Document 0Jy8B2gNLdj5r1p1M3Emywo5O

Superior Court of the State of California For the County of Los Angeles TRANSWESTERN PIPELINE ) COMPANY, ) Plaintiff, ) ) ) vs. ) ) MONSANTO COMPANY and ) DOES 1 through 200, inclusive, ) Defendant ) ) Case No. BC 026959 November 2,1992 Deposition of GEORGE J. LEVINSKAS, taken on behalf of Plaintiff. GORE REPORTING COMPANY Boatmen's Tower, Suite 1175 -100 North Broadway St Louis, Missouri 63102 (314) 241-6750 WATER PCB-SD0000013021 1 Superior Court of the State of California 2 For the County of Los Angeles 3 4 TRANSWESTERN PIPELINE ) 5 COMPANY, ) 6 7 8 v. Plaintiff, ) ) ) No. BC 026959 9) 10 MONSANTO COMPANY and ) 11 DOES 1 through 200, ) 1 2 inclusive, ) 13 Defendants. ) 14 15 16 17 1 8 Deposition of GEORGE J. LEVINSKAS, 1 9 taken o n behalf o f Plaintiff, at the offices 2 0 of Bryan Cave, One Metropolitan Square 500 21 North Broadway i n the City of St. Louis, 2 2 State o f Missouri , on the 2nd day of 2 3 November, 1 9 9 2, b e fore J. Bryan Jordan, 2 4 certified shorthand reporter and notary 2 5 public . GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 2 WATER PCB-SD0000013022 1 APPEARANCES: 2 3 FOR THE PLAINTIFF : 4 Ms. Dana K. Welch 5 Shearman & Sterling 6 21st Floor 7 725 South Figueroa Street 8 Los Angeles, California 90017 9 (213) 239-0300 10 1 1 FOR THE DEFENDANTS: 1 2 Mr. Charles F. Preuss 1 3 Bronson, Bronson & McKinnon 1 4 505 Montgomery Street 1 5 San Francisco, California 94111-2514 1 6 (415) 986-4200 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI '3 WATER PCB-SD0000013023 1 INDEX 2 PAGE 3 EXAMINATION BY MS. WELCH: 5 4 5 6 EXHIBITS 7 8 Plaintiff ' s Exhibit 1 0 7 3 .................. .................. 23 9 Plaintiff ' s Exhibit 1 0 7 4 .................. .................. 4 0 1 0 Plaintiff'1 s Exhibit 1 0 7 5 .................. .................. 5 0 1 1 Plaintiff 1 s Exhibit 1 0 7 6 .................. .................. 7 8 12 Plaintiff 1' s Exhibit 1 0 7 7 .................. .................. 92 13 Plaintiff'1 s Exhibit 1 0 7 8 .................. .................. 96 1 4 Plaintiff 1 s Exhibit 1 0 7 9 .................. .................. 10 0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 4 WATER PCB-SD0000013024 1 Whereupon. i 2 GEORGE J. LEVINSKAS, 3 of sound mind, having been first duly sworn 4 to tell the truth, the whole truth, and 5 nothing but the truth in the case aforesaid, 6 testified upon his oath as follows, to-wit: 7 EXAMINATION 8 QUESTIONS BY MS. WELCH: 9 Q. Good morning, Mr. Levinskas. 1 0 A. Good morning. 1 1 Q. My name is Dana Welch. I 1 2 represent Transwestern Pipeline Company in 1 3 litigation that it has instituted against 1 4 Monsanto Company. Could you please state 1 5 your name for the record and spell it? 16 A. It's George J. Levinskas. That's 1 7 L-e-v as in Victor, -i-n-s-k-a-s . 1 8 Q. Have you ever been deposed, Dr. 1 9 Levinskas? 2 0 A. Yes, I have. 2 1 Q. In how many cases? 2 2 A. Perhaps a dozen or so. 2 3 Q. How many of those cases, if any, 2 4 related to polychlorinated biphenyls? 2 5 A. Probably half of them. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 5 WATER PCB-SD0000013025 1 Q Do you recall the names of any of 2 those cases? 3 A. Not particularly. 4 Q. When was the last time you were 5 deposed? 6 A . Probably about a y ear, year and a 7 half ago 8 Q Do you recall the name of that 9 case? 1 0 A . It was an acryloni trile lawsuit. 1 1 Q Excuse me? 1 2 A . Acrylonitrile . 1 3 Q So that's not rela ted to PCBs ? 1 4 A . No, I don't recall the last -- no, 1 5 the last PCB deposition, I re ally don't 1 6 recall. 1 7 Q. You are probably f amiliar with 1 8 rules of depositions, but let me refresh your 1 9 recollection, if I may. The first and most 2 0 important rule for our court reporter, as he 2 1 will tell you, is please wait until I finish 2 2 a question and I will attempt to do the same 2 3 for you for answers. That's very important, 2 4 so the court reporter can get everything 2 5 down. