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FILE NAME Bechtel BECH DATE 1944 June DOC BECH011 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Trade Journal Article EBs FROM die tacit tsnaca 448 2368 Watts 410 448 2368 kine eee 01-10-94 01-10-94 04:26 04:26 TO HEATING " ERCIAL INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL RIR CONDITIONING REFRIGERATION PIPHIG HEATING VENTILATION * PLSo Ae etepert WAR SAVINGS BOND SERTES / DATE Hoating and Steam Generation with Coat is the subject of this month's Blueprint of : Post Rcalities page 65 FROM 410 448 2368 410 448 2368 01-10-94 04:29 TO P.17 Bombers and Balm of Battles Out of This Heart of Cold From producing an increasing quantity of peni cillin to building bombers that is the range of war jobs which you find Worthington refrigeration com- the pressore- heart of air conditioning and refrig- cration systems To make enough penicillin and quickly-Worth- ington compressors must freeze thousands of gallons of soluble mould to only a few pounds of the saving drug Similarly other Worthington stratosphere compressors help create for the testing of bomber engines conditions . Worthington makes more of the vitals ofair condi- tioning and refrigeration systems than any other manu- facturer ... Diesel and gas engines steam turbines condensers Drives refrigeration valves and fittings pumps and compressors In many installations Worthington has taken sole responsibility for major operating equipment from the unit that powers the 5150 of tem to the compressor at its heart So alsoin hundreds chemical and petroleum prot- esses explosives and synthetic rubber air^,, apotwer and public machines with the world recognized Worthington trademark are everywhere part of the struggle for Victory and Prace Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation Harrison N.J. N.J. Power Plant Equipment Refriporoting Equipment Construction Machinery Turbinas & Generator Sais Diesel & Gas Erginos Porar Tennsmission Equipment ' Construction & Mining Machinery Positioning Equipment Liquid Maters Pumps & Compressore Air Conditioning & ~ Locomotiva foodwoter R^'otati A Welding A WORTHINGTON WORTH Giving You More Worth for Your Tax Money and War Bonds SEE HOW PRODUCTS OF CLIMATE CONTROL GO TO WAR FROM BOMBER PLANT TO BATTLEFIELD Sealing Out Tonk is made of is synthetic manufacture manufacture synthetic synthetic rsuyntbhetbicerrubber . In the tem- peratures close synthetic below Worthington are close A 190 below zero gas eo- required Worthington Worthington a gine often drives WorthingtonWorthington com pressor in the refrigeration system Sex This Military Ice tests aircraft from eq1uip0me0nt equipmenbteloiwn to room vaabroyviengzero The WWorthoingtorn thington Mul^...- Mul^...- Drive transmits Worthington conditions reproduce compressor which helps- rte sep ooeh sot t. la schaeries Bomber's made schaerschiaeris which schaeriewshich parepeaetrrteolerumholepelppretureoleptuommrocleeeuSmsqtsreupderioadpmucmtpsreodnuctts suscchaeries processed macfhineafmaomouuss Worthington bearing the we lavesion Rations must often be stored monthsin ad- often vance accret cold storage waremany of which are equipped houses sefrigeration sys- teass Worthington teass whosewhose heartasre Worthington ammonis vertical CompSCHODIT JUNE 1944 HEATING AND VENTILATING FROM 410 448 2368 410 448 2368 01-10-94 04:26 TO P.1Z Dust as an Industrial Health Hazard F. W. HUTCHINSON Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley Calif THE health problem arising from dust in industry is one of increasing seriousness Socially - economically and legally it has become evident that - immediate steps must be taken to combat the hazard pneumoconiosis represented by wholesale industrial exposure to the dusts Pneumoconiosisin many of its formsis incurable Thus consideration of the problem which it represents is based largely on methods of dust reduction and removal andis engineer therefore as much a responsibility of the as it is of the physician Fortunately medical knowledge and engineering equipment have progressed to such a point that recognition of hazardous conditions and availability of methods for correcting them will now permit a complete practical and economical solution of the problem Unfortunately prejudice and fear have surrounded the entire subject with such an aura of suspicion anddistrust that neither workmen nor em- ployers have until recently been willingto acknowl- edge the hazard or recognize the need for preventive measures In addition the slow action of the discase coupled with failure on the part of many physicians to acquaint themselves with the proper diagnostic methods has made it difficult for the worker to es- tablish his claim for compensation in the event of lung injury and equally difficult for the employer to _ defend himself against fraudulent claims it has been said that silicosis claims constitute one of the most adoption widespread of legal rackets Workmen have bitterly opposed of the exacting employment qualifications and periodical physical examinations of those exposed to dust which are essential to