Document 0LqDXGQ8LnyQppG2G78VakdQR

FILE NAME Industrial Hygiene Foundation IHF DATE 0000 DOC IHF045 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Book Excerpt SUPPLEMENT I SUMMARY OF REPORT OF MEDICAL COMMITTEE A. J. LANZA M.D. Chairman Peay ch[Peye i237 MAa r} The report to be published is planned as a comprehensive treatise on the subject of silicosis More than merely a detailed technical report on various medical phases it attempts to present the subject as an entity and in a form which will ap- peal to the industrialist and the layman Chapter I points out that dust is a natural may be said a normal constituent of the air and it shows how it can be- come a menace to human beings There is a brief history of silicosis and the more interesting and important theories and fallacies that were advanced to explain it Those phases of silicosis which have been the subject of research are detailed- those which have been settled more or less conclusively and those which have not Chapter II is a brief history of silicosis in foreign countries mostly within the British Empire Chapter III is a history of silicosis in the United States The various industries are examined one by metal mining coal mining iron mining granite sandstone marble slate talc diatomaceous earth excavation in building and construction potteries porcelain glass and cement abrasives foundries rockwool asbestos a synopsis of experimental research in the United States Chapter IV deals with the nature of silicosis and tuberculosis the pathology diagnosis and prevention This is obviously the most technical chapter in the report However the authors and contributors have endeavored to express their knowledge and experience as clearly and as concisely as possible The conclusion of the report is a summary which is given below which The extensive studies of silicosis in this country and abroad have given us a very clear idea of the cause of this disease its pathology its complications and its prognosis On the basis of our present knowledge it may be stated that Silicosis results only from the inhalation of dust con- taining free silica SiO2 The time required for the development of silicosis varies from a few years to twenty or more depending on the 7 concentration of the silica particles in the air and on the constancy of exposure Beginning silicosis is recognizable only by properly taken roentgen films of the chest small nodular shadows distributed throughout both lungs are the characteristic appearance There are no other symptoms or physical signs associated with early simple silicosis which can be depended upon for making a diagnosis Associated with silicosis is a marked predisposition to tuberculosis In the majority of cases of severe silicosis a tuberculous infection is found Silicosis can be prevented by protecting the industrial worker from inhaling silica dust This may be accomplished by reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere or by the use of suitable respirators or similar devices The first method is always the method of choice Concentrations to which the dust must be reduced in order to be safe have not been absolutely determined There is evidence that a concentration of more than five million particles per cubic foot of a highly sili- ceous dust is dangerous Therefore it may be stated that it is desirable to avoid counts of more than five million particles of dust containing free silica to a high percent in working places Granite dust which contains about 35 free silica when in concentrations of ten to twenty million particles per cubic foot has been found not to cause disabling silicosis in a working lifetime Anthracite dust containing less than % free silica has been found not to cause dis- abling silicosis anthraco in concentrations of less than fifty million particles per cubic foot Industrial dusts containing silica are frequently not all silica being mixed with other materials It is possible that some of these silica components may prevent or modify the action of silica in the body and may alter the tendency towards a complicating tuberculosis Asbestos which is a silicate is the only dust other than free silica which has been shown to cause a lung fibrosis with disability Asbestosis called is distinct from silicosis both in its pathology and appearance on roentgen films Simple is uncomplicated as seen in in- dustries in the United States causes relatively little severe disability 8 Control of silicosis calls for adequate medical and engineer- ing measures Medical Control A practical program of employ- ment and periodic examination of all workers exposed to dust containing silica is essential Such examinations should in- clude a complete physical examination of each individual a careful history of past occupational exposure to dust and a chest roentgenogram with a standard technic The value of such procedure may be summarized as follows Protection of prospective employees who may have dis- eased lungs from silica exposure Discovery of the hazardous jobs as a result of finding the silicosis cases in order to eradicate these hazards Discovery of active and open cases of tuberculosis which are in contact with other employees especially protect- ing the younger workers who are susceptible to con- tact infection Discovery through periodic examination of those with inactive tuberculosis of any reactivation of their tuber- culosis before they have been active too long so as to protect especially the younger employees Such early discovery of a reactivation also offers the infected individ- ual a better chance for cure of his tuberculosis Discovery of the early cases of simple silicosis through periodic examination to give them added protection from further excessive dust exposure Determination through periodic physical examination of the adequacy of the dust control program A careful consideration of the foregoing summary as well as the varied experiences of the members of the Medical Committee clearly indicate that there is a wide field for research still in this matter of pulmonary dust diseases There is no phase of employee health which concerns the employer more p's than does this question of dust discases and the ever ipcreas- ing extent to which the employees health is being made a be 1 responsibility of the employer demands that every available op- portunity