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 6 WATER PCB-SD0000013026 1 Another rule is that I'd like to 2 get your best recollection and answer to any 3 question that I pose. but if you don't 4 und e r s t and a question that I pose, please ask 5 me to rephras e it and I will do so. If you 6 answer a question, I will assume that you 7 understood my question, so anytime you need 8 rephrasing, please ask me to. 9 After the transcript is prepared, 1 0 you'll have a chance to review it and make 1 1 any corrections that you need to make, and -- 1 2 off the record. 1 3 (Brief interruption.) 1 4 BY MS. WELCH: 1 5 Q. I should tell you that if you do 1 6 make any corrections, that I or another 1 7 attorney for Transwestern Pipeline Company 1 8 may make comments or may point that out to a 1 9 jury when this case does go to trial. 2 0 You understand today, sir, that 2 1 you are under oath, do you not? 2 2 A. Yes, I do. 2 3 Q. And so that means that even though 2 4 this is an informal setting in a conference 2 5 room, that it is just as if you are in a GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 7 WATER PCB-SD0000013027 1 court of law. 2 A. That is correct. 3 Q. All right. Could you please tell 4 me what your educational background is? 5 A. I have a Bachelor's degree in 6 chemistry and a doctorate in pharmacology. 7 Q. Where did you obtain your 8 Bachelor's degree from? 9 A. Wesleyan University. 1 0 Q. In what year? 1 1 A. 1949. 1 2 Q. And from what school did you 1 3 obtain your Ph.D.? 1 4 A. The University of Rochester. 1 5 Q. In what year? 1 6 A. 1953. 1 7 Q. When did you start working at 1 8 Monsanto Company? 1 9 A. July 1971. 2 0 Q. What was your job position at that 2 1 point? 2 2 A. I think the title was Product 2 3 Safety Manager or something of that sort. 2 4 Q. What were your job 2 5 responsibilities? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 8 WATER PCB-SD0000013028 1 A . I was hired to formalize and 2 consolidate the environmental assessment 3 activities of the company and to centralize 4 them in the Medical Department. 5 Q. What do you mean by environmental, 6 environmental policies of the company? 7 A. I don't -- did I use the word 8 "policy"? The environmental -- what Monsanto 9 decided was that they should formalize the 1 0 environmental review to look at their 11 product, s, the kinds of questions that were 1 2 being raised about the products, and to 1 3 recommend actions that could be taken t o 1 4 resolve the questions that were being raised. 1 5 Q Do you know how that process was 1 6 conducted before you were hired? 1 7 A. It was done separately by various 1 8 people within the company. I do not have 19 details on it. . 2 0 Q. So to the best of your 2 1 understanding, was it done by the various 2 2 product groups, as opposed to one person 2 3 within the Medical Department? 2 4 A. That's correct. 2 5 Q. So if there were a question about GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 9 WATER PCB-SD0000013029 1 a product in, for instance, the Functional 2 Fluids Group, there would be a person there 3 who would develop information on that 4 product, to the best of your understanding? 5 A. I would assume that there was a 6 person and that he would interact with others 7 in the company, including the Medical 8 Department, to decide what should be done. 9 Q. Was this a new position that was 1 0 created for you? 11 A . Yes. 12 Q. Did you ever become aware of why 1 3 Monsanto decided to create this position in 1 4 July of 1971? 1 5 A. Not specifically. 1 6 Q. How about generally? 17 A. I really, I really have no 1 8 background as to why or what initiated it. 1 9 Q. Who did you report to? 2 0 A. Mr. Elmer Wheeler was my immediate 2 1 supervisor. 2 2 Q. Did he report to Dr. Kelly? 23 A. He reported to Dr. Kelly, in turn, j 2 4 yes. t 2 5 Q. So you were within the auspices of GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI j 10 WATER PCB-SD0000013030 1 the Medical Department? 2 A . Yes . 3 Q. Were you responsible for all 4 products that the company was developing at 5 that point? 6 A. The initial purpose was to look at 7 new products and new uses of existing 8 products . 9 Q. And what, particularly, were you 1 0 supposed to look at in terms ofnew products 1 1 or new uses of existingproducts? 