Document 0n95eBez7mzg0bMe8vyR2M7V

FILE NAME: Owens Illinois Library (OWL) DATE: 1940 DOC#: OWL018 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Relevant Abstracts from The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology THE JOURNAL OF IN DUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY TT1MHWWW*Wl i H' Volum e 22 January to Decem ber 1940 i< // ) H -/ 200 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY PAGI Aluminum hydrate films of importance in silicosis prevention, identifica tion of (Germer, Storks)............... 61 powder, silica dust clouds, explosibility of (Mason, T aylor)............. 115 prophylactic, silicosis and ................. 101 studies on pneumoconiosis caused by (Goralewski)...................................... 101 Amberg, E. J., see Holmes, H. N. Ametropia, gas masks and correction of (Cot, et a l.).................................. 64 Ammonia and sulfur dioxide in air, automatic detection and estimation of (Zaitsev)........................................ 103 Amsler, M. : Hydrocyanic acid poison ing: acute segmental edema of the cornea, Kayser-Fleischer's ring and renal diabetes................... 33 Amsler, R., and Cady, J .: Silicosis in 'old miners of gold mines of Bel- 1re in Maine et Loire.................... 57 Andr, L., see H ederer, C. Andreesen, R .: Symptoms of fatigue (necrosis and pseudoarthrosis) of the scaphoid bone caused by re peated traum a (compressed air tools).................................................. 51 Anemia, lead, mechanism of develop ment (Kin)........................... ; .......... 98 severe, acute, and kidney disturb- f ances after absorption of metallic 1 tin and lead (Laporte, Meyer, Bouser).............................................. 9 Anesthesia for traum atic and industrial surgery (Sankey, Russell).............. 175 Anesthetics, combustible, explosion and fire hasards of (Jones)............. 94 Angus, T. C.: Ventilation of air raid shelters.............................................. 170 Aniline derm atitis................................... 63 tumors, pathogenesis of (Mller)__ 117 Ankeny, M. J., Gleim, E. J., McCall, M. C., and Owings, C. W.: Final report on a gas and dust explosion, January 10, 1940, in mine no. 1 of the Fond Creek Pocahontas Co., Bartley, McDowell County, West Virginia............................................. 159 Ankylostomiasis in St. Etienne coal basin, prophylaxis (Mathy)........... 51 hookworm m German mines, pre venting return of (Bussmann)....... 142 Anthracite and other dusts, augmenta tion of action of, by dead tubercle bacilli (Cummins)............................ 167 Anthraco-silicosis, giant bullae with (Wiese, Heiken, Charr).................... 17 heart in (Giering, C harr).................... 18 Anthracosis, see also Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis, etc. nature of foci (Savellini).................... 127 Anthrax and treatm ent with immune serum in Bulgaria (Batschwaroff). 31 bacilli, are there carriers of? (Schrader, Rfisgen)................ ; ........ 179 in Germany, 1937.................................. 31 primary, of pharynx (Vaccarezza). .. 119 FAGC Antimony in occupational pathology, inquiry in foundry (Feil)............... 55 Antonioll, E., and Pozzato, C.: Distribu tion of lead in different parts of the circulatory system in experimental lead poisoning.................................... 52 see Pozzato, C. Aqueduct, Delaware, safety on (Miller). 94 Arizona, earnings of migratory cotton pickers (Brown, Cassmore)........... 30 Armstrong, H. G.: Developments in aviation medicine............................ 157 Aromatics in air, detection of (Gilbert, Tannich)............ '............................ 190 Arsenic, absorption through skin......... 99 disease in vineyard workers similar to acrodermatitis chronic atrophicans (Breuckmann).................................... 99 in biologic substances, method for exact determination of very small amounts (Bodnar, Szep, Cielesky). 151 role of in central nervous system disturbances attributed to avi taminosis (Scott, Aegerter)........... 99 Arsine, method for detection of toxic gases in industry............................ 59 poisoning in dissolving zinc ash in H 1SO4 containing much arsenic (Humperdinck)................................ 50 Asbestos dust, sampling of, impinger and electrostatic precipitator meth ods (Fehnel)..................................... SC, industry, x-ray study of lungs of workers in (George, Leonard)....... Sli Asbestosls, clinical studies in (Stone) 57 fatal cases of (Vigliani)...................... 12 pulmonary, anatomy, pathology and pathogenesis of (Mottura, Fagiano)................................................ 1ST pulmonary, bronchial carcinoma and metaplasia (Lynch, Smith)............ 1>> pulmonary function in (Roemheld, " Kempf, Wedler)............................... M`. Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C Ash, S. H .: Safety factors in construc tion and ventilation, Wawona Ve hicular Tunnel, Yosemite National Park, California.............................. 1"' Aspergillosis, pulmonary (van Os- trand)............................................... IV' Asphyxiation in closed rooms, preven tion of by chemicals (Jorissen). .41. " AspUt, injury by (Schrader, Rosgcn).. Atmospheric pollution, reduction <>i' fly-ash emission from chimneys (Barkley)......................................... pressure, high, physiological effects, application to clinical medicine (Behnke).......................................... 17" Audoud, R., see Naville, F. Australia, plumbism and chronic ne phritis in young people in-tjucen-- land (Murray)............................ Aviation, biological effect of altitude (Stughold)..................................... ABSTRACT SI Aviation, effect of high centrifugal ft on organism (Ruff).................... effect of noise on auditory act (Dickson, Ewing, fattier)......... effect of sulfonamide derivatives aircraft pilots............................. importance of oxygen (Booth Lovelace, Carroll)......... ........... medicine, developments in (Ai strong)........................................ physical efficiency and flying (Roo Aviators, interpretation of examinat of labyrinth in (Salem)............ vasomotor instability in cadet plicants for flying (Leedham).. Avitaminosis, role of arsenic in cent nervous system disturbances tributed to (Scott, Aegerter)... Bacteria, aerial disinfection (Twort air-borne, and fungus spores, con of by aerosols (Pulvertaft, Walk air-borne, hazard of tubercle ba in environmental air (Sim, Flini air contamination and sterilizat (Robertson, et al.)