Document 0ggrgojpQxypGqNOrVK0QQ48n

ACCUMULATION OF AROCLGRv*-' 1254 IN CRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetea puRio) . IN LABORATORY AND FIELD . EXPOSURES V ' by * ' * D, R. ffinao, J, Forester, t. T, HeiturnHer and C. E. Cook ' `.1. V. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GULP BREEZE ENVIR' ONM*ENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY SABINE ISLAND, GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA 32561 'jsser - HONS 047000 Results of several experiments Indicate that aqnatic inverte brates accumulate total body concentrations of polychlorinated bi phenyls (PCB) thousands of times greater than that of the sur- ' rounding water. For example,-Sanders aa4 Chandler (1) shoved that fresh water Insects and crustaceans rapidly (1 day) accumulated PCI (Aroclor 1254) up to 24,000 times greater than the concentration la the water. Results of similar exposures conducted with estuarine animals showed oysters concentrating 85,000 (2), shrimp 10,000 (3) and fish 30,000 (4) times the amount of PCB In tbs water. Although Sanders and Chandler stated that PCBs entering the aquatic environment are below concentrations acutely toxic to In ver tebratea (1), v* have noted that most of the accumulation studies conducted thus far by the investigators cited ip the para graph above have bean at concentrations of 1.0 yg/t and above, i.e., concentrations demonstratively toxic, to teat animals. Little is known about accumulation in matins invertebrates et extremely low concentrations, and with one exception <3), no one to our knowledge has placed PCB-free animals in a netural environment known to have PCBs and followed accumulation with time. ffe report hare the results-or'several experiments on chronic toxicity of Aroclor 1254 to Falsamonetes punlo. as estuarine grass shrimp, .as wall aa concentration and loss of the compound from the animals with time. Ve also exposed grass shrimp for up to 3 - months to Aroclor 1234-contaminated sediments In Escambia Bay, near Pensacola, Florida. ' - ..1 2 1 Gulf Breeze "'Environmental Research Laboratory Contribution No. 170 . 2 Associate Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Canter, Corvallis, Oregon MONS 047001 vV-- 'A' "2. 'Zsa Csias2^ X - - MS* 'S.2^...... -- .......... ...... .... / /: > * /J ' ;e - ,* - METHODS AND MATERIALS VIth one exception, all laboratory experiment* were conduce in 36-al chambers supplied with flowing water from Santa Rosa Stm^ Three sets of 5 chambers each received test concentrations; the * fourth set was a control. Each chamber Contained 4-10 ehrtap, {&* number depending on tha size of the animals. Water flowed ca*~ tloomsly through each chamber at a rate of 1.0 1/hr. Arsdar 1254, dissolved in polyethylene glycol (mol. vt. 200), vaa nrtered Into each mixing tank with a syringe pump hafora the water cetera* the teat chamber. An equal amount of solvent vaa added t3* water flowing to controls. David J. Hansen of thie labaaonry^ fovat the senaitivity of a marina fiah to Arodor 1254 iwwfinj changed when hm varied coneantrationa of polyethylene dptf'esad to deliver tha toxicant (personal communication). The tfr-jp irc fed daily a commercial molly-flake diet (<0.02 mg/kg