1 2 A. The operating units were to inform 1 3 the Medical Department either at an early 1 4 stage that they had a new product or they 1 5 were anticipating a new use of an existing 1 6 product. The physician then required a 1 7 review of this, some estimates of the 1 8 potential exposures from the use, review of 1 9 available information, and could include 2 0 recommendations for additional testing. 2 1 Q. Now, are you speaking about 2 2 toxicological testing? 23 A . Yes . 2 4 Q. Any other kind of testing? 2 5 A. If deemed necessary, it could be GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 11 WATER PCB-SD0000013031 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 recommendations for other types of testing. Q. Were you to recommend the kinds of testing to any particular product needed? A. I'll go back and limit myself to the new products and new uses, and I would be one of the elements making recommendations for such testing. Q. Are you trained as a toxicologist? A. My first employment was teaching toxic o1ogy . Q. Would you consider that your area of expertise? A. Yes. Q. In July of 1971, when you came to Monsanto, were there any other kinds of testings -- testing besides toxicological experiments that you were involved in recommending? A . The first se v e r a 1 months was, was getting just familiariz e d with what people were doing, familiarity with the kinds of products , and I really can ' t get more specific than that. I don ' t recall. Q When, after you came, did you become aware of PCBs? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 12 WATER PCB-SD0000013032 1 A . Probably within a few months to 2 relatively soon. 3 Q. What percentage of your time in 4 1971 was spent working on the Product Group 5 that included PCBs or -- let me strike 6 that -- were spent working on PCBs? 7 A. I could not make an estimate, but 8 I would say very little. 9 Q. How did you become aware of PCBs? 1 0 A. Read about them in the scientific 1 1 literature, in the newspaper accounts, and 1 2 since Monsanto was a manufacturer of PCBs, 1 3 discussions by people within the company. 1 4 Q. When you first became aware of 1 5 PCBs when you came to the company, did anyone 1 6 tell you that Monsanto was engaged in any 1 7 kind of PCB program? 1 8 MR . PREU S S : Well, object as 1 9 ambiguous as to what do you mean by "PCB 2 0 program." 2 1 BY MS. WELCH: 2 2 Q. Go ahead and answer if you 2 3 understand. 2 4 A. Well, I would ask the same thing: 2 5 What, what's the program that you are GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 13 WATER PCB-SD0000013033 1 referring to? 2 Q. For instance, did anybody ever 3 tell you that there was a phased withdrawal 4 of PCB products? 5 A. No, at that time, I had no 6 knowledge of such. 7 Q. Did anyone ever tell you that 8 there were ongoing tests concerning the 9 effects of PCBs? 1 0 A. The effects in what systems? 1 1 Q.. Any systems. 1 2 A. I don't recall specifically, I 1 3 don't recall anybody specifically telling me 1 4 that there were tests going on with PCBs, in 1 5 the sense that someone came up and said, 1 6 "Hey, here's something you should know about. 1 7 And as I said, gradual discussions, and so 1 8 forth, the information started coming out 1 9 that there were PCBs, and Monsanto was a 2 0 maker and Monsanto had an interest in those 2 1 products. 2 2 Q. Did you become aware in those 2 3 first few months that PCBs were being found 2 4 to be persistent in the environment? 2 5 A. Yes, that would have been GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 14 WATER PCB-SD0000013034 1 generally reported, and I probably knew that 2 before I came to Monsanto, but that was being 3 reported generally in the literature. 4 Q. Did anyone at Monsanto bring this 5 to your attention? 6 A. I cannot recall. 7 Q. When you say that it was generally 8 being reported in the literature, what 9 literature are you referring to? 1 0 A. Various scientific journals, 1 1 technical journals. 1 2 Q. Do you recall any of those right 1 3 now? 1 4 A. No, not specifically. 1 5 Q. Do you recall at the time that you | 1 6 read these what journals you were subscribing 1 7 to that would have reported persistence of 1 8 PCBs in the environment? 