it's simply a matter of prob abilities. CANCER AND CARCINOGENS Just as cavemen had their risks, modern man has his. Certainly none is as well-publicized, personal and fraught with anxiety, as the risk of cancer. While the fear of cancer can and does alter our perception of risk, it cannot . . . does not . . . alter the probabilify of risk. In the simplest sense, cancer is an unre strained growth of cells. It is not a single dis ease, but a collection of many diseases caused by agents medical science calls carcinogens. Asbestos is a carcinogen ... it is not alone. It shares this dubious distinction with a growing list of common and exotic substances. As a matter of fact, nearly 300 organic and inorganic chemicals, many of them known or potential carcinogens, have been identified in drinking water alone. This fact has prompted a much closer examination of water pipe materials in common use to determine if any are above suspicion, since all contain toxic materials. DOSE RE SPONSE AND THRESHOLD The critical question with asbestos, as with any toxic material, is "at what exposure level does it represent a hazard?" Medical research determines this 3 CTD033127 Asbestos and A/C Pipe level by a concept known as dose-response. The basic principle is rather straightfor ward: for every given dose, there is a pro portionate biological response. Let's add another wrinkle to this concept . . . and it is a common sense wrinkle . . . there is a dose small enough which will result in no measurable response. This dose level is called a threshold. Threshold effects are common. We have thresholds for hearing, pain, heat and martinis. Everything known about the potential hazards of asbestos points to the fact that it observes the rules of dose-response. There fore, a practical threshold or safe level of exposure to asbestos must exist. If it did not, it would be difficult to reconcile the prevalence of asbestos in the environment with the absence of related diseases in the general population. 4 The probability of finding asbestos in the environment is very high. Asbestos bearing rock formations are found in over 50 countries throughout the world. Geologists tell us these formations were created 470 million years ago by the action of hot, subterranean water on rock contain ing iron, magnesium and silica. These waters dissolved the surrounding rock layer producing "veins" of liquid minerals. As the earth cooled, these minerals crystal lized into the fibrous ore we know today as asbestos.2 More than 2,000 years ago, pharoahs and kings used this unique product of na ture which the Greeks named asbesta, meaning "unquenchable". Today, you don't have to be royalty to use asbestos . . . prac tically everyone does. There are over 3,000 products which use asbestos, usually in combination with other materials such as cement. UNIQUE M>uo-ne<nforcamsnt of Cement PROPERTIES Asbestos ------ Z, 2S . - * * ** + ** Steel ++ * - Carbon * - Glass * -- Organic Fibers - -= As the world's only natur ally occurring mineral fiber, asbestos is truly unique. Its soft and silky fibers exhibit incredible tensile strength ... 4 to 5 times greater than steel. Its flexibility, heat and chemi cal resistance are unmatched by any other natural or man-made fiber.3 Asbestos is not only unique, it is irreplaceable for the micro-reinforcement of high performance products like asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe. FREE VS. BOUND ASBESTOS Asbes tos-cement pipe contains a blend of asbes tos fibers: chrysotile for reinforcement and 5 CTD033129 CTD033130 Asbestos and Health "t crocidolite or blue asbestos also for rein forcement as well as for facilitation of the pipe manufacturing process. The total asbestos portion of A/C pipe is less than 20 percent. More importantly, the asbestos fibers are not free, but encap sulated by or "locked-in" the cement bind er. Picture, if you will, the use of steel rein forcing rods in concrete. The dis tinction between "free" and "bound" asbestos is extremely important. Why? (1) It determines the probability of fiber re lease, which in turn, directly relates to the probability of risk. (2) It explains why asbestos-cement pipe is a non-harmful use of asbestos. The ability of asbestos to separate into microscopically small fibers is the key to its biological availability, in other words, its ability to become airborne or water borne and thereby inhaled or ingested. The biological effects of asbestos are believed to be a function of fiber shape and size, rather than chemical composition. Gener ally, the longer and thinner the fiber, the greater the potential health risk. For regulatory purposes, an asbestos fiber has been defined as "particulate ma terial whose length is at least three times longer than its width."