................... apparatus for study of experimei air-borne disease (WellB)......... atmospheric and surface sterilizat by aerosols (Pulvertaft, Len Walker)..... ................................ control of air-borne bacteria operating rooms and wards (R ertson, Doyle)................. ....... effects of ultraviolet radia: (KoNer)...................................... irradiation of air. I. Physical f a r (Wells)........................................ oxidation of CO and H by (JoS c o tt) ........................................ role of in eliminating CO undergro (Jones, Scott)........................... role of ventilating systems in tr: mission of (DallaValle, 1 laender).............. .................. ultraviolet radiation in opera' rooms (Kraissl, Cimiotti, Melen- Baker, J. N.: A study of deaths ft farm accidents in Alabama....... Bakeries, union, wages, hours working conditions in................ Bakker, A.: Comparative investigati on the reaction of the lens : cornea to infra-red rays......... Ballard, J. W., Oshry, H. I., Schrenk, H. H .: Quantita analysis by x-ray diffraction. Determination of quartz......... Barkley, J. F.: Reduction of flyemission from chimneys.......... Barrett, H. M., Best, C. H., MacLt D. L., and Rideout, D. L.: effect of choline on the fatty 1 of carbon tetrachloride poisonii Barzin, J., and Charlier, R.: Comp, tive action of pure and of cryt lizable commercial benzene on heart volume of dogs.................. Sept., 940] ABSTRACTS 149 considerable time on the x-ray appearance of these conditions. Silicosis is considered as a progressive rather than a statio con-\ dition in which some cases develop rapidly, others very slowly. The complication of cardiac involvement and the relationship between silicosis and carcinoma of the lungs are discussed. Dr. Gardner is unable to settle the question of relationship between asbestosis and tuberculosis where the evi dence a t hand seems to be somewhat contra dictory. Some workers may disagree with Dr. Gardner in details but no one who has any contact with any of these diseases can afford to overlook his opinions.--Thomae L. Shipman. Ca su ist ic contribution to th e study op p n e u m o c o n io sis. A.Baeei. Gaz.Osped. e Clin., pp. 78-81 (940). The author describes pneumoconiosis, but unfortunately makes many mistakes such as th at the most important pneumo conioses are anthracosis, silicosis and siderosis; th at dust is collected in the apices of the lungs; that the first site of diminished resonance is above the apices; th at in every respect, pneumoconiosis shows the picture of chronic cirrhotic tuberculosis. Three cases are described a t length: a stonemason and a sandblaster who seem to have had silico-tuberculosis, and one sandblaster with a dense callosity over the left superior lobe but without signs of any dust effect.--If. Teleky. Investig atio ns on pulm onary functio n i n a s b e s t o s is . L. Roemheld, H. Kempf, and H. IT. Wedler, Dtach. Arch. f . klin. Med., voi. 86, pp. 68-70 (1940). By means of the larg Knipping spiro graph, the authors examined thoroughly 19 patients with asbestosis. Symptoms of cardiac decompensation were not encoun tered, but definite cyanosis of the lips, dyspnea and irritating cough were found even during rest. A tight thorax was the most constant symptom and 9 patients had a chest expansion of 2 cm. and less. The more serious the condition, the faster the respiratory rate, and the depth of respira tion is often very small. Vital capacity is always limited, often maximal a t 800 cc. The functional power is therefore limited as a consequence of the diminution of the respiratory reserve in accordance with the severity of the clinical picture. 7 -of the patients had a very considerable Ot deficit, even during rest, and in all a respiratory insufficiency could be demonstrated. The efficiency of these men is thus limited by diminution of the vital capacity, of the respiratory reserve and of the inability of the lungs to saturate the blood with Ot. Limitation of efficiency by defective cir culation could not be found in all the patients although asbestosis is a load charged to the right heart, which is as a rule found hypertrophied a t autopsy. Death from cardiac failure is not excluded, however.--L. Teleky. DUST, SMOKE, FUMES AND VAPORS: TH EIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION In d u s t r ia l a i b a n a l y s e s . S . Moekowitz, J . Siegel and IV. J . Burke. AT. Y. Slate Dept. Labor, Ind. Bulletin, vol. 19, pp. 88-84 (Feb. 1940). This article describes in detail the gas absorbing bottles used by the New York Division of Industrial Hygiene for in dustrial-air analysis. An all-glass sintered bubbler unit in two sizes a n d a n A lo x ite g a s distributor unit are described and their uses given. A method for the simultaneous estimation of H |S and CS in air, using the all-glass unit, is given. This u nit is also well adapted to collection of acid fumes and mists. The determination of formalde hyde in air using the Aloxite unit is given and the detection of methanol by the same unit is outlined briefly.--L. Silverman. T h e chem ical p r o pe r t ie s o r siliceo us in d u s t r ia l d u s t s . H. V. A. Briecoe. J . Roy. Soc. Arte, vol. 88, pp. 104-188 (Dee. 16, 1989). Dusts from a tin mine produced by wet- drilling and blasting in granito were found 18 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [vol. 2, no. / and the appearance of serial roentgeno As such, advanced asbestosis may give tiv grams are discussed. The antemortem to squamous-cell carcinoma. It sliouM diagnosis is made chiefly by x-ray, since the be remembered, however, th at hypcrplus: clinical symptoms are not characteristic. and metaplasia of epithelium is nov su;.\- The condition must be differentiated from cient evidence to incriminate asbestos as a cavity, cysts, and especially, spontaneous carcinogenic agent for similar epiUu-lia. pneumothorax. At autopsy, the diagnosis changes occur in other chronic influmun- of multiple giant bullae was corroborated; tions of the lung, notably tuberculosis the lungs were densely anthracosilicotic in Our observations show that the latter i. the gross, but no typical silicotic nodules not attended with an increased incidence of were seen microscopically; except for right primary carcinoma of the lung. In regard sided cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, to carcinoma in asbestotics it would ! there were no other significant findings.