1 9 A. I know the journals I was 2 0 subscribing to, but I also had access to 2 1 library resources where there were additional 2 2 journals, and it would be difficult to 2 3 pinpoint a journal or an article at this I 2 4 time. 2 5 Q. At .the time, were you reading a GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI | * WATER PCB-SD0000013035 1 scientific journal by the name of "Nature"? 2 A. Not very often, no. 3 Q. Do you read "Scientific American" 4 or did you at the time? 5 A. Not very often. 6 Q. Was there any reason before you 7 came to Monsanto that you had a particular 8 interest in PCBs? 9 A. I do not think I indicated a 10 specific interest in PCBs. I meant to convey 1 1 that in my general reading of scientific 1 2 literature, I became aware of PCBs, as I did 1 3 become aware of many other chemicals. 1 4 Q When you came to Monsanto in July 1 5 say, until the end of the year, did 1 6 anyone ever tell you that higher-ch1orinated 1 7 biphenyls tended to persist as opposed to the 1 8 lower chlorinated biphenyls? 1 9 A. Again, I would have to say that 2 0 somewhere along the line, I became aware of 2 1 that, but I cannot specifically pinpoint when 2 2 or how . 2 3 Q. When you came to Monsanto, did you 2 4 do any reading to familiarize yourself with 2 5 issues of toxicity with respect to PCBs? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 16 WATER PCB-SD0000013036 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A . Not specifically. Q. Did you do so with respect to other chemicals that were being produced by Monsanto? A. My general recollection would be that I was reading up or trying to find out more information on the new products and the new uses of products as they were brought to my attention. Q Were there any new uses o f PCB s were being considered at the t i m e ? A . I cannot recall that the r e were. Q What products do you rec all that you were involved with at that point? A. Predominantly, it would have been agricultural products which Monsanto was trying to bring to market. Q. Were these chlorinated hydrocarbons? A . No. Q. How long did you hold the position of Product Safety Manager? A. About a year or two. Q. What was your next position? A. It was Manager of Environmental GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 17 WATER PCB-SD0000013037 1 Assessment and Toxicology. 2 Q. Did your job responsibilities 3 change? 4 A. They had enlarged at that point, 5 and I had assumed responsibility for 6 toxicology. 7 Q. Who had responsibility for 8 toxicology prior to that time? 9 A. It was Dr. William Hunt. 1 0 Q. Did Monsanto, up to this point 1 1 when you assumed your new position, have 1 2 in-house capability for toxicology tests? 1 3 A. Not that I know of. 1 4 Q. Was there an outside laboratory i 5 that was primarily contracted with for 1 6 toxicology tests by Monsanto? 1 7 A. All the testing was done at 1 8 several outside laboratories. 1 9 Q. Can you tell me the names of those 2 0 laboratories? 2 1 A . The predominant one was Industrial 2 2 Bio-Test. There were -- 2 3 Q Go ahead. 2 4 A . Shelanski Laboratories. 2 5 Q Could you please spell that? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 18 WATER PCB-SD0000013038 1 A. S - h-e-1-a-n-s-k - i . There were 2 contacts, work being done at several 3 universities, and there was a small 4 laboratory here in St. Louis, Younger 5 Laboratories . 6 Q. Where were the PCB toxicological 7 tests conducted, to your knowledge, up to 8 1972? 9 A. Industrial Bio-Test. 1 0 Q. When you say you assumed the 1 1 responsibility for toxicology, what did that 1 2 entail? 1 3 A. Along with the environmental 1 4 assessment which was being centralized in the 1 5 Medical Department, we were beginning to 1 6 centralize toxicity testing within the 1 7 Medical Department, so as we were making the 1 8 recommendations for possible testing, we 1 9 would then give them responsibility seeing 2 0 that that testing was carried out. 2 1 Q. I want to go back to what you mean 2 2 by environmental assessment with your first 2 3 job. Could you give me a description of what 2 4 environmental assessment meant in July 1971? 