Document 0q9zoDqRJMYEaKojpQwq8V6NJ

National Safety Congress Transactions VOL. 6 1959 ia m CIVIC LEADERSHIP/ IN THE SIXTIES (s>* HOME SAFETY & WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES YOUTH SAFETY ACTIVITIES 'f{$\ f REUGIOUS LEADERS FOR SAFETY m sfrfe1 ft*?,.* lisfl'ir. ' I* ` ers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NO. MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO H, ILLINOIS LL CONTENTS CITIZEN LEADERSHIP Waterproofing America in the 60's............................................ Richard L. Brown 4 Meeting the Safety Needs of the 60's as They Involve Education................................................................Norman E. Borgetson 5 How to Avoid the Big Toll Ahead...........................................Edward R. Klamm 8 How Local Safety Organizations Can Meet the Problems of the 60's................................................................Alfred W. Laeeke 10 How Gtizens Groups Can Meet Safety Problems................... Lrtta K. Roberson 12 Training of Leaders................................................................Lawrence A. Hapgood 14 I'll Leave the Answers to You..................................................... Dan Hollingsworth 15 HOME SAFETY Changing Patterns of Family Life......... ................. ...................Robert D. Hess 19 Changing Patterns in Family Environment............... ..................... James E. Lash 22 The Housing Industry in Transition...............................................Rudatd A. Jones 27 Housing in the Sixties Urban Renewal and Changing Housing Needs............................Ira J. Bach Summary of Discussion............................................................................ ............ 30 34 WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES Ring Your Own Beil for Safety.............................................Miss-Margaret Dirver 37 YOUTH SAFETY ACTIVITIES Safety in the Sixties (Panel Discussion).................................................................... 42 What Is Leadership?........................................................................ Hugh E. Muncy 43 Techniques of Programming (Panel Discussion)..................................................... 45 Officers of the Home Safety Conference, 1959-60......................... ................... 47 Officers of the Women's Conference, 1959-60 ....................................................... 49 Officers of the Youth Service Committee.................................................................. 52 Members of National Committee of Religious Leaders for Safety, 1959-60.... 53 Other Volumes in 1959 National Safety Congress Transactions............... Back Cover 3 By RICHARD L. BROWN National Director, Water Safety, American Red Cross Discussing "safety" is not unlike carrying coals to New Castle. If you weren't in terested in safety you wouldn't be here. But then on the other hand, if we pool our knowledge today we may save some lives tomorrow. So let's see what we can do to make tomorrow a reality for some 6,500 per sons. The 6,500 figure is used because it's close to the number of persons who will lose their lives next year in accidents involving water. We could spend some time thinking about the 17,000 who will die in public accidents, but from where I sit I feel we should focus our thoughts at this time on the cause of about 40 per cent of our public deaths-- drowning! I am appreciative of the opportunity to discuss accidents involving water because this business of waterproofing America is everybody's business. However, it is so often true that what is everybody's business is no body's business. I submit this warning: unless it becomes the business of everyone, death due to drowning will skyrocket in the next decade. It has been said that activity involving water is now the largest family participa tion activity with no signs of a decrease in interest or participation. It has been estimated that approximately 58 per cent of our population participate in some form of aquatic activity'. Since man is by nature not a water animal, but must be taught to survive in water habitat, the prob lem of providing for the safety of man while in, on, or about water become reasonably complex. Add to this the fact that 40 per cent of those who use the water are unable to swim 50 feet and you really paint a grim picture. Allow me to further complicate matters when I tell you that teaching a person to swim will not necessarily insure his safety. Teaching a person to drive an automobile doesn't necessarily mean he will be acci dent free. By the same token the ability to swim does not necessarily waterproof the individual. Let's look at the extent of the problem and then suggest a few possible answers that should help to minimize the problem. The fact that there will be a steady growth in the population will automatically increase the number of persons participating in aquatic activities. Then too there will be more opportunity for participation in the future. Today there are approximately* 150,000 swimming pools in America. Next year we will build in the neighborhood of 100,000, and by 1970 we can expect in excess of 800,000 most of which will be of the backyard variety. When speaking of increased opportunities for participation in aquatic activity we can not'overlook the impact of the farm ponds. Devised originally to conserve water these ponds were soon used by youngsters and oldsters alike as a substitute for the old swimming hole. The soil conservation service has recog nized this use and is prepared to help farmers and others building farm ponds to build a certain amount of safety into the ponds. The 1,200,000 ponds in existence at present with the prospect of more than 200,000 a year for the next five years presents a challenge that is not to be taken lightly. Add to the above facilities the thousands upon thousands of acres of new water areas created by the T.V.A., the Corps of Engi neers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and you begin to realize the magnitude of the prob lem. Now add another fact, that of a widened scope of activities, and you really complicate the problem. At one time people were satis fied to bathe in a restricted area while the more athletic type pulled on a pair of oars boat mud T1 I wi gesti \V engir tainl. neeri feeli rests ,, shou I 4 \! acciibility proof jblcm 5 that owtli xeasc g in tinny there ols in t the 5 we it of aides canonds. the*' t: i O'iu xoghelp Is to the * at than rears aken iands areas ingi- you wob- lened icate atis: the oars Citizen Leadership or paddled a canoe. This has changed! While we still have people bathing we also have the skin and scuba divers, the water skiers, the synchronized swimmers, the competitive swimmers and the jockey in front of an out board motor that is too powerful for the boat Boating is big business and will be much bigger in the future. That's the problem. What is the answer? I wish I knew, but I do have a few sug gestions. We have all heard of the 3 E's of safety: engineering, enforcement, and education. Cer tainly you can minimize the danger by engi neering and by enforcement, but it is our feeling that the answer in the final analysis rests with education. The educational process should involve the entire community and utilize the formal, semi-formal and informal approaches. These approaches, to be success ful must develop withh. the individual an awareness of his capabilities and limitations; and above all must motivate him to develop a positive attitude towards safety. Individuals and organizations within the community must pool their resources, if we are to waterproof America. Certainly within each community there are resources available to teach people to swim; to conduct demon strations; to disseminate materials; to con duct clinics; to train parents to teach their own youngsters; and to train teachers that could be used to provide for the safety of those who enjoy our aquatic facilities. Our job as I see it is not to start a new organization or a new program, but to bring together the individuals and organizations who have an interest in aquatic activity. Have them pool their resources, their ex perience, their "know how." The problem is a big one and will grow larger, but we have the horses to tackle and lick tiie prob lem. It's up to us to harness the horses and have them pull in the same direction. All this in the interest of waterproofing America. MEETING THE SAFETY NEEDS OF THE 60(S AS THEY INVOLVE EDUCATION By NORMAN E. BORGERSON Consultant, Safety Education and Civil Defense State Department of Public Instruction, Lansing, Mich. The topic "The Problem and Priority Targets Needing Citizen Action or Support" as these targets relate to education is a dif ficult topic for any speaker. The real fact of the matter is that every phase of the educational operation whether it involves the teacher, the curriculum, the school building, transportation, playground, and all the rest, all are in need of citizen action and support. There is one bright spot in this picture and that is, of all trends involving schools in any way, the trend that is the easiest to distinguish and to trace is the one of using citizen action groups to assist in meet ing the needs of the schools of the nation. We have known for a long time that little progress can-be made today without the use of citizen groups and the support of numer ous organizations and all the important media of communication. We have known for a long time that the public must be informed. What is seemingly new and the factor that has created this trend during the past 10 years is the method which must be used to inform citizens. The first step must be to create a condition whereby the citizens make their own discoveries and learn all of the conditions as they exist and at the same time to allow them to find out how things are done to improve these conditions. It is, therefore, important that just as many peo ple as possible be involved; not only the per sons that actively desire and will work for improvement but you likewise must involve the dissenters. The second step as it involves schools is S 1959 National Safety Congress to throw the doors wide open to show citi zens every phase and every activity of the program. No attempt must be made to hide anything from them. They must see the books, they must have all the information, they must observe the curriculum, they must watch the school board in action, they must study the buildings--their sites and locations, and after they have seen it all for them selves, then you will receive citizen action and support of the highest level. Our topic of course is to select targets that will serve to improve the safety of children and adults. In providing a good safety program as it involves children and youth information must be examined in order to establish the size of the problem at the present time and the conditions that can be expected during the 60's. To set the stage, here are some of die facts that must be considered. Today as we meet here in Chicago there are some -43 million children and youth in all types of educational institutions from the oneroom school to our giant universities. In other words, approximately 25 per cent of the entire population are in public or non public schools somewhere. The elementary and secondary school sys tems, grades 1 through 12, are employing some one million two hundred thousand teachers. This means that about one million two hundred thousand classrooms are being used along with countless numbers of gym nasiums, cafeterias, libraries, auditoriums, and the like. These are high figures but at the same time it must be remembered that the population of the United States is grow ing at the rate of about 250,000 per month, in other words, every 30 days we add ap proximately the population of Omaha, Ne braska. Out of that 250,000 some 60,000 anil soon be in school This trend has been going on since about 1945. To house just the new children 100 additional classrooms are needed each day. This tremendous increase in school population has brought overcrowded class rooms, overcrowded school buses, and even overcrowded playgrounds. Leading educators including Dr. Harold Hunt of Harvard University, Dr. Derthick, United States Commissioner of Education, and others have called certain facts to our attention. They inform us that there will be tremendous changes, especially in our sec ondary schools during the coining years. The science offerings will be greatly expanded, there will be larger administrative units; small high schools will disappear, larger ones will come into existence; there will be expanded vocational offerings; transportation will be tremendously increased. All of these factors will have their effect upon the school safety program. Here is a brief inventory of some of the things that are bring done to provide safety for the children. Certainly we have done many things in the past to eliminate fire hazards. Most schools have fire drills, many are of fire proof construction, most have cooperative inspection programs with the fire depart ment; there have been many laws, rules and regulations governing, the placing of furnaces and heating devices of various kinds. We have Fire Safety Week; the National Safety Council has offered mampublications in the field; insurance and un derwriting agencies have been active in this field. But in spite of all this we still had a disastrous school fire in the city of Chicago. This same disaster could have occurred in a thousand other places. Most schools use the patrol program wherein the children assist in policing the corners around school buildings. It is one of the finest do-it-yourself projects in traffic safety that has ever been developed. Driver education reaches about one-half the youth in the high schools. Many school systems have a program for training their school bus drivers. They use student patrols in their buses. There are many laws which attempt to protect children on these buses. Many schools have shop safety programs; they have devised means of protecting the children on the playground. Most have some type of civil defense program which is an other form of safety. Many' home economics teachers know a great deal about safety in the kitchen and in the home. Many agri culture teachers have safety programs for the farm boys and girls, and incidentally farming is still one of the most hazardous occupations. Many schools have good health and physi cal education programs that involve First Aid training and water safety; in interscholastic athletics there are studies being made constantly to improve the protective equipment for high school athletes. They are devi trail I that of sera mor mar S port N'ev thre lect< the on-f P natii syst coot wor lish it is com T reta pers fess abili quic wor! natc he r the wor cont cust Inot time ordi boss t: we : lect and Saf< avai das: poin of ; teac a da toge port loca of t u| larger will be nation E these school of the safety ngs in Most f fireerative lepart- rules ng of arious c; the znanv id unin this had a licago. d in a gram Jg the is one traffic school ; their patrols which ises. Tams; ig the : some is anlomics ety in agriis for totally irdous physiFirst inter being Active ey are Citizen Leadership developing safety techniques and instituting country. In fact his services were so valu training programs to eliminate accidents. able the board of education has now named I hope I have not created the impression that we are doing enough already in the field of school safety. We are actually only scratching the surface. We can do much him full time coordinator of safety and civil defense. There is nothing that substitutes for a good safety organization within a school. more with strong citizen support and de I have read in the papers that it would mand. cost one billion dollars to place all the school Selecting priority targets for citizen sup port in the education program is difficult. Nevertheless it would seem that there are three matters that could very well be se lected as absolutely essential in the 60's if buildings in Chicago in good physical condi tion in terms of fire safety and the rest I believe the same results can be accomplished with a good safety program and good safety organization. the schools of the nation are to develop good The second priority that should and can on-going safety programs. be reached with strong citizen support is the Priority number one would be the desig nation of a safety officer in every school system. I prefer to call the person a safety coordinator. The school superintendent working with the school board should estab lish a safety committee or council, and if it is a large system they could have a safety committee for every school building. The safety coordinator would act as sec retary of the committee, not chairman. The person named coordinator should be a pro fessional educator, he should have leadership ability, he should have the ability to think quickly under stress, he must be able to work with other people.. The title "coordi nator" implies that he is not the supervisor; he must have an open door to the offices of the superintendent and principal but he must work under their direction at all times. His contacts will be with the teachers, engineers, custodial employees and the public He would requirement that no boy or girl under the age of 18 be permitted to drive a motor ve hicle, scooter, or motorcycle unless they have taken and passed an approved course in driver education. I hope you will pardon this reference to Michigan because we enacted such a law four years ago. We believe it has already proved its value. You probably know the facts that teenage drivers in gen eral remain bad drivers until they are about 25 years of age, and it will take us in Michi gan about three more years before all of the drivers under this age will have taken such a course. `But here is a fact about the State of Michigan: during the last two or three years, when counted among the large states, we have gone from the highest death rate per hundred million miles to one of the lowest We do not credit all this improvement to driver education but certainly it helped. not issue orders or direct people except in It must be remembered that during the 60's time of emergency. His job is one of co with all the two-car families, with the small ordination and cooperation; he is not the new cars, and the great percentage increase boss. in population of persons under the age of The question might be asked, "Where do we find such a person?" The answer is, se lect the person with the right personality' and leadership, let him attend the National Safety Congress and any seminars on safety 25, our traffic problems will be unparalleled. Driver education is a social, a moral and an economic necessity and we are indeed proud that the National Safety Council has like wise taken this stand. available to him, and he will soon be a first It has disturbed many of us that some class self-taught school safety expert I can men in high public office have chosen to list point out a school system to you in a city driver education as a frill. Even some of our of 70,000 population where they selected a military leaders have called it a frill, seem teacher in the system and gave him one hour ingly unaware of the fact that the Armed a day to work on safety activities. This man, Services themselves in many instances oper together with a good committee and the sup ate programs to teach their men to drive be port of the school superintendent and the cause they cannot afford to lose the services local safety council managers, developed one of highly skilled men due to traffic injuries of the finest school safety programs in the and death. \- I) 1 1! 1 |i :Ii The easiest way to finance driver education as we see it is to add $1.00 per year to the cost of the driver's license. In Michigan we raised the license fee 66 cents per year. Dr. Lynn M_ Bartlett, Michigan's Super intendent of Public Instruction, and Michi gan local school administrators do not regard driver education as a frill. All of the sec ondary' schools offer the program; almost 100 per cent of the boys and girls take driver education and for those who say the cur riculum is already crowded I should like to inform them that boys and girls are willing in Michigan to go to school on an extended school basis--after school, in the evening, on Saturdays, and during the summer in order to meet the driving qualifications. I think it is high time that we as school people and you as citizens discover that there is nothing sacred about the five and a half or six hour school day. The third priority' and the one most diffi cult to accomplish involves, as we see it, our teacher training institutions. Every profes sional educator knows that with the excep tion of driver education it isn't wise to in troduce a course in safety. It should be an integrated part of the school curriculum and should be taught in every course from arithmetic to foreign languages. The difficulty arises by virtue of the fact that so few teachers today receive any gen eral background of information about safety and safety conditions and ways of teaching safety during their regular college courses. I, therefore, recommend for high priority support from citizens that we work with every college until all teachers receive a teaching unit in safety as a part of one of the required courses. All states have cer tain required courses for teachers. If a good safety unit were added to one of these re quired courses, then all the new teachers in America would be able to teach safety to all of the children on an integrated basis. Finally it would be my recommendation to any dub, association, or group of citizens who are anxious to establish a better safety program in their community, that their first action be the establishment of an over-all local safety coundL HOW TO AVOID THE BIG TOLL AHEAD By EDWARD R. KLAMH Accident Prevention Director, Allstate Insurance Companies The Sixties will undoubtedly usher in the '!'!? it U. S-, surely things have gone as far as biggest boom in automotive travel so far they can go. However, it is curious to note in this century* Traffic engineers and statis that back in 1908, J. P. Morgan announced ticians, after consultation with their slide that Americans had hit the saturation point rules, teff us that the next ten years will see in auto ownership with 190 thousand motor a phenomenal growth of population, in reg vehides. istered vehicles and in vehide miles. Unfor tunately, signs also indicate that unless some thing is done soon to prevent it, we will reap the biggest harvest of traffic casualties of the century during the Sixties. In 1921, when the nation counted just over 10 million motor vehides, Roger Babson, prominent economist, predicted that the nation could not possibly afford 12 million cars until coal dust or some other cheap As we regard the present bumper to bumper strangulation of vehicles on our streets and highways, we are indined to feel fuel could be used. These orades of the past in their wildest imagination could not have foreseen the situation we face today. that this must indeed be the saturation point. Similarly, from our vantage point in 1959, With over 68 million registered vehides in I am very much afraid that many of us do 8 not lem or t is y to r do 1 A the Safi mea an i long spor imrr six 1. agei dex that enfc viol; 2 med and and prov non 3. take or i viol: spoa licet; 4. steps to d ing effec weig tioiu 5. crea: prov and drivi cour be p 6. crad chen lie i pros must Citizen Leadership not grasp the seriousness of the traffic prob lem which we will face in the next decade or two. Hard to believe as it is, the worst is yet to come. With this in mind, it's time to roll up our sleeves and see what we can do to avoid the big toll ahead. As a result of a drastic rise in accidents, the executive committee of the National Safety Coundl's Traffic Conference took the measure of the situation and recommended - an immediate action program as well as a long-range program. Placing the major re sponsibility on our state and city officials, the immediate action program calls for these six major activities: 1. Every city and state enforcement agency should evaluate it's enforcement in dex and improve it where records indicate that it is low. Violations mean accidents and enforcement is the only direct way to reduce violations. 2. Every highway department should im mediately investigate high accident locations and take action to remove view obstructions and to make other necessary physical im provements. Danger spots must be found and neutralized. 3. Every driver license authority should take immediate action to restrict, suspend or revoke the licenses of all accident and violation prone drivers. The unlit and irre sponsible driver must be separated from his license. 4. Every court should take immediate steps to analyze it's schedule of penalties to determine whether they are actually hav ing the desired deterrent and educational effect on traffic violators. The law must weigh heavily against the dangerous viola tions. 5. Every state and community should in crease its public educatson activities to im prove the public awareness of safe driving and walking practices. The high school driver education movement should be en couraged and expanded. The public must not be permitted the luxury of complacency. 