medical control Yet it is essential that persons having a predisposition to tuberculosis or a low nasal filtering efficiency be excluded from the dusty trades Similarly protection of the worker exposure the demands that he be removed from at first indication of lung damage adopted Employers on the other hand have the silicosis _ pointview most claims of are unfair and an unscrupulous attempt to take advantage of them The explanation behind an employer's unwillingness to acknowledge the hazard is not unreasonable The , dust diseases are almost invariably of long duration and frequently are not discovered until many years after exposure has ceased Thus many employers are now in the difficult and alarming position of fac- ing claims for disease which is a result of exposure to conditions that existed in their plants 10 or 15 years ago at that time they were unaware of the health hazard associated with dusty atmospheres and consequently though they might have had every desire to furnish their employees with full protection occupational injury from they did not take the special carewhichis now known to be necessary employers Wilson states Most intentioned may be said to have used reasonable care in past years considering their lack of knowledge- this is now their best defense in damage suits How- ever from now on with the spread ... available knowledge only special care will safeguard the interests of employer and workman alike Recent interest in dust diseases has built up an extensive literature theories have been confirmed with experimental evidence and innumerable case histories of individuals and of entire groups are available In contrast to the widespread ignorance of ten years ago it would probably be difficult at the present time to find a worker in the dusty industries who has not at least heard of silicosis or an employ- er who is unaware of the crippling damage suits which will face him if his employees through failure on his part to take the necessary preventive mea- sures contract the discase The cost of dust controlis often far less than the cost of one damage suit Jury awards in silicosis cases of 10,000 17,000 22,500 25,000 and like sums are matters of record In the St. Louis arca alone there were some time ago over 2000 suits pending A Missouri mining company as another _example faced claims aggregating 5,000,000 and spent 500,000 in court settlements of a few of them is The purpose of this article is to review the liter- ature on the physiological effects of some of the haz- ardous industrial dusts and to summarize present- day criteria acceptable as a basis for the design of dust control systems Silicosis Silicosis is a discase of the lungs caused by the inhalation of dust containing free silica Some authorities believe but this fact has not been estab- lished that the inhalation of silicatesis also a caus- ative factorand Incurable and Progressive The important facts about this disease are that for practical purposes it is progressive and incurable The qualification for practical purposes is necessary because recent in- vestigations suggest that uncomplicated silicosis is not progressive however the continued existence of a case of silicosis without the onset of complications standpoint is so rare that from the of social consc- quences the disease can itself be regarded as pro- gressive In the medical literature the progressive + HEATING AND VENTILATING JUNE 1944 - 7 FROM 410 448 2368 410 .448 2368 01-10-94 04:27 TO 13 viewpoint is the one which has been most widely adopted but the possible future significance of the recent findingsis promising With reference to the incurability of silicosis recent work has also indicated the possibility of a Metallica and with reference to dust warned his readers to beware because it penetrates into the windpipe implants away the consump- tion the body He called attention to the fact that the death rate among Carpathianminers was solution but it is as yet too soon to hold out hope so great that a wife could often ourlive six husbands for satisfactory medical treatment One promising method consists in the administration of thyroxene The passage of time has done little to alleviate the hazard The development of pacumatic tools has led theinvestigators report that Thyroid therapy may possibly notonly prevent the development of silicosis but may also arrest its further progress and possibly reduce to some already extent the degree of fibrosis existing The above remarks on theprogressiveness and incurability of silicosis have been included because they show how very far the medical profession has _ yet to go to achieve a solution of the silicosis prob- lem In terms of concrete present gain the sum total of the best that medicine can now offer is not of much value When dealing with contagious dis- eases such as smallpox and Spanish influenza it _ to a great increase in the dust concentrations at- tending the grinding polishing and cutting of stone The death rate among Barre granite cutters for example increased from 1.5 per 1,000 in the year 1890 to 19.6 per 1,000 in 1924 an increase attributable