Document 0gV27QxY4aDRKKJwpMYdnxbGn

-PF mn l\ bul * ' ir AU \ unusual new technique which he permits soldering such materials n s as aluminum, stainless steel, glass, and >us ceramics without special equipment int. has been developed bv the 1 niversin' of California's Los Alamos Scientific s! Laboratory. The method is expected TOO r - to effect great savings over the ultra !an sonic method the Laboratory had been Materials soldered by Los Alamos Scientific Laborntors s neu technique include, lejt to right. Pvrex glass, titanium. midst,dcnum. aluminum, tantalum, stainless steel, tungsten, <_ernm'C and cobalt. 'or using, and to be of particular interest )ar to the aircraft and electronics indus of uhra-high-frequencv sound waves After this tinning operation, solder 'IS tries. home-workshop hobbyists, and in soldering, and ironicallv involves ing is done in the usual manner with di laboratorv equipment makers. doing something that apprentice me standard 50-50 tin-lead solder. The en The new method of joining mate chanics are taught not to do. other surface is also given the new si ' rials hitherto believed impossible to To solder these previouslv unsold- treatment if it is a material not ordi solder was developed bv Joseph C. erable materials, the grinder is turned narily "wetted" by solder. \o solder ed McGuire of the Laboratory's Chemis- on and the abrasive vvheel i prefer ing fiux. surface cleaning, or pre su trv and Metallurgv Division. It re ably preheated by grinding metal or treatment is used. ne quires. in addition to the usual sold the use of heat ) is brought to bear on ''S hen working with such materials by ering materials, onlv a hand grinder a soft solder such as food's metal or as soft glassr Pyrex. and ceramics, the ie with an abrasive wheel. The tech 40-60 tin-lead. The soft solder melts best tinning is accomplished with a nique was discovered bv McGuire and flows onto the surface of the mixture of Wood's metal and 50-5it during a research project on the Use wheel, "loading" it and incidental indium-tin. Hovvever. when soldering ?/ making it useless for its customarv glass to glass or ceramic to ceramic, 0 purpose until it has been trimmed it is necessary to use flame or furnace r down. The solder-loaded vvheel is then heating to get enough heal to the sur applied to the surface to he soldered faces to he joined. The two -urfaie- until a slight amount of abrasion ha- neort not..1-- of the -ame material: taken place, u-mg the pressure one metal-, -oft gla-.-. Pvrex. and rrramii- would ordinarilv use in grinding. The mav he -oldered in am i omhination. heat of friction again melt.- the soft A -atisfactorv grinding wheel ha- -older, which How- onto the frpshlv been found to he a medium grit. 1 abraded surface and form- an intim in. diameter bv 1 .'.-in. long, although ate contact. !hr type and -i/e are no| rilieal. .-// left and bcluu. [outline the entitling uhcrl mid odder. lit) runs i hr 'nut, ' m/./ .. soldered, and so/t/enng to the prv\mutinned 'll r Uu r ->\ i' 11 ii i t nl. 11111 j. n s 1 LI A 2 60 76 Spark Plug Ceramic Insulators Are lead Glazed HE exposed ceramic insulator on Tautomotive, commercial and ma rine type spark plugs is another of the manv industrial applications of ce The lead glaze un this -ill 'purl: plus is physically and chemically durable thraugh- nut its lile. ramic materials on which lead glazes are used to advantage. In this particular application, lead more important where spark plugs is used as a component so as to pro are concerned, easily cleaned. duce a glaze that can be applied to the ceramic base at a comparatively low temperature and still have the desired properties. That is, the glaze must be physically and chemically durable throughout its life under the most severe operating conditions. One of the most frequent causes of spark plugs missing according to the AC Spark Plugs Shop Manual is the dirt accumulation on the outside of the insulator top. ^ hen combined with moisture, the dirt shunts the high tension current across the insulator and is easily avoided bv keeping the insulator top clean. The glaze used at the AC Spark A glaze is applied to spark plug in top from terminal to shell and away Plug Division. General Motors Corp. sulators for essentially the same rea from the gap at the firing end in is essentially an alumina-silicate to sons it is used for fine dinnerware side the combustion chamber. This which alkalis, alkaline earths and lead and wall tile; it is decorative and is generally referred to as "flash-over ' oxides are added. lead Shielded