6. Every state and community should crack down on the drinking driver through chemical tests, stricter enforcement and pub lic education. Tests most be fool-proof, prosecutions most be vigorous and penalties must be severe. These, are the things that should be done immediately. If every state and community translate each point into action, we will have would vigorously endorse this program and won the first round in the battle of the Sixties. It is gratifying to see the federal government in the fight, but it is the states and the communities that will win the battles. Experience in communities like Evanston, Hartford, Chicago, Amarillo and Detroit prove that official action is essential, but of ficial action cannot exist in a vacuum of citizen support It is only the citizenry, voicing its opinions through its civic and social organizations--such as women's clubs, churches and youth organizations--that can buttress the stand taken by public officials. Looking at the long-range picture, the Traffic Conference made three proposals: 1. That cities and states should analyze and study their accident problems and de vise long term programs to determine whether enforcement, engineering or educa tion is the primary need. 2. Gties and states should back the neces sary measures with realistic legislation and adequate funds. 3. The Traffic Conference proposed that the Action Program should be analyzed and up-dated through cooperative efforts of the nation's leading safety organizations. We have all been aware for years that there is no "one shot" solution to the traf fic accident problem. There is no panacea. The best way to do the job is through united action--official action plus citizen sup port: United action will be possible only with a broad, well-balanced program. It is such a balanced program that will be the answer, just as a balanced diet or a balanced school program- will develop the "whole" child. Part of this well-balanced program must be expanded driver education teamed up with improved driver licensing to provide the big one-two punch in the long-range at tack. The Sixties may or may not see a relaxa tion in the international cold war. But the Sixties will certainly see a great war on traf fic accidents. We must join the attack more vigorously than ever before if we are to avoid the ominous specter of the big toll ahead. Jf 9 J959 National Safety Congress HOW LOCAL SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS CAN MEET THE PROBLEMS OF THE SIXTIES By ALFRED W. LUECKE Executive Secretary, Minnesota Safety Council, St Paul, Minn Your Safety Council is a "non-partisan, a most important part in bringing this reali non-profit, public service organization." It is zation to die general public of the state It a cooperative organization dedicated to build is only as a result of local safety councils ing and maintaining in the minds of the peo and the efforts of other interested groups, ple of the community an understanding of that special emphasis projects on a state accident prevention and associated problems. wide basis have been brought to a successful Within the community it attempts to cre conclusion. ate an individual awareness of personal re I would like to present to you, very briefly, sponsibility for the safety and convenience examples of several special projects in which of others in order to reduce untimely deaths, the coordination of the program was accom crippling injuries, and economic losses caused plished by the state safety council but the by accidents. actual success was due largely to local safety council cooperation and participation. Toward this end it works closely and co operatively with governmental agencies and Although the local safety council (the pub other responsible groups to stimulate and as sist in building sound programs for accident lic support group) does not have official standing or directive powers under statute it prevention and traffic control. still can be rated and classified as a most important group when it accepts assignment In short, your safety council is an asso to act as a consulting service group to pub ciation of people, representing all phases of lic officials. In a number of communities the community life and activity, organized to city governing body and the Board of County take effective action to prevent human and Commissioners have delegated the local economic loss to the community which would safety, council as such consulting agency*. result from the occurrence of any type of accident The Minnesota Safety Council has always Petitions pertaining to safety or accident prevention matters are immediately referred to the local safety council for investigation felt, and I think you will agree, that re and study. After a thorough study and an gardless of the type of contemplated project or activity or the worthiness of an under alysis of the petition or request (calling in expert assistance if needed) the local safety taking in accident prevention, its success is council makes its report to the respective f, going to depend on the endorsement and ac governing body with its recommendations. It ceptance of the plan by the general public has been found that recommendations by the The local safety council and other public local safety council, in most instances are interest groups are in a position to take a unbiased and free from political pressure. very active part in influencing and guiding public seatiffient ln the matter of conducting and carrying cm state-wide special emphasis projects, we have found the cooperation and assistance of local safety councils to be most valuable. Although the governing body is not bound by such recommendations, in nearly all in stances the report and recommendations of the local safety councils have been formally received and accepted. In every community of our state where this procedure is followed Accident prevention is an individual re the safety councils enjoy the complete and sponsibility and unless we, as individuals and sincere cooperation of the governing body as a group, are willing to accept and assume and experience less difficulty in receiving our rightful share of responsibility, we can allocation of public funds for safety council expect little or no improvement in our over purposes when such request for funds is all accident prevention picture made by the local council. The local safety councils in Minnesota (of As a matter of information, the governing which there are more than 100) have played body of any municipality in the state of Min- 10 I) reali ty It uncils roups, stateessful riefly. K'hich xomit the afetv :pubffidal ute it most unent pub is the ounty local yident err'"*' d ahng in afety xtive is. It y the 5 are e. lound II hi ts of tnally unityowed s and body iving nmcil ds is ruing Min Citizen Leadership nesota with tfce exception of three counties, have the jurisdiction to make cash appropria tions to local safety councils for the purpose of carrying on local safety activities and projects in the community. Appropriation of this kind can be made annually. In order to carry on a good effective and well-organ ized safety program it is necessary to have the cooperation of governmental units. This method, indeed, is an excellent way in which to participate in such close cooperation and harmony. Well in advance of the statewide primary election, at which time candidates are nom inated for office of state senator and repre sentative in the legislature, the state safety council makes available to all local safety councils copies of suggested and proposed safety legislation as has been favorably rec ommended by the state council's legislative committee. These recommendations may per tain to amendments or repeal of laws already on the statute books or consideration of new legislation in the interest and enhancement of any phase of accident prevention. The local safety council is asked to make a study of each of the recommended pro posals and if needed or requested, a field representative of the state council will meet with the local safety council, giving them whatever additional information they ask for, relative to these proposed regulations. The favorable disposition of the local safety councils regarding the proposed legislation is then made known by contacting the local candidate for the senate and house (before the primary election) asking the candidates to express their views and what their re action would be regarding such legislation, should they* be successful in the election. This has resulted in being an excellent manner in which to poll the candidates on safety legislation before they are given sup port of the local safety councils. It also eliminates a great deal of unnecessary ex pense in connection with appearances at leg islative committee meetings when such pro posed legislation is up for public hearing. Proposed regulations would, of course, have to be of a definite safety nature or this con sideration would not be forthcoming. If each local safety council in the state proceeds along this line you can imagine the assist ance in passing needed safety legislation. During the year 1958, special state-wide emphasis was given by local safety councils to coordinating youth safety activities, and sponsoring and conducting of youth safety conferences. Local safety councils, with the assistance and guidance of the state council, conducted 93 local youth safety conferences throughout the state during the year. The program of the youth safety confer ences for local safety councils as developed by the Minnesota Safety Council covers the need to organize the youth so as to best utilize their talents and to best suit the par ticular part youth can take in the Accident Prevention Program of their local commu nity and state-wide. Local safety* councils throughout the state that contemplate spon soring youth safety conferences solicit the assistance and support of civic and service groups, state departments, local, city* and county officials, insurance agencies, churches and other groups and organizations interested in the safety and welfare of youth. They suggest personal participation wherever pos sible and advisable. In counties where more than one school or group contemplated holding a youth safetyconference, the local safety council in co operation with the school officials coordinated their activities to the extent that one county wide conference was held with representa tives from all the schools in the countytaking part Purposes of the local youth safety confer ences were as follows: 1. Continual study and analysis of the accident problem involv ing youth; 2. Development of county-wide youth safety programs; 3. Formation of a community youth safety council to serve as a panel for cooperative community study, planning and action, and to coordinate the work of assisting youth safety programs. To eliminate duplication and to improve and promote public understanding of youth safety activities. To affiliate with and have representation on the senior or state safetycouncil. In a number of instances, local youth safety councils are represented on the execu tive and legislative committee of the senior and state councils. To give you somewhat of an understanding as to what transpired at these local youth safety conferences, and what the topic of discussion was, the follow ing are some of the questions studied and considered: 1959 National Safety Congress 1. What effect would teen-age restrictive legislation have on driving habits, atti tudes and traffic safety? 2. How would youthful traffic offenses be handled-- a. Traffic Court. b. Probate of Juvenile Court. 3. A youth under the age of 17 shall not receive a driver's license unless he has successfully completed driving training-- classroom and behind-the-wheel instruc tions. 4. What are the reasons for poor driving attitudes ? a. Emotional problems. b. Parents' or other adult example. c. Group and companion influence. 5. How should school noon-hour driving be handled or controlled? 6. Why the extreme difference in insurance rates between youth and adult drivers? 7. What influence does the "hot rod" group have on the youthful driver? 8. What can youth individually or as mem bers of a group do to promote better traffic safety? The reaction of local safety councils, en forcement officials, school authorities and others who have had an active part in con ducting these conferences, endorsed the proj ect 100 per cent and said it resulted in a definite stimulant to the local safety move ment and encouraged accident prevention ac tivities and programs to a marked degree. In a number of these communities and as a result of the local youth safety confer ences, youth safety councils have been or are in the process of bring established or re activated Their activities are coordinated with the senior safety council in that area, thus eliminating any duplication of effort. As a climax to the local youth safety confer ences a statewide youth safety conference was held in February of 1959 with an at tendance of approximately 1,000 delegates representing the various local youth organi zations and schools throughout the state. We of the Minnesota Safety Council and local senior safety councils throughout the state feel that this effort and project was well worth while and that the results of this program and effort will be reflected in a definite reduction of the over-all state ac cident rate. Also, it is the means of forming a pattern and laying the ground-work for "organized accident prevention and safety in the 60's." The kind and type of organized accident prevention activity prevalent in your community at this time, and which will be prevailing in the 60's is going to be de pendent, to a large extent, on how sincerely we'as individuals feel that we have a definite obligation in the accident prevention picture Each of us must be willing to assume his direct share of personal responsibility. HOW CITIZENS GROUPS CAN MEET SAFETY PROBLEMS By LITTA K. ROBERSON Dir., Women's Activities, Ohio Farm Bureau Federation, Columbus, OhioTM We all take for granted the jokes we hear about women. How often we hear the com ments on women drivers, old maids, bossy wives and mothers-in-Iaw. Did you ever stop and wonder why women should receive so much of this kind of attention? Is it be cause women have certain characteristics? Is it because they often try to direct their families' lives, or is it just because they can take joking better than men? Be that as it may. I'm not going to try to answer those questions, hut rather talk about how women accept challenges. President Ei senhower once said. "I believe that women are more apt than are men to live by strong convictions and spiritual values. They have the family to keep together, the children t raise, and they recognize that all our values are not material. And so, when they believe in something, they put their hearts into it." And I agree with him. When women see something threatening the health or safety of their start their spons becon day 1 are g Ho motto schoo railrc equip have the v until they mand sibly It - Farm the si with; have to ma In take the o acdck they were Tto bers 1 had ii in th the F were and i infon 1. . Z. 3. . 4. . ( 5. ' i 6. : i < mo rn j ee. nd as infer3r arc >r reinated area, effort, infer:rence in ategates rganic. il and it the t was if this in a :e ae rating k for ety in inized i your 31 be e dccerely efinite cture. T...) about it Eiomen trong have en to nines elieve o it" n see sty of Citizen Leadership their families, they can be counted on to start action. Often it has to be brought to their attention, for in the routine of re sponsibilities and activities, they sometimes become accustomed to things as they happen day by day and take for granted that things are going along as well as they could expect. However, how many times have you seen mothers fly into action when they think a school bus isn't being safely handled, or a railroad which children cross isn't properly equipped with signals? Two examples of this hare been given in Ohio recently in which the women's organizations did not give up until corrections were made, even though they were told over and over that their de mands were unreasonable and couldn't pos sibly be given any consideration. It has been my privilege to work with Earm Bureau Women's Committees all over the state of Ohio and I would tike to share with you how the women in these committees have given of their time, money and energy to make farm families safer. In 1956, these women decided they would take a survey of the families belonging to the organization and find out what kind of accidents they were having and then see if they could do something about those that were causing the greatest number of deaths. They organized teams to call on the mem bers to inquire about the accidents they bad had in 1955. Sixty-two counties participated in this survey. Seventy-seven per cent of the Farm Bureau members in these counties were interviewed. By interviewing, tabulating and reporting; they secured the following information. 1. Average cost of injury per accident was $78.00. 2. Average cost of property damage per accident was $121.00. 3. Average total cost per accident was $199.00, plus 13.7 days lost 4. Seventy-three per cent of the accidents occurred to men and boys. 5. Twenty-five per cent of the accidents occurred in the home, 44 per cent on the farm outside the hone, and 31 per cent while away from the farm. 6. Farm machinery, including the tractor, was involved in 21 per cent of the acci dents while the auto and truck ac counted for 8 per cent 7. For every 69 non-fatal accidents; there was one fatal accident In 1957 they continued their survey work and found that the tractor was the piece of farm machinery that was causing the most fatal accidents. In 1958 they decided to place stickers which said, "This vehicle can be safe, it de pends on me." on Farm Bureau members' tractors where the driver would see it while operating the tractor. They also had a pamphlet with pictures showing causes of tractor accidents which they discussed with the farmers. To show you how interested they were in getting these warnings before the tractor drivers; let . me report that the committees in 70 counties worked on tins program. Two thousand, three hundred and ninety two women contacted 24,464 families and placed 40,582 stickers on tractors. They asked the farmers for suggestions to make tractors safer and compiled 618 suggestions from their comments. These women had given their time, paid for their own gasoline and received no compensation except the great satisfaction of feeling that they had kept some people alive that might not be if they hadn't done this work. You probably wonder if they could ever know whether their efforts had done any good. We think these figures prove that they did. In 1956 when they started working on safety there were 57 deaths in Ohio from tractors. In 1957 there were 47 deaths and in 1958, there were only 38. In 1957, there were 416 fatal accidents to farm people; in 1958 there were 356. Can you see why they feel that their work was worthwhile? Dur ing this time, movies were shown to groups showing the dangers of being careless, many talks and demonstrations were also given. In 1959, they are trying a new plan. They are again contacting members about their accidents, but for the purpose of giving honor award cards to all those who have not had accidents this year. It is changing to the positive approach, but continues to keep them flunking about their practices in regard to safe methods. We have also chosen two families as our 1959 Safe Farm Bureau Families because of their safety records and their participa tion in community activities which concen trated on keeping others safe; 13 1959 National Safety Congress Do you wonder at my confidence that women, working together on a program which they know is important to the lives and health of their families, set no limits on the time; energy and money they are willing to give to promote it? The more people we have talking safety, thinking safety and reading safety, the more people we will have acting safely. Carnegie once said, "A second rate man with a lot of enthusiasm will out-strip a top rate man without enthusiasm." I'm con vinced that* if the women of a community are given the vision of the possibility of actually saving lives, they will do something about saving.them with all the enthusiasm you can imagine. They are willing to keep that prayer of Peter Marshal's in their hearts which says-- "Let ns not be content to wait and see what will happen, but give us the determination to make the right things happen." Let's call <ai women's groups to help keep our com munities safer. TRAINING OF LEADERS By LAWRENCE A. HAPGOOD Director of Program Development, Kiwanis International, Chicago, IlL The Problem--Assume we are in a sim Total' deaths in 1958 were 37,000 from motor ulated meeting. It will be like one that can vehicle accidents. Twenty-five per cent of be held under many and varied circum these deaths in towns with more than 2,500 stances. Each of these proposed meetings or population. seminars, when held, must attempt to bring forth a good result; a result, in the final analysis, which goes way beyond the original impact possible. Three fourths, therefore, happened in small communities and rural areas. Tins is a significant figure, and points to the area in which action is needed. There were some There is such a need because we knout cer over-all improvements from 1957 to 1958, tain facts and these create for all of us a but again I refer to the trend of the first situation--a problem, if you will, which is seven months in 1959. not one just to be tolerated. It demands planning and effective work to achieve some tangible results. The problem boils down to this: getting the driver, the individual citizen behind the wheel in a motor vehicle to see himself as We dare no longer say, even under our he really is. Accomplishing this is also get breath, "The facts are these; it's too bad ting him to look where he is. He may be a but--." resident of a rural or urban area, but he Briefly just what are a few of the selected drives everywhere; Is he driving under con facts: trol or out of control? There are more vehicle deaths apparent in To reach the individual, we must first lo |h- 1959--toll climbed again in July. Total for cate him and develop means to criSte the the month was 3,340--up 4 per cent from desired impact What will we say to him? July 1958 which showed 3,210. In any event we must take positive action, because results are possible. First seven months of 1959, up 5 per cent from 1958. Mileage is up also, ratio of deaths to miles about static. In conclusion, what we have discussed to day will be useful only to the degree that those to whom it is being made available as The truth remains, more people are being a tool, realty follow the pattern. - Such is also killed. the case of the many local seminars in local In the age bracket, 15 to 24 years old, to communities, where people who have-influ take just one example, motor vehicles caused ence and interest in many groups will see 67 per cent of the deaths. In 1958 disabling themselves as potential teachers or at least injuries by motor vehicles were 1,350,000. arrangers of programs; Their message will 14 Citizen Leadership carry further down to the "Mr. Average Driver," the potential impact of just such a Seminar as this. The work with the individual driver has and always will depend upon the willingness of men and women to move into the sphere in which this driver can be found. A plan must be followed to influence him in a posi tive fashion so that we may hope to see con tinuing good results in reduction of accidents. motor mt of . 