for increasing our knowledge be explored A"inBY We still do not know the nature of the relationship between silicosis and tubercle infection We do not know the extent to which exposure to silica dust to an amount insufficient to cause definite silicosis may reactivate arrested tuberculosis - The following research projects are listed therefore for the consideration of Air Hygiene Foundation Relationship between silicosis and tuberculosis with especial reference to the question of activation or re- 9 activation of tubercle infection consequent upon exposure to silica especially in massive doses over a short per- iod in the absence of definite evidence of silica action nodulation in the tissues One of the phases of the dust question that has given rise to a great deal of confusion and misunderstanding is this question of the possible effects of the inhalation of large amounts of silica for a short time Cases have occurred of individuals being so exposed it being understood that the length of exposure was not sufficient to develop true silicosis and these individuals have later succumbed to tuberculosis What are we therefore justified in concluding with respect to the possible oc- cupational causes of tuberculosis in such individuals These and similar questions are of utmost importance to employers and employees alike The effects of other substances upon the action of silica in the body It has been claimed from time to time with a considerable amount of justification that where other substances are present in the dust along with the silica these substances may modify the action of silica That is to say they may retard the action of silica so as to actually prevent or at least delay the development of silicosis while on the other hand certain other sub- stances have been credited with greatly intensifyitnhge action of silica The real nature of these cases of quick- ly developing silicosis to which the term acute sili- cosis has been loosely and improperly applied has never been studied in a satisfactory manner Study of the mechanism by which silica exerts its in- jurious effects upon the body This to a certain extent is a corollary of number one The pathologist can dem- onstrate what silica does in the pulmonary and other tissues of the body but so far no reasonable explanation has been offered or demonstrated as to why silica acts as it does Various explanations have been offered such as that silica acts mechanically chemically and chemically It has also been suggested that the electrical charge of the silica particles may be a factor in its action in the tissues . It is quite probable that if we knew the exact manner in which silica acts and of its relationship to the tubercle bacillus we would have much more useful knowledge with respect to tuberculosis itself Research in the technic of roentgenography 10 It has wak: . At: che ,us oeNm.thdwe er Re a .e + $ te! ors a eeAy * D4 preG ba) e. Treacevay Ry! Stayws =ay of long been apparent to medical specialists in the field pulmonary diseases and to roentgenologists that the satisfactory solution of the problem of pulmonary diseases depends upon the earliest possible diagnosis both to insure adequate treatment and prevent further progress of the disease In the last few years the technic of taking ray films has greatly improved Inasmuch as it would appear that to an ever increasing extent pre- employment medical examinations will include chest roentgenograms a man may be hired or rejected on the basis of his ray film It is therefore evident that the very best technic that can be evolved is the least with which industry can be satisfied Se en rtMn oe | Oe ble indole. Nad t + 11 eebset SUPPLEMENT II SUMMARY OF REPORT OF PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE PROF PHILIP DRINKER Chairman The report of the Preventive Engineering Committee having been published by Air Hygiene Foundation and distributed to its members only a brief review of a few of the more import- ant sections of the report will be necessary at this time It should be emphasized that dust control is primarily a maintenance job and should be made routine procedure Granting that a firm applying dust control for the first time is dealing with something which to it is new there is no excuse for not at once adding the necessary equipment to the general production machinery and putting it under the direct responsibility of the company's engineers . . te ethe. Ny i ataye!we am Tet i Be RSs ie Methods of Determining Dust Some dusts as lead are determined by chemical methods and the concentrations in air are recorded gravimetrically as milligrams per cubic meter Others as silica are given by particle count which in such cases is the easiermethod Neither whothelwhoele story but in either case it may be possible to secure the information necessary for the purpose Present sampling and estimating methods the results by which usually are not comparable one with another will be amended and changed from time to time Where dust control alone is in question however the Preventive Engineering Committee advises the use of the simplest possible pro- cedure which will give the necessary data for guidance No useful purpose would seem to be served by determining accurately extremely dense dust concentrations In such cases it is obvious that the workplace is much dustier than it should be It is probable that any sampling procedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading Thus ranges such as 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-40 etc. suffice for dust control Analysis of Where mixed dusts are involved there are two necessary precautions 1 selection of the sample so that it shall be representative and 2 use of a technic by which the various constituents can be determined 13 Ree Dust Collection The dust collecting plant consists of four essential parts: (a) the exhaust hoods, (b) the piping, (c) the dust arrestor, and (4) the fan or blower. If dust collecting is to be installed in any plant, it usually is well worth while studying each process with the help of ex- | 14 hoods and a portable blower. < =-e* o~ aSs gEP studies gives the engineer the data he needs for his final design work, and permits him to select with confidence his Pp-_a - dust arrestors, and fans. Published data for the design of hoods 2 E >'s os meager. In