Document 0q5KnXZgnbJrdYdmKVbaKzRYn

iJltCl % j('< ' 4?T PROPOSED STUDI UPOIi m ST OASES "V Sine the effects of acute episodes of exposure to engine exhaust gases {l)upon the aged, the chronically ill, those with degenerative or card!o-vascular diseases,(2)upon the well being of people in later years and (3)upon the life span of human beings, have not been studied, it is desirable to establish levels of tolerance to these con taminants* ` - One phase of these studies should include toxicologic and physiologic studies of exhaust gases from both recipro cating and diesel engines* .' Since exposure to this typo of genoral atmospheric pollutant may continue for 18 to 2l| hours per day as contrasted with 7 or (i hours under conditions of i ndustrial air pollution, it is wise to consider the relationship of tolerance of animals and men in terras, of intermittent and continuous, exposure to low concentrations of these exhaust fumes, in which clinical and functional tests may be applied. Before prolonged exposure is investigated, certain short term experiments with animals could be conducted to ascertain unknown basic facts in relation to the combined effects of multiple pollutants at higher levels* This might serve as a practical guide in an attempt to eliminate (by catalytic oxidation or absorption) from the exhaust those substances 2 which are most potent physiologically# A standard -uniform gasoline should be employed in the engine in brief and prolonged studies* Selected saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons should fee studied separately a nd in combination to ascertain whether the combustion products of two materials of the same type give a resultant toxicity that is equal to the sum o f the two or more or less than this value* This night be considered from the standpoint of Cl) 2 hydrocarbons each with an even number of carbon atoms (2) 2 materials each with an odd number of carbon atoms and (3) one hydrocarbon with an even number of carbon atoms and tne other containing an odd number of carbon atoms. The relationship of straight and branched chain hydrocarbons might be considered* The tox5.c effects of unsaturated and ring hydrocarbons could be considered* Tho vapors of aldehydes, ketones and peroxides might be studied in a similar manner both as individual compounds and combinations of materials with the same functional group* Tho combined effects of the vapor of 2 materials with dif-'erent functional groups should be considered* It should be determined whether the toxicity of the vapor of one or more of these compounds is enhanced or decreased in the presence of finely divided particulate matter {fumes, mists, smokes). A similar pattern might be followed in the case of k E 0 0 0 3 SLO  ' *a ^ m . diesel fuel, in which many of the materials of decomposition might be i n :common* ; '' ;.*iSxe selection of specificcompounds would be dependent upon the composition of tne actual -exhaust gases as deter mined by practice and' experimentation In all studies analysis of the air should be performed and selected -tissues' of animals should fe e 'studied p a th o logically* Mortality, growtli curves,- tissue weights, clinic and functional tests* as well as the fate of the materials in the body should be studied whenever applicable* : Such studies do not supplant but rather compliment sensory, carcinogenic and epidemiologic studies* Such studies eventually lead to the establishment of a safe level of these pollutants and dispel certain fears of the unknown* 'f\A Q3-,O*j',O*v1 l . IDEAS ON THE ASSESSM ENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION TO ILL. H EALT H MADE BY THE P RODUCT S DERIVED FROM THE USE O F AUTOM OTIVE F U E LS , '. ' ' F. F. H, "' -' '' - State m en ts h ave been m a d e , p a r t icu la r ly in the Lo s An ge le s a r e a , th a t th e exh a u st g a s e s fr o m a u tom otive eq u ip m en t m a y be in la r g e p a r t r e s p o n sib le fo r th e ir r it a n t e ffe cts o f the sm o gs in that a r e a , and that th ey m a y h ave con tr ib u ted m a t e r ia lly to the m o r ta lity e n co u n te r e d in the e p iso d e s o f sm og in Lo n d o n . Th e a u to m o tive in d u s t r y m u st be p r e p a r e d to a n s w e r t h e s e ch a r ge s w ith fa ct s ob tain ed b y e xp e r im e n ta tio n , It sh ou ld le a r n the e ffe ct s o f its w a ste p r o d u cts , u n d er n o r m a l m e t e o r o lo gica l co n d itio n s, q u ite a p a r t 'fr o m th ose that h a v e g iv e n r is e to s m o g s . It ca n d o t h is o n ly by a n e x p e r im e n t a l s t u d y o f the p o te n tia l h a r m fu ln e s s o f it s p r o d u cts upon a n im a ls , ju s t a s of r e ce n t year 's ce r t a in gr ou p s in th e ch e m ica l in d u str y h a ve been doin g p r io r to the in tr od u ction of new ch e m ica ls w h ich m a y a ffe ct the h e a lth o f it s w o r k e r s , o r a s w a s d o n e p r io r to.