25 MR. PREUSS: I'm going to object GORE REPORTING COMPANY ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 19 WATER PCB-SD0000013039 1 to mischaracterizing his testimony. I think 2 he said that environmental assessment was 3 part of his second job. 4 BY MS. WELCH: 5 Q. Was it also part of your first job 6 in 1971? 7 A . Can w e go back to an e a r 1 i e r 8 q u e s t i o n ? I think I , I think I indie a t e d 9 t h a t it was to try t o anticipate the kinds 1 0 q u e s t i o n s that might b e arising, and that 1 1 w o u Id recommend testing to see if we could 1 2 answer those questions. 1 3 Q. In terms of the impact of a 1 4 particular product on the environment? 1 5 A. It was not specifically 1 6 environment; it was to look at, if a product 1 7 was to be marketed, what kinds of questions 1 8 might logically or reasonably be raised by 1 9 people who would buy/use the product, and to 2 0 attempt to anticipate the kinds of questions 2 1 that would arise, assess those questions and 2 2 see if they needed some sort of testing to 2 3 provide information from which those 24 questions could be answered. So it would 2 5 include toxicity questions and it would, GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 20 WATER PCB-SD0000013040 1 could include some environmental aspects. 2 Q. Do you know how long Dr. William 3 Hunt had worked at Monsanto until 1972? 4 A . I t was ten or twelve years. 5 something on that ord e r . 6 Q And was he responsible for 7 overseeing all t o x i c o logy? 8 A . He was the only toxicologist; 9 would assume he was. 1 0 Q. Was he also responsible for 1 1 environmental assessment before you assumed 1 2 that position? 1 3 A. I can only indicate that my, my 1 4 position was intended to focus and centralize 1 5 these in the Medical Department. I'm not 1 6 aware of who or to what extent others 1 7 participated prior to that. 1 8 Q. Going back to the first job, did 1 9 you have contact with individuals within the 2 0 various product groups, as well as people in 2 1 the Medical Department? 2 2 A . Yes. 2 3 Q. So did you do some amount of 2 4 interfacing between the product groups and 2 5 the Medical Department? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 21 WATER PCB-SD0000013041 1 A . Yes. 2 Q. Did you, in 1971, have contact 3 with the Functional Fluids Group? 4 A . Yes. 5 Q. Who in the Functional Fluids Group 6 did you have contact with at that point? 7 A. It would be difficult to recall 8 all the names because the Functional Fluids 9 Group was a large group with a variety of 1 0 products. John Herber was one, Bill Richard 1 1 was another; I don't know that 0. P. Tanner 1 2 was in there or not. Ralph Munch. There may 1 3 be others, but I can't recall. 1 4 Q. How long did you stay in your 1 5 position as Manager of Environmental 1 6 Assessment and Toxicology? 1 7 A. In about '80 or '81. 1 8 Q. And what happened then? 1 9 A. I was named Director of 2 0 Environmental Assessment and Toxicology. 2 1 Q. How long did youremain in that 2 2 position? 2 3 A. Till about 1986. 2 4 Q. What happened then? 2 5 A. I was named Senior Toxicology GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 22 WATER PCB-SD0000013042 1 Consultant. 2 Q. How long did you remain in that 3 position? 4 A. September 1991. 5 Q. And what happened then? 6 A. I retired. 7 Q. Congratulations. Have you 8 consulted for Monsanto since that time? 9 A . This is my first contac t with, 1 0 official contact with Monsanto sin c e I 1 1 retired . 1 2 Q Have there been any u n o f f i c i a 1 1 3 contacts? 1 4 A. I go back to visit with my old 1 5 crew for lunch and that sort of thing, but 1 6 those were informal. 1 7 MS. WELCH: All right, I'd like to 1 8 introduce and have marked this exhibit as 1 9 Exhibit 1073. 2 0 (Plaintiff's Deposition 2 1 Exhibit 1073 marked for 2 2 identification.) 2 3 MS. WELCH: Exhibit 1073 is a 2 4 four-page document that bears the identifying 2 5 stamp of TRAN 013693 to TRAN 013696. It is GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 23 WATER PCB-SD0000013043 1 entitled "A Listing of Toxicity and Related 2 Studies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls," and 3 I'd like to have you take a few minutes and 4 go over this document, if you could. 5 (Witness peruses said 6 document.) 