2G0 ed in Ins is : area ! some 1958, : first ;etiiS' id the elf as t> get. be a <ut he r con- I'LL LEAVE THE ANSWER TO YOU By DAN HOLLINGSWORTH Manager, Oklahoma City Safety Council If you were the world's best and safest driver and if you were the epitome of a perfect driver-citizen, insofar, as perfect attitudes were concerned, would you really be safe mi our streets and highways? Or would your safety depend not only on n-our knowledge of driving skills and proper attitudes but also on a host of other factors, such as education of other drivers of all ages, good laws, properly and consistently enforced, plus modern street and highway fa cilities engineered for today's traffic. Don't discount what has been said about proper attitudes. This is fundamental to your personal safety. Driving skills are base to your safety. And only you can do anything to improve and perfect those two items. But what good are they going to do you, if those other essentials--education, enforce ment and engineering--are not done well and properly and consistently? I'll leave the an swer to this question to you. The Number 1 axiom in traffic safety is that public officials have the primary respon sibility for the control of traffic and the prevention of accidents. To make your fine driving ability and excellent attitude pay dividends, the public officials on local, county, state and federal levels must carry out their job--giving traffic safety its just attention. Another axiom in traffic safety and added by officials is: For an official body to carry out its duties, responsibilities and obligations in traffic control and accident prevention, that body must have organized solid continuous support of the Public in its jurisdiction. Organized public support is a much mis understood, misapplied term used frequently and fluently in the traffic safety field. Few people are dear about its meaning and its potential. First, when we speak about public sup port we are talking about any political sub division of government, whether it be dty, town, district, county or state. Secondly, we are talking about the elected officials, their employees and their appointees, such as su perintendents of schools, county prosecutors, highway engineers, traffic boards and com missions, and engineers, dty councils, mayors and managers, and so on, in all the official categories--all who have the primary re sponsibility for traffic control and the pre vention of aeddents in their legal jurisdic tion. As to the term "organized dtizen support" or "organized public support," let's talk about the word support. It means a lot of things, but as used here it means "to hold up"--"to keep from falling"--"to maintain the position of"--"to sustain"--"to carry on" --"to keep up"--"to aid"--"to advocate." Used here and as a tool for productive ac cident prevention, public support is a much stronger term than "a willingness to go along" or "I'll not oppose it" or "I'll sanction it" or `Til vote for it" Support also means "to tolerate"--"to bear with"--"to endure"--"to put up with." It is not that kind of support we are talking about This position of acquiescence indudes prac tically everybody. Mentally, everyone is for traffic safety and the more efficient move ment of traffic. And they are against any thing that causes aeddents or ddays traffic. It's just as natural and as safe a postion as being against sin and for motherhood. Traffic safety and traffic effidency always have a degree of public support The ques tion is, "What land of public support?" The kind of public support traffic safety needs and deserves is organized; it is real; it is 15 >! 1959 National Safety Congress militant, aggressive, continuous, intelligent, practical, potent and persistent It must be designed, financed, managed, guided and operated for the specific purpose of producing and keeping enough public suitport back of that official program to get the type of traffic safety program the people want, need and deserve. This group must have only one goal--to get things done which will improve the traf fic situation, regardless of who does them and without getting too concerned over who gets credit for doing the job. This group must be wise enough to know that "politician" is not a dirty word, but it really means "one skilled in the science of government." If this group is going to deal with politicians they, too, must be skilled in the science of government They must be keen enough to recognize and to understand the practical political prob lems of government, regardless of its level --and if they don't know, the first move after organizing should be to find someone who does know to guide them. Why do we need public support to get a traffic program going and to keep it going? Why is it that public officials need to be sup ported in doing a thing they get paid to do? We can boil it down to two simple easily understood terms, "human nature" and "pressures from competitive interests." Hist, the carrying out of a traffic safety program is neither glamorous nor interest ing. It is natural for public officials to find things more interesting to do. The second point is: there are other groups supporting other items of activity involving horse theft, soil conservation, cooking, mu sic, dry's, wets, state fairs, churches, milkdrinking and cheese-eating, and a host of others--all good. But all are right in there pitching to build support for their pet proj ect ^ Is it dishonest to influence government leaders? Is it unfair to put the pressure on key people to get a job carried out? Is it wrong to organize a group to support doing a thing which will result in lives saved, in juries and accidents prevented? Is it cricket to put the prevention of highway deaths above the stealing of horses? Is it as im portant to teach kids to drive as it is to teach them to cook and sew? Ft! leave the answers to you. Take away all trimmings and get right at the heart of the matter, and public support becomes a fairly simple thing. Some of you know me for my work in the police training field. I see a young man with a degree in law or chemistry or police science or educa tion enter the police service. We all agree that here is an outstanding student--this boy will go places. He does! In about three years he goes to work for some private business. Ask him why, and he'll give you some lighthearted answer such as, "My wife had a bad habit--She wanted to wear nice clothes and live in a good house." But question him further, and he'll admit that the people he attempted to serve confused him as to what they wanted. He went into police service with the idea that people wanted good honest men in traf fic work. He left with a doubt Is thetejL doubt in the minds of your policemen? When you.get back home next week, will you go find out if there is a doubt in the minds of your policemen? I'll leave the answer to you. I think most of you would agree that Billy Graham is probably the greatest evan gelist of today. Mr. Graham has been given credit for causing a lot of people to come down that sawdust aisle and shake his hand and agree to change their way of living. A lot of people think Billy Graham does all of this by himself. Of course, you know he's got a lot of people helping him. The organization starts months ahead of Mr. Graham's actual arrival. His organization doesn't fly under one church flag. It gets as many churches as possible to co-sponsor the campaign. In one ordinary small city hundreds of people are put to work in dozens of jobs. After Mr. Graham leaves, the organization stays intact and the follow-thru ^ drivenfor all the production available. There are many reasons why Mr. Graham is successful in his mission. Among those reasons, one is that he honestly believes in what he is doing. And when you hear him, there can be no question in your mind bat that be believes. - He is dynamic; militant; uncompromising; forceful, aggressive. He doesn't listen to op position. He pays no attention to the hecklers. He doesn't engage in street arguments with those who disagree with him or his stand, or 16 q. o c <-* v a 9 s* o a is **i 09 s s iis .s .s i'a s te s e 's a a ' a '. s is '& a 'O B hi pc lo Pi rightyit a jt ! oi. /OU training sgrec in r educa11 agree this boy ,ork for by, and ter such wanted a good aid he'll to serve L the idea in trafthffisuJ ? When you go finds of nuer to ee that st evann given :o come us hand ing. undoes r XL _A of Mr. gets as isor the reds of >f jobs, aization Srabain g those ieves in ar him, ind but imising, 1 to opedders. ts with and, or Citizen Leadership his philosophy. In planning your public sup port campaign, you could do worse than fol low Mr. Graham's system. This is the sort of organized campaign of public support that traffic safety needs. This is the thing you as a citizen leader can do. You may never have preached a sermon in your life, but you could become as great an evangelist as Mr. Graham. Instead of sav ing souls, you could be saving lives and legs and eyes and preventing maiming and the spilling of blood in your town and your state. And you can do this with exactly the same plan of organization Mr. Graham uses. Get everybody lined up and divide the work before you start the campaign. Cany out the campaign, and then give a tremendous follow-thru. Don't get too concerned over who's going to get credit for doing the job. By your doing that, you may have the same experience many Graham workers have had--in working to save others, you may save vourself. The man or woman who goes out to do public support work needs to be familiar with government I used to get a chuckle out of people who came to see me when I was a police official--they did a swell job pointing out what they wanted done, and when, and how. When I offered them the views of the opposition and asked how strong their support would be, so many times they would say--"you know we have always voted for you--." I figured we didn't have too much support from a group who didn't know that a police official is not elected to his office: Do you know enough about your government to or ganize a public support campaign for traffic safety? I'll leave the answer to you. What is the first thing a public support group should, can or may do? Go down to your police station, talk to your chief of police--or better, listen to him. Ask him what needs to be done and what your group can do to help him. Find out what he needs in terms of traffic safety improvements. Find out what he worries about at night when he can't sleep. I should warn you that you may be in for a shock in some instances, for you may find you've been putting your protection money in the wrong place. For example, what peace of mind is that multi-billion-dollar radar circle around the north pole going to give you,, if your wife lands in a mental hospital as a result of being assaulted in your own backyard, because the city didn't have enough policemen? I'll leave the answer to you. A public support group can go to your city manager, or mayor, or commissioner of pub lic safety and make the same approach on the basis, "We are here to help''--'"We anil not be Monday morning quarterbacks"--"We want to know what you need to do the traffic job we know you want to do." This public support group must be smarter than the official. If you don't know how your area stands traffic-wise, you could be dazzled to the point that you'll apologize for bother ing this dedicated public servant who is doing the most outstanding traffic job in the coun try'. Then you'll go away saying, "We are not needed." In the case of some officials; you may be told the only thing they need is more money, more men, and more cars, when it might be that the real need of their jurisdiction is to take what they have and use it more effi ciently, selectively', and productively. How is the best w-ay to inform yourself about your area needs, and where your offi cial group stands standards-wise? Your best immediate source is the Annual Inventory of Traffic Safety Activities. This fine self inventory program is furnished without cost to you. It is a program operated coopera tively by several national groups and admin istered by the National Safety Council. The chances are, your city or your state has a pile of these-annual reports, which are complex and deep to the layman. Get some one to interpret the report for you. If you can't get a local traffic safety specialist, ask the National Safety Council to send one of its field men to help you. If you want to be more thorough,-there are professional services in this field avail able to you. The National Safety Council can give you the names and addresses of the leaders in this service.- You learn a lot byasking questions of people in your commu nity. Ask your police officials, your traffic engi neer, your safety council manager, your chamber of commerce, your highway patrol, your superintendent of schools. Ask them, 'IHow are we doing in the traffic safetyfield?" Take the time to listen, and evaluate Ttiv' 1959 National Safety Congress their answers. Encourage them to talk about problems involving them and their agency. AH of this calls for work, time and money. But the work, time, and money you invest in organized public support for traffic safety to bring to your community the things needed can be insurance to protect investments you have already made. What good is that eight-year specialized medical course you've sacrificed to give your son so he could serve and save his fellow man, if in the eighth year he is killed by a whisky-soaked drunk driver who had been turned loose three months ago in your town by a jury who didn't believe in convicting drunk drivers--especially if the accused hap pened to be a resident of their county. What good? I'll leave the answer to you. It's nice to be the most highly skilled driver in the community, and its wonderful to have one's personal traffic attitude studded in diamonds. But what good will all this do you if the thousands of other drivers you will meet face to face, or bumper to bumper, don't have a little of the same thing. Or if they have this fine skill and the much-needed attitude, yet none of you have properly engineered highways. What good will it do? I'll leave the answer to you. Will you bring yourself up to date on what your area needs to be safer for yourself, your family and your friends? Will you work as a good citizen for your city or your state to show a traffic-accident reduction in 1960? Will you work to help save your feUow man. and maybe save yourself? Will you work with an organized group? If you have no existing group in your city, vour county or your state, will you help start one ? I'll leave the answer to you. Or will you wait until some day you stand beside an open grave with the casket being lowered, with tears of grief scalding vour cheeks and your mind torturing your soul and heart with the thought, "I waited too long." Will you work, "r will you wait? I'll leave the answer to you. A 18 3 pai POC lift to car I ne* he* cia tfie est In pas to nai cat all of coll chi! abc tor 1 nat upc cha pat con exc l ten que rea> per enc tior beh anc ac to 1 jk mat dec cha ad the af\ : i.J n what urself. r your :ddent fellow *roup.* r city, i help v you casket aiding --your waited HOME SAFETY CHANGING PATTERNS OF FAMILY LIFE By ROBERT D. HESS Chairman, Committee on Human Development, University of Chicago In one form or another, change and ex pansion have been central features of the social and economic streams of American life. As a nation we are not only accustomed to change, we regard it as naturally Ameri can and treat it with pride. However, even to a people who see the new and unusual as a part of their national heritage, the rapidity and magnitude of so cial, technological, and economic change in the last thirty years have exceeded our wild est expectations and strained our credulity*. In the space of a single lifetime we have passed from an era of the horse and buggy to the age of atoms, satellites, and astro nauts. The modern instruments of communi cation bring into the homes of families of all social levels news not only of the miracles of science but the drama and terror of the cold war and nuclear weapons. Adults and children are exposed to more information about more things than ever before in his tory. The changes that we have witnessed at the national level have had a profound effect upon family life. Perhaps the family itself changed in ways that precipitated new social patterns of interaction and behavior, and contributed its own stimulus to the zest and excitement cf change. However that may be, the emerging pat terns of family life have potential conse quences of the most fundamental and farreaching kind, for the child, who builds his personality and career upon family experi ences, for the community, and for the na tion. These patterns affect a wide range of behavior--from the childs school perform ance to the adult's conception of himself as a citizen, his performance on the job, and to his pattern of behavior ar a consumer. Although family life has been altered in many ways during the past three or four decades, I wish to discuss only a few of the most salient developments. Each of these changes is now in process and may be ex pected to modify and re-direct family life in the future. Our planning then must take into account not only the trends that we may see about us today but should anticipate their likely consequences during the coming years. The first of these major trends is that the family has shitted from a productive, sdfsufficient unit to a consuming, dependent unit By* this I mean that the family is now having others do for it many of the most essential things that it formerly did for it self. The clearest, and perhaps most exagger ated, illustration of this point is the contrast between the rural family of fifty years ago and the modem apartment-dwelling family* of an urban center. The rural family pro duced its own food, built its own houses, grew its fuel for heating, provided its own sources of energy* for tilling the land, cre ated its own recreation, and in many other ways supplied its emotional, social, and eco nomic resources. The modem family buys food, much of it already prepared, lives in dwellings de signed and built by persons unknown to them, is economically* dependent upon em ployment by an impersonal corporation, and purchases its small-screen theatre which pipes in entertainment over which the fam ily has virtually* no control and in which it does not participate. Its activities and, to a degree, the emotional atmosphere of its in-"*' teraction are influenced bv things and byideas which come into the family from the outside world. Appliances, toys, gadgets, and power tools, implements and materials of many kinds are brought into the home and involved in fam ily* tasks and activities. The family's time and attention are turned quickly from one thing to another, so that there is less emo tional investment; less satisfaction with each activity. One is occasionally reminded of the picture of a child with too many toys-- 1959 National Safety Congress unable to cope with the overabundance of his resources, unhappy and unsatisfied in the midst of plenty. The family has less identity as a family and has lost some of its sense of purpose and feeling of accomplishment Family pride is more difficult to achieve be* cau-' the standards by which a family eval uates itself are shifting and ephemeral related to the outside world in so many ways tliat the inner family connections are less apparent and less effective in binding the family together. There is less communication among fam ily members and less tendency- for decisions to be made by the group. This is particularly evident in families whose children are in the The second crucial change in the matrix of family life is a result of the changing roles of men and women in the twentieth century. The obviously crucial influence of women within the family necessarily means tliat a change in the status and expectations of women in the society will have direct im pact upon patterns of family life. higher elementary grade and in high school, when the friendship groupings and social clubs begin to infringe upon the child's time and attachment to the family. The third significant change in family life is the increase in the amount of uncommitted time and the number of optional activities in the family's daily and weekly routine. Of the many changes in the status of women that this century has witnessed, per haps the most relevant for family life are first, the rise to a position of relative equal ity with her husband and second, the tech nological advances that have freed her to extend her pattern of daily life to extrafamily activities--the club, the charity, a part or full-time job, and other types of participation in the community. The farm family of our earlier contrast ing illustration had relatively little time that was not taken up with necessary and essen tial tasks. The family--member had little-"choice over the kinds of activities that de manded his attention and little opportunity to choose a time to perform these tasks at his own convenience. In other words, the circumstances of the environment pressed upon the family with urgency and inescap Her rise in status in the family requires that other family members, especially her husband, adapt to her new role by changing their own behavior in the home. The hus band has become more responsive to his wife's demands, more ready to assist with diaper and dishtowel, and more willing to share with her his traditional authority as head of the family. This trend has been particularly marked in the past two decades and is not likely to be reversed. It means that the wife exercises greater influence upon the activities of the family and upon able demands. The contemporary family has more time during which it may choose its activities. It may face the week-end with virtually no imperative tasks, other than caring for the physical necessities such as food and sleep. Especially in urban areas, it may have an imposing list of alternatives from which to choose or it may reject the variety of things available and spend the week-end aimlessly and perhaps irritably, with a sense of frus tration and petty conflict that has recently become known as the "week-end neurosis." I H the buying habits of the group. The greater status of women in the home has been, perhaps necessarily, accompanied The great number of optional activities available to the family means, of course, tliat the environment makes fewer demands, by a relative decrease in the authority and status of men. Although this was initially a change in his relationship to his spouse, it has apparently resulted in a decrease of authority over his children. The authority imposes .fewer limitations,-and responsbilities. This relaxing of external pressures parallels a relaxing of inner demands. Per haps it would be more accurate to say that we have not yet evolved a set of demands of the mother over children has similarly that apply to the use of leisure time. We declined. Thus in the modem family there have ethical standards for work but we is much more expression of individual pref regard a man's leisure time as something erence, less feeling of family tradition and that is generally his own business, so long group cohesion. The individual family mem ber is more likely to press for his own wants, not necessarily in a spirit of indi vidualism or autonomy so much as in an expression of fragmentation, of a family- as he does not break the law or make a nuisance of himself. The moral constraints that once dictated a man's personal be havior are by no means forgotten, but they are less compelling. 20 she sav pot tioi the per wit $ui far tas is i to inc ted I fur ere are get! "\\ ind phj mo wit T tha to : tern age bas tret roll I: upo cies to cho! and misi that the new ardt T gan; fam tad ing cam like of 1 der* othe absc *7 3 the famisions ilarly n the :hool, soda] time y life lifted vities ie. trast: that ssenlittle. t deunitv ks at , the essed scap- time s. It y no r the deep. sO lings essly Frusentlv is" rities ursc. uids. sbili- , ;ures Perthat ands We we hing long e a lints bethev Home Safety The expanded leisure time afforded by shorter work week on the job and labor saving devices in the home brought an im portant new factor into the daily interac tional pattern among family members. For the first time the family has substantial periods of the day or week for interacting with each other around leisure-time pur suits. In contrast to the earlier period when family interactions centered around essential tasks--as a by-product of work--the family is now free to engage in interaction for its oten sake. However with this additional time to use at its discretion, the family depends increasingly upon the products of modern tedinology to occupy its leisure hours. It is possible that leisure time avocations further fragment the family, rather than In crease communication and unity. If families are asked to list the things they do to gether, an item that appears frequently is, "We watch television,"--an activity that does indeed bring the family together in the same physical space but one that scarcely pro motes communication and understanding within the group. Tlie fourth trend is perhaps less evident than those already mentioned, but is likely to increase in the next few years. It is the tendency of the family to turn to outride agencies for advice and assistance in the baric tasks of child-rearing. In short it is a trend toward institutionalisation of family roles. In tins aspect again, the family depends upon the broader community and its agen cies, experts, and institutions. Parents turn to specialists in medicine and child psy chology for information about the physical and emotional health of their children. They mistrust the patterns of parental behavior that they saw in their own parents and in the hope of doing a better job they adopt new behaviors, new attitudes, and new stand ards of action. The family's reliance upon formal, or ganized modes of learning and carrying out family' roles, has encouraged a growth of facilities designed to care for children dur ing the summer and after school hours. Day camps, programs for sports, crafts and the like have increasingly occupied the free time of the children of the urban family. Kin dergarten, nursery schools, play school, and other group activities have bran created to absorb the time and energies of the pre school child. The child is sent out for danc ing, swimming, music, and cooking lessons (to mention a few) and in other ways systematically separated from the family group. Leisure time is thus devoted to individual rather than group activities almost as if family' interaction is to be avoided. The care and supervision of the child, even at very young ages, is now frequently' shared by many persons who are relative strangers to the family. The responsibility for the child, including his physical safety, is increasingly becoming the concern of the community', its agencies, and institutions. How shall we evaluate these trends that are creating a new style of family living? In looking back upon the family of the past, it is sometimes difficult to avoid the conclusion that the contemporary faQmly~iS' failing in its basic responsibilities. It is easy to accept the generalization that the good old days were best and that the family has lost much of its tradition and strength. But if we can detach ourselves from our nostalgia about the past we may be able to view the changing patterns that char acterize the family in the context of the demands of a highly complex, industrialized society and inquire whether the family is, in some ways, adapting to a changing so ciety, and rearing its young to meet new demands. Perhaps the old, stable, familycentered patterns do not adequatdy prepare the child for a life that provides abundant free time and a standard of living unmatched in our history. Perhaps we are in the process of evolving a new set of family roles and behaviors. The family and the society inevitably interact upon one another. The family alters its behavior in response to developments in the broader society*an4 in turn-affects the society by sending to it persons whose per sonalities, values, and views of life are in part products of family experience. Recent research suggests that men who work at jobs where standards are to be maintained in the manufacture or evaluation of a product treat their children differently in some way's from men whose job is pri marily one of dealing with people. The first group stresses achievement and specific standards of accomplishment, while families of the second group emphasize the virtues of getting along with and influencing people. 