practical work the engineer must r atoevn 35s his own experience and use purely empirical methods. & ~~=> an cw s > rs) ly such lack of data results in needless expenditures of fan power, for the engineer is forced to allow much too large factors of safety Such data as are available are listed in the foltow- ing table: 14 Jeany Pad, peasy Such engier exprienc practial for and while studying studying eyes O88 ate 03 0) 0; as forced use work fans are forced purely the design 0} nopesu BONETIUCDmopencaTOD avilbealow empircal engir designBoRnus5ZO. proces SIN we. expnditures hods confidec neds neds anywith plant wopeius pamnsy Pesnpr peony Tea large large expnditures methods rely compartively paeonry his final final plant A usaly IWeNPaY usualy usaly URED Sspoea ese;poq Wad Ad factors Had ay) ape ay70 0st 00f 02-05 0st pur 359 snjydeD Captureto Requiredair velocity velocity FPM tyof hod face ud Industrial Industrial Dust SIPDOA poqms safe : 00+ Criteon Criterion Criterion otf 01-82 202 o08t2002 safelevl safesafe 50-20 FPM y FPM conetraion safe 50-2 Reduc30g 920q 50-2 TY conetrai #103 FPM Reduc2uplesdg conetraion sO3Barty Reduc sa50lg 150 FPM 1eOps7A conetraion safe Visual test conetraion safe ReducedRuced conetraion safe concentration P levl test conetraion Reduced concentration safe safe safe conetraion Reduced conetraion concentration 0 0} levl safe level safe FPMA Usual Practice Usual vuyos etal now from from be recomndatis fromthe recomndatisrecomndatis anrecomnddatis recomndatios recomendations codes codes . 49 3 wtp > ! d4nmpoy sueip UTED upg pus M29 SuyAEnh bal MentH 21G0Dsea 5den ajzelsdo 9 15 e ee ee we COMPENSATION LEGISLATION CRITICAL REVIEW . THEODORE C. WATERS In reviewing the activities of Air Hygiene Foundation I t have been impressed with its progress and accomplishments : When the organization was originally conceived those of us er interested in its activities felt that it had a definite purpose to serve in the field of industrial hygiene Its officers trustees ar and committees have devoted their efforts to the solution of rs many of the problems that have served to perplex our modern Industrial society and I feel that the Foundation is to be congratulated upon its various activities which have proved to be of material assistance to its member organizations For the past several years we have all benefitted by the research work done by the distinguished scientists who have served upon its committees and I know that I express the sentiments of the member organizations when I thank these committees for the signal services that they have rendered At the last annual meeting of the Foundation we discussed some of the problems presented to industry by the contemplated enactment of legislation compensating occupational diseases Since that time many new laws have been enacted creating new problems for those who may be concerned with their administration I have been asked to discuss briefly the bulletin prepared by the Legal Committee which is now being printed and will . shortly be submitted to the membership as Legal Bulletin No. 3. In the time that has been allotted to me it would be impossible to present an intelligent analysis of this bulletin but there are several subjects treated therein that I desire to call to your attention for careful consideration During the past year occupational disease amendments to existing Workmen's Compensation Laws have been enacted + by the States of Delaware Indiana Michigan Pennsylvania Ohio and Washington Therefore today there are twenty states whose laws now provide compensation for occupational diseases In the following states Commissions have been appointed for the purpose of studying and recommending compensation legislation Bes ite er I ares td REA ws pe hoa Cea) sche thee led EN a STD AED, ads fo Ta See EL Reel Latin da ad RE sa | reSOIT re Wik oe Avi Sad re hatinat e fm 8 eae ape 7 ews Alabama Georgia Maine New Mexico Pet Arizona Kansas Maryland Oregon ct e race It is apparent that a new emphasis has been placed upon me the need for compensating occupational disease injuries and To 51 oe. Le a 2 e Chee t X ge ye " 4 \ Be . " $ue _ ee 4 we . ah) ie Bei a ? in the course of the next few years all of the industrial states . year 1936 New York State amended its occu- Duringpational the int will have probably enacted laws for this purpose Pho pational disease compensation statute to deny compensation for partial due disability ie In choosing three of the subjects discussed in the new oN he for to silicosis or other dust diseases iF bulletin I do not mean to minimize the importance of the - rh 4 while during 1937 Ohio Pennsylvania and Michigan passed aliE : & other subjects treated therein However in view of the 40 } denying compensation for partial disability from the fay laws present trends of occupational disease legislation the follow- ; is The diseases ing subjects are of special interest at this time me The Medical Committee of the Foundation in its Bulletin Medical a Provisions compensating partial and total No. 1 of the Series has recognized the difficulty of disability from silicosis evaluating partial disability Similarly the summary report b Limitation provisions of the Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through #5. Medical Control of the National Silicosis Conference has c Provisions dealing with employment and _ recognized the intricacies of the problem periodic employment physical examinations of In many instances employees have been advised by phy- employees sicians untrained and inexperienced in the diagnosis and Compensation for Partial and Total mi. effect of silicosis that they have the disease and thereby have Disability from Silicosis iS sustained disability Acting on this advice the employee Occupational disease laws now , concerned about his condition leaves his employment generally award compensation even though that trade may be the only one in which he is for partial and total disability in the same manner and under able to earn a living He may then find himself schedules similar to those for disabilities caused by accidents mm. for employment elsewhere and becomes unacceptable In several of the laws recently enacted compensation for # living wage with unable to earn " ti partial disability caused by silicosis has been denied The resulting hardships to himself his