-and: s in c e t h e in t r o d u ct io n o f t e tr a e th yl le a d in to ga s o lin e . Be fo r e d e s cr ib in g the s o r t o f p r o gr a m th at is e n visio n e d , it m a y b e s a id th at th e a tte m p ts w h ich h a ve been m ad e to e xp la in th e va r io u s fa ct o r s w h ich m a y h ave con tr ib u ted to th e m o r b id ity o r m o r t a lit y a s s o c ia t e d w ith e xp o s u r e fo r b r ie f p e r io d s o f a fe w d a ys t o s m o g s ,a s a t Do n o xa , Lo n d o n , o r Lo s An g e le s .h a ve s e r v e d o n ly t o co n fu s e t h e is s u e o f the r e sp o n sib ility o f the au tom otive in d u str y. Th ey h ave a ll been co m p lica te d by oth e r fa ct o r s , su ch a s th e p r e se n ce o f oth er in d u str ial p ollu tan ts o r o f the p r od u cts o f com b u stion o f o th e r fu e ls u sed fo r 6 7 6 9 .0 1 Kg' .0 0 0 3 9 2 2 h e atin g. They h a ve , h ow ever , ser ved to d em on str ate the p r esen ce of ce r t a in fa ct o r s w h ich m u s t be taken in to a cco u n t in a n y stu d y d esign e d to a s s a y th e con tr ib u tion o f the a u to m o tive in d u s t r y. Th e s e in clu d e (a) th e fa ct th at th e'-exp osu r e h a s been m o r e o r le e s con tin u ou s thr oughout the d u r ation o f th e ep isod e, so th at va lu e s fo r th r e sh o ld co n ce n tr a tio n s prop osed by. in d u str ia l h ygien ists on the b a sis o f the exp osu r e of n or m al a n im a ls fo r ? h ou r s p e r d a y, on 5 d ays p e r w eek, m a y n ot be ap p lica b le ; (b) the hum an m o r b id ity an d m o r t a lit y h ave o ccu r r e d ch ie fly am on g the a g e d a n d a m o n g t h o s e a ffe c t e d b y c a r d ia c o r r e s p ir a t o r y d is e a s e s ; {c) t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f s y n e r g is t ic a ctio n betw een th e va r io u s p ollu tan ts ap p ea r s t o h a ve been r e n d e r e d lik e ly ; (d) ce r t a in p h o to ch e m ica l r e a ctio n s , at le a s t in th e hrds An g e le s a r e a ,a r e b e lie ve d to h a ve give n r is e to th e p r e s e n ce of a ld e h yd e , p e r o xid e , and p e r h ap s o th er in ter m ed iate com p ou n d s, w h o s e t r a n s it o r y e x is t e n c e m a y co n t r ib u t e t o t o x ic it y ; {e) t h e p r e s e n c e o i liq u id or s o lid p a r ticu la te m a tte r m a y h a ve a ffe cte d , the' r e s u lt s . In b e gin n in g t h e p r o g r a m , a n im a ls s h o u ld .be e xp o s e d co n t in u o u s ly to the e xh a u st ga s e s s u it a b ly d ilu te d w ith a ir fr o m s o m e s e le ct e d fu e l. The typ e o f a u to m o tive eq u ip m en t s e le ct e d sh ou ld be op er a te d in the la b o r a t o r y, an d both it an d th e typ e o f fu e l sh ou ld h e v a r ie d fr or n t im e to t im e a s t h e r e s u lt s d ic t a t e . Th e fi r s t e a t p e r im e n t e 3h o u id b e p e r fo r m e d a t a s g r e a t .a co n ce n t r a t io n a s s e e m s p o s s ib le in v ie w o f t h e d e t e r m in e d CO co n ce n t r a t io n . In su b se q u e n t e xp e r im e n t s th e co n ce n t r a t io n s sh ou ld b e r e d u ce d s t e p w is e u n t il a s a fe co n ce n t r a t io n h a s b e e n fo u n d . Th e e xp o s u r e m ig h t w e ll b e co n t in u o u s fo r a b o u t 20 h o u r s p e r d a y , a n d t h e fo o d and d r in k p r ovid ed m igh t w ell be a llo w e d to b e co m e con tam in ated to 3 e lim in a te the o b je ctio n s to fa ct o r (a) in th e p r e ce d in g p a r a gr a p h . The m o t o r m igh t bo o p e r a te d in a r o o m s e p a r a t e d an d aou tid -p r oo fe d to p r e v e n t in t e r fe r e n c e w it h t h e s le e p in g h a b it s o f t h e a n im a ls . It e m {.1} m igh t be co ve r e d in som e e xp e r im e n ts by in se r tin g, an u lt r a vio le t so u r ce in