Syringe For Radioactive Isotope Injections HE use of radioactive isotopes in Tthe treatment and diagnosis of hu Radioacti\e isotopes give off gam ma ravs that, in controlled amounts man ailments is one of the important such as are given patients undergoing peacetime developments of atomic treatment, can be curative. However, energy. As is often true of advances in repeated and continuous doses such in medicine, there is an element of as doctors and nurses would be sub risk to the doctors, nurses and tech jected to. they are harmful. Gener nicians using the newer methods of ally. lead is the means bv which such treatment and such is the case with control is possible. Lead, being the radioactive isotopes. Fortunately this densest of the common metals and element of risk was known before one of the most effective means of hand and the development of proper confining gamma ravs. is used as a in rcautionarv measures have gone barrier wherever radioactive isotopes hand in Hand with the increasing use are used, particularly w hen space and ni this important medical and diag- weight requirements are critical. MM-tic tool. One of the most unusual of lead's applications for this purpose is as a shield around a svringe. shown in the accompanying photograph, for giving injections of gamma emitting iso topes. These syringes, manufactured bv The Hamilton Company. Whittier. Calif., have a half inch of lead en closed in a hard chrome plated brass case completely encircling the glass svringe itself. The glas- svringe plunger, also shown in the accompanying photo graph. has lead wool parked within it to the equivalent of a half inch of solid lead. This latter development eliminated the previously used beavv thumb shielding, and at the same time shortened the unit considerably. It has also made it possible to use the 10 c.c. svringe with one hand though it is comparatively heavy, weighing 3^4 lb. Smaller capacity lead shielded syringes, down to 2 c.c. capacity, weighing fl.i lb. and easily manipu lated with one hand are also available. Lead is also the generally accepted material for use in shipping contain ers used to transport radioactive iso topes from various AEC installations to hospitals and other users. Le a d . Vol. 20. \o. 3. describes this use of lead in greater detail. LIA26G77 Lead Plumbing Connections In Atlanta's Two New Hospitals OSPITALS are among the many H building types in which lead Authority, and financed by Fulton and Dekalb counties. Construction connections in the plumbing wastwe as started in March. 1954 bv Robert and usually expensive cast or ma chined fittings. The second of the hospitals under system are used to definite advamage. E. Mc.A'ee. general contractors with construction in Atlanta. Ga...^4jhe Hospital plumbing is as unique and headquarters in Dallas. Texas. 6-storv Piedmont Hospital tha$v d extensive as any plumbing installation The plumbing, as can be imagined, have facilities for 250 beds when could be. and, the flexibility provided is extensive and is being installed by completed some time this summer or by lead in connecting fixtures to the J. S. Brown and E. F. Olds Plumbing fall at a cost ol over S4.000.000. The i rigid pipe system can mean important & Heating Co. The accompanying original plans called for a 5-storv savings in space and in time in install photographs illustrate the various structure, but upon the advice of the ing fixtures, not to mention the long ways in w hich lead is being used, PT,. architects. P. A . Shutze. J. W. Armi- life and low maintenance costs that in. lead pipe in some cases and in stead. Jr. and M. 0. Saggus. and the can be expected of lead. others lWin. manufactured lead eontractors. Beers Construction Co., Atlanta. Ga.. is undoubtedly one of bends lor the connections for sinks the hospital authorities approved an the most fortunate of cities in that and lavatories. 4-in. lead stubs for additional floor when it was deter two new hospitals are currently being water closets and similar fixtures, and mined that it could be included now built there. The largest of these is the new Grady Memorial Hospital which will have, when ready for occupancy in the spring or summer of 1957. an es timated 1.085 beds and will cost about S2J.000.000. Hobert and Company Associates are the architects and en 6-lb. sheet lead for shower plans and vent stack flashings. Also shown is an unusual 2diaper" joint for connecting the lead wastes from two sinks into a single 5-in. cast-iron soil pipe hub. This particular application of lead in dicates graphically the unlimited