family and i basic theory of the Workmen's Compensation Acts is to ; eventually to his community which might have been ra avoided had pro- vide compensation solely for disability and the legislatures or he been properly advised that he had suffered no actual disability and that the risk of of certain of the states have come to recognize that many employment was continuing in his employees who have some presently determinable evidence iter 5 negligible Employers likewise suffer from < ) Improper , : of silicosis are engaged in trade not knowing of the existence pom diagnoses with the resulting persecution of common ' me. law ; of the disease in them showing no noticeable se , and suits or unjustified compensation claims Not only is this disability | weattar. litigation excessively expensive but it may have a far reach- es fully capable of performing their regular duties Precedent ing detrimental effect upon the entire employee for the denial of compensation for partial disability was FWiAeS: relationship established by the method of awarding compensation for es wah tending to destroy public confidence in an indus< try which may as a matter of | silicosis in South Africa where medical classification of the fact be well managed properly a its equipped and operated with full consideration for the health cubeparic |' stages of the disease were provided in the law In the first i - its employees ; eles of stage primary relatively low compensation was pay- dk Sa lative There are persuasive reasons both for and able so that the employee would be compensated for the time Re Seeded ae lative provisions denying compensation for against legis- that might elapse from the date of his removal from his aay: from silicosis but until partial disability os dhs hazardous employment until he could find employment in some ; purpose of an approved method is devised for the va ae evaluating such disability the denial of sation other trade The West Virginia law follows this idea and |i Ly for partial disability is not only equitable but compendesirable defines three stages of the disease providing compensation in Ahayt With respect to total disability the problem is much the amounts of 500 and 1000 respectively for the first and i. pler When the disease is sim- pulmonary Sie. second stages of the disease with full compensation in the |} accompanied by active tuberculosis the employee should 4 perma- same manner and at the same rate as is provided for ffdust not only for his be removed from the hazard nent disability or death from accidental injuries when own protection but for that of his a the Kellow si Bites claimant is suffering from the disease in the third workmen in order to remove them from the possibility stage era Infection otal An employee so injured should receive the full i disability ees ae : se benefits of the law Adequate protection afe Mh The original Ontario statute contained similar provisions : rab ^ bould be afforded to employers to determine the actual cause te i: 52 na Bs t 53 es Ne Ae cmeCs ekES ee ~ PE ; 13 a bi [ TRIPE ' ea SOMEwe erIAT Dep peliat a te Bie Y of disability so that compensation may not be awarded unless the claimant is determined by competent medical examination to be suffering total disability employment examinations will enable employers to avoid the employment of tuberculars and tubercular suspects in industries wherein silica is a hazard and by this method they may relieve themselves from a considerable portion of the potentiatotal disability benefits that may be awarded under our compensation statutes Limitation Provisions One subject that has not received merited attention is the period of limitations after exposure or injury within which formal proof of claim for compensation must be filed Our state laws vary widely with respect to this problem but generally speaking they relate to ; : a A period of employment within the state as a prerequisite to the filing of claim for compensa- tion and b The time within which claims for compensation must be filed after injury or the termination of employment The following states require exposure in employments within the state as a prerequisite to the right to file claims Illinois days exposure all diseases Indiana days exposure all diseases North Carolina years exposure silicosis and asbestosis Ohio years exposure to silica dust for other diseases employee must be resident for ninety days Pennsylvania years exposure silicosis and as- bestosis Washington years exposure all diseases West Virginia years exposure silicosis Wisconsin days silicosis Another important provision is the requirement that the disease should have been due to the nature of the employment and contracted within a fixed period of time previous to the such date of disablement The following are examples of provisions Michigan Minnesota and Ohio year . Illinois Indiana Nebraska and Pennsylvania years North Carolina years silicosis and asbestosis All of the compensation acts specify procedure relating to 54 the filing of claims and fix the time after injury or last exposure within which claims must be filed and in order to determine the rules of each state it is necessary to examine the particular state statutes applicable thereto These stat- tory provisions lack uniformity as to procedure and unfortunately in many instances the period of limitations runs from the date of injury or manifestation of the disease rather than from the date of last exposure to the disease hazard This is objectionable to the employer because he is unable to determine his liability in the case of diseases that do not manifest themselves or cause injury until many years after employment or exposure to disease hazard has been termi- nated To determine liability it is essential that the period of limitations run from the date of last exposure 1 The refusal and reluctance of representatives of labor to recognize the necessity for physical examinations of em- ployees has impeded the successful administration of these laws but the question of limitation provisions could be readily solved by the physical examination of employees upon the termination of their exposure to disease hazards whereby it could be promptly determined whether or not they have suffered disability employment and Periodic employment Examinations of Employees The medical profession