7 A . Okay. 8 BY MS. WELCH: 9 Q. Have you ever seen this document 1 0 before, Mr. Levinskas? 1 1 A.. I do not recall seeing this 1 2 document before. 1 3 Q. I'd like to go through the 1 4 1 i s tings o f the reports and studies,. and the 1 5 q u e s t i o n I have to you with respect to each 1 6 one that i s dated prior to or up through the 1 7 end of 1971 is, to the best of your 1 8 recollection, whether you recall examining 1 9 that report sometime in 1971 when you, after 2 0 you arrived at Monsanto. 2 1 First, the listing for the Harvard 2 2 School of Public Health report, do you recall 2 3 having examined that report? 2 4 MR. PREUSS: Is this at any time 2 5 after he joined Monsanto up through December GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 24 WATER PCB-SD0000013044 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 31, 1971? MS. WELCH: That's correct, through -- July 1st, 1971, through December 31st, 1971. A. I do not recall looking at those reports during that time. BY MS. WELCH: Q. You mean the first report? A . Right . Q. Have you ever looked at that report subsequent to December 31st, 1971? A. I think those reports are, the results of those reports are published in some of the literature, and I can recall reading about them at some later date. I do not recall having looked at the specific original report. Q . Do you r e c a 11 having read about them prior t o December 31st, 1971? A . No , I do no t think I read them before December 1971. Q All right, the second one i s t h e Bernard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital. The same question with respect to July 1st, 1971, through December 31st, 1971. | ! GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 25 WATER PCB-SD0000013045 1 A . No . 2 Q. Have you ever read the report 3 subsequent to December 31st, 1971? 4 A . Yes. 5 Q. Do you recall approximately when 6 you read the report? 7 A. I would say probably in the latter 8 Seventies . 9 Q. Was there some kind of medical 1 0 library or any other kind of library that 1 1 contained reports of the various -- of 1 2 testing on various chemicals that Monsanto 1 3 produced? 1 4 A. Yes, there was a medical library. 1 5 Q. And that was in 1971? 1 6 A . Yes . 1 7 Q. Do you know whether thatlibrary 1 8 was divided into sections on products? 1 9 A. There was a, a trend, I don't know 2 0 that it was always followed, but there was a 2 1 trend to keep information either by products 22 2 3 Q. So if you wanted to go to the 2 4 library and read up on the reports to date on 2 5 PCBs, would those be easily accessible to GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 26 WATER PCB-SD0000013046 1 you? 2 A. Well, at that time, I would have 3 had to ask somebody how to find my way in and 4 around the library. I would not have direct 5 access to the information. I mean, I 6 couldn't find my way around in the library to 7 access the information. I would have had to 8 asksomeone for assistance. 9 Q. Why was that? 1 0 A. I wasn't familiar with how the 1 1 library was set up ororganized. 1 2 Q. Do you know if these first-year 1 3 reports that we've looked at were in the 1 4 library in 1971? 1 5 A. I do not know that. 1 6 Q. Who maintained the library in 1 7 19 7 1? 18 A. I, I do not specifically know. I 1 9 did not make that inquiry. 2 0 Q. If you were to want to go into the 2 1 library and find a particular product group 2 2 or laboratory, who would you ask? 23 MR. PREUS S : In 1971? 2 4 MS. WELCH: Yes. 2 5 A. I would have asked oneof the GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 27 WATER PCB-SD0000013047 1 coworkers, Bill Hunt or Mr. Wheeler, what 2 they knew and where could I find out more 3 about it. 4 BY MS. WELCH: 5 Q. Number 3 is the Kettering 6 Laboratory reports, dated 1953 and 1955. 7 With respect to July 1st, 1971, to December 8 31st, 1971, do you recall having read this 9 report? 1 0 A. No, I do not. 1 1 Q . Do you recall having read 1 2 summarie s of this report in any other 1 3 articles with res p e c t t o 19 7 1? 1 4 A . The s e c o n d one , yes. because 1 5 the first one, I do not recall. I don't 1 6 recall if I ever read it. 1 7 Q . The s e c o n d one o r the f i r s t one? 1 8 A . I don' t recall i f I ever read the 19 first one. The s econd one I did re a d . 