21 1959 National Safety Congress Perhaps this suggests that if the so-called acting on his own with groups outside the "organization man" is a type highly re family. on ca warded and useful to large corporations, and other major segments of the society, families will respond to these new definitions of the Family pride and identity will increasingly come from the individual's personal accom plishments and participation in the wider sir thi hit K successful man and tend to teach their children, perhaps unintentionally, appropriate attitudes and values. In both situations, there seems to be an increasing need for the individual person to be able to change his immediate reference community. In this way, the tendency toward less family interaction and more community interaction will become the basis for solidar ity' of the family. Recent research suggests that this can be accomplished without jeopardizing the mental *`t] eit te< cei ho groups to be able to move from one group to another and to work effectively in a diverse succession of personal relationships. That is, he must be able to detach himself from one set of associates and relate him self easily to another without sacrificing his personal respect and integrity. The family, I believe, will redefine itself - health and personal development of the in dividual child. Thus the individualization and fragmentation that I have described does not mean that the family is breaking up. Rather it means that we are changing our ideas about what it takes to maintain family ties and our concepts about which behaviors and acts are valid indications of family ho So fa) sei lat po a to offer both the solidarity of belonging to the family and the opportunity' to interact with several groups outside the family circle. This re-definition will emphasise the values and standards of the family as a basis for a sense of belonging to a family unit and will de-emphasise the significance of physical interaction. That is, a child will be able to meet family standards and values by inter unity and interaction:" I think that we may reasonably hope that the family is moving toward patterns of living that will eventually prepare children to deal more effectively with the complexi ties of modem society. Change and innova tion are not new* to us as a nation and we should be confident of our ability to meet the emerging demands of the future. ter Ov liv hu blc wh do the suj ket me pr< CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY ENVIRONMENT du wil me By JAMES E. LASH Executive Vice President, ACTION, Inc., New York, N. Y. mi) i J poj My organization got its name. "ACTION," TION'S objective for the American Gtv is from the initials of the American Council "Good Homes in Good Neighborhoods." To Improve Our Neighborhood- After five Good homes must be safe homes; good years pursuing the objective, our directors neighborhoods, safe neighborhoods. Here decided that the parts of a city are really -* "certainly,^-is-"where we meet on common inseparable. Hence, they decided we should grounds with you whose concern is home concern ourselves with the whole city, and safety. to that end, we have become ACTION, Inc --which we explain as "the national council for good dries." It is a good environment in dries which is our main objective, and I think it dear thas; our broadened interest brings us dose at many points to the con cerns and objectives of the National Safety Council. I look forward to cooperative en deavor between our two organizations when ever good purpose will be served thereby. Because of the breadth of our interest and what I understand to be yours, I bdievc a broad definition of "family" is in order. Something less than half of our American households are the typical "family"--mom and pop and two or three kids. More than half our households are not of this kind. They are single, divorced or widowed men or women living alone; adult companions living together; one adult and children; Now, one of - the focal points of AC couples before or after children; and so is W pre hat lias da] loo like for wh ow > in like mo the ing is 22 ie/^ .singly ccomwider oward mmity >lidar- an be nentai he inm and does ig up. ig our family aviors family e that us of Sldren iplexiinovand we meet SfJ jty is oods." good Here, mmon home st and >elievc order, erican -mom i than kind, i men anions Idren; nd so Home Safety on. In general the proportion of these typi cal households probably increases with the size of the city. It's likely to be greater in the central city than in the suburbs, and higher in slums. While we're at it, let's note that the "typical" family isn't altogether typical either. Some have little children, some have teen-agers. Some are rich, some poor. Some center their activities in the family and at home; some just don't live this way. Furthermore, let's recognize that house holds change over the individual life cycle. So we sum up this point by saying that the family and, family environment, in the sense in winch we both want to consider the latter, are highly diversified. This has im portant bearing on some things I'll mention a little later on. My second general comment is that pat terns in this environment change slowly. Over 97 per cent of us in any given year live in dwdlings built from one to a hundred years earlier. The basic lot and block subdivision of the neighborhoods in winch these dwellings are located lasts for decades and centuries. In the entire period of the sixties, we shall add to our dwelling supply by only' about one quarter. So let's keep in mind that the environment in which most families will live in the sixties is a pretty fixed commodity. It will see some changes, but hardly spectacular ones. There will be more changes in the new environ ment created, but this will affect only a minority even by the end of the period. My third general comment is that the population surge predicted for the sixties is not any longer a very new phenomenon. We've been in it for fifteen years. The dire predictions of what it is going to do to us had better be heeded in terms of what it lias already done and continues to do every day. We'll do this in a moment. Then let's look at how some predictable trends are likely to affect family environment, and just for a moment, glance at some of the ways in which man can help be the master of his own destiny. What are some of the changing patterns in family environment of the past few years likely to continue in the sixties? More and more of us will live in the cities than in the country. Most of us who get new hous ing will get it in the suburbs because this is where land is available to build it on. We'll add automobiles about as fast as we do people, and their conflicting demands for space will continue to cause trouble. More of us will probably spend more time getting to and from work and school and play. To get out in the country, more peo ple will have to drive farther and further. Many of us will move several times dur ing the sixties, usually to find a more suit able house, but sometimes because we don't like our neighbors or have a job change. Some of us will find our older neighbor hoods more crowded because of both new dwdlings and conversions making room for more households and automobiles, if not people. More of us in the central cities, at least, will either be negroes or have negroes living in the ndghborhood. More of us in the central cities are likely to be elderly and large groups of us are likely to have comparativdy low incomes. ----....... Where there is a lot of movement and pressure of more households moving in, things will deteriorate noticeably in ten years. On the other hand, if we continue in general prosperity, many older neighbor hoods will be well maintained and even show improvement in the quality of their structures. In the new growth reas around our cities, we're not likdy to see many wdl defined suburban communities spring into being. Houses are likdy to follow highways. They'll skip beyond much of the poorer land or that which has been fouled by premature de velopment of some land or other. Water will often be a problem; so will sewage. This and more is fairly typical of the past few years. Much as I would like to think otherwise, I am sure it will continue to be fairly typical also of the next few years. But there are some trends likdy to produce some changes in the future. And if we will do" so, we can use""ffiese"trenas to make considerable changes for the good. One relates to the diversity. I spoke of earlier. Our population increase is not static. We add different kinds of people and of households at different times. It's a good bet that in the sixties we'll add many newly weds and oldsters to the atypical house holds. They usually prefer to rent rather than to buy. Then one of our surveys shows some people of means increasing thenpreference for living dose to downtown. Urban and suburban land is becoming in 23 1959 National Safety Congress creasingly expensive to use for single family homes. Add all these together and we find the likelihood that the period of the sixties will see more housing built for rental than for any period since the 1920's. Rental hous ing will constitute the largest proportion of new housing constructed since the very high proportion built in the twenties. It may reach -400,000 dwellings a year for several years. It will be at medium to high popula tion densities. This is enough to make new rental apartments as noteworthy a feature of the sixties as new single-family tracts have been a feature of the forties and fifties. Let's call this trend number one in new housing. The demand for single family homes will remain strong, however, in spite of giving ground to rental housing. In meeting this demand, we come to trend number two; namely, that more and more new housing will be the product of the big or "mer chant" builder. Already 1 per cent of the home builders put up 33 per cent of the homes. The largest 10 per cent of builders put up more than 66 per cent Their in creased operations can be both benefit and detriment in the sixties. The large scale builder's requirement of large tracts of land at the most reasonable price he can find drives him farther and farther out from the urban center. Often this places him beyond the restraint of reg ulation in the public interest through sub division ordinances, zoning and building codes. Sometimes he purposely goes far out to escape these regulations because they iniiibit his efficient operation. 1 f the builder abuses this lack of restraint, the public suffers. But to an increasing ex tent. competition demands a better and bet ter product. With a large tract of land, the builder can achieve better site `design, actually creating new neighborhoods and whole new communities with required neigh borhood and community facilities. He can achieve lower costs by a scale of operations permitting engineering innovations in his product and the production process. The con sumer stands to benefit from such achieve ments by more house for the money in a better neighborhood environment. Trend number three applying particularly to the production of new housing in the sixties is the increasing introduction of new materials and methods in the direction of industrializing housing production. Even with most labor performed on the site, large scale builders employ industrial techniques of standardized parts and repetitive tasks by skilled labor. But of more significance in the trend to industrialization is the reduction of site labor in favor of the factory production of larger components of dwelling units. Prefabrication builds a house in a shop and ships it in sections to be assembled and finished with utilities added at the site. In two decades, this industry has grown from about 4 per cent of total housing production to 10 per cent. Every year 'ince World War II, how ever, prefabrication has been exceeded by a house which isn't called a house and, there fore, is free from building codes and other requirements on houses. This is the house trailer or mobile home, which is wholly pro duced in a factory and wheeled to a site from which 90 per cent of them never move In 1957, mobile homes fulfilled a consumer demand to the extent of 140,000 units, well over 10 per cent of housing starts. Then the increased housing activities of giant industrial corporations represent a great potential. Appliance manufacturers have pioneered by offering a complete kitchen which can be installed as a unit essentially without dependence on the structure which surrounds it. New tnetals and plastics, the competition of which is being met by new forms of wood and masonry, promise new standards of comfort, safety, maintenance and beauty. They call for new shapes and designs, new methods of fabrication and construction, new means of distribution and marketing. They are being pursued by com panies with experience in industrial mass production, and with financial and managerial resources.heretofore unknown in housing. It has been observed that housing has never really become part of the system by which other goods, most notably the auto mobile, have become so widely available to our people. Fortune Magazine has called housing "the industry' capitalism forgot" The sixties may 'be the decade of major breakthrough for industrialization in hous ing. The promise is such that we had better take another look at our regulation of hous ing as strictly a local handicraft industryThis we shall do in a moment 24 Be othei This both In ing-s few: 1,000 requi sistaj called and ] have pletei execi Enot I projt we c meat room very newa tatioi publi Neve this, espec quire diver in tit publii devol redev devel in wl Th mark tuniti gle ti been desig To ativel New opme Knap Kenu <a of m lart es of s by n the yn of iction shop l and t. In from iction howby a hereother house proi site nove. aimer well ss of ut a urers tchen ttially vhich new nance s and and 1 and cornmass gerial ing. ' has m by auto>le to called rgot" najor housbetter housustiy- Home Safety Before we do, let's take a look at one other big potential developed in the fifties. This is urban renewal. It has to do with both old and new housing. In a sense, the fifties have been a tool ing-up period for urban renewal. Relatively few projects have been completed, but nearly 1,000 communities have met the basic pre requisite for receiving Federal financial as sistance for urban renewal. This is the socalled "workable program" for eliminating and preventing slums and blight These cities have 647 urban renewal projects either com pleted, in the planning stage or in actual execution. There are 26 projects completed. Enough slum clearance and redevelopment projects have been completed that I believe we can say we know how to do redevelop ment even though there is a great deal of room for improving how we do it Experience is less and accomplishment very slight in the other type of urban re newal project namely, the complete rehabili tation of existing private properties and public facilities in whole neighborhoods Nevertheless, I think we are learning to do this, too. One product of redevelopment thus far is especially noteworthy in respect to the re quirement of diverse housing types to meet diverse housing needs which I noted earlier in this talk. For a variety of reasons, both public agencies and private developers have devoted extraordinary planning and study to redevelopment projects. By and large, re development occurs in the parts of the city in which typical households prefer to live. The challenge of designing for this new market has been combined with the oppor tunity of planning fairly large areas as sin gle units. The result in some projects has been a wholesome experimentation in site design, housing types and occupancy. To mention a few: the combination of rel atively high density and open space in the New York Life Insurance Company's devel opment in Chicago's south side; Webb and Knapp's town houses in the Hyde ParkKenwood area of the same city; the com bination of high rise and low rise buildings in Detroit's Gratiot project; a Philadelphia development under construction to include dwellings for young couples and their pre school children with play areas on each floor and a nursery school; new types of row housing in Philadelphia and Richmond, Cali fornia, which are pleasing to the eye and proride privacy to the family and accommo dation to the automobile; a planned new structure of minimum accommodations for migratory workers displaced from skid row in Sacramento; public housing in several cities with special provisions for the interests and infirmities of elderly residents; inte grated occupancy by whites and negroes in apartments in Chicago and other cities; free dom from through-traffic in nearly all rede velopment projects. The atypical households all too often find their housing in worn out structures adapted or ill-adapted to their needs. They will not have adequate housing merely by their re moval from slums requiring further adap tion of other housing to their needs. Hous ing to suit their needs will have to be pro duced for them, afld"the experimental efforts I have just mentioned are in this direction. They are possible because of a new approach to planning and design, and new means of assuring that plans and designs are carried out The patterns of family living in the sixties can and will be changed by the actions and decisions of men. They can be changed by public decisions in which all of us have a rcle. Out of what I have discussed, I should like to mention three areas for public de cision by which change can produce great good. The first is an exceptionally fortunate co incidence in timing. For 15 years, we have been providing ourselves with the legal, tools and learning how to use them to dear away slums and make the land available for new uses. The slums and blighted areas which endanger the health and safety of shameful numbers of our citizens are located largely in the parts of our cities which are fre quently the mdstrsmtable locations for rental housing. Now we face a period of excep tional demand for rental housing, a demand which often will be the strongest in the very areas we can make available by dearing away slums. But the redevelopment projects in the pipeline are far short of suffident either to make substantial inroads on the extent and spread of slums and blight or to proride the suitably located land which the upcoming demand for rental housing can absorb. Our choice, therefore, is dear. Will we avail our- 'i .-- n li selves of this opportunity by stepping up the enough to make the effort, to spend the pub pace of slum clearance and urban redevelop- lic funds required? ' ment? My third point relates to all I have said I am not unmindful of the problem of re so far. It can be summed up in the one location in a faster rate of slum clearance. word--"innovation." Diverse housing needs But this is primarily a matter of providing require innovation; current trends . indicate an increased and sufficient amount of ade great potential in innovation. quate housing and eliminating substandard We have noted the diversity of needs from housing for all our' people. No one magic the variety of household types. We have formula will do this. It will take a complex mentioned the merchant builder's improve combination of things, among which the ment of his product by site design on large three I am mentioning here have high pri tracts and engineering methods. We've noted ority. The opportunity I have just men the trend to industrialization in housing pro tioned is one of them, namely, to take full duction--the introduction of new methods advantage of effective economic demand to and materials. We've noted the experiments get new housing built of the right kinds in in new design in redevelopment projects. the right places in our cities. S Diversification and improvement of the The second has to do with conserving and housing product by innovation in terms of rehabilitating the existing housing in which the diversity of need is another way to stim most of us live and continue to live in the ulate effective economic demand. I think it sixties. I said earlier that I believe we afl~" significant that yo per cent of this year's learning how to renew whole neighborhoods sales by National Homes -- the country's by rehabilitation, leaving existing structures largest prefabrication firm--have been in.the and facilities largely in place. I am con new line of houses with all-aluminum ex vinced that what we need to prove what we teriors the company introduced last falL have learned is more effort. And I think Marketing tests on the new line of these that public agencies must take the initiative houses just introduced indicate 90 per cent in effort of buyers will prefer them to those with The greatest proportion of the environ more traditional finishes. Again, stimulat ment of a neighborhood--30 to 50 per cent-- ing effective economic demand by offering is publicly owned in streets, sewers, schools,, the buyer or renter more of what he wants playgrounds, and the like. The rest 5s pub for his money* is essential to getting more licly serviced, for example by police and fire good housing in place of bad. protection, and subject to public regulation, Innovation then holds great promise for for example, by zoning and minimum hous the sixties. But note the extent to which ing standards ordinances. the trends to innovation are occurring where Urban renewal adds the concept of unit normal regulations do not apply--in mobile planning which we've seen in redevelopment home manufacture; in kitchens built in the It adds the public removal by eminent do factory as appliances; in merchant build main, if necessary, of the structures dete ers' tracts which sometimes purposefully are riorated beyond being salvageable--the rotten located far out to escape restrictions on mass apples in the barrel. Unless this publicly building techniques; in redevelopment proj owned environment sets a good example and ects; even in National Homes modest inno- - these public influences on' private which I-am ashamed to admit can are* directed toward upgrading, neither pri not be bought in my own town because of vate owners nor private entrepreneurs have the building code. Subdivision regulations, much incentive to upgrade their own prop zoning and, particularly, building codes, all erties. enacted for the public's benefit and protec Almost on the fingers of your two hands can you count the cities which are even be ginning to undertake the fully comprehen tion, have become inhibitors to change and innovation in housing essential to. meet hous ing needs. sive effort which neighborhood rehabilitation This is not to argue for abolishing these requires. Yet how can we more effectively regulatory measures. They were developed improve family environment than by giving for good reasop. They are still needed and this land of attention to our existing hous should be extended where they do not exist ing and neighborhoods? Are we concerned or are not enforced. But the current situa- 26 not the ten 1 to] ree in tioc spe sity taki due not) 1 an < of tial! will and actr ham past the gue: may indt V in t: mor rem aw way buili horn the type the incr B ture wou of 1 on : ting the e pub- e v v le one needs idicate > from i have provdi large : noted g proethods iments cts. >f the ms of > stim,iink it year's jntry's in.the m exL : these x cent i with