generally including the Medical Committee of the Foundation recognize and recommend preemployment and periodic employment examinations of employees for the prevention and control of occupational disease In spite of the misunderstanding that has arisen regarding their use employment examinations have served a valuable purpose in avoiding the employment of men in certain industries having hazards to which they may be peculiarly susceptible as for example preventing the employment of tuberculars in those industries having silica hazards Periodic employment examinations have already proved their merit They make it possiblfoer employees to be advised of conditions not due to their employment that need treatment for the preservation of their general health Com- petent medical advice is given resulting in the treatment conditions and cure of which undiscovered or unattended might later cause irreparable damage to an employee's health From the social standpoint the benefits of examina- tions properly conducted may render to the employees in- valuable assistance and the workman and his family as well 55 Nn as the employer will reap immediate and obvious benefits therefrom Time does not permit a discussion of the legislative provisions of the states dealing with this problem but the Legal Bulletin that will soon be available to members discusses these statutes in detail Suffice it to say that employment and periodic employment examinations of employees are of vital importance to ascertain the incipiency of diseases when employees are or may be exposed to hazards When a disease is permitted to develop to the stage where it becomes manifest or disabling it is generally too late to avoid its ultimate disabling effects and the employee is then limited to the compensation benefits that the statute provides By prevention the health of the employee is safeguarded and the employer relieved from the liability for compensation Therefore a complete and comprehensive program for medical control with routine examinations is essential for the suc- cessful administration of these laws In the beginning of my remarks I referred to the problems that have arisen and will arise in connection with the ad- ministration of occupational disease laws and for your consideration I would like to make brief reference to some of the provisions of these laws that will inevitably lead to difficulties We have been discussing specific provisions of occupational disease legislation common to all laws and I would like to call to your attention some instances of problems that will arise in the future in connection with the administration of these laws Due to the limitation of time I can make but brief ' My condition was caused by the electric heater in the cash box It drew the blood out of my feet and caused blotches and veins to come out making my feet weak The accident whereby she sustained a broken ankle did not occur during the course of her duties so that her claim was based solely on an alleged occupational disease of inflamma- tion and weakness of the legs caused by her employment The Referee before whom the matter was heard awarded precedent compensation which was affirmed by the Appellate Division and unless reversed in the present appeal the case will stand as of what may be expected in the course of the administration of the New York Occupational Disease Law I cite this case to bring home to you the hazard presented to industry by those state laws providing general coverage There are claims now pending under general laws for diseases such coverage as tuberculosis pneumonia boils scarlet fever flat feet and countless other diseases not peculiar to or characteristic of the trade or employment wherein a claimant is engaged I do not mean to imply that compensation will be awarded for all of such cases but I repeat the warning that general coverage laws may in the future be construed to provide general health insurance for employees If our present society desires this to be accomplished our legislatures should say so and not hide the purposes of the pro- posed legislation behind the name occupational disease com- pensation reference to these problems without detailed discussion thereof but I hope that these references will emphasize their Another instance of immediate interest is the provision of the Pennsylvania Occupational Disease Act that becomes importance As you know the New York Workmen's Compensation Act . effective January 1 1938. You are all familiar with the problem of called accrued liability common to all occu- was originally amended to compensate a scheduled list of pational disease legislation The Pennsylvania law attempted occupational diseases In 1935 the Act was again amended to take care of this problem as it related to certain diseases to compensate any and all occupational diseases There by apportioning this liability between the employer and the is now pending before the Court of Appeals of the State of Commonwealth over a period of ten years by providing that . New York the claim of Shirley Goldberg against the Marcy if disability or death from the disease occurs within the first 5 Corporation and the Maryland Casualty Company for an year after the Act becomes effective the employer shall be < 3 occupational disease alleged to have been sustained by the liable for and pay tenth of the compensation for such : } claimant during the course of her employment The duties disability or death the remainder of such compensation being is : of the claimant were to sell tickets for a motion picture payable by the Commonwealth For disability or death i theatre in a sidewalk booth which was heated by a small occurring each year thereafter the employer assumes an electric heater Her claim sets forth that her legs were additional tenth of this liability until the ten year period weakened by the heating and that she fell breaking her is past after which time full liability is imposed the ankle and sustaining injury I quote the following averments I employer The Act does not specify the diseases to whuipcohn this from her claim - provision applies leaving this for the determination of the 56 57 eee ee e ct ~ Workmen's Compensation Board The Board is empowered to determine those diseases that develop to the point of dis- an = CORRELATION OF AMERICAN RESEARCHES IN ability only after five or