hnwdlfB^ compauala). , The experiment to determine the concentration sad *--fwii the tissues of P. pugio vaa also conducted in a f lowlng*masrr system. Ve constructed 16-11ter aquaria with false- fin--*:, nylac screen (1/4-inch meah) to hold ahrlmp above the dsx9arv broeght. In with tha water or produced by the animals. ficatLon was Intended to prevent tha animals from eatlgddg particles with adsorbed Arodor 12$4. Consequently, weaamr. that sbtlmp obtained more of tha chemical from the vttalfims' aorpeion through tha gills rather than from Ingestion afmar- r tasfeated detritus. The-shrimp were not fed during tUMsfaenv'. Ccmcentradorn* of Arodor 1254 in tissuesby gas dSistognphy*vera determined using pooled samples of at Tssp,3?i ' shrhip each (5). E* Pu*Lo were exposed to Arodor 1254-ccmtaainaWfagrr^r in sppac Escambia Bay from November 1971 to February fltSA .. chximp in specially-constructed cages (5) were exposed dhmcc. to (he sediments. Average concentration of Aroclor* lHfcJb tf: uppermost two Inches of oadimsnt in November* i971 was 5A*xryr\ (dty weight) . RESULTS OF LABORATORY EXPOSTOES Teats conducted in flowing water showed- Rjfpup/omtfrfe wy.. caytlble to Arodor 1254 (Table 1). In a 7-UsSf expo--HBS.'l diaC at 9.1 pg/i, but significant mortality difi hot aexr tsr 0 end 6.62 vg/i. In the second series of tests *ls8tJng-fc Airjo'- , 4.6 amd 12.5 yg/t were toxic, but sigdficaflt*wortaltgisit-~- MONS 047002 / A A - -i ' ... i i l i TABLE 1, . , -i f > ' MORTALITY AMD ACCUMULATION OF AR0CL0R 1254 IN Palaenoaetes pujtio* ' ^ s' . .. * * t ,, n Test Cone. Day* ' (ttg/D Exposed Avaraga Mortality Body Coae. Concentretins (*)** (n*/kg) Factor i f ' -, * / 1 j 1 1 j "**"* .................... 1 4. . C0BT80L 7 ' r . 7 . .. ...............* a.i - *. 0.62 7 ' V: _ f,.*. ; , ' ' .' 7 ; . ,:, ... OOHTROL --------------------- 1.3 ----- 16 19 4.0 u 12*3: - * 10'I- . V 4(0 - 20) 8(0 - 40) 4(0 - 20) <0(20 ~ 80)*** 25(0 - 50) 40(0 - 100) * 45(25 - 50)*** . 55(30 - 75)*** 0.1 1.3 5.4 65.0 0.1 18.0 27.0 46.0 ' 7600 8700 7100 -- 14000 6700 3700 *A11 expoanre* wara conducted-In flowing saavater; salinity o4 tHftnUn rang* a ware 22 to 2^L and 17 to 28* C. ' .. h 1 - * '` **3 rapllcstea par coucantxation: at least 4 ahrimp pat repli- .cation* t . j ***31golflcaat fet P >0.fl5. \S S' SgJ3B.,J.!..iWgLj!f> HONS 047003  i Teat Cone. (pg/A) :- i '' ' TABLE 2. ` ' \ - * . -' ACCUMULATION OF AROCLOR 1254 T 2leoooete8 puglo* *. * . . Body Cons. (mg/kg) . , Concentration * Factor 0.17 0.62 1.0 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 9.1 1.3 ' 5.4 3.2 . 25.0 19.0 15.0 ........; s 26.o * 29.0 16.0 - -30.0 65.0 W--- ; - V' ' ; 7600 8700 3200 11000 7000 4800 ' 8100...... 5600 3000 . 5700 7100 *7-day exposures conducted In flovini seweter at salinity and teoperature rant** of 22 to 2B and 17 to 28* C. . r i - t m i '* HONS 047004 t :TfTS "r-' occur In 1.3 PE7A At the conclusion of several one-week exposures ta a range of concentrations (0.17 to 9.1 ug/l), surviving shrimp from each ex posure were analyzed for vholp-body residues. Ambient concen tration of toxicant In the vater and resultant residues in the shrimp vase correlated (r0.91, Table 2). In some cases, duplicate test concentrations produced