-- interesting to know their family history Lucy Schnvrer. with particular reference to the occurrence of pulmonary cancer in members never in PULMONART ASBESTOS. A REPORT OF contact with asbestos.--Arthur J. Vorwald. BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA AND EPITHELIAL / m e t a p l a s ia . K . M . Lynch and W. A . T h e h e a r t i n a n t h r a c o s il ic o s is . J. V. n Sm ith. Am . J . Cancer, vol. $6, pp. 667- Cfiering and R. Ckarr. J . A . M. A., ml. 676 (August 1969). 116, pp. 674-676 (Aug. IS, 1969). The authors report a second case of as- Twenty-five coal miners without evident bestosis with pulmonary cancer and cite 6 of cardiac decompensation were studied by others from the literature. This case a variety of methods to determine whether concerns a white man, age 50, employed as or not these individuals had evidences a weaver in an asbestos mill for 12 to 13 myocardial damage. Sixteen of years before death. A necropsy limited miners had advanced anthracosilicosis alone to th e chest revealed: carcinoma of the and 9 had anthracosilicosis and pulmonary lungs, pleura and mediastinum, mixed tuberculosis. The degree of pulmonary squamous-cell and glandular in form but involvement by the silicosis ranged from squamous in the main, judged to be of moderate to far advanced. Most of the bronchial origin; pulmonary asbestosis cases presented evidences of a mild poly with fibrosis, bronchiectasis, purulent bron cythemia. Vital capacity was reduced chitis and acute bronchopneumonia, and from 20 to 70%. Circulation time wa- dilatation of the right heart. A case of within normal limits. Roentgenologic ex squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithe amination of the chest revealed cartlia- lium in an asbestotic is also summarized. enlargement in 2 caseB. The pulmon-iry The authors point out that it is this type of conus was prominent in one instance. In change which may give rise to squamous all 25 cases there was evidence of from early cell carcinoma. In their series of 2308 to advanced arteriosclerosis. Right axis necropsies the incidence rate of primary deviation in the electrocardiogram occurred pulmonary carcinoma is 0.21%. Among in 3 instances, left axis deviation in i<> 35 cases of asbestosis the incidence is instances. The electrocardiograms of these approximately 6%. The significance of 25 cases all presented variation in voltage, this comparison, however, is questionable in slurring and notching of the various since the series of asbestosis cases is small complexes. Exercise tests showed abnor and the possible statistical error great. In mal acceleration of the pulse rate. Such the Saranac Laboratory we have observed tests resulted in dyspnea in most instances. considerable hyperplasia of epithelium, The authors conclude th a t the electro lining the larger air passages in our cases cardiograms are of value in demonstrating of asbestosis. It is possible that particles early cardiovascular damage, secondary tu of asbestos on inhalation have this specific anthracosilicosis when studied along with effect since they act as mechanical irritants. other data.--Norbert Enter. ,<01 ABS' DUST, SMOKE, FUMES, AND VAr `V ELIM SOD OF NEUTRALIZING THE CONDITION ftODOCINQ QUALITIES OF FINELY PUL MED SILICEOUS MATERIALS. J . J ny and IF. D. Robson. V . S. Paten ,166,676 (May t , 1969). authors claim th at silicosis can bi sated by introducing into quartz air, as in mines, finely powdere< aum dust. The aluminum can b- by mixing it into the blastin. s. Also, they suggest th at silicosi "neutralized" by allowing the ma >may have acquired it to breathe alumi . dust by means of some inhalator d< j,-rPhilip Drinker. ORT OF DUST STUDY CONDUCTED ] LORANITE MONUMENT CUTTING PLANTS 1 BOTH Ca r o l in a . R. M. Brown. Bull Bn, So. Carolina Stale Board of HeaU Ind. Byg. Div. (1969). W tA portion of the author's summary is follows: i ||^ "A dust study was conducted in 12 of t monument and tombstone cutting plat South Carolina. Of a total of 280 m employed, 125 were covered by the stut total of 121 dust determinations v* "Contrary to popular belief among \ granite cutting trade, high concentrate ^of dust were found in every stone eutt operation. In fact, the average cone ^ (ra tio n s for the majority of the individ plants and for the industry as a whole w 73*.dliamnigteorfou10slmy ialbioonvepathrteicmleasxpimerucmu.afllto. wofs tor granite dust." E*.-r- , The in c id e n c e o f q u a r t z a n d s e r ic PARTICLES IN 6IUCEOUS RESIDUES 5, silicotic l u n g s . J . Davson. J . H sot. 39, pp. 405-412 (July, 1939). The evidence for and against the seri [theory of silicosis is reviewed. Since ; question seemed still in doubt the au . made further petrological examinatio: -Sections from silicotic lungs. These 1-'eame from 31 cases of-unequivocal sill' comprising chiefly stone-masons and d fern, and machine tool-grinders. T was only one miner. 1 D TOXICOLOGY [rot. t t , no, 9 - DOCUMENTS OP THE MINISTRY OP REGARDING OCCUPATIONAL BEK- poisoxixo. Med. du Travail, vol. >. 8t ~9i (1340). is reprinted here the decree of - 16, 1939, on the prophylaxis of poisoning which prescribes medpervision of benzene workers (quite ient), and also other regulations ad to cover the adm inistration of ree.--L . Teleky. 6 MTELOBLASTIC REACTION OP THE % go AND BONE MARROW IN A CASE OP ' ZENE APLASTIC MYELOSIS. P . E . J t 1 and S . Perle*. Sang, rot. H , pp. * *8 (1940); Soe. /ra n ;, d'hematol., vol. | to. I t (19S9). aI disease of &man who worked with me for 12 years. T he disease became us after he had a boil on the neck. % lai puncture showed total aplastic ^ loeis with a strong blastic reaction of 'i -eticulo-endothelial system.--L. Teleky. ase op aplastic myelosis from ben- J IXE IN A WOMAN PLUME MAKER. P . E. -'l, S . Perlea and Sever. Sang, rot. * i, pp. 43-64 (1940); Soc.Jrang. d'hematol.,jt ol. 6, no. I t (1939). ' i case of chrome benzene poisoning 3: >wing a typical clinical and hematology J picture, in a woman plume maker. She1 is 55 yrs. old and had worked for 40 yis.^ yrs. in the same shop. Two additu sea from the same shop are added: one h? 135 did not show an entirely typical bl< icture; the other one, first published be authors in 1932, showed the picture^' { a chronic myelogenic leucemia. Non*.' 4 these cases were fatal.--L. Teleky. ^ 1 Didactics in t h e teaching o r modewQ toxicology. H . Zangger. Schweiz. m siM Wchnechr., vol. 70, pp. 003-006 (1940) .