t h e d u ct fo r in co m in g a i r . In c e r t a in e x p e r im e n t s , it m ig h t foe n e c e s s a r y t o -.r e m o ve CO c a t a ly t ic a lly , in o r d e r to foe a b le to study t h e e ffe c t s o f le s s t o x ic -com p on en ts o f th e e xh a u s t g a s e s th an w ou ld o t h e r w is e foe n o a s ib l e . . Eith e r the' r e s e a r ch la b o r a t o r ie s of th e au tom otive in d u str y cr Th e Ke tte r in g La b o r a t o r y m igh t u n d er take a r e a so n a b ly com p lete stud y o f,t h e c h e m ic a l n a t u r e o i.t h e :'<Kxhsust g a s e s , -fr a ct io n a t in g-t h e m ,' ir i c ia s s e c o f u a b u m e d h yd r o ca .r fo o n o , a n d , in t h e c a s e o f t h e co m b u s t io n p r o d u ct s , .in t o w ater *sa lu b ie p r o d u ct s - a c i d ic , b a s ic , a ld e h y d ic o r k e t o n ic in n a tu r e - a s w ell us the cla s s o f p yr o lys is p r od u cts solu b le in o r ga n ic s o lv e n t s . Th e t o x ic it y c i e a ch e t h e s e c la s s q s - co u ld foe s t u d ie d try s o m e a p p r o p r ia t e m e t h o d o f a d m it iie t r a t ie n .i n 'o r d a r t o g e t a ii a p p r o xim a t icr , o f the exten t to w h ich e a ch m a y con tr ib u te to the p r o b le m . ; som e tim e a d e cis io n cou ld be m ad e a s to the e xte n t o f the fu r t h e r w or k th at m a y foe a d v is a b le . It m ig h t foe p r o fit a b le t o s t u d y c e r t a in in d ivid u e d m e m b e r s o f on e o r o th e r o f the va r io u s cla s s e s lis t e d a b o ve , both se p a r a te ly an d in co n ju n ct io n w ith o t h e r m e m b e r s o r th e s a m e o f a n o t h e r c la s s . In p a r t ic u la r , th e in flu e n ce o f p a r t icu la t e m a t t e r on th e t o xicit y o f s p e cific a s s o cia te d m a t e r ia ls m igh t be m e a su r e d to fo r m a s e stim a te of the im p o r t a n c e o f fa c t o r s {c} a n d (). Th e m eth od s b e in g d eve lop e d b y o u r e p id e m io lo gic state' fo r th e s tu d y o f th e in flu e n ce o f a ir p o llu t io n up on th e h e a lt h o f p e r s o n s w ith c a r d ia c o r r e s p ir a t o r y d is e a s e in a n in d u s t r ia l .co m m u n it y m ig h t b e a d a p t e d t o the. s t u d y o f t h e co n t r ib u t io n m a d e b y t h e p r o d u ct s o f t h e a u to m o tive in d u s t r y, if a s u it a b le n o n -in d u s t r ia l a r e a w ith s u fficie n t t r a ffic flow co u ld b e -lo ca t e d . 2 . P R O P O SE D T O XICO JLO GIC IN VE ST IGAT IO N O F . THE EF F LUE N T ^ FROM MOTOR VEH ICLES ': ; ' . : ' j , f . t . ' Sin ce th e e ffe ct s o f a cu te e p iso d e s o f e xp o su r e to en gin e exh au st g a s e s ( I) u p on th e yo u n g, th e a ge d a n d th e c h r o n ic a lly i l l , a n d (2} u p on . the w ell b e in g an d the life sp an o f h u m an b e in gs , h ave n ot been in v e s - t ig a t e d ,it is d e s ir a b le to e s t a b lis h le v e ls o f t o le r a n ce to t h e s e co n ta m in a n ts . On e p h a se o f t h e s e in ve s tiga t io n s sh ou ld in clu d e the e xte n sio n o f't o xico lo gic in fo r m a tio n co n ce r n in g the e xh au st ga s e s fr o m both r e cip r o ca tin g and d ie se l en gin es. .- Sin c e e xp o s u r e -to t h is g r o u p o f g e n e r a l a t m o s p h e r ic .p o llu t a n t s ' m a y co n t in u e fo r t o 24 h o u r s p e r d a y a s co n t r a s t e d w it h ? o r 8 .'h ou r s u n d e r con d ition s o f in d u str ia l a ir p o llu tio n . it is w ise to co n sid e r the r e la tio n - .h ip .o f t o le r a n c e o f a n im a ls a n d m e n in ..t e r m s o f in t e r m it t e n t a n d con tin u ou s e xp o su r e to low co n ce n tr a tio n s o f th e se e xh a u st fu m e s , in e xp e r im e n t w h ich clin ica l an d fu n ctio n a l t e s t s m a y be a p p lie d . Be fo r e p r o lo n ge d e xp o s u r e -is in ve s t iga t e d , ce r t a in sh o r t t e r m ! e xp e r im e n t s w ith a n im a ls co u ld be con d u cted to a s ce r t a in unknow n b a s ic fa ct s in r e la t io n to the com bin ed e ffe ct s of m u ltip le p ollu tan ts a t h igh e r le v e ls . Th is m igh t s e r v e a s a p r a ct ica l gu id e in an attem p t to e lim in a te (by ca t a lyt ic oxid a tion o r ab sor p tion ) fr o m the exh au st th o se su b sta n ces w hich a r e m o s t p oten t p h y s io lo gica lly . A sta n d a r d u n ifo r m ga s o lin e sh ou ld be em p loyed in th e e n gin e in b r ie f and p r olon ged e xp e r im e n ts . Se le cte d satu r ated a lip h a tic h yd r ocar b on s sh ou ld b e stu d ied s e p a r a t e ly an d in com b in a tion to a s ce r t a in w h eth er the com b u stion p r od u cts of two m a te r ia ls o f th e sa m e typ e give a r e su lta n t 2 t o x ic it y t h a t la equal-',to.the* s u m . o f. t h e 'tv?a o r m o r e o r .' le t s than. {h ie v a lu e . .Tfei' m ig h t b e o o n s id e r e d from th : .s t a n d p o in t of. ( X) ..h y d r o ca r b o n s e a ch w it h 'a n e v e s n u m b e r o f ca r b o n a t o m s , (2) 2 m a t e r ia ls e a ch w ith an. od d n u m b e r , f c a r b o n a t o m s a n d (3) o n e h y d r o ca r b o n vritlt a a -e y e p {u m b e r o f Ct it b o n a t o m s a n d t h ? o t h e r co n t a in in g a n ..odd n u m b e r of'' ca r ,b o n a t o m s . T h e ' r e la t io n s h ip of. s t r a ig h t an d b r a n ch e d c h a in h y d r o ca r b o n s m ight: hu c o n s id e r e d - T h e ' t o x ic e ffe c t s c f u n s s t a r s te d a n d r in g h yd r o c a i'bc no co a id bo congxdcrod, ` .. . . Th e v a p o r s o f r .H c b v a o s , k e t o n e s an d . p e r o xid e s m igh t b e s t u d ie d in s. s im ila . <* m a n n e r b a t h a s in d iv id u a l co m p o u n d s e .&c co m b in a t io n s . o f . ir -n t e r ia ls >v;th th e s a m e fu n ct io n a l g r o u p . . . : Th e*.-com bin ed e ffe c is c f t h e v a p o r o f 2. ju a t e r ia ls w it h ' iffe r e a t - fu n ction ?! p r e u n s ' sh o u ld hr. co n s id e r e d . Tt s h o u ld b e d e t e r m in e d -w h e t h e r -.the t o x ic it y o f th e va p r .r c? on e o r m o r e o f d ie s .c cor r .p ou n d s irr e n h a n cs d o r d e c r e a s e -3, in th e p r e s e n c e -cf fin e ly d ivid e d p a r t ic u la t e m a t t e r (fu m es . m iu t u , om tt kcn ). A s im ila r p a tte r n m igh t be fo llo w e d in the ca s e o f d ie s e l fu e l. Tine s e le c t io n c i s p e c ific co m p ou n d 3 fo r m v e o t ig a fic r w ou ld hi: d e p e n d e n t u p on t h e co m p o s it io n cf the a c t u a l e xh a u s t g a a c s a a d e t e r m in ed by p r a ct ice and e xp e r im e n ta tio n , kv in ve stiga tin g the e ffe cts of in d ivid u a l o r co m b in e d m a t e r ia ls , th e coirspositiow c f ti e a ir to w h ich a m m a ls a r e e xp o s e d s h o u ld b e d e t e r m in e d b y a u a ly s i> 'e.T th e co n t e n t s uf- th e c h a m b e r , a n d s e le c t e d t is s u e s af.the a n im a ls .s h o u ld b e e xa m in e d . fo r p a th ological ch a n ge s. M o r t a lit y, gr ow th cu r v e s , tissu e w eigh ts, clin ica l an d fu n ctio n a l a b n o r m a lit ie s , a e w e ll a s th e m e t a b o lic fa t e o f the m a t e r ia ls 3. s h o u ld b e d e t e r m in e d so fa r a s t h e s e m a y s e e m to h e fr u it fu l c-f u s e fu l in fo r m a tio n . Su ch in v e s t iga t io n s le a d e ve n t u a lly to th e e s t a b lis h m e n t -!J-c r it e r ia s a fe t y o r d a n g e r in r e la t io n t o e xp o s u r e t o t h e s e ,,o liu t a n t s , u. ere by tend to d isp el the fe a r o f the unknown. OOC3 9 2 8 3 . A P P R OA CK E S T O T H E Q U E ST IO N O F T H E P OTENT XAJL IN D U CT IO N O F C!m ' p N lC;j3 2 SS&3 S B Y P .R.LCN GED IN H ALAT ION OF TH E P RODUCT S GF T H E COM BUSTION * C F KYDP .OCP .BON i: A, W. H P u b lic fe a r s s e e m to gu a r a n te e th e con tin ued e xis t e n ce o f th is q u estion u n til con vin cin g d ata a r e a s s e m b le d to p r ove that th e situ ation is in h an d . H e n ce , it s e e m s e vid e n t th at we sh ou ld ta k e an a ct iv e p a r t in in ve s tiga tin g ce r t a in a s p e ct s o f the p r o b le m w h ich we a r e e s p e cia lly e q u ip p e d to h a n d le . Th o s e p h a s e s o f t h e w o r k w h ich ca n be c a r r ie d our. b e t t e r in a n in d u s t r ia l la b o r a t o r y s h o u ld b e co o r d in a t e d w ith o u r own w ork by su itab le lia is o n and co n su lta tio n . The loca tio n and e p id e m io lo gica l study p i occu p ation al gr ou p s w hose w or kin g en vir on m en t p la ce s th em in the a b o v e -a v e r a ge -r is k ca t e g o r y sh o u ld b e on e o f o u r e s s e n t ia l e ffo r t s . P e r t in e n t gr o u p s w ould in clu d e