2 0 Q Do you recall - - and was that i n 2 1 19 7 1? 2 2 A. No, that would have been much 2 3 later . 2 4 Q. Approximately when do you think 2 5 you read that report? GORE REPORTING COMPANY ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 28 WATER PCB-SD0000013048 X*1 A. Mid to latter Seventies. 2 Q. Was there some reason that you 3 turned to this report and the other report 4 that you recalled seeing later in the mid to 5 late Seventies? 6 A . I can't recall a s p e c i f i c reason 7 for i t . 8 Q Did you develop some kind o f 9 inter e s t i n , in looking a t PCBs from a 1 0 p r o f e s s i o n a 1 standpoint a t that point? 1 1 A.. They were of i n c r e a s ing interest 1 2 and I, part of my keeping up-to-date, I did 1 3 more reading on them. 1 4 Q. And this was mid to late 197 0 ' s ? 1 5 A. Probably that time. 1 6 Q. Is there any particular incident 1 7 or series of incidents that sparked your 1 8 interests at that point? 1 9 A. I cannot recall. 2 0 Q. With respect to the next, 2 1 Scientific Associates, there are two reports 2 2 that are listed there. Do you recall having 2 3 read those reports in 1971? 2 4 A. I don't recall ever readingthose 2 5 reports . GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 29 WATER PCB-SD0000013049 1 Q All rig_ ht. The next lists a 2 report by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, 3 and you testified that Industrial Bio-Test 4 Laboratories was the outside lab that 5 conducted PCB tests for Monsanto. Were you 6 aware of this fact in 1971? 7 A. I was aware that studies were 8 underway or being finished up, yes. 9 Q. At Industrial Bio-Test? 1 0 A. At Industrial Bio-Test. 1 1 Q. The first report is subacute 1 2 dermal toxicity of Aroclor 1221, March 28th, 1 3 1963. During 1971, did you ever examine that 1 4 report? 1 5 A. I do not recall doing so. 1 6 Q - Did you eve r look at that report 1 7 subsequent to 1971 ? 1 8 A . Yes, I b e 1 i eve I did. 1 9 Q Do you r e c a 11 approximately when? 2 0 A . Again , this would have been the 2 1 late, latte r part o f , mid to latter 2 2 Seventies. 2 3 Q Number 2 is "Acute Toxicity 2 4 Studies with Aroclor." It says 122. That 2 5 might be 12 21t might be a misprint, "Aroclor GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 30 | I | WATER PCB-SD0000013050 M1 5442 and MCS 1016, dated March 25th, 1971. 2 Did you review that report in 1971? 3 A. I do not recall that I did so. 4 Q. Do you recall having reviewed it 5 subsequently? - 6 A. I really do not recall having 7 looked at that report. 8 Q. Number 3 is, "Toxicity, Mutagenic 9 Teratogenic" -- I'm probably mispronouncing 1 0 that -- "Reproduction and Residue Studies as 1 1 to Various Aroclors in Rats, Chickens, Mice 1 2 and Dogs," dated November 17th, 1971. Do you 1 3 recall having reviewed that report in 1971? 1 4 A. No, I do not. 1 5 Q. Is that the report that -- or the 1 6 studies that you testified were underway or 1 7 that you knew were underway when you arrived 1 8 at Monsanto? 1 9 A. They could be; I do not know. 2 0 Q. Do you recall ever having reviewed 2 1 that report later? 2 2 A. I do not recall having reviewed 2 3 that report, but -- . 2 4 Q. How about number 4, "90 days 2 5 Subacute Oral Toxicity Study with Aroclor GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 31 WATER PCB-SD0000013051 1 1221 in Beagle Dogs," dated December 30th, 2 1971; do you recall reviewing that report in 3 197 1? 4 A. Not in 1971. 5 Q. Do you recall reviewing it 6 subsequently? 7 A . I may have but I don'1 t recall 8 Q Okay, how about 5, 6 and 7 ? Those 9 are report s that are dated in 1972: Did you 10 review those reports at any time subsequent 1 1 to 1971? 1 2 A. I don't recall reviewing number 5. 1 3 I may have looked at number 6 somewhat later. 1 4 I am not sure about number 7, whether I did 1 5 or not. 1 6 Q. There are three reports that are 17 referred to under "Biological consultants." 