^ | The author learned by experience in hi*, institute (Institute of Legal Medicine' Z&rich) th a t 80-95% of all poisoning csss* are now caused by inhalation, compared '! only 5-io% in former times. Our know' , edge of chemistry, physiology and biology* hss changed completely and we have S**"' quired many new conceptions. Accoid* Nov. 1940] ABSTRACTS 187 ingly fundamental ideas have been altered and there is a corresponding change in thtrapy which has to be adapted to the various phases of poisoning.--L. Teleky. E xperim ental co ntr ibu tio n to th e path ology AND THERAPY o p SEQUELAE OF PULMONARY EDEMA CAUSED BY PHOSGENE. E. Rothlin. Schweiz, med. Wchnechr., vol. 70, pp. 041-047 (1940). The author experimented on rats and showed by physical, hematological and pathological examination th a t lung edema caused by inhalation of phosgene produced secondary local and general effects--com pensatory emphysema with the blood pic ture of chronic infection. Treatment with calcium will cure both the local lung changes and the general symptoms in a short time. The earlier this treatment is begun, the more effective it is. In animals not treated, and killed 24-31 days after poisoning, the lung volume was 130% higher than in those given calcium subcutaneously from the first day after poisoning.--L. Teleky. DUST HAZARDS AND TH EIR EFFECTS A natomy, pathology and path o g enesis o f p u l m o n a r y A8BESTOSIS. 0 . Mottura and E. Fagiano. Rate. med. indust., veil. 11, pp. tS S - m (1940). Case histories of 2 women, one of whom worked in an asbestos factory for 31 yrs.; the other worked 7 yrs. and died 30 yrs. later. There are given very careful and exact histopathological findings with 16 excellent illustrations. A discussion on asbestosis bodies concludes this interesting paper.--L. Teleky. Anim al t issu e reaction to particulate copper st e a r a t e . P. T. Kniee. J. Lab. & Clin. Med., vol. tS, pp. 710-784 (Apr. 1940). This article reports a case of suspected pneumoconiosis from copper stearate dust. Animal experiments conducted failed to show tissue response subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or by inhalation. The reac tion was acute and ultimate absorption and removal without residual or progressive changes resulted. Hence there was no experimental proof th at the pulmonary fibrosis noted was caused by copper stearate.--Leslie Silverman. Ac tio n o f t a l c d u s t o n t h e l u n g s . A . Policard. Arch, dee mal. prof., vol. i, pp. 630-639 (1939-40). The author reviews the literature and then reports on his own experiments. He caused white rats to inhale extremely high concentrations of talc dust (over 5 n) for 12 days, 3 brs. daily. Some animals died of congestion of the lungs. Pathological and histological findings of the animals dying or killed during the period of exposure or after 12 to 20 days are given. The dust, which reached the alveoli, is caught by alveolar monocytes. Lung irritation dis appeared 12 days after inhalation ceased and after 20 days there was no dust present in the lungs.--L. Teleky. R espiratory insufficiency in silico sis. C. Castrovilli and U. Iberti. Med. del Lavoro, vol. 30, pp. 367-t80, 389-306 (1939). After referring to the literature the au thors report on careful examinations of respiration in silicotics of different degrees. There is a diminution in vital capacity only in the more advanced stage (2nd stage). Indexes of Amar (vital capacity: weight), of Spehl (vital capacity x weight + height), of Lambolez (same but divided by square of height) show decrease in some 2nd stage cases and in all 3rd stage ones. In 2nd stage cases the index of Hirtz (dif ference between circumference of thorax in expiration and inspiration) is often dimin ished, and very markedly so in the 3rd stage. Oxygen content of arterial blood is lowered in the 3rd stage, especially in cases with emphysema. Venous pressure increases with advancing silicosis. Dysp nea is caused principally by fibrotic proc esses.--L. Teleky. C o n f e r e n c e o n h e a l t h a n d v e w a s a con d itio n s in the tri-state district, 128 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY M - , m. 6 E conom y o f h e a l t h . G. W. Cannon. Safety Engin., voi. 79, pp. 87-40 (Feb. 1940). The author, vice president of a foundry company, quotes from his records to show th a t well organised health and safety programs pay, whether one looks at the subject from the humanitarian viewpoint or from the standpoint of net savings in oper ating expense. A savings on liability insurance costs provided a sum large enough to pay for the entire health and safety program. Pre-employment and periodic physical examinations are given and by a system of classification, sub-stand ard groups can be given more medical supervision. Careful dust counts, control, correction and good housekeeping have resulted in better, healthier working con ditions and decreased occupational disease coverage cost.--F. S. Mallette. Two FATAL CASES OF PULMONARY ASBESTOsis. E. C. Vigilant. Rase. med. indust., vol. 11, pp. te-Bt (1940). Very detailed description of 2 casi-s o: asbestosis. The first concerned a woman who worked for 30 yrs. in a factory using asbestos in the manufacture of cord. Tinsecond case is remarkable: the woman worked from the ages of 14-21 in an asbestos factory and then left to be married. Her susceptibility to colds increased while she was working and she suffered her whole life from bronchitis and asthma. She died a t the age of 50, with symptoms of a lung disease, nearly 30 yrs. after having stopped work. The autopsy showed interstitial sclerosis of the lungs and asbestosis bodies. --L. Teleky. DUST, SMOKE, FUMES AND VAPORS: THEIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION D eterm ination o f cloth area for in d u s t r ia l a ir f il t e r s . C . E. Williams, T. Hatch and L. Greenburg. Heating, Piping and A ir Conditioning, vol. It, pp. 889-168 (Apr. 1940). Although cloth filters have been used for industrial dust collection lor several years, very little fundamental work on their per formance has been done. This preliminary paper covers the basic requirements of a good filter and describes the factors in volved in filtration and their application to the industrial dust problem. Experi mental data giving basic filter resistance coefficients for several kinds of dust of known particle size are included. The data suggest the following points as out lined by the authors: 1. The resistance coefficient increases many fold when the particle size varies from coarse to fine. 2. The resistance coefficient does not vary greatly among the several dusts studied when compared a t equivalent sizes. 