* Fiber dimensions are measured in micrometers . . . that's about 39 millionths of an inch or about one-seventieth the diameter of a human hair. Asbestos fibers longer than 5 mi crometers are of prime interest from a health standpoint. SUSCEPTIBILITY Like all biological ef fects, asbestos health effects vary signifi cantly from person to person. Physical activity, inherited immunities, the pre existence of other diseases, and the effi ciency of the body in clearing particles, all affect individual susceptibility. Cigarette smoking, for example, in creases by over 90 times, the risk of lung cancer in workers exposed to asbestos. Non-smoking asbestos workers, on the other hand, show no more than the nor mally expected rate of lung cancer in the general population.5,4 DOSE AND ROUTES OF ENTRY While the relationship between asbestos fiber exposure and "probability of risk" is not a simple one, we do know this: the body's re sponse to asbestos is dependent on dose and route of entry, that is, whether it is in haled or ingested. Inhalation is the more 7 CTD033131 I CTD033132 A/C Pipe and Regenerations common means by which asbestos enters the body. Although natural cleansing mechanisms catch and clear as much as 98 percent of inhaled dust, prolonged or heavy exposure to airborne asbestos can lead to asbestosis. a disease which impairs breathing and in the case ot smokers, high risk ol lung cancer. To a much lesser de gree, asbestos may cause mesothelioma, a rare cancer of the chest or abdominal cav ity. Scientists believe that asbestosis and lung cancer are associated with fibers longer than 5 micrometers and mesotheli oma with fibers longer than 20 micro meters.7 To date, all identified occurrences of these diseases attributed to asbestos, have involved exposures in or related to occupational settings. In contrast to inhalation, a clear "cause and effect" relationship between in gested asbes tos and gas trointestinal or GI cancer has not been established. In certain heavily exposed occupational groups, a somewhat higher than normal rate of GI cancer has been re ported.8 It might therefore be concluded that ingested asbestos may be related to gastrointestinal cancer. Yet . . . everything from mice to baboons has been watered, force-fed or dined at will on asbestos . . . as much as 6 percent of their total food in take. .i i.i 2.13.i4-is Results? No cancers. These then are the risks for exposure to asbestos: "high" for heavy or prolonged in halation exposure: solely "presumptive", with no direct evidence of risk for ingestion. Recognizing the risks of airborne as bestos, regulatory agencies internationally have set safe levels of exposure based on the number of fibers longer than 5 mi crometers. In the United States, an occupa tional exposure standard is used for work ers in asbestos product manufacturing in dustries. A construction industry standard, yet to be established, will apply to workers who may handle asbestos-containing products such as A/C pipe. OSHA Asbestos Exposure Standards Eight Hour Time Weighted Average Ceiling Concentration Occupational Existing Proposed Construction Existing' Proposed" 20 fibers cc 05 fibers cc 20 fibers cc -- 10 fibers/cc 5 fibers/cc 10 fibersicc 'Identical witn exiling Occupaiional Siandard '' Pending Source Code ol federal Regulations 29 Pan 191O 1001 FIELD OPERATIONS Let's compare the existing and proposed occupational stand ards to fiber levels measured when cutting or machining A/C pipe by recommended work practices. Loading, unloading and stringing out A/C pipe are basically dust-free opera tions. Even in the most confined working space, dust levels are barely measurable. A survey conducted by the Port of Tyne Au thority in England measured dust levels in the hold of a ship loading A/C pipe.'6 The highest dust measurement was 0.01 fibers/ cc . . . one-fiftieth of the proposed .OSHA Occupational Standard. The adaptability of A/C pipe and the availability of a complete line of short lengths and standard fittings greatly minimize the need for field operations. 