to the introductioonf pneumatic equipment When one realizes that a threshold concentration of 5 million particles per cubic footis required to constitute a silicosis hazard for dust made up 100 free silicais then evident that there are many industrial operations today which represent health baz- ards that did not exist prior to the introduction of mechanical equipment has been possible to achieve a satisfactory treatment as a step toward the elimination of the disease itself the case of silicosis a contagious dis- ease the only advance of real significance which is possible is an advance which must be brought about by the application of basic engineering principlesthe reduction of dust concentrations at the breathing Many estimates have been made of the number of persons exposed to hazardous concentrations of silica dust but such estimates are usually based only on industrial exposure When account is taken of the fact that 60 of the earth's crust consists of silica the likelihood seems great that such estimates are conservative Lanza and Vane estimated that permitted zone to a point such that a health hazard no longer exists onlyin this way can silicosis beeradicated If to run its course without complica- tion silicosis will lead to death by suffocation the number of industrial workers exposed to the silica dust hazardis in excess of half a inillion in those industries in which the processing or handling of siliceous material is of basic importance this esti- lungs becoming incapable of maintaining a gas transfer sufficient to sustain life Usually however ter- mate docs not take account of the many workers exposed as a result of the industrial use of silica as mination occurs as a result of complications such as tuberculosis or heart disease a definite correlation hazard a filtering agent In one other respect the silicosis has not has been established between silicosis and tubercu- losis but an explanation is as yet lacking With reference to tuberculosis a study of axe grinders and polishers showed a death rate of 1,900 per 100,000 from tuberculosis as contrasted with 150 per 100,000 for the general population of the same state In this study the death rate of all workers in the dusty trades investigated was used More striking figures and more significant ones were obtained from a Massachusetts investigation in which the tuberculosis death rate of 961 silicotic quarry workers was compared with that for the general popula- yet been evaluated As already mentioned there is a definite relationship between silicosis and tubercu- losis This fact leads to the probability thaitn any community in which there's a large number of sili- cotics there will be a decid familial tuberculosis hazard Fortunately however his dangeris some- what lessened as a result of the long incubation period which is found with silicosis the time a workman's lungs have reached the stage at which tuberculosisis most likely to set in it is more than probable that his children will have grown past the age at which the danger of their contracting the dis- tion and found to be forty times as great case is greatest Background and Extent The name silicosis is of That silicosis is definitely related to a particular relatively recent origin but the existence of the kind of occupational risk is demonstrated by the health hazard associated with dusty work has been data from examinations ray of 2500 workmen ale recognized by medical men for many centuries from all departments of a typical heavy industry From the literature of the period we find that the 5.8 had silicosis but of those affected were Awe the 90.0 Ptolemies knew of it Pliny the Elder referred to foundry workers The great importance of the silica Te the stone cutters disease and devised a crude hazardis clearly indicated from the following com- respirator for the protection of miners Aristotle warned Greek workmen against the inhalation of publication parative mortality figures from a 1933 of Hollis and Yule dust Hippocrates thr^'e centuries before Christ noticed that his surgical knives were dulled by dust , 1000 for standard population all causes for _ ages 20-65 in the lungs of stone workers In the 16th century Georges Agricolaa mining engineer wrote De Re % 1984 for silica group 967 for silica group 58 . . JUNE 1944 HEATING AND VENTILATING FROM 410 448 2368 410 4482368 4482368 01-10-94 04:27 TO P.14 The silica group above showed only three causes of death diabetes appendicitis digestive diseases which did not differ significantly from the general group The significance of these figures is at once apparent when it is considered that estimated 110,000 workers in the United States have silicosis SS in some degree required Development of the Disease The time required for incapacitation due to silicosis has been the sub- ject of a great deal of attention but as yet no gen- crally accepted conclusions have reached Ap- parently the period of exposure preceding contrac- tion of the disease is a function of the dust concen- tration nature of the dust nature of the work and individual physical idiosyncrasies From a study of 