3. These data explain why certain mate rials like lampblack are hard to filter: this difficulty is due only to fine size of the par ticles. Filtering velocity is shown to have little importance as a criterion of filter operation. The writers recommend in its place the use of a maximum allowable resistance of 3 in. water gage. This figure is a compromise between initial cost, maintenance and power costs. It will provide safe operation for all but the very fine particle size dusts such as lampblack. Although the data presented are based upon laboratory studies, they illustrate that the prime factor is particle size. This is a fundamental piece of work and more work along these lines will be of great value to dust control engineers who are interested in filter performance and power economy. --Leslie Silverman. V entilatio n a n d atm ospheric pollutio n. II. R epo rt of s u b -com m ittee o n chem i cal METHODS IN AIR ANALYSIS. SAM PLING AND SAMPLING DEVICES. F. H. Goldman, Chairman. Am. Pub. Health Assoc., Year Book, pp. 9t-97 (1989-1940). A very useful compilation in syllabus form. As each item is in itself a brief ab stract, it is difficult to reabstract the whole.--P. Drinker. ilar. 19401 ABSTRACTS 57 ND TOXICOLOGY [ro. t t , . DUST HAZARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ital examination revealed a gene _ 1 affecting principally the liver bu Silicosis in gold m in e r s o f gold m in e s emaciation and fatigue and by thoracic ecting the blood (anemia), th e ! OF BELLIRE IN MAINE-ET LOIRE. R. pains that are augmented by cough and lbuminuria), the pancreas (glyc Amsler and J. Cady. Rev. de tubero., vol. respiratory effort. The examination with the gastro-intestinal tract, and 1 5, pp. 580-591 (1939). the stethoscope is frequently negative or ir system. Liver examination Amsler and Cady studied the pulmonary reveals only signs of pulmonary emphysema ndings confirmed the diagnosis aspects of workers in different mines, and sclerosis. The disorder may remain in e yellow atrophy of the liver, because in their region not only slate is this phase for months and even for years mthor comments on the fact mined but also ferrous and auriferous ores. with occasional exacerbations in the func im distillates have usually been < Whereas the percentage of free silica in slate tional signs. If the patient stays away non-toxic when of low volatilitf iscomparatively low (from 6-7%), the com from the mine and rests for several months, rves th at the profession should I of the possibilities of these diet pact white quartz which constitutes the the development of the silicosis ceases; it is nriferous veins contains from 60-80% of arrested and then it regresses, but the spots a health hazard.--W. Irving ( silica and this explains the variety of forms in the lungs persist for a long time. In <>f silicosis that are encountered in the other miners, however, the symptomatology Y OP COMPARATIVE EXAMINATTOS workers who extract and crush or otherwise is constant and gradually dyspnea develops; IX EFFECTS OF BENZENE AMD' manipulate the ore. The authors observed the patient becomes emphysematous and UM X ON LEUCOCYTIC REACTION thesuccessive pathologic phases of silicosis. develops cardiac decompensation; he be llbach. Sang, vol. IS, pp. 719-7. Most of the workers who came under their comes constantly weaker and is hardly able observation on account of silicosis were of to walk, and the smallest effort is difficult ithor reports the results of 1 the a?e group between 25 and 40; generally and painful. The auscultation still reveals mts and experiments in vitro, they were robust and had always been in only emphysema and bronchitis, but roent n various ways. He concludes 1 excellent health. The family histories were genography reveals new nodules, retractile X is undoubtedly capable of ; usually free from tuberculosis. Some had sclerosis and irregular spots. Expectora 1 therapeutic leucopenia but s-orked in the mines for many years, others tion becomes more profuse and coughing is ogress to a complete agranuM only for about 5 yrs. Occasionally they persistent. This status represents the whereas the effect of benzene 1 :d.--L. Teleky. camefor examination because they had been pseudotumoral phase of silicosis. The aroused to the dangers of their occupation authors describe a case of this type and then by the rapid deaths of some of their co- discuss the terminal stage with its complica i 3 POISONING. F. D. Gindkari.^ Med., vol. 8, pp. 616-616 (l te poisoning may occur th r Forkers. A man aged 31 had worked in the t >ldmines for 5 yrs. and had no symptoms. The pulmonary auscultation and roentr-noscopy revealed nothing abnormal, but tions, such as spontaneous pneumothorax, and again relate typical case histories. In the last part of their report they take up the concurrence of silicosis and tuberculosis, >n through the skin, by inhalat roentgenography revealed considerable pointing out that in some miners they were c contact of nicotine to an changes. There was a dissemination of able to observe the evolution of tuberculosis The author instances a case of < mirronodular images in both lungs. The in silicotic lungs. The tuberculous lesions posure with subsequent poison bea the symptoms as severe { rolume of these nodules is slightly greater of gold, iron and slate miners present such than that of tuberculous granulations and characteristic modifications that it may be A-eakneas of the pulse, low and substernal pain. Collapsed 1 by paleness, nausea and their opacity is likewise greater. The gen eral aspects of these miliary images give the impression of a snowstorm. The possible to identify these miners on the basis of the roentgenographic aspect of their thorax.--J . A . M. A. -eturn of symptoms may patient had no spontaneous expectoration. nt smokes or chews tobacco. * is a distinct hazard of nicon ; for those who make inseetlc high percentage of nicotine, a___ lose whose occupation brings t M Q nt contact with such sut ardeners, florists and chen atment of nicotine poisoning1 e, using both caffeine and adre*2 severe collapse strychnine gr.l/lfi^ 1 repeated doses.--IF. I . ClarkSi Induced expectoration never disclosed tubercle bacilli. The phase of silicosis presented by this patient is the initial one, hirh may be designated as latent or preclinical. It is demonstrable only by roentfenography. From personal observations the authors conclude that this typical as>*t is observable a t the end of about 5 yrs. Liter the subject develops a dry cough or "athat is accompanied by mucous expecto ration. Sometimes this is associated by J C l in ic a l s t u d ie s i n a s b e s t o s iss. M. J . j Slone. Am. Rev. Tuberc., vol:. 