9 CTD033133 CTD033134 A/C Pipe and Waterborne Asbestos Even when cutting, machining or finishing are necessary, independent industrial hygiene studies17 have confirmed that when recommended work practices are fol lowed, liber levels are not only far below the present 2 fiber standard, but also meet the proposed V2 fiber standard (see Appen dix A). This should come as no surprise. Re member . . . the asbestos fiber is locked-in the cement bind er. The infrequency and short duration of field operations further reduce even these minimal exposures. Conclusion: when rec ommended work practices are followed, the risk of working with A/C pipe is virtually non-existent. What about waterborne asbestos? Does potable water conveyed through A/C pipe pick up asbestos fiber and cause cancer? These questions about the risks of in gested asbestos are being raised because of the recognized hazards of excessive or prolonged exposure to airborne asbestos. To answer them, let's see how asbestos can enter a potable water system . . . the facts will speak for themselves. SOURCE WATERS "The general prev alence of as bestos in soil results in its presence in most waters of lake, river and well origin, and in distribu tion systems whether fabricated of asbestos-cement or other materials."18 Natural background levels have been conlirmed by natiou-wiue surveys conducted by the United States Environmental Protec tion Agency.19 Although EPA found sites with asbestos levels below present limits of detection, natural and treated waters in Montana, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Califor nia, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Georgia had levels in the range of millions of fibers per liter. Similar studies in Canada concluded: ". . . there is asbestos in all surface waters of all habited areas of Ontario, and per haps there always has been some asbestos there.''20 The presence of asbestos in ice core samples dating back hundreds of years21 confirms that natural weathering and ero sion have in the past and will for genera tions to come, release small amounts of 11 CTD033135 CTD033136 asbestos to surface watersheds and under ground aquifers around the world. SOILS Another potential source of waterborne asbestos can be asbestos-bear ing soil deposited in the pipe during in stallation or repair. The chances of this oc curring are the same whether the pipe is ductile iron, plastic or asbestos-cement. A thorough flushing of the distribution sys tem is a simple enough precaution to eliminate any long term effects of soil con tamination. TAPPING A/C PIPE To provide house connections, water distribution mains are tapped approximately once every 140 feet. With A/C pipe, tapping can lead to a tem porary increase in the asbestos fiber level of the water. The industry recommends when tapping A/C pipe while under pres sure, that equipment with a positive purge be used. This .ejects 99 percent of the asbestos-cement chips and downstream flushing takes care of the rest. Another al ternative is the use of heavy-walled tapped couplings supplied directly from the fac tory. AGGRESSIVE WATERS Now the critical question . . . does A/C pipe contribute as bestos to drinking water conveyed through it? A no-nonsense answer to this question is a simple "yes". . . and "no." It depends on the water . . . not the pipe. As long as A/C pipe's cement binder remains intact, the release, if any, of the locked-in fiber is infinitesimal. A/C pipe is remarkably corrosion resis tant . . . much more so than metallic piping products. There are, however, certain types of corrosive or aggressive waters that will attack even corrosion resistant asbestoscement. The most common of these are low hardness or soft water and low pH or acidic water. Imagine ag gressive wa ters as being 1 liif hungry waters 3 - '``if}'s'-1 *5'^ . . . not only hungry for calcium and magnesium in cement, but hungry for iron, lead, copper and cadmium in metallic pipe, hungry for organic residuals in plastic pipe, polyaromatic hydrocarbons in coal tar lin ings, hungry for almost all materials in waterworks use today. Aggressive waters take a staggering toll from the U.S. waterworks industry every year ... an estimated $400 million22 in replacement costs and perhaps as much as $600 million in protective devices and measures. But the heaviest toll of all may be its toll in human lives. In 1974, a "con sistent and highly significant relationship" was confirmed between aggressive water and cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, still the number one killer in the United States. The study showed that the cities with the softest water had twice the death rate from coronary disease as cities where the water was hardest.23 Economics alone argue strongly tor national treatment standards for aggressive water . . . the loss of life punctuates the urgency. AGGRESSIVE WATER GUIDELINES Though the A/C pipe industry is not the first to