9,800 cutters in the Ruhr it is concluded that 13 years exposure are required to show slight silicosis and 20 years to cause incapacitation This same study reveals that 63 of the deaths among silicotics occur from tuberculosis complications In porcelain workers silicosis develops slowly but pro- gressively the second stage is usually not . reached until after 10 ycars Among sandstone workers the minimal exposure has been found be 11 years while for iron miners an exposure of 4 to 5 years may be responsible for the appearance of lung changes 4 to 8 years after the exposure has ceased In contrast to the above relatively long incubation periods are those found among workers engaged in blasting and in the manufacture of abrasive soaps in these occupations only 3 or 4 years may precede the onset of the disease Likewise an examination of 175 men engaged in rock drilling showed that 50 were affected in less than one year There is a good reason for believing that under particularly heavy dust concentrations silicosis takes an acute form and may appear after an exposure of only a few months Not soon forgotten will be the case of the Hawk's Nest Hydro Plant on the New River Some 4000 workers mostly negroes were employed for wages of 3.00 for a hour day in a relatively short time after completion of the tunnel work 475 of them were dead and an estimated 1500 others incurably ill This case was investigated by a committee in the House of Representatives before whom witnesses testified that In the tunnel 10 drills were in op^'rationat once and you could not see ten feet ahead of you even with the headlight of the donkey engine Workmen were so thoroughly covered with a silica dust that you could not tell a white man from that colored man 15 feet away It was this case that a senator from West Virginia described as the most horrible industrial disaster in the history of the world It was of this case that Representative Marcantonio of New York charged that 169 workers had been buried unidentified because the undertaker had lost his records On the basis of all evidence which has yet been brought forward it would seem to the impartial investigator that the Hawk's Nest Tunnel should remain a tragic reminder to the engineer of the need for consider- HEATING AND VENTILATING JUNE 1944 ation of human values in the solution of engineering solution problems | The above case is only one of a number of similar but less sensational cases which have shown that there is a real possibility of contracting an acute form of silicosis if work is in an atmosphere having an extremely high concentration of siliceous dust Experimentally the possibility of acute silicosis has been demonstrated by laboratory tests on animals for exposures of eight hours a day to concentrations of 200 million particles per cubic foot or more it has been shown that the last stage of silicosis may be expected in a relatively short timesilcosi Size of Hazardous Dust The importance of particle size in determining the hazard associated with dusts has received a great deal of attention Particles 25 to 30 microns in size will usually settle out rapidly and are therefore not likely to be breathed in quantities sufficient to constitute a hazard However particles of this magnitude such as pollen of the Giant Ragweed or wood dust in carpenter shops may be responsible for hay fever or for various types of asthma In general particles greater than 10 microns are caught in the trachea large bronchi and mucous membrane Particles around 5 microns go to the respiratory tract but few of them reach the alveoli where the 1 micron particles are most numerOus Policard made a detailed examination of the lungosf two silicotic miners and found that % of the particles were less than4 micron and 75 less than I} micron his findings should be used with care however because it is very probable that the dust distribution in the lungs is a function of the distribution of particle size in the inhaled thus Policard's findings may be applicable only for the conditions under which the men whose lungs he examined had worked The smaller particles are obviously the most dangerous since on a weight basis they offer a much larger surface than do the larger ones For this reason dust counts are of more value in evaluating the hazard associated with a dusty environment than are gravimetric dust de- terminations The dust particles that are most effective in the causation of silicosis are of a magnitude so small that they are not perceptible to the human eye A micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter or about 25,000 of an inch As has been shown the particles most important in silicosis are in the neighborhood of 5 micron or 50,000 of an inch represents a di- mension of the same order of magnitude as the wave length of that form of radiant energy which we recognize as light If one cubic inch of quartz were broken into cubes .5 micron on a side enough particles would be formed to create a silicosis hazard in a 250,000 cubic foot space The determination of mean dust sizes was the purpose of a series of comprehensive studies conducted by the U. S. Public Health Service exami^-ation of 18,000 outdoor dust particles showed the median size to be .5 micron all were less 59 FROM 410 448 2368 410 448 2368 . 