41, pp. lt-S l (Jan. 1940). The report iBbased upon examination of 180 persons formerly employed in the open ing, carding, spinning and weaving depart ments of an asbestos brake lining plant. All were litigants claiming compensation and although able to pursue some gainful occupation, most were incapable of much physical exertion. Of the entire group 32 i> . i 68 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [roi. if. * , were diagnosed as having no asbestosis although they claimed disability; 148 were thought to have some degree of pulmonary involvement, grouped in 3 stages, on the following basis: Stage I, slightly increased lung markings with a chest expansion limited to less than 2 inches. State II, definite x-ray evidence of pulmonary fibro sis and definite symptoms. Stage III, marked pulmonary involvement by x-ray with well-marked symptoms. D etails regarding the relationship be tween duration of exposure and degree of roentgenographic change are given on 168 of these cases. The data were abstracted for presentation in the following table. lO O SD U rauob e X-RATXVIDBKCft OFA88S0F0BI8 0 Stage I Stage n StageHI Under 4 years 4- 9 yr. 10-15 " Over 15 " %% % 47 53.2 28.0 17.0 56 0 64.2 21.4 40 0 35.0 50.0 25 0 36.0 56.0 % 0 14.2 15.0 8.0 . Average Expos u r e ........... 8 yrs. 10 yrs. 11 yrs. Evidence of tuberculosis was found in 0 (5%) of the films of the total 180 cases; in only two of them was the infection active at the time of the initial examination. One case occurred in a stage II and the other in the stage I II asbestosis. Measurements of the heart shadows were made in 150 cases. After eliminating all with any evidence of organic heart disease it was concluded that asbestosis was particularly prone to produce secondary changes in the heart and peri cardium and th at " the dyspnea noted in this disease is of cardiac or cirrulv.*) rather than pulmonary origin." Thirteen of these patients were ret u a , ined 2 or 3 years later and it was the iini r-*. sion th at the changes in the advanced ( w had become more marked. There set iu w have been no progression in stage 1 urf stage II cases. Blood studies seemed t> rule out the possibility of associated in:, tion in the advanced lesions. Sinefirst examination 18 patients had died; d<d pulmonary tuberculosis, 5 of brunet,-. pneumonia, 2 of lobar pneumonia, 2 of h4rt disease and the rest of various cuu**. Seventeen were chronic invalids complan ing of cough and marked dyspnea.--L. C. Gardner. P neum oconiosis a n d pulm onary svrm u > 7. Racouchot and A . Lugand. Bull. .v-c rang, de Dermatol, et de Syphil., itk meeting, at Lyon, pp. 611-613 (1939). A man who was exposed to very huge amounts of vegetable dust (in an insect ine factory) and who always wore a respire-, r showed nothing in the first roentgenogr..' but an intensified shadow of the hilus m.: increased fibrosis in the inferior lobes. It was "naturally" thought to be early pm .mocomosis, but pulmonary syphilis u._later diagnosed.--L. Teleky. I n j u r i o u s e f f e c t o f in h a l e d a lu .m im d u st . 0. Ehrismann. Zlschr. f. I!,;, u. Infectionsk., vol. 12, pp. 166-170 ()>:. The author was not able to find injur .- i:. the upper or lower respiratory tract i:. animal experiments he made years ap-. L. Teleky. DUST, SMOKE, FUMES, AND VAPORS: TH EIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION M eth o ds fo r t h e detection o f toxic GASES IN INDUSTBT. LEAFLET NO. 8 . P h o s g e n e . Dept. Set. & Jnduelr. Res., H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1969. Atmospheres containing concentrations of phosgene only ju st detectable by smell or lachrymation may prove fatal. Exposure for only 2 mins, to a concentration of 1 part in 30,000 may cause serious lung injury, and for prolonged exposure the maximum per missible concentration is 1 p.p.m. . For the detection of phosgene in industry the standard method adopted consists ut drawing a known volume of the air under test through a fixed area of test paper by means of a standard hand-pump. The test paper, which contains diphenylamine and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, becomes stained yellow or orange and the concentra tion is determined by comparing the stains with the standard color chart supplied with the leaflet. By making not more than M I >TOXICOLOGY [voi Si, no. 4 and recommendations in the mercury.--F. S. Mollette. CAL CHRONIC CADMIUM POISON- H. Wilton and F. DeBdt. I . 90, p. m (Nov. H , 19S9). preliminary report of experik on cadmium poisoning, were fed varying amounts of loride and very striking toxie ^ observed. Bleaching of the . imilar to that produced by th e ij urrcd on all dosage levels but * ional to the dosage as was a nemia. Cardiac hypertrophy ident with the higher dosages ; .is was not limited to the left is believed th a t the anemia hypertension resulting from-" .ge was the causative factor.*-. VL DISEASES OF THE PHARMA- R. Hayhurst. Merck Rept., ') -fti* e of occupational disease is rare macists, only 31 out of 8,80S : reported for 6 years in Ohio.!; een were females, chiefly ea* la fountains. Of the 31 cases, were for dermatitis, cleaning rnnting for 9; various other r 9; two of impetigo and epi- is, probably from handling 4 from handling labels a n d . per and one due to irritations icd apron. 1 of constitutional poison - women from filling capsule >henol. Tenosynovitis of ' ccurred in a labeler and ih 1 1prepatellar bursitis in a i nming windows. Three < ow-grade CO poisoning ' y clerks checking stock In a drug store. Most of 1 this trade fall in the pa group.--F. S. Mallette. '"FECTS 40, pp. 94-60 (Aug. by L . O. Irvine and othtrt? -y interesting and well written Apr. 1940] abstr^ ts 83 review which depicts in a series of simple graphs the progress of accident prevention and of silicosis control. Much of this material has already been reported by Irvine (t h is J., 19, 275 (1937)), but it improves in re-telling. Of particular interest is the chart, showing th a t dust control brought dust concentrations from 3-7 mgs./cu.m. in 1915 to 0.5-1.0 mg. in 1925, with a gradual decrease thereafter. The effect of such dust control is given in another chart which shows th at the average case of silicosis in 1917 took about 9 yrs. of work in the mines to develop, whereas in 1937 it took about 18 yrs. The curve is steadily rising and rising fairly steeply. Obviously this is very significant and gives encouragement to those concerned par ticularly with prevention.