mulatffering wants ; more Z where mobile in the buildlly are n mass : projt innoit canuse of iations, les, all protecge and t hous- f these reloped ed and >t exist ; situa Home Safety tion calls for a searching reexamination of the content and use of these regulations in terms of current--not past--necessity. There is not time here for detail, but only to put-point a couple of main bases for such reexaminatiofi. One is the need for diversity in housing and the opportunity for innova tion to meet that need.. Rigidity in code specifications'inhibits innovation and diver sity. The second fe that for housiqg to par take fully of the highly efficient ffiass pro duction economy for which this country'is noted, it must be able to produce large com ponents in large quantities. This means it must have mass markets for wide distribu tion. It cannot accommodate itself to either minor or major changes required by different .building and other code requirements enacted by thousands of localities all over this coun try. Local autonomy is a value to be pre served, but surely we are smart enough to find the way to accommodate that value to changed times and conditions. We must do so if the objectives that we in ACTION and you in the National Safety Council share so notably, are not to be thwarted. J. THE HOUSING INDUSTRY IN TRANSITION ' By RUDARD A. JONES -- Research Professor of Architecture, Director, Small Homes Council-- Bonding Research Council, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois The decade of 1960-1970 promises to be builds to suit the individual's demands. He an extremely interesting period in the history may build houses that are designed by an of housing in the United States. Essen architect and offered for bids, or he may tially. the period will be a transitional one bypass the architect and furnish design and with house building gradually assuming more planning as part of his services. His opera and more the characteristics of an industrial tion is generally small and seldom encom activity as opposed to the fundamentally passes the lowest cost house. hand craft operation it has been in the past. The task here is to take a look at the craning decade and to make an educated guess as to what health and safety problems may be engendered by a changing housing industry. The merchant builder sells a standardized product or products with certain standard variable options. The majority of merchant builders have their sample case--a model home or two--and sell homes from this modeL A very few will build ahead of their We can see changes that have taken place sales demand and thus actually have houses in the last decade which foretell, in part, to in stock--most builders prefer to have the morrow's housing pattern. We need only house sold before commencing construction. remind ourselves that "prefabrication" was Small merchant builders may build one a word primarily used in only a theoretical or two houses speculatively and wait for the way until after World War IL Factory- sale of these houses before continuing their built homes and the large mass Merchant building operation: These houses are usually house builder, such as Levitt, Centex and in the medium to high priced range. the like, are post-war developments. This type of activity will continue to expand in the 1960's and probably will expand at an increasing rate. The big builder of today is the operative builder. He too, is a merchant builder, for his operation is keyed around mass sales of a standard product In most areas of Before making conjectures about the fu the United States his operation involves the ture 'of the housing 'industry, perhaps it purchase and development of land, the sale would be well to review the various types of houses from models, and the construc of home building operation that are carried tion of the houses. Sometimes the construc on at the present time. First, we must dis tion operation is chiefly a subcontract opera tinguish between the custom builder and tion; other times the builder uses Ids own the merchant builder. The custom builder . crews. Very often selling, land development 27 1959 National Safety Congress and construction are handled by different through city streets and on the highways corporations under the same direction. This have limited the application of this method. solves some tax problems and also simplifies ' (Perhaps in the future whole house de the delegation of responsibilities. liver}* will become possible through the em The operative builder may use any of ployment of helicopters as the hauling several techniques in the construction opera agent) tion, selecting the one most suited to his The size of the builder has been changed needs. Generally, his methods will be more considerably in the last two decades. We are industrialized than those of the custom or now at the point where 10 per cent of the small merchant builder. Precutting of lum builders build two-thirds of the yearly out ber is the minimum mass production tech put of houses, while the other 90 per cent nique employed; more often many parts o'fi construct the other third. The very large the house are panelized or prebuilt, and operators are increasing also--of the two- many manufactured or shop-built com thirds produced by the large builders, one- ponents are used. half of these houses are erected by only All activities are aimed toward the re duction of on-site labor in order that the economies of organized shop production can be gained. In a shop or factory operation, 1 per cent of sfll the builders. Thus, the mast production methods of the operative builder are replacing the handcraft opera tion of the small builder. proper equipment is available and ail' Opera- Why has this trend been taking place? tions can be suitably scheduled and con trolled, thus utilizing employees' services to the maximum. Rapid site erection is a char acteristic of the oj>erative builder, as it is vital that he reduce the length of time his capital is invested in one given house. A fundamental cause is economic Con struction costs, as related to the consumer price level, have continually increased over the past thirty years while the costs of household sendees have decreased. House hold goods first increased in cost and pres The operative builder may also be a user ently are declining slowly. The lesson of prefabricated houses--the term "prefabri appears to be dear--the costs of the produc cated" here meaning a house that is manu tion of electricity and of the manufacture factured in a plant of another organization of household appliances and equipment have and hauled to the builder's site. Obviously, benefited from the savings of mass produc the distinction between a "prefabricated" tion, while the house construction industry home, a "panelized" home and a house built has not This is not to say that there has with "component construction" is a flexible been no mass production in housing, but one, and in man}- instances it is a matter of rather that it has lagged behind mass pro local nomenclature. However, all terms are duction in other industries. concerned with the mass production of As the disparity* between home construc homes. tion costs and other living costs increases, From this we see that there have been more and more pressure to reduce construc strong moves toward industrialization in tion costs will devdop and this win in housing. At the same time there is a long crease the trend toward the industrialized way to go. Even in those instances in which house. At this point, it is only fair to point the builder uses a manufactureffTibuBi^ flSe out that some of the increase in the aver expenditures at the site amount to more than age home price is due to the increased con the cost of the prefab package. Actually, sumer demand for more luxury items in the the only true prefab house we have today is home--extra bathrooms, better heating plus the mobile home or the house trailer. Here air conditioning, fireplaces, superior kitchen is a package complete in ever}' detail that storage units and appliances. may be moved to the site, connected to utili ties, and placed in use immediately. At the same time, we must realize that more of these items are mass-produced items One or two builders have applied a varia and as such their costs are subject to the tion of this technique to a standard house benefits of production methods. ActuaUy, and have usedv house-moving equipment to most of the items which make up the house move a shop-built house to a prepared foun are mass produced--it is at the house site, dation. The problems of moving such houses where assembly takes place, that the greatest 28 emjling nged i are : the outcent arge twooneonly the ative >era- z> 3onimcr over > of wise)resisson duc."ture have ducistr'- pro- irucases. TUC- inlized Joint Lverconi the plus chen that terns the ally, ouse site, itest Home Safety problems occur. Here many builders con use of concrete floor slabs for residential tinue to operate as they have always done in construction.) the past Each piece is separately cut and fit a minimum of power tools is used, cost saving techniques are ignored. Thus, where the presently approved meth ods and construction systems continue in use, we need not anticipate any great new It is truly a tribute to the economy of problems as far as safety in homes is con the country, that the house-buyer can con cerned. Rather we may expect an ampli tinue to support builders of this type. In a fication of some of the existing problems. period of financial difficulties it is likely Increased use of electrical energy, includ that many of these smaller operators would ing the employment of electrical heating, can be squeezed out The number of houses increase electrical hazards. Additional me produced by this type of builder, however, chanical equipment may also create problems. has been decreasing steadily since the war. Some changes in the types of housing to How rapidly the change to mass pro be built in the next decade may bring other duced industrialized houses will proceed is safety problems. If land costs continue to difficult to estimate. One manufacturer of rise, we may anticipate more multi-story' houses has recently acquired a number of dwellings, more flights of stairs, and more additional plants with which he may cover accidents on stairs. Two-story homes also substantially' the entire heavily populated require careful consideration of a provision mid-section of the United Statesr-He states- . for.a second fire.exit from rooms especially that he hopes to have half of the entire in those instances where open stairways in house market by 1970. crease the tendency for rapid spread of fire. In spite of the strong movement toward the operative type of builder, it is apparent that there will always be the small builder in the local community and the builder of expensive custom houses. With these facts in mind a rational prediction seems to be that the housing industry of the 1960's will still be an extremely varied one, with the smaller operators gradually being dropped out of the picture. The usual single family home today is basically the same type of home that was built two to four decades ago. The struc tural material is either wood frame or masonry. True, there have been changes and refinements in these structures. Studs 24 inches on center have replaced to some ex tent studs at 16 inches on center; continuous lintels are used; modular framing has been introduced, and the use of the truss has been expanded greatly. In masonry con struction, cavity walls and the single wythe six inch brick wall has been developed and accepted in many areas. We cannot expect the builder or designer to provide a second stair, but windows which are suitable for emergency exits are a prime requisite. Large glass areas on upper floors perhaps should be evaluated. It is difficult to pass judgment on the necessity or desirability of providing a safe refuge from unusual disasters such as radio active fallout and violent windstorms. In the future it may become necessary to provide special protective sections in homes located in hazardous areas. The constant search for better and less costly materials for house construction com bined with the attractive and lucrative hous ing market has resulted in intensive in vestigation of a number of ::ew materials showing a possible potential for home build ing. Among these materials some of the most exciting are sandwich panels with metal, plastic or wood product skins and foamed plastic or paper honeycomb cores. These panels may serve both as enclosing elements and structural supports. As new materials they must be evaluated as to the. Construction methods have also changed. suitability in resisting the normal loads Tip-up wall construction, panelization, the which occur in or on the building due to oc use of power tools, etc., have helped reduce cupancy, snow, wind, ice, impact, etc. Also costs in this phase of the operation. they must be checked for their resistance In spite of these advances, which are not to fire. fully accepted by any means, the basic These problems of structural safety and structure of the house remains essentially fire safety* usually lie in the province of the as it has been for nearly, a half century. building code regulations of the area, but (The one major exception is the extensive oftentimes codes may have been written in 1939 National Safety Congress terms of more commonly-used materials. homes it may be necessary to modify exist Wider acceptance of national or area codes ing laws which prohibit the municipality which make provisions for evaluating new from charging new park and new school materials will help etiminate multiple judg costs against lots in new developments. These ments on new materials and new systems, problems may not properly.be called "home but it still will not be easy to gain nation safety" but they are an essential part of wide acceptance for nonstandard products. In providing a safe home environment. the interest of both safety and economy we owe it to ourselves to encourage our cities to maintain modem building codes. Other major problems which will face some of us in the sixties are perhaps health problems rather than problems of safety. The problems involved in obtaining an One of the roost vital is the problem of adequate evaluation of a new product or adequate safe water supply. In some areas system and of gaining its acceptance may of this country authorities are now con i well cause one to ask "Why must we change cerned with water shortages. It may not be from accepted methods?" Here again econ long before we will have to modify our omy is the prime factor. Many of our wasteful practice of using gallons of puri present day materials have their limitations fied water simply as a waste carrying as far as mass production techniques are medium. Along with' this is the related task concerned. The basic need for cost reduc of adequate sewage disposal for the large tion through industrial 'processes makes it urban areas of the country'. imperative to "search for n'ew" materials and " In summarizing I can only say that dur processes which will accommodate modem ing this period while housing is continuing methods. It all becomes a part of the funda its transition from handicraft to industry, I mental idea of providing good housing at a believe our greatest safety and health prob lower cost. lems will result from the general increase There are other housing problems which will undoubtedly occur due to the general problem of an expanding population. of population and possibly with the intro duction of new materials and processes home building. These problems will not ' e insurmountable. At the same time, the need More automobiles and more people trill for a more careful investigation of house require improvements in our design practices construction and design features which con which will more satisfactorily separate the tribute to home accidents cannot be over rider and the walker. To proride necessary emphasized. Much of the knowledge in this green areas and play space adjacent to field is empirical--more facts are needed. HOUSING IN THE SIXTIES URBAN RENEWAL AND CHANGING HOUSING NEEDS ... By IRA J. BACH Commissioner of City Planning, City of Chicago Housing, is the foundation of Chicago's economic, social and political well-being. Housing construction is one of the city's major industries. To the elected official, housing is a vital public issue. To the planner, it is the most direct method of achieving the city's goals for its future de velopment Today we are viewing the subject of housing primarily from the standpoint of its effects upon safety during the next dec ade. Certainly there is no more important dement in promoting the health and welfare of Chicagoans than assuring an adequate supply of standard dwelling units, in the proper relationship to one another and to other land uses. The Department of City Planning works toward achieving this relationship, through the comprehensive general plan and- the 30 lealth ifety. m of areas conot be our purirying task large durfwttigr ry, I probrease ntroes 3t need louse conover i this ) decrtant lfare juate . the td to t>rks Home Safety zoning ordinance. We coordinate and review physical maintenance. A stepped up task the plans of Chicago's housing and urban force program by the Department of Build renewal agencies and outline programs for ings has assisted in enforcing the code. the city's capital improvements. These activities insure the orderly de velopment of harmonious and beneficial land use patterns and adequate public facilities, in keeping with Chicago's social, physical, and economic goals. The comprehensive amendment to Chi cago's Zoning Ordinance became effective in July 1957. It is considered by planners and public administrators to be one of the most up-to-date measures of its kind in the coun try. Its performance standards have been Recent trends in Chicago's housing and effective in reducing hazards associated with urban renewal, as well as programs for industrial areas. future residential areas in our city, should provide some insight into America's metro politan housing in the sixties. As I shall point out, we anticipate a significant increase in centralized dwellings. Although suburban areas will undoubtedly continue to grow at a rapid rate, we predict that inner city areas of Chicago will house increasing numbers of families. The city's urban renewal program will provide much of this new centralized hous These factors--housing, demand, legisla tion, and local action--plus Chicago's vig orous economy have combined to bring about a substantial improvement in the supply and condition of the city's dwelling units. Between 1950 and 1957, the total number of dwellings in Chicago increased by 5.3 per cent, or approximately 60,000 units. This gain considerably exceeded population growth during the same period, 3.5 per cent ing, through redevelopment of blighted areas Urban renewal activities and private con and rehabilitation of middle-aged communi struction also brought about a net improve ties. During the last fifteen years Chicago ment in housing quality. The number of has done much to improve the environment standard dwelling units increased by over of inner-city neighborhoods. 16 per cent while substandard units dropped At the dose of World War II, the dty was faced with an unprecedented shortage of dwelling units. Scarcity of materials had made it impossible for new construction to keep pace with the increase of employment Many buildings had become outmoded and overcrowded. Older neighborhoods had de by more than 30 per cent The number of overcrowded and doubled-up units also de creased by almost one-third over the sevenyear period. However, the number of Chi cago families owning their own homes and the rate of vacancies among rental units increased significantly. teriorated, and middle-aged communities This information was obtained through were threatened by the spread of blight the Chicago Supplement to the National During the late forties and early fifties, Housing Inventory, prepared by the U.- S. much federal, state, and local legislation was Bureau of the Census. Data were analyzed aimed at improving both the quality and by the Chicago Community Inventory and the quantity of housing in our urban areas. prepared for release by the Department of Chicago followed up this legislation with City Planning. action. The Chicago Land Clearance Com Today, more than 12^00 acres in Chicago mission was formed to carry out-the city's are under some sort of urban renewal treat redevelopment program. Later, the Com ment Five Chicago Land Clearance Com munity Conservation Board was established mission residential and commercial projects to assist neighborhoods in blight prevention. are under construction, and 17 more are in Another important postwar development has various stages of preparation. Lake been the expanded public housing program Meadows, Chicago's first urban renewal for low-income families. project is now nearing completion. It con Several Chicago Gty Council ordinances tains nearly 2,000 middle-income apartments, since 1955 have been directed toward increas a shopping center, and community facilities. ing home safety in Chicago. The modernized The streamlined buildings and spacious Housing Code, enacted in 1956, established lawns of Lake Meadows occupy land that revised standards for space, occupancy, sani was once the site of some of Chicago's most tary facilities, light; ventilation, heating, and neglected slums. 1959 National Safety Congress To the north, the Prairie Shores apart ments are developing into an equally attrac tive community. Both projects are built on land acquired, cleared, and resold to a pri vate developer by the Land Gearance Com mission. The Chicago Housing Authority has com pleted 31 projects, containing nearly 18,500 modem apartments for low-income families. Thirty-four more areas, to provide more than 11,000 dwelling units, are under con struction or planned. The Community Conservation Board is Chicago's slum prevention agency. It has designated ten neighborhoods, covering more than 11,000 acres, for assistance in carrying out improvement programs. The board's first comprehensive urban renewal plan, for the Hyde Park-Kenwood area, is now in the execution stage. The program includes pro visions for limited redevelopment, rehabili tation of middle-aged buildings, and ex panded community fatalities. We can see that Chicago has come a long way in providing a decent home in a suitable environment for each family in our city. Nevertheless, we have an enormous task before us. There are still 177,000 substand ard dwelling units in Chicago, according to the National Housing Inventory. They must be repaired or replaced, and new homes and apartments must be built to house our ex panding population. According to our latest population projec tions, 4,175,000 people will be living in the city of Chicago by 1980. The total for the metropolitan area will be more than 9,850,000 by that year. By 1965, we know that the median age of the region's population will be lower, but that the total number of persons aged 65 and over will be significant!