more years of exposure At the INDUSTRIAL AIR HYGIENE effective date of the Act therefore neither the employer nor is his insurance carrier will be apprised of the diseases to which :: this provision applies It is apparent that such confusion must react detrimentally to all industrial interests and in a sense makes the risk imposed by the law uninsurable Assum- ing that the disease of silicosis is one of the diseases that the Board will find to be within the terms of this section we have a limitation of the employer's liability in the law in the amount of 3600 Does the section providing for the apportionment of liability between the employer and the Commonwealth limit the employee's right to compensation to 3600 or does it mean that during the first year the Act is effective . the employer pays tenth of the disability or death benefits not to exceed 3600 and the Commonwealth pays the remaining benefits granted by the general law Such a construction is possible and would result in claimants becom- ing disabled the first year after the Act becomes effective receiving substantially more compensation than claimants becoming disabled ten years after the Act becomes effective If this is the proper construction of the Act I hazard the guess that during the first few years it is effective there may well be an avalanche of claims thereunder I regret that time does not permit the discussion of many of the other important legislative provisions that are treated in the Legal Bulletin upon which I have been asked to make - | report In closing I believe it proper to express the warning to the Foundation its members and supporters that during * the next few years careful attention should be paid to the -f: administration of the occupational disease laws now effective so that unjust and inequitable construction may not be placed upon the provisions of these laws I believe that the members if of this Foundation are ready willing and able to accept their i responsibility for occupational disease injuries to their em- - }';4# ployees but will seek to avoid unjust and inequitable claims that may hereafter be asserted against them It is important that those industries having occupational disease hazarda | should carefully scrutinize all proposed rules and regulations adopted by administrative agencies and that false and im- proper claims should be contested to the utmost The next - few years may well determine the ultimate course of the administration of these laws and your continued attention to this matter is vitally necessary to the protection of your own interests 58 H. B. MELLER The rapid expansion of interest and activities in the field of industrial health necessarily has resulted in a certain amount of overlapping of effort One of the functions of Air Hygiene Foundation is to unify and correlate activities in this developing field so that the sum total of our knowledge on the subject may be efficiently advanced In line with this objective the Foundation recently set out to compile a rough directory of institutions and individuals engaged in rescarches on those occupational diseases in which Foundation members are interested In other words we at- tempted as a preliminary move to take a partial inventory of institutions and research specialists working in this field A test list of 200 such institutions and individuals was care- fully prepared We did not include research by individual companies or corporations for their own advantage nor did we include the work of independent consultants nor the excellent and valuable studies being conducted in particular industries by some of our national trade organizations Our survey was concerned only with the broad fundamental prob- lems affecting industry as a whole Of the institutions and specialists contacted in the survey more than half sent answers to the questionnaire It was most interesting to note that in every case the question Are you willing to cooperate by supplying reasonable information - and other advice looking toward coordination of research in the field of air hygiene was answered in the affirmative An analysis of the replies revealed that there is an increas- ing number of specialists entering this field of research that more hospitals through their pathological and roentgenological departments are broadening their activities that more institutions of learning are inaugurating departments of Industrial medicine or industrial hygiene that many states and some cities are including regulation of industrial discase hazards in their program And of course there is the continued broad valuable work of the U. S. Public Health Service and of the U. S. Bureau of Mines These findings are convincing evidence of an increasing regard for the health of workmen and cognizance of the advantages that will accrue to employers as well pertinent query now confronts us namely How can the greatest advantage be taken of the opportunity afforded by these RI led ebt iee d wes* 2 er e Ey F . e AU ht da 59 ena ay a Ko peny ene : ESS ! SRNR increasing facilities so that they may be directed through port from local industries is natural and cooperation and coordination toward securing in the shortest problems affect industry proper But where where ues: practicable time authoritative answers to perplexing questions 1 2 BH sought from a industry broadly and where support is ; that are serious in their importance and in their need for which we hope wiwlildbeely distributed group it is our opinion early solution |. . of all shared by others that the best interests Let us consider briefly some facts of relevance concerned will be served and the greatest return secured . from the investment if the problem is considered part of a There are the Federal and State agencies with their pre- 1 comprehensive program devised for the benefit of ae pared programs : the place at which the work is to be done is chosenall and if Marlpale There are outstanding institutions whose sole imposed . broad outcome in mind This with that >= = is the conduct of research These institutions .' considerable action in itself will prevent responsibility either are endowed entirely or in . We duplication that otherwise would likely occur part partially supported . refer in the discussion here only to the broad through private grants or are entirely dependent upon out- : of