Document 0g334MgOB5zO2QQvQaKaqGm9M

596 CHAPTER 39 1960 Guide REFERENCES 1 William Thomson-. On the economy of heating and cooling of buildings by means of currents of air (Glasgow Phil. Soc. Proc, Vol. 3, Dumber 1852). *T. G. N. Haldane: The heat pump--an economical method of producing low-grade heat from electricity (Journal of In stitution of Electrical Engineers, London, June 1930), *A. R. Stevenson, Jr.: Refrigeration (Journal Franklin In stitute, Vol. 208, August 1929). *Philip Spom and D. W. McLenegan: An all electric heating cooling air conditioning system (ASHVE Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, August 1935). 'Experience with a reversed-cycle heating system (Power, August 1911). 'Philip Spom, E. R. Ambrose, and Theodore Bannister: Heat Pumps (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1917). *E. N. Kemler and 8abert Oglesby, Jr.: Heat Pump Appli cations (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1950). ' Bibliography of the Heat Pump through 1951 (Edison Elec tric Institute Publication No. 53-4). ' Heat Pump Bibliography (compiled by Southern Research Institute for Southeastern Electric Exchange). "Philip Spom: Electric Heating and Year-Round Air Con ditioning end the Heat Pump (Edison Electric Institute Bulle tin, May 1955). UJ. D. Kroeker and R. C. Cbewning: Heat pump in an office building (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 51, 1918, p. 221). " J. D. Kroeker, J. H. Bonebrake, and J. A. Melvin: Heat pump application to a newspaper plant (ASHVE Transactions, VoL 57, 1951, p. 467). "Philip Spom and E. R. Ambrose: Two-year performance of a heat pump system furnishing year-round air conditioning in modem office building (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 57, 1951, p. 483). " J. D. Kroeker and R. C. Chewning: Costs of operating the heat pump in the Equitable building (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 157). "E. G. Hellier and H. C. Weingartaer: Methods of frozen juice concentration (Refrigerating Engineering, luly 1950, p. 673). "T. F. Thomas: The air cycle beat pump (Engineer, August 22, 1947, p. 180; August 29, 1947, p. 205). ** W. F. Friend: Future electronic, solar, and nuclear devel opments (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 62, 1956, p. 563). **W. F. Stoecker: How frost formation on coils affect re frigeration systems (Refrigerating Engineering, February 1957, P- 42). 9 Heat Pump Electricity Usages and Other Operating Char acteristics as Experienced under Various Weather Conditions (Southern Research Institute Report No. 2371-288-SVHI, July 22, 1955). " L. R. IngersoII and H. J. PLasa: Theory of the ground pipe heat source for the heat pump (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, p. 339). "E. W. Guernsey, P. L. Bets, N. H. Skau: Earth as a heat source or storage medium for the heat pump (ASHVE Transactions, VoL 55, 1949, p. 321). 9 A. B. Algren: Ground temperatures as affected by weather conditions (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 55, 1949, p. 363). G. S. Smith and Thomas Yamanchj: Thermal conductivity of soils for design of heat pump installations (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 355). **L. R. IngersoII, F. T. Adler, H. J. Pinas, and A. C. Inger soII: Theory of earth heat exchangers for the heat pump (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 57, 1951, p 167) *G. S. Smith: Factors useful in ground grid design for heat pumps (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 57, 1951, p.-189). * Merl Baker: Design end performance of a residential earth heat pump (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 371). rW. A. Hadley and Raymond Eisenstadt: Moisture move ment in soils due to temperature difference (ASHVE Trans- . actions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 395). "G. S. Smith: Intermittent ground grids for beat pumps (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 63, 1956, p. 473). **W. A. Hadley: Operating Characteristics of Heat Pump Ground Coils (Bdison Electric Institute Bulletin, Vol. 17, De cember 1949, p. 457). "Joint AEIC-EEI Heat Pump Committee: Research Re sults Concerning Barth as a Heat Source or Sink (Edison Elec tric Institute Bulletin, September 1953). *D. M. Vestal and B. J. Fluker: Earth as heat source and sink for heat pumps (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 63, 1957, p. 41). "D. M. Vestal, Jr. and B. J. Fluker: A Proposed Procedure for the Design of a Heat Pump Buried Coil (Texas A A M Bulletin). **R. C. Jordan and J. L. Threikeld: Availability and utilisa tion of solar energy (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. * Philip Spom and E. R. Ambrose: The heat pump and solar energy (Association for Applied Solar Energy, Proceed ings World Symposium on Applied Solar Energy, November *C. P. Davies, Jr. and R. I. Upper: Sun enerv for air-type heat pumps (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 64,1958). " F. H. Bridgeis, D. D. Paxton, and R. w. Haines: Per formance of a solar heated office building (ASHAE Transac tions, Vol. 64, 1958). 9 F. R. Elienberger, A. B. Hubbard, W. R. Foote, F. Burg- graf, and J. J. Martin, Jr.: Evaluating beat pump performance (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 87): " U, S. Weather Bureau Forms E-l-D, E-4-D, E-6-D (U. S. Department of Commerce). "Alfred Koestel and G. L. Tuve: Performance and evalua tion of room air distribution systems (ASHAE Transactions. Vol. 61, 1955, p. 533).. ' * Philip Spom and E. R. Ambrose: Heat pump system water storage (Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 69 November 1947, p. 899). 