01-10-94 04:28 TO P.15 than 1.0 micron in contrast only % of 6,000 in- dustrial dust particles were less than 1.0 micron the majority being between 1 and 3 microns and the mean 1.5 microns Hatch and Moke investigated foundry dusts and found that composition is a function of particle size the proportion of combustible matter and acid soluble iron carbonates etc. increase with decreasing size the proportion of clay and other silicates varies without a definite trend with size the quartz be- comes less as the size decreases and for particles un- der 2 microns which comprises 90 of the total number it is from 1/5 1/2o5f that found the particles greater than 10 microns These findings emphasize the necessity of taking dust samples directly from the contaminated air and not utilizing rafter or any other kind of settlement sample which does not contain a representative size distri- bution Hazardous Concentration Permissible concentra- tions of dust vary with size composition and the dust retention characteristics of the individual The latter factor is one which offers some hope from the standpoint of preventive medicine Practically all that is known of the dust retaining characteristics of the human nose is attributable to the work of one man Lehmann This cxperimenter has shown that the dust fixation in the nose varics from % to 75 and is almost completely independent of such factors as the condition of the nasal secretion the rate of air currents the degree of concentration or chemical composition of the dust the width or narrowness of the nasal passages secmingly fixa- tion is function of the vortex formation and re- bound after passage through a restriction A correlation between fixation and silicosis would seem to follow from the following tests Of 46 stone cutters with fixations above 40 only two were found to have silicosis of 31 stone cutters with fixa- tions less than 29 only 2 were healthy After ex- amining the above data Lehmann concludes that applicants for work with poor dust fixation capacity should not be allowed to work where a menace of silicosis exists - As a result of 418 experiments with magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate Carlton E. Brown gives the following relationships between dust re- tention and other factors Per Cent Retention is inversely proportional to 1. Respiration rate for rates below 20 per minute An increase above 20 per minute is apparently followed by no changes in per cent retention ; 2. Minute of air breathed This prob- ably results from increase in respiration rate with minute Per Cent Retention is unaffected by 1. Volume per respiration 2. Vital capacity 3. Relative humidity The same investigator found that the percentage of magnesium oxide retained during normal breathing while at rest varied little from about 60 at a con- centration of 10 mg Above 10 mg the retention changed but little but as the concentration dropped below 10 mg the retention rapidly approached The relation between dust concentration and the incidence of silicosis has been studied by many in- vestigators but no general empirical relationship has as yet been established One commonly used rule proposed by Drinker recommends the acccp- tance of 5 million particles per cubic foot as the minimal permissible dust concentration for pure silica and 50 million particles per cubic foot for dusts that are very low in silica Some evidence suggests that this rule is unduly conservative for dusts which contain little silica and an alternative which is widely used is to limit the total dust count to a value such that the product of the dust concentration by the percentage of silica be less than 5,000,000 this rule gives 100,000,000 particles per cubic foot as the minimal concentration for siliceous dusts Physiological Effect The lung condition known as silicosis results only from the inhalation of silicabearing dusts Why silica possesses the ability to bring about this condition has been the subject of much investigation and theories of silicosis are at present responsible for considerable controversy Physiologically the effect of complica*- silicosis affects the normal functioning of the body in the same way that the formation of scale affects the efficiency of a heat transfer device In the heat exchanger the hot and cold fluids are separated by an exchange surface and the deposit of scale on this surface reduces its effectiveness as an exchange medium If the scale becomes sufficiently heavy it will be impossible to secure the transfer of enough heat to accomplish purpose for which the exchanger was installed similarly the lung is a surface through which oxygen is transferred from the air to the blood The formation of scar tissue rcduces the effective transfer area and eventually the lung is unable to accomplish its purpose from suffocation is the result M7 Asbestosis . Asbestos dust is second only to free silica in the magnitudoef health hazard which it