spotlight the need for stabilization, it has been a leader in taking positive steps to include aggressive water guide lines in its national product specifications. Any potential loss of business the industry CTD033137 13 CTD033138 could suffer as a result of these guidelines, is more than offset by the knowledge that where A/C pipe is used, both the utility and consumer are assured safe, troublefree service. Based on a half-century of in dustry experience, these guidelines do not recommend the use of A/C pipe with highly aggressive waters. Type oi Wate> Aggressive Water Guidelines Aggressive Index A/C Pipe Recommended Non-Aggressive Moderately Aggressive Highly Aggressive * 12 0 10 0-11 9 10 0 Types 1 & II Type 1! ' the seo.<eaB'iity o1 cpe ior sucn applications should be established by ihe purchaser inconiunclonwiih me manu'aciu'e' Source American Wale' WorVs Association Standards C-400-75 C-402 ?S American Society tor Testing & Materials Standard C 500-76 ASBESTOS IN A/C PIPE SYSTEMS Measurements taken in the field confirm EPA laboratory results that for "moder ately" and "non-aggressive" waters, A/C pipe does not contribute significant or in many cases, even measurable amounts of asbestos to drinking water conveyed through it. Northeast Illinois ... an analysis of 15 public water systems containing A/C pipe of various ages, lengths, and diameters. Conclusion: No significant release of asbes tos from AIC pipe was observed.24 California ... an analysis of water at the end of long pipe runs in a distribution system with over 1,000 miles of A/C pipe. Conclusion: All tests for asbestos nega tive. 25 New Mexico ... an analysis of asbes tos fiber concentrations in water systems containing 548 miles of A/C pipe. Conclu sion: "No evidence of asbestos pick up from A/C pipe."76 Texas, Ohio and Connecticut . . . EPA monitorings of A/C pipe systems. Conclu sion: Fiber levels either "not statistically significant" or "below detectable limits." After 30 Years Common sense alone tells us that Moderately Aggressive "real world" nsk must re late to "rea] world" expo sure. For that reason, these results are important . . . they measure actual exposures to water borne asbestos in A/C pipe systems. Clearly, the amount of asbestos, if any, contributed to drinking water supplied through A/C pipe, is infinitesimal . . . cer tainly far less than is found in many natural source waters. CTD033139 15 Asbestos inWater... The Risks What about water supply systems which have measurable quantities at as bestos fiber . . . what's the risk of contract ing cancer? This time there is a straight answer to the questions . . . there is no evidence that anyone in the general public has ever con tracted any disease from naturally occur ring asbestos or the minute amounts of fiber released from A/C pipe. This is not a judgment of safety . . . it's a statement of fact. A possible explanation may be the ex tremely small size of waterborne asbestos. You may recall that asbestos fibers less than 5 micrometers in length are not gen erally associated with adverse health ef fects. Commenting on asbestos in natural water supplies, EPA noted ". . . few sam ples show any evidence of fibers greater than 5 micrometers long and when these are present, they represent only a small percentage of the total fiber count."27 INGESTED ASBESTOS AND CANCER Whether it's the fiber size or the sub threshold "dose", one fact is irrefutable: if there is a "cause and effect" relationship between GI cancers, ingested asbestos or the use of A/C pipe, it does not show in state, national or world cancer statistics. Let's start with the most publicized case, Duluth, Minnesota . . . millions of asbestos-like fibers in its drinking water, and Houston, Texas, with none. A courtordered comparison of tissues from de ceased residents from both cities failed to disclose any asbestos fibers of waterborne origin.28 Duluth again . . . this time a compari son with Minneapolis-St. Paul, which has no known asbestos in its water. No statisti cal difference in the incidence of gastroin testinal cancer.29 Switzerland . . . the highest per capita use of A/C pipe in Western Europe. From 1951, more than 20 years after A/C pipe was introduced, to 1973, the death rate from GI cancer dropped a significant 29 percent.30 The United States . . . despite over 40 years of rapidly increasing A/C pipe us age, gastrointestinal cancer rates for all sites for the period 1952-54 to 1972-74, de clined 33 percent.31 Tennessee . . . Knoxville, A/C pipe in use since 1938 and Nashville, no A/C pipe. A twenty-year comparison shows