pos at half the cost of adding it later, allowing 20 percent more space for only 10 percent more cost. Here again the versatility of lead in the'plumbing system is aptlv shown by the use of Po-in. lead pipe connec tions with two 90 deg. offsets for the sinks and lavatories. These are made gineers for this 21-=tory hospital, a sibilities of making space-saving con bv simply bending the lead pipe as project of the Fulton Dekalb Hospital nections without recourse to special can be seen in the accompanying L I A26078 photograph, thus avoiding expensive and space consuming fittings that would have been necessary had rigid piping been used. In addition to the lead sink and lavatory connections, the Stepenson Company. Atlanta. Ga.. plumbing contractors, are installing 4-in. lead stubs for water closets and similar fix tures and using 6-ib. sheet lead pans under shower baths and for Bashing vent stacks passing through the roof. Lead vent slack flashings ready jor installation on the new Grady Mem orial Hospital in Atlanta. Ga. Present plans include extensive use of sheet lead for lining walls, floors and ceilings of X-ray rooms when in stallation is made in both hospitals. Sheet Lead Floors Are Shock Absorbent And Non-Sparking N plants manufacturing nitroglycer with warm water to remove most of I in. two of the important but lesser the remaining acid. It is then treated known properties of lead, its ability with an alkali to insure complete re to absorb shock and its non-sparking moval of acid and washed repeatedly characteristics, contribute to make to remove all traces of alkalinity. lead the preferred material for use as One of the foremost producers of a Boor covering in specific areas of explosives. Atlas Powder Company of such plants. Wilmington. Del., uses lead exten Converting glycerin into a high ex plosive involves in general the slow sively as a floor covering in its nitro glycerin manufacturing and storage addition of a high puritv glycerin to buildings primarily because the lead an acid mixture containing approxi floor provides a shock absorbant and mated equal parts of sulphuric and non-sparking working surface. Atlas, nitric acid. The mix is agitated from which operates several high explo 60 to 90 minutes in nitrator vessels sives plants as well as an experimental equipped with cooling coils carrying dvnamite-manufacturing facility at its brine at about 20 deg. F. to maintain explosives research laboratory, uses a temperature below 60 deg. F. After lead floor coverings in strategic areas nitration, the nitroglvcerin and spent throughout these operations, in loca and flows through troughs into sep tions where particularly sensitive ma arating and settling tanks located at terials are handled, lead floor cover -ome distance from the reactor ves ings properly grounded also provide sels. The nitroglvcerin being lighter satisfactorv protection against the than the spent acid rises to the top possible generation of hazardous Malic and is earefullv separated and washed energy levels. Experience in these plants has also indicated that lead floor coverings protect normal structural materials such as wood and steel from acids used in the process and prevents con tamination of these structural mate rials with the explosive products. The lead floor coverings also pro vide an incidental but highly im portant quality in that they are easily cleaned by hosing down and have a relatively low yearly maintenance cost. In this particular companv's operation, some installations have been in service up to twentv-five years. In installing the lead floors, the lead is extended up the side walls for varying distances and all vessels in the area or piping passing through the floor are provided with lead boots or aprons. All joints are lead welded. At Atlas the usual practice is to use 6-lb. sheet lead for floor- cov erings and up to 16 lb. for some special applicat ions. sheet lead Hour around nitrator has hern in use tor sears and is stilt m excellent condition. Detail oj lead bools jor pipes passing through new lead Hoar. Part oj the new lead'floor installed ru Atlas Powder Company explosne plant showing T gutter. LI A?6079 OR centuries lead has contributed F to the awe-inspiring beauty of the and sapphires. The old monks gave rears to the work in the famous cathe stained glass windows of great cathe drals. Now we use mineral colors, drals the world over. Few who have ground and put on the glass and fired viewed these magnificent works of art at high temperatures, which change realize that such windows are being