represents Asbestos is a fibrous material of varying composi- tion but is usually made up of approximately 43 magnesia 40 silica and % water Oxide of iron is frequently present and appears as dark particles among the translucent fibers fibers are of such length and fineness that cloth weighing less than 8 oz per square yard has been made from them The lung condition resulting from the inhalation of this dust is known as asbestosis and resembles silicosis in its main clinical aspects but differs duc to the enhanced rate of development Under average` industrial conditions the length of employment in fatal cases is only about half that which is usual 60 JUNE 1944 HEATING AND VENTILATING FROM 410 448 2368 410 448 2368 01-10-94 04:29 TO P.16 for silicosis It is estimated that there are in the United States approximately 10,000 men exposed to this hazard as a result of work in the insulating asbestos cloth and similar industries As is true of the silicosis exposure estimates this figure does not take into account the number of persons exposed as a result of employment the process industrics where asbestos finds use under various trade names as a filter aid In one respect asbestosis is less dead- ly than silicosis is there is seemingly a lower susceptibility to the supervention of pulmonary tuberculosis The danger of contracting the disease is apparently not influenced by either age or sex Like silicosis it is incurable and progressive a case is reported of a patient who was exposed to asbestos dust for one year and whose sputum showed the presence of asbestosis bodies fourteen years later - Very few data are available on the relation of dust concentration to the incidence of the disease No minimal safe concentrations have yet been set up and information is scant to the conditions in those plants where a hazard is known to exist It has been determined however that the asbestos dust encountered in fabricating plants is free of silica when air is floated at the breathing level and that the danger of the dust increases as the quality or length of the fibers increases . sis of such dusts brought to light the interesting fact that their composition is similar to that of the soil in which the cotton was grown Siliceous Dusts Apparently there is a great difference of opinion as to whether or not siliceous dusts are harmful either to normal or tubercular persons The data are so scant that a review of the literature must con- sist essentially of a catalogue of the few and scattered investigations that have been made of particular dusts General conclusions can not be drawn and an extension of available data to dusts of even the same mineral family is hazardous German investigators have studied a number of different carbon dusts and rate them in the order of hazard which they represent lignite coal graphite , charcoal soot A statistical study of the health hazard in a large American company which manufactures artificial abrasives led to the conclusion that persons who have had pulmonary tuberculosis should not be allowed to work where they will be exposed to dust from abrasives The dust in this particular plant was aluminum oxide combined with silicon carbide and the incidence to tuberculosis was 1 1/2 times as great in the dusty departments as in the dusty In this connection it is interesting to note that other | ~ ' Miscellaneous Siliceous Dusts Many siliceous dusts other than quartz and asbestos have been carefully investigated Talc silicate containing 62 silica been shown to be responsible for a form of pneumoconiosis when inhaled in large quantities One group of investigators report that 50 of the tale workers whom they examined were affected and about % had tubercu- losis The same report shows that talc containing 10 tremolite is much more dangerous than talc containing 40 tremolite but an explanation is lacking The action of cement on the lungs is not definitely known German investigators say that it produces only an inert deposit in the lungs but American reports show that the frequency of disability from respiratory diseases cement plants is about double that found among employees in dusty manufacturing plants absence from work was also twice as frequent , Yet animal experiments show that cement like limestone and gypsum produces an ad sorptive reaction the dust disappears from the peritoneal cavity without the production of scar tissue , Slate % quartz in concentrations of 700 million particles per cubic foot produces a fibrosis and pneumoconiosis but few cases have been known ~ to progress seriously On the other hand there is reason for believing that clay and slate dusts are responsible for a high incidence of tuberculosis ' Italian investigators have studied the dust hazard in cotton spinning mills and report that the silicosis hazard is apparently negligible Mineralogic analy- . investigators had previously reported aluminum oxide as not being a factor in the production of silicosis thus a distinction must be drawn between the forming ability of a particular dust and its danger through increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis This leads to the conclusion that the claim is unwarranted that a dust is not harmful merely because its reaction on lung tissue is inert The U. S. Public Health Service has grouped dusts siliceous as well as siliceous in three classifi- cations 1. Those causing an inert reaction the amount of dust in the peritoneal cavity remaining approxi- mately constant soapstone carborundum jewelcr's rouge anthracite coal bituminous coal and precipitator ash 2. Those causing a proliferative reaction nod- ules continuing to increase in size quartz chat and Rint . 