biological accumulations that differed by a factor of 2* Concentration factors ranged from 3,000 to 11,000. These ranges vers similar to chose found In taste using penaeld shrimp (3) but were somewhat lower then those found by Sanders end Chandler (1), In tests using several Invertebrate species In fresh water. . .. ... Thera appeared to be no threshold below which levels of the chemical added to water failed to produce residues in the tissues - (Table 3) In our tests. Whole-body concentrations produced after 5 vaeks exposure to 0.04, 0.09 and 0.62 ug/l ranged from 200 to 26,000 times the concentrations In the teat vater. Concentrations did not reach equilibrium and from 60 to 90 percsat of the Arodor 1254 was lost from the shrimp within 4 weeks after exposure to the chemical was stopped. Test concentration* of th* chemical were not slgniflcantly toxic to shrimp. Although accumulation increased with increasing concentration of \.Oxlcant In this test, this vaa not observed In earlier studies (ssa Tables 1 and 2). Implications era to be discussed elsewhere. 'V RESULTS Of FIELD EXPOSURES Average whole-body residue of Arodor 1254 in P. pugio after 1 month was 0.41 mg/kg (0.34 to 0.57); after 3 months, 0.42 mg/kg (0.37 to 0.50). Thera was no evidence that significant mortality occurred during the exposures of gras* shrimp to contaminated sediments. 1 DISCUSSION 'Concentrations of Arodor 1254 In P. puglo. after exposure to contaminated sediments for 3 months was equivalent to a laboratory-exposure of 0.09 pg/i in water for 2 weeks (Table 3), Ve expected residues to be higher in caged shrimp since we h&d found that fiddler cTabs exposed In the laboratory accumulated residues equal to or.greater than (wet-velght basis) that of the contaminated substratum (dry-weight basis) after 30 dslyw4|6). Concentrations of Arcelor 1254 In caged shrimp exposed to con taminated sediments appeared to reach a plateau, but this was not the case In laboratory exposures (Table 3) where an equilibrium HONS 047005 ACCUMULATION OF AROCLOR 1254 IN Palaem onetes pup;la VITH TIME AFTER EXPOSURES TO THE CHEMICAL IN HATER AT THREE CONCENTRATIONS <W|/A) (Each va lu e re p re se n ts a com posite samplo o f 10 anim als) o cr^oiuM O ro Q Q N OP C* ,lNS*ss's,'stssNt*S^sS* ' Ul O) H , U U ' ` ' ^' * - ' ' '* ' *, 1 ?p CL s* 5 so* |g2i en 111 i mms o$o2a%a. ?{? fot {n* 000000000000000000 2 V) Ol U U K " H M N vl NUI O Ul Ul UlVmO f > k k 0OOOOO 8 , ' .. ,. 0S-4 .'n-D?V?<*H Drnt n_ 8* ^OMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO UMUlUUUOO M 0) vM/1 P>u H H M UUOO.OOvDi^M(V>IUGfIHO OOOOOOOO ** ?? ,3$! "o 8 sH ? ctioov-vjmooooooooooooo aMvioaoeDviooo'4>N M0"HJOHMHN U*>tOtflOBUOa>*u*MH > (^ti-O0u00u0tu0o0v0itd0N0u0i0a S9^J03? S0O*. ir ^ V^ V) ft tHos3 fol HQNS G^7006 , / / / I` i: I e sM c'-J & a Ov w VO 6 rr H- fh0nti o o s ft oo hh * I-* u OS K * HONS 0^7007 TABLE 3 (C o n tin u e d ) ! t 'T \*^ .: . ~ M ' . j -- 1 . was not reached. Therefore, we believe that shrimp ex- posed to the sediments might have obtained FOB from the water or . food singly, but shrimp exposed to Arodor In tho laboratory obtained chemical from two sources, water and food. It might also be more available in the laboratory than the field