41 Philip Spom and E. R. Ambrose: The heat pump, an all electric year-round air conditioning system (Heatmg and Venti lating, January 1944, p. 68). " T. L. Etherington: A dynamic heat storage system (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 64, 1958). BIBLIOGRAPHY W. E. Johnson: Economic and technical aspects of the heat pump (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, p. 201). J. D. Kroeker, R. C. Chewning, and C. E. Graham: pump results in Equitable building (ASHVE Transactions Vol. 55, 1949, p. 345), . tuciaivuiuuuiu criteria lor neat pun fonnance (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 55, 1949, p. 363). . Q- 3- Smith: Climatology ss an aid in heat pump design (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 57, 1951, p. 499). C. F. Kayan: Electrical aaalogger application to the heat pump process (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 361). Applied Solar Energy Research (Stanford Research Insti tute, 1955--contains numerous heat pump references). Heat Pump Data Sheets on Residential and Commercial Installations (Edison Electric Institute Publication No. 56-12). CHAPTER 40 EVAPORATIVE APPARATUS FOR HEAT REJECTION Water Cooling Methods, Water Use and Conservation, Fivers and lakes. Spray Ponds, Atmospheric and Mechanical Draft Towers, Cooling Tower Theory, Design Conditions, Selection and Evaluation, Tower Location, Operation and Maintenance, Evaporative Condensers REFRIGERATING systems and many other industrial air. The temperature gradient of a lake will vary with the processes generate heat that must be removed and dis season of the year. Applying a heat load will raise the average sipated. Small quantities of heat can be rejected directly towater temperature and decrease the temperature gradient the atmosphere by convection and radiation. When large from the surface to the bottom although stratification will quantities are involved, the most effective procedure is to .remain. The cold water intake should, logically, be located transfer the heat to cooling water flowing through a heat ex as far below the surface of the water aa practicable, and re changer.1 The water, if cheap and plentiful, may be wasted mote from the hot water return to prevent bypassing. Dikes to a sewer or open waterway such as a stream or lake. The or piers have been built into lakes to prevent bypassing where source of the cooling water may be wells, a public water sys cold water intakes are adjacent to hot water returns, but tem, or a lake or river. they offer little advantage unless they extend into a lake for a distance of at least 300 ft. WATER COOLING METHODS Warm water discharged near the surface spreads out as a thin film. The temperature near the surface of a cooling pond Water Use and Conservation will average about 4 F deg above the bottom temperature. A The rapidly expanding demand for water is depleting what was once looked upon as an inexhaustible natural resource. The water table is receding in most localities. Communities are finding their present water systems inadequate to supplythe increasing demands of domestic and industrial Users. Heavy industrialisation along flowing streams causes pollu tion. The temperature of the water that may be discharged into the stream is frequently limited in order to protect wild life. Many cities do not have adequate sanitary or storm sewers to handle cooling water. As a result of the increasing suction pipe located at the bottom of the pond will not with draw water at the temperature of the lowest stratum. A hydraulic gradient is set up which withdraws water from all strata, and the intake temperature will be about 2 F deg be low the surface temperature. The heat dissipation is a func tion of wind velocity and the temperature difference between water surface and the dry-bulb temperature. Fig. 1 is a typi cal performance chart for lake cooling, with wind velocity measured 5 ft above water level. Throne* has developed ad ditional charts for other conditions. The heat dissipation of a demand and the lack of an adequate supply or disposal sys tem, users are being forced to conserve water by using recircu lating systems. Heat must be removed from the circulating water by some type of water cooling apparatus. Rivers and Lakes Plante located on flowing streams can use a once-througb syBtem, discharging the heated water downstream from the intake to prevent mixing. Intake screens and sometimes set tlingbasins, are needed to remove debris. The intake structure must be designed to handle flow conditions varying from flood stage to the minimum flow during periods of drought. The operation can be hampered during cold weather by ice clogging of the intake or by ice jams restricting the flow of the stream. Since water treatment is seldom economical, scale and corro sion may be a problem. Intermittent chlorination may be used, however, to control the growth of slime and algae on heat exchanger surfaces. If the stream temperature becomes too high, it may be necessary to cool the effluent before dis charging it into the stream. Lakes or ponds may also be used as a source of cooling water.1 The water temperature in lakes or streams tends to follow the average dry-bulb temperature of the surrounding Reprinted from Power Magazine, September 1951, page 88. Rg. 1 .... Performance Chart for Lake Cooling 597