3. Those causing an absorptive reaction dust disappears from the peritoneal cavity but scar tissue is not formed calcite limestone precipitat- ed calcium carbonate gypsum and cement A similar list of dusts has been prepared by Haynes who carried on a long series of animal ex- periments He arranges them in order of toxicity as follows precipitated silica flint slate hydroxide precipitated chalk magnesium carbonate carborundum calspar emery colloidal coal in massive amounts All of the respiratory disorders discussed above together with many others which are caused by the inhalation of forming dusts are grouped un- der the one broad term Pneumoconiosis * HEATING AND VENTILATING JUNE 1944 61 FROM 410 448 2368 410 448 2368 - 08-16-102 12:59 15108354913 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ADVERTISERS e Industries 2 .2,,....-.+5.. Conditioning Engineering Co Air Maze Corporation veo Alriemp Div Chrysler Corp 43 016 40 A Airtherm Mfg Co. ....- . 103 Alco Valve Co. .. eee, 11.94 Allen Corporation .............-- morican Air Filter Co. be American Americar> wer Cork J bene el Steam Co. .. American Puraps Inc. . American Rolling Mill Co. 13 T * 119 hd 14 Armstrong Machine Works . 10 Automatic Products C. 10 RB Badger Mfg & Sales ( Raldor Electric Cn 2000.0... Colman Co. .. Bell & Gossett Co .Bethlehem Steel Co. Breidert G. On oo. Bronks Equipment te Bryant Heater Co Buffalo Boit C^ Bulalu More Co. Hyers A M. Co. . 10 38 35 97 + 116 BR " 44 & St Carey Philip Mfg Co. 24 Cartier Corporation : cov, 33 Cash A. W. Valve Mfg CorpC.orp. Rie Chrysler Corporation Classified Advertising Continental Stert Corp. ... 4 36 . Crune Co. .e.e- cies ee 31 Crown Iron Works Co. ..,..-..-. 115 Curtin Refrigerating Mch Div of Curtis Mfg Co. 20... 38 19) Detroit Lubricator Co. 6... 6 Detroit Stamping Co. ..... Dravo Corporation ... Tuuham C. A. Co. . 119 . 93 103 E Economy Pumps Ine ...... = - bd Electric Auto Co ......--... Elgo Shutter & Manufacturing Co. 112 * Ellsworth Pipe & Supply Co. .... 17 Emerson Electric Manufacturing Go 4 rn . F Preeman Stoker Div Alinois Iron & Bolt Co. vo... 0-6. 11 G General General Controls Co. Electric Co. ee 22.0.0... we... eee 107 * If Hays Corp. ....-....-.0-0-5 -.- Henry Valve Co. vecsce ee es neces 117 * Holcor & Hoke Mfg Co. ..--.. 39 Howel Electric Motora Co. Inside Back Cover I * ilg Electric Ventilating Co. ...... Illinois Engineering Co. Inc. * illunis Testing Laboratories Inc. 114 fron Fireman Mfg Co. . 22... .. 101 J Johnson Fun & Blower Corp. .... 36 Jolinson Service Co. 02... Hack Cover K Korfund Co. Jue pe. a. eee ... 110 I L Ludish Drop Forge Co. ..-....--- Leland Electric Co. ... 6. ee Bank Co. cee ee ee wee 29 23 10 M Marley Co. Inc. ..... vent eeeeree Mario Coil Co. cc... cee e een ee * 41 Marsh Jas P. Corp. ..---...0eMercoid Corp. ......-- ve eetee eee McCord Radiator & Mfg Co. ..-. 19 37 117 MeDonnell & Miller oo. ..- eee 85 Minneapolis Regulator Co. cece eeeeee . Inside Front Cover Modine Manufacturing Co. ...... 42 Mueller Brass Co. 222... .06-.0--- 26 N Nash Englugering Co. .......56.. 50 Nelson He uanCorp. ...,...5. 18-19 . 0 Corning Fiberglas Corp 99 P Pacific Steel Bollera 2.4... 6 Patterson Co. Inc. . * Peeriesa Pump Div Food Machin- gry Corp. oo... beeee A -- 120 Penn Electric Switch Co. wets . Porter 11. W. & Co. Inc. 2. 2.) Powers Regular Co _ Propellair Ine . .. 44 15 417 * : Reznor Manufacturing Ca 0... j Ric Co . . .e i Sall Mountain Clo . is Sarcu Company The * sae Sarcotherm Controls inc 1... . 26 Smith H. Co. u^ 2... Somers II J. Inc. Inc. tees A Star Electric Motor Cu . ose 21 Superior Sheet Steel On bd . Taylor Forge & Py Works Thrush Poa. ae CO... Toda Shipyards of imbus tion Equipment Div Trane C ..,, 2 1. - foes Trerice H. 0 Co. em Turus Inc 2. ee Tuttle & Builey Tar . aS % *** 13 114 31 C. S. Machine Corp. . 0.0... e- . United States Air Conditioning * Corn 6 peewee ee wees Lee United States Rudiator Corp i... 5 W Wagner Electric Co. 12... . 106 Want Advertisements ... .. 116 Webster Warren & Co. ae 2 bd Weeks D. H. ..--- be nee eens Westinghouse Electric & -- -- ----, facturing Co. ...., peeee en 06 .46-47 M White Rodgers Electric Co. .... Whitlock Manufacturing Co. - r Wing L. J. Mfg Co. -...,..--.. 115 Worthington Pump & Machinery y Warink Co. 1.0... 109-114-116 109-114-116 | + York Heat Div Shipley Inc. Young Radlutor Co 2 2. 113 Advertisement appeared in girondine Gama 120 JUNE 1944 HEATING AND ENTILATING A rSeent me 48 u- vNE vNE NLYJo " ENE T2EYEARENNARA T2EYEARENNARA T2EYEAREN ARA T2EYEARENARA T2EYEARENNARA T2EYEAREN ARA