--Philip Drinker. Graphite. Suppl. to Occupation and Health. 4 pp. I. L. 0 ., (Oct. 19S9). Graphite, the physical properties of which are given, is mined or quarried from natural deposits or is synthesised a t high temperaturc from coke and coal. Studies have been made of the health of workers in four industries involving graphite, namely: ex traction and preparation, manufacture of graphite crucibles, manufacture of lead pencils, and preparation and processing of artificial graphite. Slight modification of the lung picture was found in a few cases, with only minor damage having been done. Tuberculosis was not a complicating factor. Among older workers, bronchitis and emphysema were the outstanding complaints. While graphite itself is relatively harm less, its contamination by siliceous minerals and the production of CO during its manu facture must always be considered as con comitant hazards.--B. D. Tebbent. Geological c o n d it io n s a n d t h e in c id e n c e OF SILICOSIS IN SOUTH WALES. A . H. Cox. Suppl. to Colliery Guardian, pp. 5-8 <Xov. 11,1938). The author is of opinion th at dusts other than those from pure silica rocks must be to blame for the silicosis which occurs amongst South Wales anthracite miners, and his experience leads him to the con..... elusion that silicosis cases are prevalent where considerable amounts of shale overlying the coal are ripped to make height in the working places. He considers th at the cause is the presence of free silica in the shales th at accompany the coals, and in particular an increased content of secondary silica in the shales of those areas th at have been subjected to the greatest geological compression.--T. Bedford. A rr e st o f th e toxic action o f silica d u st ON THE CONJUNCTIVE TISSUE BY ALUMI NUM. A . Policard and J . Rollet. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. ISt, pp. 190-198 (1939). The authors studied the effect on the cornea of quartz dust alone and of quartz with aluminum. The quartz alone pro duces a serious reaction, with edema, cellular infiltration for some weeks and healing with opacities. The reaction of quartz plus aluminum is very slight.-- L. Teleky. BlOMICROSCOPIC 8TUDIE8 OF THE EFFECT OF COBALT DUSTS (SMALTITE AND COBALTITE) o n t h e c o r n e a . A . Policard and J . Rollet. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 138, pp. 198-193 (1939). Smaltite, CoAst, creates serious reactions but slowly and considerable time after exposure. Sulfarsenide of cobalt (cobaltite) causes only a slight reaction.-- L. Teleky. / A n x - b a y s t u d y o f t h e l u n g s o f w o r k m e n IN THE ASBESTOS INDUSTRY, COVERING a p e r io d o f t e n y e a r s . A . W. George and R. D. Leonard. Radiol., vol. 33, pp. 196-808 (1939). In the past 10 yrs. the authors have studied the chests of more than 3000 work men exposed to various organic and inor ganic dusts. In the present paper they discuss exposure to asbestos in the manu facture of brake linings. In 1928 and 1929 12 workers with symptoms of asbestosis were retired on compensation and were followed for 7 yrs. In 1933, 800 employes from the same plant were x-rayed and 3 of them found to have advanced asbestosis. When the plant closed, 90 men sued for compensation and a discussion of the trial 84 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY {vol. " , , of 30 cases follows. At the trial, the 12 men retired 8 or 9 yrs. earlier were pro duced. All but the women were performing laborious work, and no progress of the lung condition was apparent. X-ray appearance of asbestosis and the action of the dust on the lung is described. The authors consider that " the fiber is innocent of producing any pathologic dis turbance except an impedance to the it this region of the lung." Pleuritic vhuim- . are also seen--adhesions and obliu-r:,a.,;. of the costophrenic angles. Kmphy. u. and changes in the heart contour arc on.. signs. No cases complicated by tu<- . culosis were encountered. X-ray will sic. asbestos in the lungs when there is eimue:. to cause symptoms.--Helen Lawson. DUST, SMOKE, FUMES, AND VAPORS: TH EIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATIONS A ppa r a t u s and methods for testing the t o x ic it y ok v a p o r s . D. D. Irish and E. M . Adams. Indust. Hyg. Sect., vol. I, pp. I S , in Indust. Med., vol. 9 {Jan. 1940). The authors describe their apparatus for maintaining a controlled concentration of vapor in air for the purpose of testing the toxicity of that vapor. It consists of a gas pump, the gas chamber and a metering and sampling device. The design of the pump is such th at very low concentrations can be generated. A loose plunger is lowered into a liquid reservoir by a constant speed motor. The liquid is displaced flowing into a side tube and thence to the base of a gas reservoir. The liquid displaces the gas which escapes through a low pressure mercury trap into the air which is being blown into the chamber. The chambers used are of two types: a small box with glass walls set into a monel frame, and a larger chamber which is a wooden box lined with a thin sheet of corrosion-resistant metal. Measuring and sampling of the air are done by the standard methods. The apparatus is shown in photographs and sketches.--<7. i f . Reece. S o m e a p p l ic a t io n s o p t h e Ra y l e ig h in t e r f e r o m e t e r . E. C. Craven. Indust. Chemist, vol. IS, pp. 364-3S7 (1939). T his article describes some applications of th e Rayleigh interferometer in industrial use. The applications described are de termining CO, consumed Ot, explosive gas concentrations, determination of hydro carbons in crude hydrogen, and the use of the liquid cell for the strength of acetia anhydride. The instrument used was a home-made 50 cm. type which the autl.- r describes briefly. Instead of using a cim,. pensating optical method for aligning tinbands, pressure is applied and the amount required read from a manometer. Tin manometer reading is then proportional ( the gas concentration. This is the satin method Rayleigh used in his original mud.