investigation for application in which program side funds That the interest research and support of this #j: is interested The results of the industry as a whole group should be encouraged cannot be gainsaid ; far give definite indication survey carried out by us so The number of departments of industrial medicine and of this field that the men directly engaged in swre e oe industrial hygiene in educational institutions is are willing to aid in coordination of the work They olsat a realize increasing : ; that duplicate effort is costly not only in money but- what and it is hoped will increase more rapidly Such departments ; ||: .t is of greater moment time The will undoubtedly be a tremendous asset to labor and industry - convinced can therefore be depended scientist we are oe in training physicians engineers chemists and physicists } but there must be evolved upon to do his part oeed eX me for this field of research and control a in its a plan which can be preliminary mom But in the of : ; nature as the basis for consideration of such timely and Pee1 which eis programs proposed research activities essential questions as who should do what who should refrain from Pte have come to us from these sources there is implied a large 4 which activities and why Scientists B3 lt amount of unnecessary duplication if all are able to proceed engaged in this ar as they indicate they wish to do which brings to mind a logical APY Se question Should industry be asked to pay over and over again for the same research projects Or should it instead , use a central control to aid in direction of scientific effort and financial support in order to minimize wasteful duplication and - spur research progress on a long list of problems crying for ; attention Obviously far more could be accomplished and- for far less money if the expenditures were so directed We are not discussing the research being done by individual mis : | companies or corporations for their own advantage the work tlh of consultants whose laboratories are industrial plants nor the excellent and valuable studies being conducted in par All ticular industries by some of our national organizations such studies are desirable and valuable but have no direct i as bearing on the program under discussion except insofar the Foundation in its turn is able to cooperate with these organizations to steer clear of those researches whose results will be made available to industry through the efforts of others This will be a move of progressive type toward re- arei result through a central agency aha! The coordinated program should be made up of basic Btanli; problems the solution of which is needed by all industry or at least by groups of industries As rapidly as answers found they can be used to practical benefit not only in plants i but also in clearing up uncertainties that have affected legislation It is one thing to comply with regulations under an existing law it is quite another to attempt to clarify and add ; to existing facts so as to clear up controversial points considered ; in formulating that law plisheds Industry knows more or less clearly what needs to be accom- in : plished Industry is aware that in addition to researches on gram problems of special or immediate interest a range is necessary to supply incontrovertible facts that tphreonmay be woven into sound laws fair to employers and employees alike ducing unnecessary duplication in research Nor is there included research in educational institutions industry where it is conducted for the purpose of benefitting in particular districts in which case appeal for research sup- 60 The path to this goal will be made very much shorter if executives in industry will work closely with scientists who Hould welcoine a comprehensive program equitably distrib- unted carefully coordinated and adequately financed 61 o- A . ay ae whe On the one hand interested scientists would be spared i large part service as salesmen to secure necessary financial support for their investigations Bear in mind what has been said about local service or services or studies carried ao on by or for specific industries or groups These specialists ad would be able to devote all their attention to | onstructive effort Saar oo K Industry on the other hand through its executives would mate be able to keep in close touch with the program as a whole as well as with parts that might be of special or immediate interest and this connection would accelerate the progress by thus getting a maximum return for the money spent in research Industry should definitely pool its interests helping in the formulation of the program and supplying the neces- sary sinews of war Science will cooperate to the full in solving the problems of industry if industry is a part of the army in the field and is prepared for a vigorous attack Tae ot wean ae 4 IS ry US Air Hygiene Foundation of America Inc. : A. Hitchine Ch J LA LA Schults V. T. Williams Ch Bec D. Baklatwalla Treas P.- Ahearn BOARD OF TRUSTEES National Refractories Company U. B. Steel Corporation Williams Eversman & Morgan U. 8. Rustless Steel & Iron Corp. National Industrial Sand Ass'n Manville Corporation Westinghouse Elec & Mfg Co. Bt Joseph Lead Company U. B. Bureau of Mines Mathieson Alkall Works Inc. Pittsburgh Coal Company Assn of Casualty and Burety Executives 11. 8. Public Health Service Illinois Olass Company Mine Safety Appliances Co. Philadelphia Pa New York N. Toledo Ohio Pittsburgh Pa Washington D. C. New York N. Y. Pittsburgh Pa New York N. Y. Washington D. C. New York N. Pittsburgh Pa New York N. Y. Washington D. C. Toledo Ohio Pittsburgh Pa EXECUTIVE STAFF Managing Director Medical Advisor Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary Executive Assistant Pittsburgh Pa Pittsburgh Pa Toledo Ohio Pittsburgh Pa Pittsburgh Pa MEDICAL COMMITTEE Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. The Saranac Laboratory Singer Memorial Laboratory Westinghouse Elec & Mfg Co. Hell Telephone Co. University Hospital Consultant U. 8. Public Health Service New York N. Y. Saranac Lake N. Pittsburgh Pa F. Pittsburgh Pa Pittsburgh Pa Philadelphia Pa Milwaukee Wis Washington D. C. *i . , ; CTORY PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTER Harvard School of Public Health Zurich Insurance Co. U. B. Public Health Service Div Ind Hyg State