due to the carrier, in earlier laboratory studies with penaeld shrimp, both water and food mppamred to be sources (3)'_ ! *' * *' " ........... ' No significant mortality, was observed In caged shrimp and none would be predicted since residues produced In the field were similar to those found In shrimp after laboratory exposures which csussd no death. - * Fenseid shrimp spend only a fraction of their life cycle *in an astoary, moving into ocaanlc waters after reaching maturity (7), but grass shrimp are endemic In estuaries.- Therefore, in relation to time of exposure we would expect grass shrimp to > accumulate a pollutant from a contaminated astoary to a greater degree than psuaeld shrimps, nsvarthalass, this If not true. In August 1968, penaeld shrimps (Fenssus duorsrun. P. setlferus. and * artecus) eollactad daring a survey of Escambia Bay, Florida, had whola-body residues of Arocior 1234 as high as 14.0 mg/Vg (3). In that survey and. In subsequent collections, F. puglo had a maximum residue of only 1.4 ag/kg. Lower residues In F. puglo from Escambia Bay may be due to amounts of FCB in bay sadlments and bahavlorlal patterns of the animals. Ve noted earlier (3) that residues in spades of penaeld shrimp vara related to hlghar concentrations of Arocior 1254 In sediments that predominate In upper Escambia Bay. Ve found that penaeld shrimp, as adults, usually era captured In deeper waters and burrow into silty or sandy substracss. In contrast, grass shrimp usually do not burrow, rather are found along shallow sandy beaches and grsss bsds, where they obtain food that la relatively uneontsmlasfted with FCB. . HONS 047008 i -T ' REFERENCES r la SANDERS, H. Daf sod CHAHDLQtf Toxicol., 7, 257 (1972). Ba Bull* BqItoq# Cootitt* &od .. 2. LOWE, J. 1., PARRISH, P, R>, PATRICK, *7* M., and FORESTER, J., Mar. Biol. (Bari.), 17, 209 (1972).' ; 3. NIMHO. D. R., BLACKMAN, R. R., WILSON, JR., A. j. and FORESTER, J., Mar. Biol. (Bari.), 11, 191 (1971). 4. HANSEN, D. J., PARRISH, P. R., LOWE, J. I., WILSON, JR., A. J. a and WILSON, P. D., Bull. Environ. Contaa. and Toxicol., 6,* 113 (1971). 5. HEITKDLLER, F. T., and HIM*), D. R., Prog. Fish-Cult., 34, 120 (1972). v 6. HTMMO, D. R., WILSON, P. O., BLACKMAN, R. R. and WILSON, JR., A. J., Natura, 231 (1971). 7. PEREZ FARFAHTE, I., U.S. Fish Wlldl. Sarv., Fish. Bull., 67, 461 (1969)... - v .. " "rwpiau|i'4^'>V. l'r"T? J33 HONS wetbb) 047009 REFERENCES It SANDERS, H. 0* t wd CHAEDLKk^ Jt B* i BulX* Bolfoo# Co&tAn ud Toxicol., 7, 257 (1972). *1 2. LOWE, J. I., PARRISH, P. R., PATRICE, K., cad FORESTER, J., 2 j. Mar., Biol. (Bari.), 17, 209 (1972).- { I ; . : 3. HHM0, 0. R., BLACKMAN, R. R., WILSON, JR., A. j. and FORESTER. - I J., Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 11, 191 (1971). ' ~t ': A. HANSEN, D. J., PARRISH, P. R., LOWE, J. I., WILSON, JR., A. J. and WILSON, P. D., Bull. Environ. Conran, and To3d.col., 6, 113 (1971). v ti 5. HEITHULLER, P. T., and NIMMO, D. R., Prog. Fiah-Cult., 34, 120 (1972). __ 6. HDMO, D. R., WILSON, P. D., BLACKHAN, R. R. and WILSON, JR., 1 '' A. J., Natnra, 231 (1971). t 4 i .... r i 7. PEREZ FARFAKTE* I., V.S. Fiah Wildl. Sarr., Fish. Bull., 67, 461 (1969). ,, . .` . 4 % \ <4 A t4l / j 1 * i -j HONS 047010