}' higher. More and more- of-our efforts to meet the housing needs of our growing population will depend upon the urban renewal pro gram. Since 1941, Chicago's vacant land has been developed at an average rate of 1.4 square miles per year. In 1958, there were 213 square miles of vacant land remaining within the city limits. Of this total, 831 square miles are zoned for residential use. About 80,000 dwelling units could be built on this land. supply of choice developable land provides many opportunities for private investors. Nevertheless, we can see that in the future Chicago must look to new uses of already built-up land to meet expanding require ments. In August 1958 the Department of City Planning presented the Development Plan for the Central Area of Chicago to Mayor Richard J. Daley. The plan outlines a pro gram to revitalize the heart of the rity through public action and private investment One of the plan's major proposals is for 50,000 new dwelling units in the central area. These homes, on the near north, south, and west sides, would be designed for all family sizes and income groups, with a particular emphasis on middle-income hous ing. Other Central Area Plan measures would create markets for housing, in a renewed environment attractive to residential de velopers. * The University of Illinois' fouryear Chicago campus would replace railroad tracks and terminals in the area bounded by Congress, 14th, State and the river. The campus would be the key development in a comprehensive residential re-use program for the Near South Side, down to 26th .Street Chicago's Near South Side has all the natural advantages of the fashionable north side area--proximity to the lake, to trans portation lines, and to downtown. Commer cial trends and lack of zoning in the late nineteenth century led to mixed land uses and blight The re-use proposals of the Central Area Plan would allow the Near South Side to realize its full potential. The Chicago Land Gearance Commission already has two residential redevelopment projects underway in the central area--the North-LaSalle project on the near north, and the Harrison-Halsted project on the near southwest ride. The Community Conserva tion Board is now preparing final plans for the Near West Side Urban Renewal Area, for rehabilitation of this older central area neighborhood. New transportation and recreation facili ties proposed in the plan, as well as a Gvic Center cat the north end of the Loop, will further enhance the attractiveness of the cental area. If present trends continue, Chicago will As I have indicated one of Chicago's be completely developed by 1973. The city's greatest needs is for more housing close to t rece tral peoi cia! trat< Ti need Ouc adm like-v Tl tage of t othe worl It is area impc cone in i: \V and fines comi Side city' built Ct us tl dwel deca in tl babii their In age we k voun exec Chic M; men distil ing. conft train parti' the < Yc rate requi reasc ideal! A rides toif itul. dy lire- City Plan iyor proaty tent for itral mth, - all ha ous- 3Uld wed deDuroad ided The t in ram 26th the Mth ins- ne' Jaw uses the ear don tent -the and tear rvafor rea, irea dliivic will the jo's lose Home Safety to the heart of the dty. According to a recent study conducted by the Chicago Cen tral Area Committee, well over 300,000 people are employdl in the Central Commer cial District alone, Chicago's most concen trated business area. These employees represent the greatest need for near-downtown housing. And, as Chicago's role as the major mid-continent administrative center expands, this need will likewise grow. The central area presents unique advan tages for residential use. It contains many of the city's finest museums, libraries, and other cultural facilities, as well as the world's largest concentration of retail stores. It is near the many unexcelled recreational areas along Lake Michigan. Probably most important, it offers the greatest variety and concentration of employment opportunities in Mid-America. , We know that many European capitals and some large American cities have their finest residential areas near the center of commercial activity. Chicago's Near North Side, for example, contains some of the city's most fashionable high-rise apartment buildings. Certain population trends, too, indicate to as the growing need for central area rental dwellings in the future Within the next decade, we will experience a marked increase in the number of young families, the "war babies" of the 1940's who have established their own households. In view of the consistent rise in the aver age educational level since World War II, we know that an increasing number of these young men and women will be employed in executive and other office positions. For Chicago, this will mean more Loop workers. Managerial employees, particularly young men-at the beginning oS-their careers, find distinct advantages in near-downtown hous ing. Here, their schedules for after-hours conferences are not hamstrung by infrequent train departures for the suburbs. They can participate more fully in the civic life of the community. Young families, too, tend to have a high rate of mobility, since company transfers require frequent moves. This is yet another reason why near-in apartments would be ideally suited for them. A second population trend is especially significant to our housing program. There are increasing numbers of middle-aged fami lies whose children have left home for school, jobs, or marriage Many of these parents own single-family homes in the suburbs. Frequently, these families would prefer apartment living to maintaining a large empty house At this period in life, they usually have the greatest contributions to make to the business or professional world. Central area living, dose to Chicago's major administrative and cultural centers, would meet their needs perfectly. We do not, of course, envision a central area populated only by young and middleaged families. One of the unique attractions of the heart of the dty is the fact that it is composed of the widest possible variety of age, economic, and sodal groups. And the advantages of the central area are definite enough to continue to attract all types of families. These advantages will be intensified in the future. The Development Plan for the Central Area of Chicago is the first step in a com prehensive revision to the general plan for every neighborhood in the dty. The Depart ment of City Planning is now embarked on a work program for early completion of this revised over-all plan. Chicago's residential land use will be one of the major dements of the plan. As we outline the development of housing in the dty, we know that we are planning for more people on basically the same amount of land. In many cases, changing economic and commercial patterns in the dty will allow redevdopment for housing in areas not now under residential use. The Central Area Plan has proposed such a re-use program in several near-downtown sections. We will be housing much of our popula tion growth, too, through improved land use relationships in existing residential areas. In some middle-aged communities which are not now overcrowded, carefully planned increases in density can be coupled with rehabilitation programs. At the same time, more open space can be provided while maintaining a large proportion of single family homes and low-rise buildings. Re-arranged street patterns in these neigh borhoods can increase the amount of usable 1959 National Safety Congress land as they decrease traffic hazards. When worn-out areas are redeveloped, too, the placement of new buildings can make maxi mum use of open space. There is no set formula that can be applied to Chicago's neighborhoods as we plan for their future development Each is a unique complex of physical and social elements, and it is to the city's advantage to preserve these differences. Chicago's charm is its infinite variety. The comprehensive plan must provide for the city's economic and physical develop ment It must be based on what Chicago is today, and on careful projections of what it- is likely to become. Only a thoroughly practical plan can support better homes, new facilities, and more opportunities. The plan must design for more than the material well-being of residential areas, how ever. Neighborhood character is as essential to Chicago's future as is efficiency. Indi vidual expression is as important as over-all orderliness. The character of each com munity is a vital element in Chicago's per sonality. nut the the Lo hot the tin ard he the hot sid HOUSING IN THE SIXTIES SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Following the presentation of the formal papers, a panel of three safety council man agers was asked to give brief statements concerning what they felt to be the role of a local council in the field of housing. Harold Seward, secretary-treasurer of the Lehigh Valley Safety Council, Bethlehem, Pa., led by saying that the papers brought a number of questions to his mind, such as: 1. How might a council use its influence to elicit support for state and local housing ordinances? 2. Most metropolitan areas and large cities have fairly adequate codes in force. How can small communities, rural, semi-rural and suburban areas be en couraged to adopt adequate codes? 3. This variance also exists in the field of urban renewal. How can small com munities be encouraged to do something about their sub-standard housing? (Federal aid is available, but local or ganization and planning is often lack- - -ing-in-small towns.) 4. What will be the future development of local health departments, a potent force for community housing sanitation, con struction and safety? Different pat terns are developing in different states. Some states encourage the formation of county health departments; in some areas county and city departments are being combined to service a metropoli tan area; in some states, branches of the state health department are located to serve in a given geographic area. 5. Might safety councils appropriately serve as a check on official action in the field of codes and standards? 6. Does the- movement toward prefabri cated or mass-produced housing mean a better quality of "built-in" safety, or does it mean cuts in quality for the sake of economy? . 7. What information .is available on the fire safety of split-level houses (espe cially those with the garage under the sleeping area)? Also along this line are the questions of open stairways and small windows. 8. What about the flood of new materials for building? Who should rule on the use of new materials in localities where this is not covered by existing codes? 9. How can councils work for codes which cover wider geographic areas? According to many builders, the neces sity for changing construction methods and materials to comply with ordi nances of the several communities in a metropolitan area adds substantially to the cost of homes. Would a greater uniformity of codes result in a better quality of housing? In general agreement with Mr. Seward's questions was Forst Lower}', manager of the Greater Minneapolis Safety Council. Mr. Lowery added that the predicted shift in population (i.e., the increase in numbers of children and aged persons) has a definite bearing on the home accident problem as these two age groups suffer the greatest 34 sen apa pro saf TOO per pos i Hy Ioc cag ties Mr stei boi fac mu I Me ma otfc are He ten' tor saf hoi res wh offi dut ties nee tior mal tioi sup I ers at qua i-: Home Safety Vli ) lUgk. >, new in the howsential Indi'er-all coms per- iatelv on in fabrimean ty, or r the n the !espetr the ; line s aM^ eriais n the arhere des? codes reas? lecesthods ordi; in a lly to .*eater setter 8 8 9 8 B 8 8 || 9 B fard's :r of . Mr. ft in rs of ifinite m as latest number of home accident deaths. In view of die many technological advances outlined in the document; "Safety in the 60's," Mr. Lowery wondered if a change in the kind of housing can be expected which might affect these age groups (such as housing for re tired persons, etc.). Referring to Mr. Sew ard's question on mass production housing, he mentioned that it might be easier to "sell" the relatively few large volume builders on housing designed with safety a prime con sideration. Mr. Bach briefly described a pilot project recently completed in Chicago for housing senior citizens. It is a three-story elevator apartment building located in a city housing project, and was designed with all inherent safety features known (grab bars in bath room, kitchen storage, etc). Accident ex perience, in the building will be studied for possible changes in future structures. Another such building is planned for the Hyde Park-Kenwood project and will be located adjacent to the University of Chi cago hospital so that adequate medical facili ties will be readily available to occupants. Mr. Bach stressed the point that many old sters prefer to live in a balanced neigh borhood with easy access to community facilities, rather than be isolated in a com munity devoted exclusively to senior citizens. Richard Ayers, managing director of the Metropolitan (Denver) Safety Council, re marked that the questions raised by the other panelists seemed to indicate many areas of activity for local safety councils. He pointed out that the home and its con tents might be thought of as "packaging" for the persons living there. He stressed a safety council's need to get the facts about housing in its community; to determine legal responsibilities (such as those of the buildingpt-Are and hraltitjdepgrtments) and areas where the council might be of help to these official agencies in the discharge of their duties; to investigate the moral responsibili ties (such as those of architects and engi neers in areas of safe design and construc tion) and how the council might help to make such groups aware of their obliga tions; and to promote citizen leadership and support for all of these aspects. In the discussion following between speak ers and panel, it was brought out that while a town's codes and standards may be ade quate, sub-standard structures frequently exist in adjacent, outlying areas not covered by codes. In many ways, the community has a moral, if not legal, responsibility for these areas. For instance, fire or sanitary services may be offered on a contractual basis; a local coundl's area of operation may cover a county or metropolitan area. As city boundaries expand, these problems will le gally become those of the city. One solution to this problem might be the adoption of state-wide codes, which, if desired, might be supplemented by city codes. Another partial solution offered might be to enlist the aid of lending institutions to deter construction considered sub-standard by codes in effect in the central city, or by the standard codes. Local councils might endeavor to engender public pressure to get adequate codes established and enforced in the community, and to fight the interest of "pressure" groups in drawing up codes, al though it was mentioned that popular pres sure for codes is difficult to engender. The necessity of better planning for land use and of higher density in housing was another area of discussion. Mobile homes (trailers) are continuing to increase in pop ularity and have, in the past, presented prob lems in outlying areas because of sub-stand ard sanitary facilities and fire hazards. Many communities have one or several codes in effect (building, housing, plumbing, heating, electrical, etc), but in some cases one or more areas are neglected by local ordinances. To alleviate this situation, per haps a "code package" of recommended codes covering all areas pertinent to .city planning, construction, health and safety might be recommended. In areas covered by adequate codes, coun cils ought work for the upgrading of inspec tion and enforcement procedures. The council managers felt that more em phasis should be placed on the problem of fire. Most communities place great emphasis on fire prevention, and this subject is well covered in standard recommended housing and fire prevention codes. And yet the num ber of fires continues to mount annually (over 80 per cent of them being home fires). The group agreed that in many instances there is meager scientific basis for codes, and that some knowledge of accident experi ence in relation to code requirements is needed to validate or invalidate many code provisions. Local councils might help to 1959 National Safety Congress provide information on accident experience to building departments. The possibility of eliciting this kind of information from in surance household liability claims was men tioned, and the fact that a greater uniformity in death certificates would be of great help was stressed. In concluding the discussion, the council managers agreed that there is much of im port in the entire area of housing, codes and enforcement of vital interest to the safety movement A variety of activities for local councils is suggested. The need for getting information concerning the problems in this field and suggestions for appropriate activities to help solve these problems to all local council managers was strongly empha sized. Uttl age of doc era 1 vis: an ord big pla- I An tak to as env urn It like of the obs of of saf fab us pri I but , of ma: mat ilar resi So ani: to resi che tral intc inh Home Safely <xr=*\ o{ ) es lor d for tblems ipriate to all mpha- WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES RING YOUR OWN BELL FOR SAFETY By MISS MARGARET DIWER Second Vice President John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. The largest bell in the world has never uttered a sound. Cast over two centuries ago, it presides on a platform, all 180 tons of it, in a public square in Moscow. It was doomed never to And its voice when it cracked in the furnace. twin to the power to advance. But so scat tered is this destructive power" that we can not expect to build a central safety structure like some immense dynamo and hope that by plugging into it we can offset the perils of progress. To all of us who dream dreams and see We have grown so accustomed to wonders visions, that mighty but mute bell stands as that we sometimes overlook the greatest an object lesson. The Tsar Kolokol who wonder of all, and that is the power that 3 ordered the bell cast had an ambition too resides in the hands, the heart and the spirit big for achievement The very size of his of a single human bring. The means of pro plan helped to render it inert tecting ourselves from the dangers of our Before we devise large plans for making America a safer place, perhaps we should take the lesson of the Tsar Kolokol's bell to heart To be sure, the overall concept of a safe America is a magnificent thing. It envisions the enlistment of 175 million people under inspired leadership as its shock troops. It forecasts a day when the rules of safety like the rules of grammar will become part of the culture of the western world, when the educated man can be identified by his machine civilization cannot flow from the same source as the energy that powers those machines. But where mechanical impulses fail, human impulses can and do succeed. Thousands of small bells in the hands of thousands of individual women could create a sound that would drown out even the voice of the great bell at Moscow if it were able to speak. And each woman ringing her own bell for safety can help dissipate the dangers of power out of control. observance of these rules, and when the lack One of the standard criticisms of women's of their obs^vance will become the badge behavior is that it is always too personal, of the ignorant. As our native culture grows, that women's thinking is likely to be nar safety consciousness will be woven into its rowed to a pereonal point of view as op fabric since we and those who come after posed to what is said to be the broader at us must deal with the perils as well as the titude of men. This statement is uttered so prizes of our push-button world. often in tones of censure that one seldom Foremost among these perils is the push button habit of thinking. We are in danger of falling into the belief that because so many wonders are accomplished by auto mation, we can keep ourselves safe by sim ilar means, that our desire for safety will respond to the pressure of the index finger. So accustomed have we become to our mech anized world that some of us may be inclined to believe that the mysterious power that resides in so many of our machines and chemicals can somehow be harnessed to neu hears a voice raised in praise for the fem inine tendency to assume personal responsi bility toward the things that bv and large make up her world. Let's face it, hers is a personal world. It is her personal attitude toward her home that gives it its charm and takes ,it out of the stereotype. It is her personal supervision of her children that builds their bones and molds their characters. It is her personal interest in the subject of safety that can transform it from a national stereotype to a household word. tralize the hazards to safety which are built The heart of every women's interest is into our way of life. The power to destroy, her home because that is her major role in inherent to our mechanized civilization, is a life. He interest in community activities is 1959 National Safety Congress an extension of that major role, and the munity is the result of municipal careless Women's Conference can reach women best ness. by appealing to their personal interest in safety as it affects their homes and their families. Individually and as members of women's organizations, women have im mense power expressed through their indi vidual concern for safety. More than men, women are preoccupied with the advancement of standards of living for their families. This isn't something way off in the blue somewhere, but it is a highly personal ambition. When women understand that accidents retard such advancement, they will enlist in activities. designed to pre vent them. When they understand that be tween the ages of one and fourteen more children die as a result of accidents than from the five most deadly diseases com bined, women are going to take as much personal interest in safety education for their children as they do now in Salk shots and regular physical checkups. Women's work in the home has been re ferred to as drudgery. But those who char acterize it in such terms are not the women who make happy homes for their families and who approach their tasks with verve and Stir up a woman's conscience about safety and she will be a willing volunteer for safety activities. If we lack volunteers today it is because the imagination and the consciences of woman have not been stirred up enough. Perhaps accident possibilities and hazards have not necessarily been pointed out to them. Kobodv is against safety, but too few people are for it, and that's where responsi bility for leadership comes in. Safety is a positive thing and we must approach it in a positive way, but that is not enough. We must also keep in mind that it is a dynamic thing, and that the last chapter wfll never be written. It is impor tant to keep current on safety because the rules change as our economy and our civili zation change and as new hazards present themselves. Yesterday's safety rules won't do in today's world. We have to keep abreast of new dangers. Every civilization since the world began has found it necessary for its survival to institute forms of social control and discipline and to keep these rules up to date imagination. Such women know that the In that fascinating book "Safety In The role of conducting a household consists of Sixties" it is predicted that a complete new many repetitive activities, that the training code of radio and television regulations con of children requires repeated emphasis of cerning the safety of life and property in the rules of polite living and decent consid space the regulation of traffic and so on, eration of others. To such women safety must be evolved and legal principles estab education in the home would not be onerous, lished. It is also predicted that automation but something which could be fitted into may eventually help solve the traffic problem their daily routine once they are impressed through radar which would correct speed and with its importance. steering. But no one can foresee a day Unlike the man who, toying with the idea of a lunar flight, was asked by a friend why he felt compelled to reach the moon and who replied, "Because I feel I have been put on this earth for a purpose,'' women have a more practical sense of purpose. It is directed toward making their personal worlds trfore livable for themselves, their when the sense of personal responsibility can be abdicated and the human race still sur vive. In any event, if that happy day should come, it behooves us to be able to survive to meet it Such survival can be effected only if we look our safety problems-in the eye and try to solve them by sane, common sense methods. families and their communities. The influence of each individual woman Women cannot bear to fail in their ob ligations to their families because when they do their personal consciences take over. The woman who is struck with remorse because on the whole safety situation cannot be over estimated. But sometimes she can overlook the fact that she herself needs to be trained to see the hazards that exist and be in of an accident in her own home due to care structed in the means of correcting them. lessness or to overlooking danger spots will Even her own orderly approach to the man extend that conscience to her part in com agement of a household can sometimes lead munity affairs, will feel a strong twinge of to bad habits and create booby traps for the that conscience when an accident in the com unsuspecting. 