the drab mineral colors into intense produced today in a number of stu emerald green, deep ruby, glowing dios in the United States. sapphire and soft amethyst." An example is the Llorens Stained In the American style opalescent Glass Studios of Joseph Llorens. Sr., glass developed under the leadership in Atlanta. Ga. Mr. Llorens is assisted of Tiffany, the glass itself is colored, by his son, Joseph. Jr., and a daugh the design being obtained by match ter. Rosalind Benatar. According to ing small fragments in a came or Mr. Llorens. art or stained glass glazier's lead frame. craftsmanship is divided into two ^ hether antique or American, each -chools. the antique and the Ameri piece of glass is fitted together and can. held bv the lead cames soldered at the "In the old davs." explains Mr. joints on both sides, pressed against Llorens. "the color came from real the glass to encase each piece, and jewels--( rushed emeralds and rubies cemented to make the window water tight. Cames of different width are used to emphasize the artist s concep tion of lines necessary in his creation. The color of aged lead blends per fectly with the glass and age serves only to beautify the windows with the permanence and pliability of lead contributing to this art. Each window starts with a water color sketch which is then blown up to full size and broken down with stud ied zig-zag lines for cutting into tem plates. For an American window each section is marked for the color of glass to be used. The paper templates are then placed on a bench over the orig inal drawing. The colored glass is then selected and cut bv an expert and placed into the lead frame which is finallv soldered together. Air Pollution Control N manv ways lead is making a big I contribution to control of air pollu tion. a problem which is receiving a great deal of attention in manv com munities and which, if not controlled, can he vexing and costly to manv in dustrial companies. A good example i- m the Baltimore. Md.. plant of The Cottrell design and is constructed of lead to resist attack ,bv the corrosive gases passing through it. "Cage or "basket design was employed in which a steel framework supports the lead. This has the ad vantage of easy and economical field Bidden Company at which titanium dioxide is manufactured. Huge quan tities of sulphuric acid are Used in this process and mists of this acid gen erated in the process must he pre vented from contaminating the atmos phere. To suppress the sulphuric acid mists, an electrostatic precipitator, boasting the largest number of tubes in anv such single unit, has been in- stalled. It is based on a conventional erection, eliminates the need for dif ficult shop forming of a steel support ing vessel, and permits easv acn-r-ibildv for inspection and servicing. The circumferential steel supporting straps are covered with lead, and the precipi tator shell and tubes are lead. More than 50 tons of lead went into the con struction of the precipitator which is madp of 10-lh. chemical -licet lead. The tubes are extruded. Lead is the standard material for constructing precipitators for hand ling sulphuric acid mists because of its great resistance to corrosion. It is also adaptable and readilv fabricated, and has high scrap value. Lead constructed preciuitutur ut the Baltimore plant ot The Ciititlen Co. LI A2608C HE original Lniversitv of Michi Tgan football stadium oval erected in 1927 was a reinforced concrete ?tructure with a seating capacity of 75.000. Due to the popularity of col The University of Michigan's stadium, the upper part of which is steei construction that had been primed with red lead-lead chromate paint four years ago shows no signs of rusting. lege football among the student body and the university alumni, and as a result of the great succession of ex cellent football teams coached by F, H. Yost and H. 0. Crisler. it be came necessary to enlarge the seating capacity of the stadium oval. This was accomplished in 1949 by topping the existing concrete oval with steel sections which increased the seating capacity to 97.239. The fabricated steel sections were shop primed, erected and given an in termediate field paint coat and then a finish top coat in which sand was embedded to produce a nonskid sur face. After one year's service, in 1950. RED LEAD-LEAD CHROMATE MIXED PIGMENT PRIMER FOR STEEL (Composition by Weight) PIGMENT: Percent Red Lead, 979c Grade ......... Lead Chromate, Basic........... Lead Sulphate .......................... Magnesium Silicate ................ 