that Nashville with metallic pipe, had a 29 per cent higher death rate from GI cancer than Knoxville with A/C pipe.32 Connecticut . . . Preliminary results from an Environmental Protection Agency study show no correlation between the in cidence of GI cancer and the use of AIC water pipe.33 This inability to relate a "real world" dose with a "real world" response again says in a common sense way that like the amount of asbestos contributed to drinking water by A/C pipe, the cancer risk from in gesting that asbestos must be infinitely small. An exact number? Well, we did say that all risks could be measured. MEASURING THE RISKS Let's imagine a hypothetical human feeding experiment 17 CTD033141 CTD033142 based on magnified doses used m actual animal feeding studies which have failed to establish a cancer risk from ingested as bestos. Based on a diet con taining 0.27 percent asbes tos, this amounts to about 5 pounds of as bestos . . . roughly the amount of butter you eat in a year. Using the highest fiber levels found in drinking water, you would have to drink 3.8 million quarts of water per day to consume 5 pounds of asbestos m a year ... or over 50,000 quarts per day for a lifetime. This is, of course, preposterous. But it does quantify and place in perspective the probability of risk from a "real world" dose of ingested asbestos from A/C pipe . . . c dose which is not uncommonly a billion times less than asbestos levels proven to be non-carcinogenic in animal feeding studies. One in a billion! That figure probably doesn't register with most people. In terms of quality, it's one bad apple in 2,000,000 barrels. In terms of volume, it's a very, very dry martini ... 1 drop of vermouth in 15,750 gallons of gin.34 In terms of risk ... it's a thousand times safer than smoking 1 Vz cig arettes or drinking a half-bottle of your fa vorite wine.35 NO RISK TO PUBLIC In spite of percep tions and publicity to the contrary, these incredibly low probabilities of risk tell us that A/C pipe is not . . . and never will be a risk to the public ... a judgment that has been confirmed again and again by some of the most respected health authorities in the world. International Agency for Research on Cancer. The question: "Is there evidence of an increased risk of cancer resulting from asbestos fibers present in water, bever ages, food or in the fluids used for the ad ministration of drugs?" The answer: "Such evidence as there is does not indicate any risk."36 Dr. Irving J. Selikoff, Director of the En vironmental Sciences Laboratory, Mount Sinai School of Medicine. There is "no evi dence at all at this time that the presuma bly very low level exposure by ingestion which might occur by intake of water supplied through asbestos-cement pipe has resulted in a recognized health hazard."37 National Cancer Institute. "NCI scien tists . . . have found no unusual cancer mortality patterns so far among persons re siding where drinking water is contami nated by asbestos . . ,"38 Select Study Committee of the Ameri can Water Works Association Research Foundation . . . "No firm evidence shows that the proper use of asbestos-cement pipe poses a hazard to health by reason of in gestion of asbestos fibers. Calculations comparing the probable ingestion exposure in occupational groups to that likely to occur as a result of ingestion of potable water from asbestos-cement pipe systems suggests that the probability of risk to health from the use of such systems is small--approaching zero."39 False accusations and "guilt by as sociation" have created a perception of risk about A/C pipe. Scientific measurements and common sense show this distorted per ception has no basis in fact. CTD033143 19 CTD033144 ACbmmitment to Quality Designed for value . . . engineered for performance . . . A/C pipe is the optimum balance between high performance, long life and cost effectiveness. Quality control second to none, assures high pressure re liability with sensible factors of safety . . . consistently, inexpensively . . . and that's a fact! The A/C pipe industry has a commit ment ... a commitment to quality water. This commitment encompasses much more than the simple assurance of water quality at the consumer's tap. Regardless of how bountiful or clean water reserves might be . whimsical as nature can be . . . and short-sighted as man has been, quality water demands conservation in use, dili gence in treatment, and economical relia bility in distribution. Providing distribution pipe of integrity at a cost the user can and will support is the goal of the A/C pipe in dustry. Appendices