38 he ow ha sd vei wf be ha' tio do ers sta bu a bu: am pel av vie tra res rot as rai W th< ma to wh wh no: th: reless- satcosafety y it is aences nough. azards jut to to few iponsi- must hat is id that e last mporse the dviliresent won't breast ce the or its ontro! op to l The e new s conrty in so on, "f ) aat / oblem d and t day ty can l surihould irvive fected in the itimon 'Oman overtriook rained te inthem. man; lead >r the Women's Activities One highly efficient mother I know had a habit of leaving everything that was to go to the second story of her house on the bottom step of the staircase. The first mem ber of the family to go upstairs after these things were left carried them up. She had been practicing this domestic short-cut for years before a neighbor asked what might happen if some visitor should descend the stairs without being aware of the deadly power of the objects on the bottom step. She was horrified and soon gave up the habit Now this is an intelligent woman, an efficient woman, who just did not think through the lethal potential in her pro cedure because it had become such an in grained habit in her household and nobody had been hurt. Safety education should not neglect the smallest possible custom which might unwittingly lead to disaster. . -woman who always walked to school herself may be surprised to learn that her own children are in danger because they have been delivered to and picked up at school in the family car. They have not de veloped the instinct for crossing streets which comes from habit and therefore must be trained more rigidly than children who have learned to cope with the normal situa tion of getting to school and back again by doing it every day. A foreman of a group of high steel work ers once told me that when these workers start cm the ground and go up with the building they take the job in stride. But put a high steel worker on the job after the building is ten or twelve stories in the air and he is likely to freeze and be unable to perform his job, if he is lucky enough to avoid a fall. Children who are in a sense victims of our push-button era need strict training on how to avoid accidents, and this responsibility devolves on their mothers. - Much of a housewife's daily activities are routine, and safety-checking can become just as routine as picking her husband up at the railroad station or checking the laundry. Women can be influential in working with the women's clubs in their community in malting up such check lists for housewives to keep on hand. Women who regularly check electric cords, who routinely discard plastic cleaner bags, who put safety on the daily calendar, will not say too late, "I should have replaced that worn cord," or "I shouldn't have left the matches where the children could get them." There are many cautions that need to be repeated if they are not to be ignored, such as the caution against using the power lawn mower when it is raining. These and hundreds of other safety measures can be impressed upon women in the home, but it takes leadership to make sure that the job is done. Such leadership calls for volunteers, and our volunteer army is much too small and too ineffectual. How do you enlist volunteers? Our im portant step at the outset is to persuade women that volunteer work is not to be ap proached as a hobby. It is too important for that Volunteer work to be effective calls for a considerable amount of self-discipline, but women who conduct household and raise children are accustomed to self-discipline. Volunteer work to be successful should be approached as a paid job is approached. Women who organize their households should indude in their routine the time they can reasonably devote to volunteer activities. In this way the Safety Council can raise a volunteer movement which is dependable in time of crisis, or what is more important, for the day-to-day chores which must be done. If I seem to overemphasize the dayto-day routine, it is because I know how important it is that safety get off a crash basis and become part of the daily calendar. If safety is to be a positive force and not just an absence of catastrophe, it must be worked for and worked at. There are difficulties to be sure in excit ing people's interest in safety, but these dif ficulties are encountered at every level' of human and dvic betterment It is difficult to get support for an activity unless individuals are personally aware of the dangers to them selves. "It can't happen here" is the mental roadblock that stultifies many an acddent prevention program. Women who have put safety on their daily calendar at home can make sure that it also gets on the calendars of the dubs and organizations to which they bdong and those over which they have influ ence. They can encourage safety programs in schools, youth groups, Parent-Teacher As sociations, adult service dubs and churches. Already the Federation of Women's Clubs and the Business & Professional Women's Club have incorporated safety as an integral part of ther dub programs. There are many other women's organizations that could do 1959 National Safety Congress likewise, and thus join the chorus of bells place where a housewife can really ring her rung for safety. small bdl and it will be heard by the person It was the father of our country, George who is not tuned in to the mighty dang \\ ashington, who when his cause seemed to of the great publidty effort be faltering said to his lieutenants, "Impress Perhaps women can make safety a posi upon the mind of every man from the high tive thing right in their own homes by set est to the lowest the importance of the ting up some sort of an award system for cause and what it is they are contending children, or by cooperating with mothers for." George Washington knew, as you and of other children in setting up such a sys I know, that until people are impressed with tem on a neighborhood basis. Points could the importance of what they are doing, all be gained for living safdy rather than pun our efforts and theirs are in vain. ishment meted out for infractions. Some sort Safety education is in a sense a missionary movement. First we have to sell its impor tance, to persuade people to make it a tenet of belief. What they are contending for is survival in a real sense and in a positive way. Sometimes women's organizations can be more effective if they cooperate with of award might be designed for a child who puts his toys away where people can't trip over them, or who takes other precautions in the household which make the home a safer place in which to live; Incentives to safety can make a mother's positive efforts worth while. other groups. If they will clear their pro It is true that where there is no,, vision, grams with munidpal departments or local the people perish. And we cannot become safety organizations or the local Safety preoccupied with today's safety measures to Council, they may find ways of being more the exdusion of looking into the future. If effective by uniting their efforts with those present predictions of a four-day week come of others, and avoiding duplication. true, new hazards will arise with the intro Also, they should not get too far afield. If you are a woman willing to dedicate your self to volunteer activity on safety, investi gate your home front first. There may be things of much more importance to be done right in your own community than in a broader area. Perhaps the most effective role for a woman in the safety movement is in the area of personal influence. There are individuals and communities that cannot be readied except by personal contact The most recent startling evidence of this truth is that while mass media helped per suade 50 million people to take thdr Salk shots, there are still man}' laboring tinder the misconception that polio has been elim inated, that the disease affects only children and that it is not serious in adults. A re cent public attitude survey indicates the re mainder of the job might have been done through personal contact or community lead ers. duction of more leisure time activities. With more partidpation by more of the people in leisure pursuits such as swimming, sailing, golf, tennis and other games, whole new areas of danger will open up. Perhaps women should persuade their PTA or other mother's organization to influence instructors in games and sports to include cautionary ad vice as part of the regular procedure. Let us not forget that instruction in water safety is going to become more important if the prediction is valid that by 1970, 40 per cent of the population of the United States will be partidpating in some phase of aqua sports. Just recently a friend of mine ex pressed consternation that the insurance on his small boat cost much more than it did ten years ago. This is not surprising be cause within just a matter of' twoor threeyears small boats have blossomed on all our lakes and streams and along our coast. Like wise with swimming pools becoming almost standard in so many back yards there will All the means of propaganda, magnificent be need for greater education as far as pool though they are--newspapers, radio, TV, the safety is concerned. Meantime, women can pulpit, the stage--still do not reach all of organize in their own neighborhoods to po the people, and here is where a woman can lice pools in the interest of the safety of be most effective By personal contact with toddlers and children too young to be trained her neighbors, the community, the various in safety measures. people who make up her circle in life, she And think of the number of hunters in can get across the safetv story. Here is a the forests as more leisure time becomes water taut it 40 per States l aqua te ex ice on it did ig be- threr til our Likealmost e will s pool n can to po tty of rained srs in comes YOUTH SAFETY ACTIVITIES SAFETY IN THE SIXTIES fPANEL DISCUSSION) RONALD MATTSON. Moderator The moderator Ron Mattson, began toe are toe safest drivers. They are not as panel discussion by stressing' toe increasing impetuous and are not showoffs. need for more effective highway safety pre cautions. He commented that many adnlts consider all teenagers reckless drivers, be cause of recent newspaper headlines which played-up accidents involving teenagers. XL I think we should develop some ideas concerning toe next ten years with re gard to safety practices. I, for one, feel that we should become more concerned with those people and things around us The group seemed to agree that those in our daily lives. young people who had serious accidents were not necessarily representative of most teen age drivers. Questions from toe floor and toe panel of answers include toe following: Q. What do you think are toe big prob lems in week-end driving? Q- What are the moral attitudes and obli gations of individuals and dvic and re ligious groups? A. Some individuals and groups sponsor safety movements. I know for a fact that the Catholics stress safety in our A A A. I think drunk drivers, and toe bright classes. lights from trucks are toe real menaces. . A. Some groups specialize instructing toe Q. What do you think are toe big prob lems in week-end driving? A. I think, in general, that recklessness and speeding are major problems. Also, I agree with the other answer. correct use of appliances. This is neces sary because of toe increased mechaniza tion in toe home. Women, because of their great influence cm toe family unit, should organize home safety movements. By setting good examples, they ran Q. What do you think of driver training in make these movements really effective. high school? A. We should practice safety in our daily A. A great many times we learn things we activities--such as going to and from can tell our parents about good driving school. Actually, we are responsible for practices and habits. I think teenagers our ntighbors, we must protect them, li* are better drivers than adnlts. They too. I'm certain we don't want to be have quicker reflexes. come statistics. Q. Do you think that men are better driv ers than women? A. Yes. Women get too flustered when they "hre driving. You have to try to read their minds, when they are driving. Q. Do you think that men are better driv ers than women? A. I honestly feel that men take advantage of women cut toe highway. They are bullies. XL This is true, and we should be aware of toe various techniques in presenting safety. This brings to mind..a_little poem, "Don't leave safety to mere chance. That's why belts are add with pants." Posters and all are really effective ways of presenting safety ideas. This business of safety should be a pleasant experience It should be an everyday affair--a year round event Q. Do you think that men are better driv A. As Boy Scouts, we are taught safety in p j ers than women? our meetings. A great hazard to every A. Well, men are so headstrong. Women one is fire. We should make a con- re 42 g - S S f r S 8 f t S SI 2.?9 G* g R 13 3 3 8* 8 R.. ot as ideas h re, feel srned id us obli. d SXr sosor fact t our j the icces- >e of unit, tents. n daily from e for them, > he re of nting little ce, its." ways ss of i. It ound ty in rerycon- Youth Safety Activities sdous effort to keep our homes in good condition, especially electrical equipment We are encouraged to bring defects to our parent's attention. Q. What are you going to teach your par ents and family about safety? A. That it's a way of life. There is danger in hazardous fire conditions, and danger in the misuse of appliances in the home. A. We should set an example for the younger children. We shouldn't scare them; they should be cautioned. Fear is learned. Q. What does the panel think about civil defense within the next ten-year period? Do you think that we need a safety pro gram in this area? A. We have a civil defense course in my city. Most people don't believe in it. A. I understand that the civil defense or ganization will be disbanded. I know a lot of people that believe that the United States can't be attacked. Q.. How will safety be presented to the pub lic? Pamphlets are good sometimes, but people have been saturated with this sort of thing, and this plan has lost its ef fectiveness. A. We can organize dubs. One cannot do it alone. Exhibits are good. Women in the household can influence safety atti tudes a great deal. A. From a Boy Scout's point of view, we could show films, use visual aids to teach safety. M. We have all agreed that safety should be promoted through the home or family unit Safety should be something, you should want to do; not have to do. Members of the panel were Charles Frazee,-- Robert J. Walker, Vivian Kiepe, Jerilyn Minis, John Powers, and Gloria Koeneman. WHAT IS LEADERSHIP By HUGH E. MUNCY Executive Wee President Illinois Retail Merchants Association, Chicago, Illinois The men and women who are serving as advisers, sponsors, and leaders of the sev eral youth groups represented here today are dedicated to this philosophy: they believe with much conviction that this world will turn out right if. today's boys and girls are put together properly. You are living ex amples of the way they have been working, and from this vantage point I'm convinced they have done well. When you find to gether, ini a meeting like this, representatives of several of the nation's leading youth or ganizations meeting for the purpose of dis cussing the subject of safety, in which we all have a common interest, it is a most en couraging right In considering safety in the 60's as the over-all theme for this meeting, it is logical that each of us will need to do a little per sonal thinking. For you to try to envision yourself in the scene that will be enacted during the next ten years, it is important to remember that during that time you will be maturing, you will have finished school, be working on a full-time job, owning homes, raising families, accepting full citizenship responsibilities. The men and women who today are serv ing as leaders of FHA chapters, advising Junior Achievement companies, working with Junior Red Cross, and helping teenage safety councils will be relinquishing jobs in many instances and you will be following up noth the tasks they are now- doing. How_do=^~ we develop leadership qualities that are nec essary for big jobs like those ahead? Well, in many instances, you have already ex hibited your ability to.be'a leader. You are an officer in a youth organization, at the state, national, or local level, or you have been chosen to attend this meeting as a dele gate representing the group in which you currently have much interest What does it take to be a leader today and to maintain a place in the line-up of leaders in the future? You already know 1959 National Safety Congress that being a leader involves handling a lot of details. When you get ready for a meet ing. you must see that the room is available, sitting space is adequate^ lighting is proper, program participants are taken care of, the information on the meeting has been cir culated, and all of the many things that help for a successful meeting must be at tended to by the leader. In addition, to be a leader, you must know how to: 1. Plan effectively--This involves plan ning for the full group without giving way to the interests of any segment of that group. 2. Organise properly--Here it is neces sary to allocate responsibilities among mem bers of the group so that each person knows his help is needed and wanted. 3. Exhibit vision--In order to understand the purposes of your organization in relation to the job that needs to be done, relate the task to people and the general well-being. 4. Provide inspiration -- All groups look to leaders for dear definition of goals and the inspiration needed in order to achieve. 5. Develop leaders--No officer in any or ganization is elected for an indefinite period. As a service, he must develop leaders who will perpetuate the polides and carry out the assignments that make this a worthy organi zation. These are the five things that a true leader must find within himself if he is to play his leader's role with confidence. I am sure that you could add to the list and amplify the information under each of the points. I hope you -will think about yourself and the organization you represent in relation to safety in the 60's. How can what you know and what you are learning about leadership hdp to build the next ten years into the safest years of cur nation's history'? As you work in. your organization, please remember there are many other groups in terested in safety and anxious to work with you. Newspapers, radio stations, TV stations like to hdp you tell the story' of the progress made in saving lives and limbs. Use dra matic ways to tell the safety story through posters, exhibits, displays, dramatizations. talks, and skits. Don't be afraid, just be cause you're young, to try something new, something that's never been tried before. The fact that you're here indicates you have a concern for people, you have an interest in helping others. Don't lose your interest, but at the same time, let the interest be settled with action. Safety in the 60's will move forward in relation to the energies people like you exert in its behalf. This is a leadership job of which you're capable, you have already ex hibited that In working with others, hdp to build with them the understanding that safety is a job that is worth being concerned about Being the leader is not an easy task. It is challenging and exciting. It prorides recognition when it is earned. A writer who has since become anonymous has said this about leaders: ``Blessed is the leader who has not sought the. high places, but who has been drafted into service because of his ability and willingness to serve. "Blessed is the leader who knows where he is going, why he is going, and how to * get there. "Blessed is the leader who knows no dis couragement who presents no alibi. "Blessed is the leader who knows how to lead without being dictatorial ,* true leaders are humble. "Blessed is the leader who seeks for the best for those he serves. "Blessed is the leader who leads for the good of the most concerned, and not for the personal gratification of his own ideas. "Blessed is the leader who develops leaders while leading. "Blessed is the leader who marches with the' group,^Tnterprets^Tcorrectly the signs of the pathway that leads to success. "Blessed is the leader who has his head in the clouds but his feet on the ground. "Blessed is the leader who considers leadership an opportunity for service." 44 Youth Safety Activities TECHNIQUES OF PROGRAMMING (A Panel Discussion) Moderator: Frank E. Laderer, Director of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Co., Colum bus, Obio. Participants: Donna Mae Lippert, Regional Vice-Presi dent, FHA, Modesto, Calif. Virginia Segal, American National Junior Red Cross, Palatine, 111. Judy Brock; Junior Advisor, New Orleans Teenage Traffic Safety Council, New Orleans, La. Dennis Zarnt, Senior Scout, Chicago Council, Boy Scouts of America, Chi cago, 11L David Cordes, Key Club International Trustee, Harvey, IIL Mr. Laderer: The aim of any youth group program should be to function at the local organization level. That is where it can be most effective. The basic points of a successful program can be compared to the fingers of the hand. For instance, the little finger stands for practicality; the ring finger for ethical re sponsibility; the middle finger for compas sion; the index for love or loyalty to program; and the thumb for stick-to-itivencss. Miss Lippert: Each local area has its own particular needs. The first basic step in establishing a program is determining the (articular need in one's own community. Mr. Laderer: Hospital emergency rooms might be a good place to gather information as to the nature and type of injuries that are happening in a community. Miss Segal: The planning and execution of a program might be compared to a garden. First ground is broken. Then seeds are planted. The garden must receive the best of care. After that comes the harvest. You must realize that there are certain limitations on what a group can do. You can't do every thing. You can't reach every segment of the population. In some cases in order to bring about improvement in a particular high accident area, laws would need to be changed. This, a youth group could not accomplish. Other limitations are time and money. A program will function much better and more efficiently, it there is good cooperation with other civic organizations and the police and fire departments. Miss Brock: Careful and accurate selec tion of a target is a most important ingredi ent of a good program. Remember that each target has two parts. First, the active target This is the actual act or acts that the program is directed against For instance; bicycle accidents, falls or home fires. Secondly, is the passive target That's the actual audience toward which the program is directed. A group might jump to the conclusion To have an effective program this audience that traffic deaths should be their target, must be carefully chosen and limited. You while an investigation might show that their can't sell everything to everybody all at community had an excellent traffic program once--you simply, and automatically, lose a that was producing good results. big part of your audience whfin. yQU. try to Here are a few ways of determining just do this. what kind of safety program is needed in It's a good idea to start out by assuming your community: study of police and fire your passive target knows nothing. Then department records; study of vital statistics appeal to the head and the heart. department records; an accident survey using Be specific. In other words, in a traffic check sheets in a house-to-house canvas; < safety campaign a poster with the words-- study of newspaper dippings, brainstorming Be Safe or Drive Safely--would be too session with community leaders, study of general. Better, might be a poster with a the school situation. picture or drawing of an overturned car or An investigation should not evaluate a a head-on collision. This would show the need on the basis of fatalities--number of audience some specific results of not driving injuries should be given careful consideration. safely. 45 1959 National Safety Congress A 'month by month year 'round program target and does the initial spadework? A should get good results. Emphasize a differ committee is needed to develop the plan and ent phase of safety each month. Example formulate the when, where and how, of the --Septemb- pedestrian safety. November, project hunting precautions. This is limiting the active target and making it, in turn, more effective. The plan should then be presented to the entire organization which must give it 100 per cent support With half-hearted support Work and cooperate with local civic or it will not be successful. ganizations and the police and fire depart Next, the idea must be sold to the com ments. Don't forget that youth is listened munity and to school authorities. to and respected when it listens and respects. A coordinator is needed to assign details Dennis Zamt: One person or one organi and to run the program smoothly. He should zation can't do it alone. It takes cooperation, assign an equal work load to all and try \i assistance, material and advice from local to assign people to a particular phase of the and national organizations and groups. program they are interested in. Here are some sources of the aforemen tioned ingredients of a good program: local radio and television stations, editor of school newspaper, high school principal (he could set up a safety assembly), the PTA, Na tional Safety Council and similar national and regional organizations, local merchants, police and fire departments, lifeguards 'and local libraries. Publicity is important You must let peo ple know what you are doing. Ideas must be communicated. Detailed reports should be kept on the progress of the program:- There must be a definite conclusion or windup to' the program, and when reached, this must be announced and thanks given to the public. These things might be utilized in a pro gram: pamphlets, films, safety slogan con tests, teen-age safety conference, safety standards and warning signs, safety messages stenciled on sidewalks and talks by informed adults. David Cordes: Who selects the program After the program has been completed it should be evaluated. The opinions and sug gestions of the public should be sought Im provements and things that could have been done differently. should be recorded and saved for future reference. Suggestions should then be made for next year's project 46 OFFICERS OF THE HOME SAFETY CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 XSC Vice President for Home Safety--George M. Wheatley, M.D., Third Vice President. Health & Welfare, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Chairman--Walter Cutter, Ph.D., Director, Center for Safety Education. New York University Representatives of Home Safety Conference on NSC Board of Directors--Mrs. P. D. Bevil, Alfred W. Cantwell, A. L. Chapman, M.D., Walter Cutter, Ph.D., Fred Long, MLD, Donald E. Mumford Chainnan-Elect--Howard Exnes, Director, Bureau of Public Health, Equitable Life As surance Society Section Chairmen (Conference Vice Chairmen) Home Building and Equipment Section--Harold Horowitz, Asst "Director for Tech" nical Programs, Building Research Institute Health and Medical Section--A. B. Rosenfield, M.D., Director, Division of Special Services, Minnesota State Department of Health Community Service (Civic) Groups Section--Stanley A. Mate, Director, Training Activities, National Rifle Association of America XSC Staff Secretary--Philip Dykstra Home Building and Equipment Section--Harold Horowitz (Chairman), Gordon T. O'Neill, Staff Representative Action (American Council to Improve Our Neighborhoods)--Leo Mouxaro; American Gas Association--C. George Segeler; American Home Economics Association--Mrs. Bonnie Lee; American Institute of Architects--John C Thornton; American Institute of Planners--Allan G. Williams; American Petroleum Institute--J. H. McKenzie. Alternate--F. G. Wilson; Association of Casually r. Surety Companies--Robert Hagopian; Building Officials Conference of America--Paul E. Baseler; Building Re search Institute--Leonard G. Haeger, Alternate--Harold Horowitz; Electrical Women's Round Table--Miss Dahy B. Barnett, A1female--Mrs. Luctle Bush; Federation of Mutual Fire Insurance Cos.