n ot on ly th ose exp osed to the ga s o lin e o r d ie s e l e xh a u sts d ir e ct ly , but a ls o sp e cia l grou p s w hose exp osu r e to p a r ticu la r com ponents o f exh au st ga s e s is a b n o r m a lly h igh , e .g ., coke oven o p e r a to r s exp osed to p o lycyclic h yd r ocar b on s. Ou r ch e m ica l a t t a ck on the co m p o sit io n o f th e s e m a t e r ia ls sh ou ld b e clo s e ly co o r d in a te d w ith the e p id e m io lo gica l and t o xico lo gica l p r o gr a m s . Th e la t t e r sh o u ld d e a l p r im a r ily w ith th e m ixt u r e s p r o d u ce d b y b u r n in g fu e l m ixtu r e s o f known com p osition in a n en gin e u n d e? co n tr o lle d op er a tin g co n d itio n s. It w ill p r ob ab ly be d e s ir a b le , if fe a s ib le , to se p a r a te the car b o n m on oxid e and ste a m fr o m th e le s s v o la t ile com ponents an d e xp o s e a n im a ls to t h e la t t e r o n ly . Ha vin g fou n d p r o p e r co n d itio n s fo r p r od u cin g p e r tin en t to xic e ffe cts in a r e p r od u cib le m an n er fr o m su ch m ixtu r e s and h avin g p r od u ced a ch e m ica l p ictu r e o f th e ir com p osition , t h e n m o d ific a t io n s *in o p e r a t in g co n d it io n s {e n gin e o r fu e l} s h o u ld b e in t r o d u ce d to a lt e r th e co m p o s it io n in a laiow n fa s h io n . Th e e ffe ct o f th e s e ch a n ge s on t o x ic it y w ou ld th en be d e t e r m in e d . By s u ch s t e p w is e p r o ce d u r e s an d r e la t e d te st in g o f p u r e co m p o u n d s, it sh ou ld be p o s s ib le to e s ta b lis h w h ich com p on en ts o f en gin e e xh a u sts a r e r e s p o n sib le fo r w h ich toxic e ffe c t s , a t th e s a m e tim e d eve lop in g s o m e in fo r m a tio n on d e s ir e d d ir e ct io n o f ch a n ge in e n gin e o p e r a t io n to. r e d u ce t h e 't o xicit y o f the p r o d u ct s o f- com b u stion . v - . The q u estion o f ca r cin o ge n ic e ffe cts on the hum an r e s p ir a t o r y t r a ct , h e m a to p o ie tic s y s t e m , and ce n t r a l n e r vicu s s ys te m w ill r e q u ir e both the a b o vom e n tion e d e p id e m io lo gica l stu d ie s an d the d eve lop m e n t o f s u it a b le e xp e r im e n t a l m e t h o d s . In it ia l e ffo r t s a r e b e in g ta ke n in a p r o g r a m to le a r n m o r e about the ap p ar en t r elatio n betw een ch r o n ic ir r it a t io n (e. g. , h e a vy sm okin g) and th e r is k o f h r o n ch io ge a ic ca r cin o m a . The q u estion h as been p o se d , an d is b ein g in ve s tiga te d , con cer n in g the p o s s ib le r o le of m e t a p la sia of b r o n ch ia l ep ith eliu m is in cr e a sin g th e s u s ce p t ib ilit y o f th is t is s u e to p o ly c y c lic a r o m a t ic h y d r o ca r b o n s {n o r m a lly p r e s e n t in s m o k in g exh au sts, p a r ticu la r ly o f d ie s e l e n gin es). If an adequ ate study of m a te r ia l fr o m n e cr o p sie s su gge sts o r d e m o n str a te s a d ir e ct r elatio n betw een the K (T 0003930 exten t of m e ta p la sia and su sce p tib ility to b r on ch iogen ic ca r cin o m a , then we s h a ll s e e k an e xp e r im e n ta l a n im a l w hose lu n g ca n be p r e p a r e d fo r su bseq u en t e xp osu r e to ca r cin o ge n by fir s t in d u cin g a ce r t a in am oun t o f '.'.-m e ta p la sia . . / , ` . ' - . The re latio n betw een be nze ne and le u k e m ia sho uld p ro ve to be an im p or ta n t to e h o ld , Ge r a r d o 's s h o r t -t e r m stu d ie s o f d ie t o xic e ffe cts of b e n ze n e on the b lo o d -fo r m in g t is s u e s c f r a t s sh o u ld be fo llo w e d u p b y m o r e p or lon ged e xp e r im e n ts in vo lvin g la r g e r gr ou p s o f a n im a ls . Ca t a ly t ic r e fo r m in g is b e co m in g so im p o r ta n t a s u p p lie r o f a r o m a t ics fo r b len d in g h igh o cta n e ga s o lin e s to ke e p u p w ith th e h o r s e p o w e r r a ce th a t we m a y w e ll fin d the o xid a tio n o f b e n zen e and it s h o m o logu es to be one o f o u r m a jo r s o u r c e s o f t o x ic in t e r m e d ia t e s in. e n gin e e x h a u s t s . H e n c e w e s h o u ld d e v e lo p . .. ' as ' an e xp e r im e n t a l m eth od fo r in d u cin g le u k e m ia w ith benzene/ one o f o u r im p or tan t step s in th is p r o je ct . '. , A n otation fr o m R . T . in ou r p e tr o le u m te ch n o lo gy la b o r a t o r y is attached hereto as a m atter of in te r e st. . K 0003931 3 (a). MOTE ON TH E COM P OSIT ION O F ORGANIC M AT ERIALS IN EOS AN GE LE S DUST R. T. ' . ' The ta r r y p or tion o f th r e e sa m p le s o f Eo s An ge le s d u st had been e x t r a c t e d b y b e n z e n e . We s u b je ct e d t h e e x t r a c t s t o fr a c t io n a t io n t o d eter m in e the r e la tive am oun ts o f ce r ta in cla s s e s o f o r ga n ic com p oun d s, a s in d ica te d in the a tta ch e d t a b le . Th e p r o ce d u r e s em p loyed in clu d ed e xt r a ct io n w ith aq u e ou s b a s e s an d a c id , an d ch r o m a to gr a p h y o f th e m a t e r ia ls r e m a in in g in th e o r ga n ic p h a s e . :: : A c c u r a c y - Th e a c c u m u la t e d e x p e r im e n t a l e r r o r s m a y h a ve totaled a s m u ch a s 2 m g . in th e ca s e o f ce r t a in o f the fa ct io n s . Fu r t h e r , som e over lap p in g of su b d ivisio n s was to be e xp e cte d . He n ce , none o f the ap p a r en t d iffe r e n ce s in co m p o sitio n betw een the th r ee s a m p le s is to b e r egar d e d as s ign ifica n t. Su m m a r y - The t a r r y m a t e r ia ls e xtr a cte d by ben aen e fr o m th r ee sa m p le s of Eos An ge le s d u st con tain a p p r o xim a te ly 50 p e r cen t of e s se n tia lly n eu tr al com poun ds, about 40 p er cen t o f o r ga n ic a cid s and r ela te d p o la r com p ou n d s, and a t r a ce o f o r ga n ic b a s e s . The n atu r e of the sa m p le s r e ce ive d fo r a n a lysis does not p e r m it an y estim a te of the q u a n titie s o f ga s o lin e h yd r o ca r b o n s o r t h e ir v o la t ile d e r iva tive s w hich m a y b e p r e se n t in Lo s An ge le s d u st. t fS 0003932 H g 0003933 N 6769.04 4 . SUGGEST ED P ROGRAM S FOR THE IN VESTIGATION OF AIR P O LLUT IO N W ITH SP E CIA L BUT NOT E XCLU SIVE R E F E R E N CE TO MOTOR VEH ICLE S ' ' . J. C. , : 1. The n atu r e of th e a ir p ollu tan ts n eed s to be d eter m in ed in a co m p r e h e n sive m a n n e r . An y p r o gr a m o f sa m p lin g w hich is u se d sh ou ld su p p ly in fo r m a tio n co n ce r n in g th e d iu r n a l va r ia tio n s a s w e ll a s . . ' .' the tiie aver age an d r a n ge s o f th e co n ce n tr a tio n o f a n u m b e r o f/ s p e cific p o llu ta n ts. 2 . Be ca u s e o f the w ide p u b licit y give n th e a p p a r e n t ly u n iq u e fin d in g s o f the Lo s An g e le s b a s in , t h e p r o g r a m s h o u ld co m p a r e t h e fin d in gs in th a t a r e a w ith t h o s e w h ich ch a r a ct e r iz e ce r t a in o t h e r h e a v ily in d u str ia lise d cit ie s . * 3 . In e a ch c it y to h e in v e s t ig a t e d , s e v e r a l s a m p lin g s it e s sh o u ld be ch ose n ; one o f t h e s e , a t le a s t , should be s itu a te d in a h e a vily in d u s t r ia lize d a r e a , w h ile o th e r s sh ou ld b e r e la t e d to h e a vy m o to r t r a ffic and to situ ation s fr e e of both in d u str y and m o to r t r a ffic. 4 . Sa m p lin g p r o gr a m s should be op er a te d on a y e a r r ou n d , con tin u ou s b a s is , an d tie d in w ith m e t e o r o lo gica l o b s e r va tio n s su ch a s t e m p e r a t u r e , r a in fa ll, wind d ir e ct io n a n d v e lo c it y , h e igh t o f in v e r s io n la y e r , and th e am ount o f su n sh in e, e tc. 5* W h en e ve r p o s s ib le , con tin u ou s r e co r d e r s sh ou ld b e em p loyed fo r the d e te r m in a tio n o f co n ta m in a n ts. Eq u ip m en t is a va ila b le fo r th e co n t in u o u s r e c o r d in g o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t io n s o f O3, SO*, CO a n d h a z e . 6. So m e o f th e p o llu ta n ts w ill n eed to b ^ p oilected b y in te r m itt e n t sa m p lin g te ch n iq u e s fo r m o r e s p e cific id e n t ifica tio n an d m e a s u r e m e n t . 2. 