Appendix A Ceiling Concentrations of Airborne Asbestos Fiber from A/C Pipe Field Operations Field Operation Manual Lathe Manual Lathe Power Lathe Power Lathe Power Hole Cutting Power Hole Cutting Cutting w/Chisel & Rasp Cutting w/Chisel & Rasp Chain-type Cutter Chain-type Cutter PilotMype Gutter Abrasive Disc Cutting' Abrasive Disc Cutting* Type of Pipe Operation Time (Min.) Exposure (Fiberslcc) Operator Helper Recommended Work Practices Pressure Sewer 12-13 4-5 Pressure Sewer 5-6 6-8 Pressure Sewer 1.5-2 1 Pressure Sewer 10-11 4-6 Pressure Sewer 2-3 2-3 Sewer 2-3 0.51 0.15 0.33 0.08 0.44 1.65 1.99 0.30 0.85 <0.06 0.09 0.22 0.13 0.56 0.09 0.23 0.38 0.90 0.25 0.87 <0.06 -- Non-Recommended Work Practices Pressure Sewer <1 <1 20.30 35.50 59.70 64.00 "Workers should be provided with respiratory protection approved by the United States Department ot the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Schedule 21C or Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, under the provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations, 30, Part 11 Note: OSHA Standard for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Dust (Ceiling Concentration) Ten (10) fibers per cubic centimeter of air CTDO33146 22 Appendix B U.S. Trends in Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates 1952-54 to 1972-74 (per 100,000 population) Source. "1977 Facts and Figures", American Cancer Society. Site Sex 1952-54 1972-74 Change (%) Colon & Rectum Male Female 19.3 18.4 18.9 14.9 -2 - 19 Stomach Male Female 16.4 8.6 7.4 3.6 Change: -54 -58 - 33% Appendix C Nashville-Knoxville Cancer Mortality Rates (per 100,000 population)-1950 to 1969 Source: National Cancer Institute Statistics. Davidson County Loudon County Site Sex' (Nashville) (Knoxville! Stomach White Males White Females 9.8 4.4 7.8 4.3 Large Intestine White Males White Females 14.1 13.6 7.5 13.3 Rectum White Males White Females 4.7 3.5 3.4 2.6 Totals 50.1 38.9 Difference 'Complete statistics not available for non-white males and females. 28.7% (Higher in Nashville) CTD033147 23 Bibliography 1Pochin. E. E. "The Acceptance ol Risk." British Medical Bulletin, Volume 31, No 3, September. 1975, 7Smith. M. F . The Origin of Asbestos. ' Asbestos Magazine, July. 1940, 3rik. H , The Micro-Reinforcement of Cement."A/C Under ground, Issue 04, 1976 JUmted States Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter XVII, Part 1910 1001. *Sehkotf. I I.. Hammond. E C. and Churg, J.. "Asbestos Exposure. Smoking and Neoplasia." Journal ol the American Medical Association. April 8. 1968. 6Kannerstem. M and Churg, J., "Pathology of Carcinoma of the Lung Associated with Asbestos Exposure." Cancer, American Cancer Society. July. 1972. 7Smilher, W J.. "Asbestosis--Some Comments on the Pres ent Position of Medical Opinion." /nfernafionai Confer ence of Asbestos Associations and Asbestos Information Bodies. Pans. France, November. 1974 ^Selikoff. i I . Hammond, E. C , and Churg, ].. "Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasia, " Journal of the American Medi cal Association, 188:22. 'Westlake. G E . Spjut. H J and Smith, M N,. "Penetration ol Colonic Mucosa by Asbestos Particles: An Electron Microscope Study in Rats Fed Asbestos Dust."Laboratory Investigation, 14:2029, 1965. l0Bonser. G. M. andClayson, D. B., "Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rats. "45th Annual Reports of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, 1967. "Smith. W E L., Miller, L., Elasser. R E. and Hubert, D. D , "Tests for Carcinogenicity of Asbestos." Annafs of the New York Academy of Science, 132:456, 1965. ,2Smith, W. E , "Talc and Nitrites m Relation to Gastric Cancer," American Industrial Hygiene Association Jour nal. 34:227. 1973. l3Webster, l , "The Ingestion of Asbestos Fibers," Environ mental Health Perspectives," 9 199. 1974. 14Gross, P . Harley. R. A . Swinburne, L. M , Davis, J. M. G. and Greene, W B , "Ingested Mineral Fibers." Archives of Environmental Health, 29:341 1974 ,5Bolton. R. E. and Davis, J. M. G.. "The Short Term Effects of Chronic Asbestos Ingestion in Rats," Annals of Occupa tional Hygiene, 19:121, 1976. l6"News from TAC." reporting on a survey by the Occupa tional Hygiene Unit of the North of England Industrial Health Service, TAC Construction Materials Ltd.. Feb ruary, 1977. ' 7Equitable Environmental Health, Inc., Berkley, Ca., Con tract P76S-036 for fhe A/C Pipe Producers Association. ,8Kuschner. M , Lee, R., Robeck, G. G, Rossum, J. R., Schneiderman, M.A. and Taylor, E. W., "A Study of the Problem of Asbestos in Water." American Water Works Association Journal, 66:513. I9U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Thelmpactol Point and Non-Point Sources on Levels of Waterborne Asbes tos," EPA Report No EPA-560f6-76-018, October, 1976. 