Dept. Lalior B. F. Sturtevant Company W. W. Bly Manufacturing Co. Mine Safety Appliances Co. Boston Mass Chicago Ill Washington D. C. New York Y. Hyde Park Mass Cleveland Ohlo Pittsburgh Pa Mite Saie PC. Birth Ch Alter Paine LEGAL COMMITTEE Illinois Glass Co. Manville Corporation Aetna Casualty & Burety Co. Mullikin Atockbridge & Waters Toledo Ohio : New York Y. t Hartford Conn Baltimore Md MEMBERRIIIP COMMITTER AB ae EE Vinklyn C Davidson Sete C. Jackson J. B. McCormick Company Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Foundry Bupply Mfrs Ass'n Aluminum Company of America Glass Containers Ass'n Floridin Company Barre Granile Ass'n Grinding Wheel Mfrs Ass'n Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa Los Angeles Calif New York Y. New Kensington Pa New York Y. Warren Pa Barre Vermont Worcester Mass Pittsburgh PA 1g TERPOey Papago MM Aaa ESE 69 aby at eae!4g 63 RR ES : \ TY ote sannS 2=%235Koe akABLE wet oth NeBENS e 5 <8 :ery ce try at ha dase 2) was > -=. ie: Se:mns * is ertat 4 =: a g3 Bye Members of Air Hygiene Foundation as of Nov. 30 1937 Abingdon Ranitary Manufacturing Company Abrasive Company Abrasive Mining & Manufacturing Company Allegheny Steel Company Aluminum Company of America American Filter Company American Brake Shoe and Foundry Company American Emery Wheel Works American Laundry Machinery Company American Mining Congress American Potash & Chemical Company American Refractories Institute American Smelting & Refining Company American Zine Institute American Zine Lead & 8melting Company Anaconda Copper Mining Company Asbestos Fibre Spinning Company Assn of Casualty and Surety Executives Attapulgus Clay Company Automobile Manufacturers Association Frank Bancroft Company Barre Granite Association Bartlett Company C. O. Bartlett & Snow Company Bay State Abrasive Products Company Bird Archer Company ; Bird & Son Black Products Company Knox . Company Bridgeport Safety Emery Wheel Company Brockway Glass Company Inc. Buck Glass Company Buckeye Products Company Bunker Hill & Bullivan Mining & Con- centrating Company The Carborundum Company Central Pa Coal Producers Association Central Silica Company Chicago Wheel & Manufacturing Company Climax Molybdenum Company Consolidated Feldspar Corporation Copperweld Steel Company Corhart Refractories Company Corning Glass Works Cortland Grinding Wheels Corporation Deckers Creek Band Company Denver Fire Clay Company A. P. deSanno & Son Inc. Detroit Grinding Wheel Company Altall Diamond Diamond Company B. F. Drakenfeld Company Dravo Corporation : E. I. duPont Nemours & Company Eagle Picher Lead Company Ethyl Gasoline Corporation Eureka Flint & 8par Company Exolon Company Feldspar Milling Company Findlay Clay Products Company Firth Sterling Steel Company Flintkote Company Foundry Supply Manufacturers Amociation Foote Mineral Company Gatke Corporation General Abrasive Company General American Transportation Company General Grinding Wheels Corporation General Refractories Company leneses Feldspar Company Gladding Mellean Company Class Container Association llenshaw Glass Company Holding Company Goulds Pumps Inc. Granite City Steel VA P. Green Fire Brick Company Irinding Wheel Manufacturers Association Gypsum Association The Hall Company Hamilton Emery & Corundum Company Hampden Grinding Wheel Company Harbison Refractories Company Harrisburg Steel Company Hecla Mining Company Hercules Mining Company John W. Higman Company The Hill & Grimith Company Maryland Mines Corporation Illinois Clay Products Company Industrial Bilica Corporation Institute Boiler & Radiator Mfrs International Nickel Company Jamison Coal and Coke Company Manville Corporation Keasbey & Mattison Company Keystone Emery Mills Kimble Class Edwin M. Knowles China Company Laclede Clay Products Company Homer Laughlin Chine Company Lava Crucible Company of Pittsburgh E. J. Lavino & Company Lead Industries Association Libbey Glass Company Los Angeles Angeles Chamber Chamber of Comerce Commerce Macklin Company Magma Copper Company Mathieson Alkali Works Inc. Mayer China Company J. 8. McCormick Company Metals Refining Company Mexico Refractories Company Michigan Alkali Company West Abrasive Company Mine Safety Appliances Company Mississippi Glass Company Monsanto Chemical Company Blutual Chemical Company National Crushed Stone Association National Feldspar Association National Grinding Wheel Company National Industrial Band Association National Lead Company New Castle Refractories Company North American Refractories Company North Carolina Feldspar Corporation Norton Company R. Obermayer Company Ottawa Bilica Company Illinois Ginss Company Peninsular Grinding Wheel Company Rillton Company Pennsylvania lass Band Corporation Charles E. Pettinos Phelps Dodge Corporation Pittsburgh Clay Pot Co. Pittsburgh Coal Company Pittsburgh Plate Olass Company 64 Mburgh Blics Sand Company artsmouth Refractories Company quien Grinding Wheel Co. Inc. Company Manhattan Company Mining Company M8. Robertson Company et: Grinding Wheel & Machine Co. B. Schneible Company board Feldspar Company Pottery Company ngo Furnace Company te de Wordon White Company lex on Engineering Company Facing & Supply Company Process Company int bern bern Ferro Alloys Company Lead Company dard Abrasive Wheel Company andard Banitary Manufacturing Co. Grinding Wheel Company ick B. Stevens Inc. tion Fire Brick Company Flake Graphite Companty Taylor Smith & Taylor Company Taylor Rons Company Abrasives Company Potteries Inc. State Zine & Lead Ore Producers Association Union Carbide Company United Feldspar Corporation United States Graphite Company United States Potters Association United States Bmelting Refining & Mining Co. United States Bleel Corporation Universal Hanitary Manufacturing Company Valley Mould & Iron Company Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures Association Vitrified Wheel Company Waltham Grinding Wheel Company Washington Mills Emery Manufacturing Company Weron Hillca Company Mclain Company West Company Western Electric Company Westfield Grinding Wheel Company 1 Westinglinuse Air Brake Company Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company Whitehend Brothers Company + Willson Products Inc. Wisconsin Abrasive Company Wolf's New Process Abrasive Wheel Inc. E. J. Woodison Company Worth Steel Company Youngstown Bheet & Tube Company 99 At Boy: |