27-28 37-38 1.5 2 33-35 VEHICLE:* Spar Varnish** ....................... Mineral Spirits ....................... 100 69-70 31-30 100 Pigment .................................. 57-5857 Vehicle .................................. 43-4297 Notes. "The non-volatile in the vehicle should he about 40 percent. the paint system was approximately 50 percent eroded. Because of the un sightly appearance, the combined ob jective of painting for protection and aesthetic value was born and it was decided in 1952 to repaint the steel seating sections. The steel was sandblasted to remove the remaining mill scale, rust and anv of the original paint system, exposing the base metal for the new paint sys tem. Once the base metal was ex posed. it was bonderized and primed with a red lead-lead chromate mixed pigment primer I see the accompany ing formula) containing a 25 gal lon length ester gum modified pheno- **A 25 gallon length ester gum spar var nish of the following composition: Ester Gum 70 ih. Modified Phenolic Resin 30 lb. Slacked Lime 1.5 lb. Bodied Dehydrated Castor Oil (Za Vis.) 25 cal. Petroleum Naphtha 60 gal. Cobalt Naphthenatef6*7- ) 0.3 gal. Lead Naphthenate<2457 t 0.5 gal. Piocessed to the following specification: Viscosity --C i Gardner Holdt) Nonvolatile -- 4357 minimum Acid Number--Approx. 5 maximum Color -- 4-5 < Gardner I I8 0 9 Z V I I At tell, the steel steps of the University of Michigan stadium as they appeared in 1952 after one year's service with another paint, and below, the san.e steps after four years of service with a rust inhibitive lead paint primer. Alter one year's service with another steel primer, the steel nt the feet of the fans appeared as at upper right and below the same area after lour rear's service with the red leod-leud chromate primer, the sleet is still well protected against corrosion. lie resin spar varnish vehicle. An in termediate coat of the primer contain ing a specially graded sand gave the desired film thickness and nonskid surface. The orisinal grav color of the top coat was restored bv a grav steel deck paint which was a 23 percent phthalic anhydride aikyd resin vehi cle compatible with the primer. The new red lead-lead chromate mixed pigment paint system was applied during July and August of 1952. To day. four vears later, the paint svstem on the stadium oval is as invitina as it was just after refinishing in 1952. in spite of four football seasons, win ter frost, rain, snow, sleet, thaws and summer steel surface temperatures that often reach as high as 120 deg. F. As shown in the accompanyina photographs the condition of the painted surfaces today would indicate several more years of excellent pro tection. As time marches on. press facili ties and radio and television broad casting have necessitated the enlarge ment of the oid press and radio broad casting unit into a three storv struc tural steel and brick edifice. The rec ord of lead primer on the seating sec tions prompted the use of red lead as the priming pigment of the new structure which will be readv in the fall of 1956 to accommodate all broad casting and will, incidentally, increase the seating capacity from 97.000 to 100.000. Gas Holders Protected Bv Red Lead T has been brought to the attention I ot the editors of this publication that the red lead multiple pigmeni formula paint used by Consolidated Edison Company is not similar to the formulations given in the article en titled "Gas Holders Protected bv Red Lead." which appeared on pase 5 of the last issue of this publication. Yoi. 20. No. 3. The paint used is a red lead multiple pigment paint, but dif fers considerably from the formulas which were a part of the article in question. p? The following article* and reprtota contain information, drawing* and specification* on the a** of lead produet* beipful to architect*, engineer* and other* interested. The* are available, free of rharge. eteept where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, -420 LEXINGTON AVENUE, NTT YORK IT, N. Y. MATERIALS Of CHEMICAL CONSTRICTION ANNUAL REVIEW'S -- LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS Up-to-dtie report* oo new development* in the u*e of letd and lead allova in chemical coostrucnoo including research progress. engineering applica tion*. nd technological advancement*. Tito bib liography. 1955, 1954 and 1953 renew* fedition* are not cumulative) available. Reprinted hom "Induafriai and Engineering Chemisirv," September. 1955. October. 