20Kay, G H.. "Ontario Intensifies Search for Asbestos in Drinking Water," Water and Pollution Control, Sep tember, 1973. 24 2lJohns-Manville Corporation. Personal Communications. 22Hudson, H E.. and Gilreas. F. W.. "Health and Economic Aspects of Water Hardness and Corrosiveness." Journal of the American Water Works Association, April, 1976. 23Schroeder. H. A., and Kraemer, L. A., "Cardiovascular Mor tality, Municipal Water and Corrosion," Archives of En vironmental Health, 28:303, 1974. 24Hallenbeck, W. H., Chen, E. H., Hesse, C. H., Kusum, P. M. and Wolff, A. H., "Is Chrysotile Asbestos Released from Asbestos-Cement Pipe Into Drinking Water?" (In prepa ration of submission fo Journal of American Water Works Association). 25Garretson, F.. "Asbestos Absent From Water," Oakland Tribune, September 18, 1974. 2601iver, T. and Murr. L. E. "An Electron Microscope Study of Asbestiform Fiber Concentrations in Municipal and Pri vate Water Supplies in the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico: The Role of Asbestos-Cement Pipe," (7n prepara tion of submission to Journal of American Water Works Association) 27Op. Cit. (Environmental Protection Agency). 2BUmted States Court of Appeals lor the Eighth Circuit. No. 73-1239 "Reserve Mining Co. vs. Ruckeishaus," filed March 14. 1975, 29Levy. B.S., Sigurdson. E.. Mandel, J.. Laudon, E. and Pear son, J. "Investigation of Possible Effects of Asbestos in City Water: Surveillance of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Duluth, Minnesota, American Journal of Epidemiology. Volume 103, No 4, April, 1976. 30(a) Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Report, Volume 18. No. b. World Health Organization. (b) World Health Statistics Annual, 1973-1976, Volume 1. World Health Organization. 31 American Cancer Society, 1977 Cancer Facts and Figures, 1976. 32U S Department of Health, Education and Weltare, Na tional Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute, U S. Cancer Mortality by County--1950-1969. 33Craun. G. F., Millette, I R., Woodhull, R. S. and Laiuppa, R., "Exposure to Asbestos Fibers in Water Distribution Systems." 97th Conference of American Water Works As sociation, Anaheim, Ca., May, 1977. 34Crumett, W. B., "One Part Per Trillion Is a Very Finely Split Hair," Chemecology, Manufacturing Chemists Associa tion. December. 1976. 35Op. Cit. (Pochin). 36"The Biological Effects of Asbestos," Report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the Director of the International Agency lor Research on Cancer, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 30:180, 1973. 37Sehkoff, I. J., Private Communications. 38U.S. Department ol Health. Education and Welfare, Na tional Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute, "Fact Sheet: Atlas of Cancer Mortality for U.S. Counties: 1950-1969/', 1976. 39Op Cit. (Kuschner ef al). CTD033148 A/C Pipe Producers Association REGULAR MEMBERS Asbestos de Mexico, S.A. Tlalnepantla, Mexico Atlas Asbestos Company Montreal, Quebec, Canada Canadian Johns-Manville Co.. Ltd. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Cement Asbestos Products Company Birmingham, Alabama Certain-teed Corporation Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Johns-Manville Sales Corporation Denver, Colorado Mexalit del Norte, S.A Mexico City, Mexico ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Amiantus Dienst Export Hamburg, Germany Asbestos Monterrey, S.A. Mexico City, Mexico Association de l'lndustrie l'Asbeste-Ciment Nyon, Switzerland Eternit, B.V. Amsterdam, Holland Eventube Neuilly-sur-Seine, France James Hardie & Company Pty., Ltd. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Hellenit, S.A. Athens, Greece Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products Ltd. Hyderabad, India Paraisten Kalkki Oy Pargas, Finland Sociedad Industrial Pizarreno, S.A. Santiago, Chile TAC Construction Materials, Ltd. Manchester, United Kingdom The A/C Pipe Producers Association functions as a non-profit, non-partisan world-wide trade association on behalf of the A/C Pipe industry. Inquiries for information on specific products, their individual attributes and differences, should be directed to member companies. The Statements contained in this document are those of the Association of Asbestos-Cement Pipe Producers and are not intended as a warranty. Printed in U.S.A. CTD033149 CTD033150