-:. --Leslie Silverman. Is g a s PRESENT. E. G. Meiter. Nationo. Safely News, vol. 41, p. H (Jan. An able review of modern methods f. r the control of industrial gas hazards. Ti.writer discusses the flame safety lamp: Hoolamite and ampoule-type carb..: monoxide detectors, the carbon mono.xu! indicator, alarm, and recorder; the hyur..gen sulfide and hydrocyanic gas detectors; th e portable gas interferometer; the halid. refrigerant gas leak detector;and the vai-inodevices for the detection oi combust Mr gases.--F. S. Mallette. R o l e o p t h e e n g in e e r in a ir sanitation. T y p ic a l p r o b l e m i n in d u s t r ia l saxi i a- t io n . J . J . Bloomfield. Proc. Am. Civil Eng., vol. 65, p. 1434 (Nov. 193;. A discussion of the role of the engim -r in industrial sanitation studies, indicating the trends in this field of public health. After the physician has recognized (laexistence of diseases associated with tinworking environment, it is the engineer's function to study the conditions that may be detrimental to health, and by precise quantitative measurements, to determine the extent of the hazard. Once the nature and degree of the hazard have been demon strated, it is also an engineering problem to devise methods for minimizing or con- I 86 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY M . i>:>, { illuminating gas were determined satisfac torily by this method.--Chem. Abtl. Air 8AMPLIKG OF ASBESTOS DOST. COM PARISON OF IMPINGER AND ELECTROSTATIC . p r e c ip it a t o r m e t b o d s . J . 1V. Fehnel. Indust. Hyg. Section, vol. 1, pp. 6-7, in Induct. Med., vol. 9 (Jan. 1940). T his is a study of comparative methods of sampling asbestos dust. While the impinger and electrostatic methods of sam pling agree in the determination of total dust concentration, the precipitator appears to trap more fibers. I t was found th a t 50% of the dust was less than 2.5 it, while 97% was less than 10 p.--G. M. Reece. " Htrwoon" d o s t c o l l e c t o r . Colliery Guardian, vol. 169, p. 647 (Oct. 19S9). A description of a device which acts in a manner similar to a vacuum cleaner. From a special collar on the drill steel, a rubber hose leads to a cylindrical tank which is filled with a bag-like filter cloth. An in jector worked by compressed air is provided and the tank cover is fitted with a system of baffle plates through which the injected air escapes.--F. S. Mallelic. D o st prodoced b t drilling w h en w ater is spr a y ed o n th e o o tsid e o f th e drill s t e e l . J . A . Johnson and W . G. Agnew. U. S. Bur. Mines R. I. no. 8478 (1989). These are the results of tests made of the effectiveness of spraying water along the outside of drill steel as compared with standard wet-drilling practice. The equip ment used in the tests was designed pri marily for the control, in quarries, of dust from dry drilling w'ith solid type drill steel. The results show conclusively th at this method should not take the place of regular wet drilling underground. Even if a method is devised whereby it may be used on holes at an inclination above the hori zontal, far too much dust is disseminated even to consider its use instead of wet drilling. However, if a method is de veloped by which the device may be used on holes of any inclination, i t might prove to be a valuable accessory to regular wet drilling in collaring and drilling the first 2 feet of a hole, as tests have shown that the \ greatest am ount of dust is thrown into tl,, air a t th a t depth. The tests show thv when the spray was used with a slow cut |. r machine, such as the quarry plug drill. -: , device kept the dust w ithin limits that considered good underground practice F. S. Malletle. T h e chem ical p r o pe r t ie s of s iu c u m . INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. H. F. A. Brito; J . Roy. Soc. Arts, vol. 88, pp. 10.', j*; (Dec. 16, 1989). In the au th o r's opinion, there has Inc. no clear proof th a t thp causative agent silicosis is silica. Since substances otlur than free silica, such as asbestos, or the silicates present in anthracite coal dust, can also produce disabling changes in the lung similar, according to the author, to those produced by free silica dust, he feels th a t both " free silica'' and these silicate have some constituent in common which i* the real cause of damage. As evidence that soluble silica is not to blame, the antler quotes the examples of exposure to cement dust or coal d u st containing siliceous a!, which produce no lung disease. In ie opinion, the accepted methods of dust lection such as wetting, produce changes c. the samples which lead to erroneous con clusions as to their chemical reactivity. His dissatisfaction led him to devise m u methods of collection which he divides im-. three classes: (a) volatile crystal filter: (b) soluble crystal filters; and (r-> i " labyrinth." Using dust collected by thla tte r means, i t was found th a t dust o! ti.. magnitude of less than 1 micron was tlun: times as soluble as dust of 2-3 microns. I: is believed th a t there may be a solve liw solubility effect on the various miner.;! dusts so th a t methods of collection using water as a medium do n o t give a true pi. ture of the d u st as it is breathed. Litsl, value, according to the author, can inplaced on findings obtained by examining minerals in the Jung a t autopsy; these in.-uhave been considerably changed. He fo>! th a t further experiments need to be under taken w ith artificially prepared dust using careful control of its characteristics so tlmt any resulting effects could be absolute!;.attributed to it.--F. S. Mallettc. yipr. 1940] OCCUPATIONAL D1 [fjKIN DISEASES OF LAUNDRESCHROMIUM a n d CHLORINF. ; H. Rabeneau and Ukraint derm, et syphil,, vol. 7, pp. A case with outstanding the authors to test Severn ipomen, in most of whom ersensitiveness to eau < tilling potassium hypochlor lium hypochlorite) and t he manufacturer of eau dc i questioning th a t the pr< fvery small amount of po a te (0.007%). Ordinarily ithout' chromate seems t sea much more rarely opiously. Although the teas to the chromate sec- hold to the chlorites, nder it a " group" sensi lelism seems to exist in ms [this hypersensitivity and [The use of eau de Jav el "different countries in s -widespread in France an. duced by it is found in 1: Lwives, hotel employes, suggest th a t adding chi . Javel be forbidden. Tb interesting paper with d< -lures of different kinds o the substance, and desn ..test. They apply a dro ||. the fold of the upper difference in reactions ; L. TelekyJ .Oc c u p a t io n a l a n d a e a s e s . G. Riehl. IV Ik vol. 6i, pp. 878-880 The author gives a subject, employing Be; tion.--L. Teleky. I HAZARDS OF COM! ? Pa r k in so n ia n st n d i: ; ELECTRICAL INJURY Weinberg. J. H en 5 90, pp. 788-748 (Dt