1954 and October, 1953 LEAD REFERENCE SHEET (Part* 1 A 2) A ifiort outline ot the type*, grade*, and chemical nd phyiie*! properties of lead in chemical con struction. "nth aummarv of the corrosion char acteristics of lead in ue "ltb a large number of common <r>cmiral and solution* used in various industries. -Keprsnu-d from '`Chemical Engineering Progreaa." January and February. 1955. LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS The corrosion resistance of lead and iia alloy* *a malarial* of construction in the chemical process industries is ahown for more than 168 ioduatnal chemicals. Reprinted from '"Cbemifai Engineering." February, 1953. INSPECTING AND TESTING LEAD LININGS Method* of testing *nd inspecting sheet lead lio ince and bonded leed linings ued in the chemical procea* industries *re described. The procedures to be followed m tne fluorescent-penetrant and the dve-penetrant methods are presented and the ap plication of ultrasonics is discuiaed. Special pos sibilities ot radiographs for lead and brick-lined veaaeis are noted. Reprinted from '"Non'Destruc tive Testing,'* Janusry-Februarr. BEST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALL ATIONS A penal rrnorJ on the applications of leaa and lead allovs in the chemical and metallurgical in dustries. Recommended practice for joinin* `ran *heet*. and the construction of wood <tavr tank*, launders, towers and flue- where lead u- tmoived are included. Reprinted /torn "Cherr.icai Engineer mg." March. April and Mr*, 1^56. po r t abl e r ad iat io n 'HIELDING MATERIALS A special report nn commercially nailable shield mg forms that can ne u*eo to build reafluv as`embied. hana stacked shielding waits. Preparec bv me editor* of "Nucleonics." '-lav. l^SS. LEAD VORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING SI.50 Postpaid, SI.OO per copy in qusniit i e of 10 or mo re Profusely illustrated with over 140 photograph* anti drawings, this textbook present* riearir to me plumbing studeot the necessary tools, procedure* *nd the methods required for leed wotw. 5LCGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL LABORATORY DRAINAGE SYSTEM A complete guide to the selection snd installation of drainage *viem* in chemical laboratories. inciude* laboratory wane'and vent pip-ng. trap*, sink*. *cid trav*. trough*, safe pans, neutraimnt basins and other topic* LEAD IN MODERN PLUMBING-- WHY, WHERE. ROY IT IS USED A 2J page booklet containing descriptive informa tion a wall a* four page* of detailed drawing* 'or plumbing installations in various tvpe houses. LEAD tTELDlNG An informative as well as practical guide to lead elding. Reprinted from the "Telding Handbook. Third Edition'* published by the .American Teldiog Society. LEAD FLASHINGS IN MODERN CONSTRUC TION Lead flashings as used in *n ultramodern house in Randolph. Vt. Reprinted from "National Roofer." October. 1954. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY SI .50 Postpaid A fuilT illustrated. -30 page, ciotn bound book describing ill phases of the production and use ot lead, lead siiov* and lead compounds. THE STORY OF LEAD-- M A TYR I A LS THE RAILROADS BUT (Part# 1 and 2) Lead from mine to brushed pronnrt nh iperta' reference to its uses bv tne railroad* Rrprimeo Tom "Rauwav Purchase* sn-t ptnrr* " lir^emhet 19.5 4 snri Feoruarv. 1933, RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTER* ^ sene* ni technical .atrer# containing red Psini i urmii i* non*. (Available sepaca'eiv i lead Terhnieai Letter Nq. .3--Red Lead Primer* for timonphtnr Exposure Technical Leller No. 3 -- Red Lead Vini jnd Coumsront Tvpe Paint* Teehnieal Letter No. 6 ---- Red Lead Paint h ormuLuooi Teehnieal Letter No. 7 --Paint Svaiems for Hydraulic Structure* Technical Letter No. ft--Primer* for Rail road Strurture* and RoiUn* Mock Teehnieal Letter No. 0 --Red I.ead Psini* for Galvanised Steel. Rusted. Weathered oe Tremed New Teehnieal Letter No. IQ -- U.I.A. Formula 3-7. A Red Lead-Alkrd Vehicle Primer for industrial and Marine Emlronmcni*. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION TT.p-86* Paine- Red-Lead-Base. Ready-Mixed Coen four tvpes of red-lead-base paint* including two fan-orving formulations Manv intended appii ration* lined. PAINT GALVANIZED 'MRF\CES? b' ga::jni7cd `mUrrs -nogid be :'airtt*d. -hr Lind id ere treat i-ie nr -nai -nuuiri be gnn and tnc corrtrt oaionng 'i`imt are Rcnriotco `rorr. "factor' XI .inicctirm .*nd M a i n ir nt nr e. " UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION TILL BF. GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND TILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA26082 FSfNTCD !' V. 5 li-aaC COLDMANN coy >i.M t v C. MEW "YORK CITY