--G M. Rowley, Alternate--Dale K. Auck; International Association of Fire Chiefs--B. Richter Townsend; National Association of Home Builders--Ralph Johnson ; National Association of Housing and Redevelop ment Officials--Mss. Dorothy Gazzolo, Alfemale--Richard Solano; National Board of Fire Underwriters--Clarence J. Winquist, Alternate--Miss Carol Van Sickle; A '.tional Fire Protection Association--Percy Bugbee; National Electrical Manufac turerJ Association--H. H. Watson; National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association-- Louis Fisher; Rochester Gas and Electric Company--Miss Irene L. Muntz; U. S. Department of Agriculture--Miss Eunice Heywood; U. S. Public Health Service-- Eugene L. Lehr; Unbersity.of Illinois Small Homes Council--Rudard A. Jones Health and Medical Section--A. B. Rosenfield, M.D. (Chairman), Phil Dykstra, Staff Representative American Academy of General Practice--Harry Marchmont-Robinson, M.D.; American Academy of Pediatrics--Robert G. Frazier, ED.; American Association of Poison 47 i i ! i f I',- i r i Control Centers--Robert J. Mason, M.D., Alternate--Norman J. Rose, M.D.; Ameri can Medical Association--W. W. Bauer, MJD., Alternate--William Bolton, M.D.; American Pharmaceutical Association--William S. Apple, Alternate--George Schar- ringhausen, Jr.; American Public Health Association--Fred Long, M.D.; Arkansas State Board of Health--Arville Kraus; Delaware State Board of Health--Mask Kenyon, Pb.D^ Alternate--J. D. Niles; Evanston Health Department--Edward Press. M.D.; Equitable Life Assurance Society--Howard Ennes; Florida State Board of Health--L. L. Parks, M.D., Alternate--Claudius J. Walker; Georgia Department of Public Health--H. C Steed, Jr.; Iowa Department of Health--Miss Helene Deming; Kansas State Board of Health--A. F. Schaplowsky; Kentucky Department of Health --Victor Fuqua; Lead Industries Association--Manfred Bowditch; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company--Miss Elizabeth Kasey; Minnesota Department of Health--A- B. Rosenfteld, MD.; National League for Nursing--Miss Ruth Tuckey; National Society for the Prevention of Blindness--James E. O'Neil; North Carolina State Board of Health--Miss Nettie Day; Oklahoma State Department of Health--Forest R. Brown, MD., Alternate--Richard W. Hume; Pennsylvania Department of Health-- Dan D. Gowings, Alternate--W. Ted Densham ; Philadelphia Department of Public Health--John J. Hanlon, M.D., Alternate--Emil A. Tibqni; Society of Public Health Educators--Aaron Spitzer, Alternate--Leland Kleixschmidt; U. S. Children's Bureau --Marian M. Crane, M.D.; U. S. Public Health Service--A. L. Chapman, M.D., Paul Joliet, MD.; Virginia Department of Health--J. Robert Anderson, Alternate-- Lewis G. Polk; IVashington Department of Health--Miss Lois J.eibach, Alternate-- Fred de Armond ........ .aTM -TM Community Service (Cane) Groups Section--Stanley.A. Mate (Chairman), Doris E. Mersdorf, Staff Representative American National Red Cross--Alfred W. Cantwell; Association for the Aid of Crip pled Children--Stephan A. Richardson, Alternate--Leonard W. Mayo; Boy Scouts of America--Donald M. Higgins, Alternate--E. E. Hoisington; Camp Fire Girls-- Mrs. Albert L. Eider, Alternate--Miss Rita Burdett; Connecticut Safety Commission --James K. Williams; Easfbay Chapter, National Safety Council--Clinton \V. Dreyer;* Girl Scouts of the V. S. A.--Miss Mary M. Weeks; Greater New York Safety Council--Mrs. Marjorie B. May; Iowa Department of Public Safety--Frank Uusa; Kiwanis International--L. A. Hafgood; Louisville Safety Council--Mrs. Sally Gexdkew; National Congress of Parents 6* Teachers--Mrs. P. D. Bevil, Alternate-- Miss Mary A. Ferre; National Home Demonstration Council--Mrs. Christine Gaffix; National Rifle Association--Stanley A. Mate; National Society for Crippled Children and Adults--Miss Jayne Shover; New Jersey State Safety Council--Mss Edith A. Doane; New York University Center for Safety Education--Walter Cutter. Ph.D.; North Dakota State Safety Council--Miss Bernabdine Cervinski ; St. Louis County (Minn.) Safety Council--Mss. George Welles, Jr.; Spokane Area Safety Council--E. M. Gearhart, Jr.; U. S. Junior Chamber of Commerce--Paul R. Yard; IVashington State Safety Council--Miss Lois Leibach, Alternate--Marvin H. Powell; Western Pennsylvania Safety Council--Harry H. Brainerd; Wisconsin Council of Safety--Miss Luida E. Sanders Members-Mt-Large--F. M Hemphill, PJlD., National Institutes of Health; Donald E. Mumpord, Kiwanis International; Tyler S. Rogers, Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corpora tion; Earl Wallace, Eastman Kodak Company Liaison Representatives, Other NSC Conferences Conference of State and Local Safety Organisations--E. M. Gearhart, Jr. ; Farm Confer ence--To: Miss Eunice Heywood, From: V. S. Peterson; Industrial Conference--To: Donald E. Mumpord, From: Miss Verna Paskuna, R.N.; Labor Conference--From: James E. Noe; Motor Transport Conference--From: W. G. Macintosh; School and .College Conference--To: Walter Cutter, Ph.D., From: Fred ' Hein, Ph.D. ; Women's Conference--From: Mrs. B. V. Todd 48 <tert:.D.; rlAR- IESS, i of if of ing; lalth Life LB. tonal oard r R. \thrublic ealth reau LD, tie-- ite-- s E. Zrip:outs rls-- Knott \V. fork ANK JLV tfiss ITER, Mtis ifety aso; ell; / of o E. ora- i/cr-To: om: and leifs OFFICERS OF THE WOMEN'S CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 Vice President--Miss Marion E. Martin, Commissioner, Department of Labor and In dustry, State of Maine, Augusta, Maine. Chairman--Miss Dorothy Downs, Assistant to Director of Engineering, Firemen's Mutual Insurance Co., Providence, Rhode Island. Vice Chairman--Mrs. Raymond Sayre, Chairman, Women's Committee, The President's Committee for Traffic Safety, Ackworth, Iowa. Vice Chairman--Mrs. John E. Krueger, Milwaukee, Wis. Board Representatives--Miss Marion E. Martin; Miss Dorothy Downs; Mbs. Ray mond Sayre; Mrs. John E. Krueger; Mrs. Gertrude Frese, General Personnel Supervisor, New York Telephone Co, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mrs. J. Ramsay Harris, Denver, Colo.; Mrs. Bernice T. Vander Vries, Member, Chicago Transit Board, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, Ilk Please note: Alternate delegates are indicated by asterisk preceding name. Members--Mrs. Sidney R. Almquist, President; Woman's Auxiliary to the National Federation of Post Office Clerks, Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Almer Armstrong, Co ordinator, Organization Relations, Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperative Assn., Indian apolis, Ind. (Member-at-large); Mrs. W. B. Bauer, National Council of State Garden Clubs, Wilmette, I1L; Miss Beatrice Bell, International Treasurer, Quota Club Inter national, Chicago, I1L; Mrs. P. D. Bevil, Safety Chairman, National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Sacramento, Calif. (Observer); Mrs. Rae V. Biester, Super intendent; United States Mint, Philadelphia, Pa. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Lucille Blaxesley, c/o Factory Insurance Assn., Chicago, 111. (Member-at-large); Dr. Viva Boothe, President, Altrusa International, Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 'Miss Roth A. Bottomly, Consultant for Safety and Health, National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Chicago, HL; Dean Olga P. Brucher, President, American Home Economics Assn., c/o University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. L; Mrs. Donald E. Cadwell. Second Vice President; Reserve Officers' Association ladies' Clubs of the U. S., Denver, Colo.; Mrs. Charles Calkins, National Board Member, Young Women's Christian Association of the U. S., Evanston, 111.; Mrs. Lester Carmel, B'nai B'ritb, Chicago, III.; Hon. Marguerite S. Church, Member of Congress, Evanston, I1L (Member-at-large); *Mrs. Gloria L Clark, Amvets Auxiliary, Lincolnwood,Ilk; Q President, Toledo Women's Traffic Council, Toledo, Ohio (Member-at-large); Mas. Jess Crecine, Chair man-Women's Division, Safety Council of Greater Lansing, Lansing, Mich.; Dr. Dorothy Darling; Director, Northeast Central Region, American Medical Women's Association, Gary, Ind.; Hon. Frances L. Dawson, National. Order of Women Legislators, Evanston, 111.; Miss Margaret Diwer, Second Vice President, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. (Member-at-large); Miss Doro thy Downs, Assistant to Director of Engineering, Firemen's Mutual Insurance Co, Providence, R. L (Member-at-large and Conference Chairman); *Miss Marion Eastman, Soroptimist Federation of the Americas, Inc, Chicago, Ilk; Mrs. Randall W. Everett, Jk, Arlington, Va. (Member-at-large); Mrs. J. Ralph Ewing, Safety Chairman, Woman's Auxiliary to the American Optoraetric Assn., Fort Worth, Texas; Mbs. John C Finley, Chairman, Women's Div., Seattle-King County Safety Council, Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Aldean Fletcher, President, Amvets Auxiliary, Des Moines, 49 Iowa ; *Mrs. Glenn W. Folkers, Ladies' Auxiliary to the National Rural Letter Carriers' Assn., Joliet, 111.; Miss Eleanor Freeman, Public Safety Chairman, Zonta International, Evanston, liL; Mrs. Gertrude H. Frese, General Personnel Supervisor, New York Telephone Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. (Member-at-large and Board Representa tive) ; Mrs. Jean Wood Fuller, Regional Sales Representative, Credit Card Div., American Express Co., Los Angeles. Calif. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Christine Gaffix, Safety Chairman, National Home Demonstration Council, Harrisburg, S. D.; Mrs. Frank Gastineau, President, Woman's Auxiliary to the American Medical Assn., Indianapolis, Ind.; General Federation of Women's Clubs (until new representa tive is appointed) Mrs. B. V. Todd, Washington, D, C.; Dr. Lillian M. Gilbreth. New York, N. Y. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Mary Gorman, Grand President, Ladies Auxiliary' to the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, Columbus, Ohio; Mrs. Alex ander H. Gray, National President, American Legion Auxiliary, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs. Bernard Greene, President Ladies' Auxiliary to the National Rural Letter Car riers' Assn., Bloomfield, Ind.; Mrs. Robert W. Gunderson, Commissioner, U. S. Civil Service Commission. Washington, D. C (Member-at-large); Mrs. J. Ramsay Harris, Denver, Colo. (Member-at-large and Board Representative); Mrs. Marie Harrison, President, National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs, East Orange, N. J.; Mrs. Glenn G. Hays, President, National Women's Chris tian Temperance Union, Evanson, 111.; Mrs. Mame Mason Higgins, National Council of Negro Women, Chicago, 111.; Mrs. George L. Holm, Ladies Auxiliary to the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the U. S., Chicago, III.; *Miss Catherine Jarboe, Publications Editor, National Council of Cathplic Women, Washington, D. C.; Miss Helen Krauss, Health and Safety Chairman, National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, St. Petersburg, Fla.; Mrs. John E. Krueger, Milwaukee. Wis. (Member-at-large and Conference Vice Chairman); Mrs. Dorothy McCullough Lee, Chairman, Subversive Activities Control Board, Washington, D. C. (Member-atlarge) ; Dr. Liluan Lindemaxn, Richmond, Va. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Thomas Linton, National Council Member, Camp Fire Girls, Inc, La Grange, I1L (Observer); Mrs. Samuel S. Lombardo, National Safety Chairman, Woman's Auxiliary to the American Medical Association, Jacksonville Fla.; Mtss Marguerite McCabe, Assistant Engineer, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. (Member-atlarge) ; Miss Marion A. McKinney. Safety Chairman, American Council of Railroad Women, Chicago, 111.; Hon. Geraldine Macelwaxe, Judge Lucas County Common Pleas Court, Toledo, Ohio (Member-at-large); *Mrs. Frances T. MacKexzie, Asst. Director-Women's Activities, Federal Civil Defense Administration, National Office. Battle Creek, Mich.; Miss Marion E. Martin, Commissioner, Department of Labor and Industry', State of Maine Augusta, Maine (Member-at-large and Vice President for Women-NSC); Mrs. Ruth Martin, Chairman-Safety Committee AFL-CIO Aux iliaries. Grand Rapids, Mich.; *Miss Lettice S. Mitchell, Program Director, Na tional Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Inc, Washington, D. C; Miss Jeanne Mueller, Women's Activities, Public Relations, American Trucking Assn., Washington, D. C (Member-at-large); Miss Luella Nash, Buffalo Courier Express, Buffalo, N. Y. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Carrie Noelung, Vice President, Women's Div., Kansas City Safety Council, Kansas City, Mo.; Mrs. Norton H. Pearl, Director. Women's Activities Div., Federal Civil Defense Administration, National Office, Battle Creek, MichrrM*s. Louis L. Perlman, Wilmette, III. (Member-at-large) ; Miss Frances Powell, Secretary,. American Nurses Assn., c/o Cook County School of Nursing, Chicago, 111.; Hon. Ivy Baker Priest, Treasurer of the United States. Treasury Bldg., Washington, D. C. (Meraber-at-large); Miss Wilda Richardson, Executive Director, Pilot Club International. Macon, Gal; Mrs. Jean Wade Rixdlaub, Vice President, Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, Ino, New York, N. Y. (Memberat-large) ; Mrs. Harold Robison, American Farm Bureau Women's Committee, South Ridge East, Ashtabula, Ohio; Mrs. Mary G. Roebuxg, President, Trenton Trust Co., Trenton, N. J. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Raymond Sayre, Chairman, Women's Group. The President's Committee for Traffic Safety, Ackworth, Iowa (Member-at-large and Conference Vice Chairman); Mrs. Alma K. Schneider, Superintendent, United States Mint, Denver, Colo. (Member-at-large); Dr. Stella B. Schulz, American Home Economics Association, Washington, D. C; Miss Virginia Sink, Public Affairs Dept. itter onta isor, nt rtKE D.; lical nta- sTH. dies -Xnd.; lar. S. SAY MUE len's irismcil the BOE, fiss and kee. veil -at- UAS *-r); the tant '-atoad mon tsst. 'M"aIftt .uxNaC; dng :rier lent, ARL, anal re); 1 of Ues. SON. IUB. ber>uth Co.. 3Up. and ates ame 'ept. Supervisor, Soroptimist Federation of the Americas, Inc., Clarkston, Mich.; Mrs. Haven Smith, Chairman, American Farm Bureau Women's Committee, Chappell, Neb.; Mrs. Fred Strauss, 'Wee President, Women's Div., Texas Safety Assn., Seguin, Texas; Mrs. Mamie K. Taylor, Executive Dept, Georgia Power Co., Atlanta, Ga. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Mark A. Theissen, President National Council of Catholic Women, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. B. V. Todd, Director, Women's Div., Automotive Safey Foundation, Washington, D. C (Member-at-large); Mrs. Helen Turner, As sistant Director, Div. of Home Economics Programs, Federal Extension Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. E. Arthur Underwood, Van couver, Wash. (Member-at-large); Mrs. Bernice T. Vander Vries, Member, Chicago Transit Board, Chicago Transit Authority, Winnetka, 111. (Member-at-large and Board Representative) ; *Mrs. R- E. Van Valkenburgh, Women's Division, Seattle-King County Safety Council, Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Charles D. Webster, President, The Garden Gub of America, New York, N. Y. (Observer); *Miss Hazel P. Williams, Executive Director, Altrusa International, Chicago, 11L; Miss Charlene Wilson, Public Safety Chairman, National Association of Insurance Women, Omaha, Neb. Staff Representative--Alice Mills, National Safety Council. Chicago, 111.- OFFICERS OF THE YOUTH SERVICE COMMITTEE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 Chairman--Ira B. Rogers, Jr., Director, Education & Rural Division, Automotive Safety Foundation, Washington, D. C Board Representatives--Ira B. Rogers, Jr.; Donald M. Higgins, Director of Health & Safety Services, National Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Mary Weeks, Health & Safety Adviser, Girl Scouts of the USA, New York, t N. Y. Secretary--Harold Heldreth, Coordinator of Youth Activities, National Safety Council Members: American Farm Bureau Federation--Claude de St. Paer, Program Assistant, American Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago, I1L American Junior Red Cross--Livingston L. Blair, National Director, American Junior Red Cross, Washington, D. C Boys Clubs of America--Alex A. Maleski, Assistant Director, Boys Clubs of America, New York, N. Y. Future Farmers of America--William Paul Gray, National Executive Secretary', Future Fanners of America, U. S. Office of Education, Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D. C. Future Homemakers of America--Miss Mildred Reel, Assistant National Adviser, Future Homemakers of America, U. S. Office of Education, Dept, of Health, Education and Wdfare, Washington, D. C 4-H--Dr. E. W. Aiton, Dir., 4-H Club & YMW Programs, Federal Extension Service, U. S. Dept of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Junior Achievement, Inc.--Hugh B. Sweeny, Jr, Program Director, Junior Achievement, Inc, New York, N. Y. Key Club International--J. Frank McCabe, Dir. of Key Clubs, Kiwanis International, Chicago, I1L National Catholic Welfare Conference--Msck Joseph E. Schieder. Dir., Youth Depart ment, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D. C. A- National Comtnission on Safety Education--Melvin E. Engelhardt, National Commission on Safety' Education, Washington, D. C National Grange Youth--Edward Holter, National Lecturer, National Grange Youth, Washington, D. C Nationwide Insurance Company--Frank E. Laderer, Dir. of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Go., Columbus, Ohio The United Christian Youth Movement--John S. Wood, Associate Executive Secretary, United Christian Youth Movement, New York, N. Y. 52 1 1I Safety Jth & New York, ounal erican Funior lerica, :uture Jfare, future n and ement, tional, epartlission fouth, trance *taiy. MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RELIGIOUS LEADERS FOR SAFETY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 Chairman: Mr. Arthur B. Langue, President, McCall Corporation, New York, N. Y.; Rabbi Morris Adler, Congregation Shaarey Zadek, Detroit, Mich.; Rev. Dr. O. V. Anderson, President, Central Conference of Augustana Lutheran Church, Chicago, 111.; Rev. Robert B. Apfleyard, Christ Episcopal Church, Greenwich, Conn.; Rev. Dr. Robert Bell, Flossmoor Community Church, Flossmoor, I1L; Rev. Don Benton, Highland Park Methodist Church, Dallas, Texas; Rev. Gregory Bezy, GS.J., Sacred Heart Auto League, Walls, Miss.; Rev. Bernard Braskamp, Chaplain, House of Rep resentatives, Washington, D. C; Ms. Robert Cadigan, Editor, Presbyterian Life, Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. Erwin D. Canham, Editor, Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Mass.; Very Rev. Msgs. Daniel Cantwell, Chicago, I1L; Rev. Evagoras Constantines, St Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church, Chicago, 111.; Rev. Dr. Clair M. Cook, Executive Director, Religion & Labor Foundation, Inc, Columbus, Ohio; Rev. Dr. Clifford Earle, Director, Div. of Social Education & Action, Presby terian Church in the USA, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Abraham Feldman, Rabbi, Temple Beth Israel, West Hartford, Conn.; Rev. John P. Fellows, Chaplain, U. S. Air Force, Scott Air Force Base, Belleville; III; Rev. Francis L. Filas, S.J., Loyola Univer sity, Chicago, I1L; Mr. George Ford, Executive Director, National Assn, of Evangeli cals, Wheaton, I1L; Rev. Ray Gibbons, Director, Council for Christian Social Action, United Church of Christ New York, N. Y.; Rev. Robert Grunow, Faith Lutheran Church, Livonia, Mich.; Rev. Dr. John W. Harms, Executive Vice President, Church Federation of Greater Chicago, Chicago, III; Rev. Dr. Howard Harper, National Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church, New York, N. Y.; Rev. Dr. Frederick Brown Harris, Chaplain, United States Senate, Washington, D. C; Rev. Edward Hennessy, C.P., St Gabriel's Church, Toronto, Ont, Canada; Very Rev. Msgr. George Higgins, Director, Social Action Dept, National Catholic Wrelfare Conference, Washington, D. C; Rev. Kermit Hollingsworth, First Methodist Church, Duncan, Okla.; Rev. Dr. Carabine R. Hooton, General Secretary, Methodist Board of Tem perance, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Abbie Clement Jackson, 2303 Chestnut St, Louis ville 11, Ky.; Rev. Frank A. Jacobsen, Zion Lutheran Church, San Francisco, Calif.; Rt. Rev. Msgr. Mitchell M. Kaczmarek, St Theresa's Church, Lincoln, Neb.; Dr. John J. Kane, Head, Dept of Sociology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Ind.; Rabbi Morris Katz, 1326 Portland Ave., St Paul, Minn.; Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery, Ala.; Mrs. Hided Kodani, 907 Chataqua, Pacific Palisades, Calif.; Dr. Gordon W. Lotejoy, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Inc, Guilford College, N. C; Rev. M. P. -Lutness, Trinity Lutheran Church, Bismarck, N. D.; Rev. Dr. Vernon MacNeux, Executive Secretary, Illinois Council of Churches, Springfield, III; Dr. Louis L. Mann, Rabbi, Sinai Temple, Chicago, III; Rev. Dr. Martin Marty, Associate Editor, Christian Century, Chicago, IU.; Mr. Howard C Maxwell, Board of Christian Education, United Presbyterian Church of North America, Philadelphia, Pa.; Rev. Dr. Duke K. McCall, President, Southern Baptist Seminary, Louisville, Ky.; Mr. Roy J. McCorkel, American Friends Service Committee, Inc, Philadelphia, Fa.; Miss Mar garet Meaij-.y, National Council of Catholic Women, Washington, D. G; Rev. James A. Millard, Stated Clerk, Presbyterian Church in the U. S., Atlanta, Ga.; Rev. Dr. A. G Muj.fr, Executive Director, Christian Life Commiss'on, Southern Baptist Con vention, Nashville, Tenn.; Mr. A. Dean Osterberg, 824 W. 52nd St, Seattle, Wash.; Rev. Dr. Daniel A. Poling, Editor, The Christian Herald, New York, N. Y.; The Honorable Thomas M. Powers, Judge; Municipal Bldg., Akron, Ohio; Mr. John M. Pugh, Executive Director, YMCA, Portland, Ore; Rev. Dr. Henry W. Shillington, Field Secretary, General Board of Pensions of the Methodist Church, Chicago, 111,; Mr. Shelby Southard, Editor, Nationwide World/Dividend, Nationwide Insurance, Columbus, Ohio; Very Rev. Hilary Sullivan, O.F.M., Director, National Society of Our Lady of the Highway, Boston, Mass.; Rev. Dr. Alfred W. Swan, First Congregational Church, University Ave. & Breese Terrace, Madison, Wis.; Rabbi Marc Tanenbaum, Executive Director, Synagogue Council of America, New York, N. Y.; Rev. John W. Thomas, Executive Director, Department of Christian Social Progress, American Baptist Convention, New York, N. Y.; Rev. Dr. Root. A. Thomas, Pastor, First Christian Church, St Joseph, Mo.; Rev. Dr. William J. Villaume, Department of Social Welfare, National Council of Churches, New York, N. Y.; Rev. Edwin T. Williams, St Andrews Episcopal Church, Lawrenceville, Va.; Mr. Martin Work, National Council of Catholic Men, Washington, D. C.; Mr. Clint Youle, General Delivery, Wayne, 111. Staff Representative--Jack Kenna, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. 54 1 to 9 10 or Copies more . $ .65 . .40 g .65 . .40 .65 . .65 . .65 . .65 .65 . .40 . .40 Food and Beverage; Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather . .65 J>5 . .90 .65 . .65 .65 . .65 . .40 AS A5 .65 . .40 . .90 . .90 .65 . .65 . .65 $ AS .35 AS AS A5 A5 AS A5 AS AS AS AS AS .80 AS AS At AS AS A5 A5 AS AS .80 .80 A5 A5 A5 $10.50 $(OAO Stock No. 022.29--1 022.29--2 022.29--3 022.29--4 022.29--5 022A9--6 022.29--7 022A9--8 022.29--9 022.29--10 022A9--II 022.29--12 022A9--13 022.29--14 022A9--15 022.29--16 022A9--17 022.29--18 022A9--19 022.29--20 022.29--21 022.29--22 022A9--23 022.29--24 022A9--25 022A9--26 022.29--27 022.29--28 022.19 All prices shown are subject to a 10 per cent discount to National .Safety Council members. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO 11. ILL. 350056002 56 Mince m n.s.. 022.29--6