7 . The load in g of the a tm o sp h e r e by p a r ticu la te m a t te r and the n a r u r e o f t h e la t t e r sh ou ld b e d e t e r m in e d f r o m m a t e r ia l c o lle c t e d a t e a ch s ta tio n by m e a n s o f a la r g e volu m e s a m p le r , o p er a te d fo r 24 h o u r s . An a ly s is o f tires s a m p le s sh ou ld in clu d e t h e d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e total vw eight o f p a r t icu la t e , m a t t e r , to ta l o r ga n ic o r b e n zo l e xt r a ct a b le , m a t e r ia l, a c id ic io n s ,' s u ch a s s u lfa t e , n it r a t e , c h lo r id e , flu o r id e a n d p h o s p h a t e , an d a s m an y m e t a llic con stitu en ts ib ie . The la t t e r sh ou ld in clu d e le a d , b e r y lliu m , a r s e n ic, ch r o m iu m , van ad iu m , and oth er p o te n tia lly io xic D iu r n a l v a r ia t io n ' in t h e -co n ce n t r a t io n o f b a s e a n d c e r t a in m e t a ls ca n bo d eter m in ed fr o m the a n a lys is o f m a t e r ia l co lle cte d on p a p er tap es in a u t o m a t ic d u s t s a m p le r s ,s u c h a s th e A .I .S .L s m o k e s a m p le r . 8 . Th e n a tu r e o f the o r ga n ic m a t t e r p r e se n t in the p a r t icu la t e m a t te r s h o u ld be d e t e r m in e d b y a p p r o p r ia t e m e t h o d s ./ o u ch in fo r m a t io n w ould be u s e fu l h- ce t o r r n in e t h e co n t r ib u t io n ox autor nobd, e xh a u s t s , to a ir p u liu iio n . T h is p a r t o f t h e p r o g r a m s h o u ld b e t ie d in w it h ..a; la b o r a t o r y iti tigiihion. o f t h e p r ^ u u ct ^ er &itced by Uio a u t o m o b ile . ^ {In co n n e ct io n w ith it e m s 7 a n d 8 , it is o f in t e r e s t to n o t e t lia t o u r in ve s t iga t io n o f the p a r t icu la t e m a t t e r in Dos An ge la s fr o m Au gu s t th r ou gh No ve m b e r o f 1934 sh ow s t h a t .it t im e s , d ie s u lfa t e , n it r a t e a n d o r ga n ics co n s t it u t e m o r e titan 5011- o f t h e t o t a l p a r t ic u la t e m a t t e r .) 9 . Th e typ e o f in ve s t iga t io n in d ica t e d in 7 an d 3 sh ou ld be tie d in w ith a p r o gr a m in w h ich ce r t a in ga s e o u s co n tam in a n ts a r e a ls o d e t e r m in e d . Th e state o f the s u lfa t e , n it r a t e , o r o r ga n ic m a t te r p r e se n t a s p a r ticu la te m a t te r m ay p r ove to be m o r e an n oyin g o r d am agin g than th e ga se o u s p r e c u r s o r s , s u ch a s S 0 * ,N 0 2, a n d g a s e o u s h y d r o ca r b o n s , an d th e r e la t io n s h ip s b etw een t h e s e m a t e r ia ls should b e e s t a b lis h e d . 10. Th e p r o gr a m fo r th e fir s t y e a r sh ou ld b e a s co m p r e h e n sive a s is p o s s ib le in o n ly tw o c it ie s , on e o f w h ich sh ou ld be Lo s An g e le s . s p e cia l e tew can be h ir e d to m an the station , o r sta tio n s, in L o b A n g e le s . KCe p t fo r t h e in fo r m a t io n s u p p lie d b y co n t in u o u s r e c o r d e r s , '' ' i.. V s t a ff u sin g ap p r oved stan d ard m eth od s. - i I . Sa m p lin g an d a n a ly t ica l m eth od s sh ou ld be r eview ed p e r io d i c a lly , and a r e s e a r ch p r o gr a m fo r d eve lop in g im p r ove d m eth od s fo r co lle ct in g an d a n a lyzin g p o llu te d a ir sh ou ld be, a p a r t o f a n y p r o gr a m w h ich is in stitu te d . ; . :. , 1 2 . Sit e s o t h e r t h a n Los An g e le s s h o u ld b e s e le c t e d a n d ch a n ge d if n e c e s s a r y fo llo w in g fr e q u e n t r e vie w o f th e d ata b e in g co lle ct e d , Su ch V V'4',.' . : , ' :' :' , '. V . " '. ' * '.. . .'.. ^ r e vie w s s h o u ld a ls o b e u s e d to d e cid e the co u r s e o f fu t u r e in v e s t iga t io n s . ` '' ' .. . :f . " ' ' .:v .. f- - - i -y . v . -:/r,rr : : . v,vVV.y/ , Vi\i. ' r 0003336 M EM OR AN DUM ON VARIOUS M E AN S O F AP P R O ACH TO THE IN VESTIGATION OF AT M OSP H ERIC P OLLUT ION AS I T .R E L A T E S T O T H E E XH AU ST S AN D OT H E R E F F L U E N T S FROM MOTOR VEH ICLES ' '' . '/ v , Th e p r e se n t Me m or an d u m is n ot in tended to give co m p le te o r . '" d e ta ile d co n sid e r a tio n to the p r o b le m s o f p u b lic h ealth th at a r is e cu t o f th is a sp e ct o f a tm o sp h e r ic p o llu tion . Ra th e r it Is p r e d icated on th e fa ct th at we in the Ke tte r in g La b o r a t o r y, am on g u s , have a co n sid e r a b le b a ckgr ou n d o f kn ow led ge an d e xp e r ie n ce w h ich we ca n tap w hen the tim e is r ip e , and th at th e gr ou p to w hich th is m e m o Is d ir e ct e d a ls o h a s m u ch in fo r m a tio n a t hand and a v e r y co n s id e r a b le a w a r e n e ss o f it s own p r o b le m s . Ou r p u r p ose is to in d ica te ce r t a in r a th e r br oad pathw ays fo r in vestigation and to s u gge s t w hich o f th e se m igh t fir s t be e n t e r e d , the m a in view p oin t b ein g th at th e ge n e r a l s e t o f p r o b le m s w ill b e w ith u s fo r so m e t im e and t h a t a lo n g -t e r m p r o g r a m o f in v e s t iga t io n w ould s e e m n ot o n ly to be ju s tifie d but n e ce s s a r y . : . .. ; Th er e a r e , we b e lie ve , ce r ta in b a sic a sp e cts o f the m a tte r o f a t m o s p h e r ic p ollu tion by m o to r v e h icle s , w h ich n eed to be looked a t ste p w is e an d s y s t e m a t ic a lly o v e r s o m e co n s id e r a b le p e r io d o f t im e . It w ould s e e m w ise to p lan a p r o gr a m o f w or k in su ch a w ay a s to a t t a ck th ese b r e a d p r o b le m s a s the p r im a r y body o f the in ve s tiga tive p r o gr a m , and to p r o vid e fo r s p e cia l e xp e r im e n ta l fo r a y s in to co lla t e r a l is s u e s fr o m tim e to tim e , a s cir cu m sta n ce s ap p ea r to ju s tify o r d em an d. The n um ber on e p r o b le m is to xico lo gic in ch a r a ct e r , u sin g th e te r m in it s b r oad s e n s e , a s th e m eth od ology w h er eb y m u ch ca n b e le a r n e d about th e in ju r io u s e ffe ct s o f a substance o r gr ou p o f su b sta n ce s u n d er h igh ly va r ie d co n -  '' ' " '2. ( lit t o n s . Wh a t a r e t h e e ffe c t s o f h u m a n e x p o s u r e to t h e in d iv id u a l an d co lle ct iv e com p on en ts c th e e xh a u st an d o t h e r e fflu e n ts a t va r io u s le v e ls o f co n ce n tr a tio n an d in v a r io u s co m b in a tio n s ? (Th e a t t a ck on th is p r ob le m in vo lve s a fa ir ly co m p r e h e n s ive kn ow led ge o f th e com p o n e n ts o f th e e fflu e n t s t r e a m s , t h e ir p h y s ica l a n d c h e m ic a l State a n d t h e ir , in t e r a c t io n s w ith e a ch o t h e r a n d with, o t h e r m a t e r ia ls in .t h e general"atm osphe re u n d e r t h e co n d i t io n 't h a t m a y e x is t w it h r e s p e c t t o t e m p e r a t u r e , h u m id it y , in t e n s it y .of s o la r ir r a d ia t io n ,- e t c . It ie a s s u m e d t h a t t h e s e m at te r w ou ld be in v e s t ig a t e d b y 'Others,'. &e fo r e x a m p le , b y the- t e ch n o lo g is t s , in in d u s t r ia l la b o r a t o r ie s . B u t'w h eth er an d by what m e a n s th is is fe a s ib le an d d esir ab le-" i s nc?- c le a r . Ce r t a in ly s o m e d e g r e e o f co o r d in a t io n o f e ffo r t w o u ld b e , 'd e s ir a b le :fo r both te ch n ica l an d e co n o m ica l r e a s o n s . ) :; Br ie f m em or an d a on w ork o f var iou s typ e s, p r ep ar ed by se ve r a l ae r o'aor o of the s ta ff o f the la b o r a t o r y a r e in s e r te d , e s s e n t ia lly un ch an ged , a t th is p oin t, m e r e ly as m a tte r s fo r co n sid e r a tio n . Oth e r ways ;.f ' in it ia t in g t h is w o r k co u ld e s u g ge s t e d .-' I t is o f t h e g r e a t e s t p r a c t ic a l im p o r t a n c e t h a t it >-*<3 r e c o g n iz e d t h a t lit t le o r a o .in fo r m a t io n is stow a v a ila b le a t o t h e co m b in e r ! e ffe c t s o f -s u b s t a n ce s w h ich in d iv id u a lly a r e b elow the t h r e s h o ld o f t o xic co n ce n t r a t io n . Th is is on e o f th e m o s t fu n d a m e n ta l d e fe ct s o f p r e s e n t t o xico lo g ic k n o w le d ge , an d it m u s t be m e: CO ' Vo03 ro "W ' : O :0"' Ui and d e a lt w ith in t h is ge n e r a l p r o b le m o f a ir p o llu tio n . \ , The m em or an d a r e fe r r e d to ab ove a r e attach ed h e r e to . Th ey can b e e n la r ge d up on an d a w e ll d e fin e d p r o g r a m o f in v e s t iga t io n ca n be d e scr ib e d , if and when it m ay seem to be ju s tifie d . Th e co s t asso cia te d w ith th e p r o s e cu t io n o f the p r o gr a m can a ls o h e e s t im a t e d w ith r e a so n a b le p r e cisio n on a tim e b a s e . Bop or to and p u b lication s o f p r e viou s r e leva n t it e m s o f w o r k ca n b e s u p p lie d , i t h e s e a r e r e q u ir e d o r i f t h e y w ill s e r v e a u s e fu l p u r p ose in illu s t r a t in g th e m ethod , scop e an d p r o ficie n cy o f the La b o r a tor y* Ap r il 6 , 1955 'Robe rt A , .Ke hoe , Ii. L t, ' Dir e cto r * Th e Ke tte r in g La b o r a to r y Co lle ge -o f Me d icin e , Un ive r s it y o f Cin cin n a ti '' .