1 8 One is an interim report for fish residue 1 9 analyses; the next is a report covering the 2 0 December 1970, March 1971, June 1971, 2 1 September 1971, for fish residue data, and 2 2 the other is the final progress report for 2 3 residue data. Did you review those at any 2 4 time? 2 5 A. I do not recall looking at any one GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 32 WATER PCB-SD0000013052 1 of those three reports at any time. 2 Q. All right, I'd like you to take a 3 look at the six reports that are referred to 4 under Younger Laboratories and tell me 5 whether you reviewed any of those reports at 6 time in 1971. 7 A . I do not think I looked at any of 8 e in 19 7 1. 9 Q Did you look at any of them 1 0 subsequent to 1971? 1 1 A . I may have looked a t the -- at 4 , 12 5 and 6 at some later date. I , when I say I 1 3 may have looked at reports, if someone had 1 4 told me that the report was there and the 1 5 information, I would not have looked at the 1 6 report, or if someone said they were 1 7 uncertain, I may have gone back and looked 1 8 the reports . That ' s why I have difficulty 1 9 saying whether I look e d at the s p e c i f i c 2 0 report or not. 2 1 Q. Could you please explain your 2 2 answer a little bit better? 2 3 A. Well, if I asked someone and said 2 4 "Do we have a specific piece of information" 2 5 or a question, if he answered it, then I GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 33 WATER PCB-SD0000013053 1 would just leave it at that. If he said "Oh, 2 I think we have a report in the files," then 3 I would have gone and looked for the report, 4 and so, you know, specific items of 5 information, I can't always be sure just how 6 I got them, when I got them, or where I got 7 them. 8 Q. So if someone had said to you, 9 "This is the substance of the report," 1 0 somebody on your staff, then you would have 11 relied .on that? 1 2 A . Yes. 13 Q. That's what you are saying, as 1 4 opposed to just "The report exists, I don't 1 5 know what the substance is," then you would 1 6 have turned to the report? 1 7 A. That's correct. 1 8 Q. The last three are Monsanto 19 Industrial Chemicals Company's reports. Do 2 0 you recall having seen the first one in 1971? 2 1 A. No, I did not. 2 2 Q. Was Mr. Mees a colleague of yours? 2 3 A. Bill Mees was in the -- he was an 2 4 analytical chemist. I do not know what 2 5 specific unit of Monsanto he was assigned to. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 34 WATER PCB-SD0000013054 1 Q And he was not in the Medical 2 Department? 3 A. He was not in the Medical 4 Department. 5 Q How about E. S . Tucker? 6 A . Scott Tucker was similar to Bill 7 M e e s , a Monsanto employee but not in the 8 Medical Department. 9 Q. And how about W. J. Litschgi? 1 0 A. I do not recall the name Litschgi. 1 1 I don't know if I met him or not. 1 2 Q. With respect to the second report, 1 3 which relates to toxicity, determination of 1 4 polychlorinated biphenyl residues in beagle 1 5 dog tissues, dated December 1971, did you 1 6 review that at some point in your career? 1 7 A. I do not recall reviewing that at 1 8 all. 1 9 Q. How about the next one, which 2 0 refers to residues in white leghorn chickens? 2 1 A . Same response; I do not recall 2 2 1 o o k i n g at that report . 2 3 Q At some point i n 1971, did you 2 4 ever learn that the liver was the target 1 l j 2 5 organ for PCBs? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 35 WATER PCB-SD0000013055 1 MR . PREUS S : Object. Assuming 2 facts not in evidence. 3 EY MS. WELCH: 4 Q. You can answer. 5 A. Like all chlorinated hydrocarbons, 6 PCBs attack the liver. When and how I became 7 aware of this, I cannot recall. 8 Q. By "attack the liver," what do you 9 mean? 1 0 A. Well, they injure the liver at 1 1 very high doses. 1 2 Q. In 1971, did you ever become aware 1 3 that PCBs were an enzyme reducer? 1 4 A. I do not recall when I became 1 5 aware of that. 1 6 Q. Did you ever become aware that 1 7 PCBs are an enzyme inducer? 1 8 A. That's a we11-accepted scientific 19 fact. I do not recall when I became aware of 20 it . 2 1 Q. Could you explain to me what 2 2 "enzyme inducer" means? 2 3 A. It produces an increase in the 2 4 enzyme activity of, in this case, the liver. 2 5 That's as general a description as I can give GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 36 WATER PCB-SD0000013056 1 you. 2 Q And what ef f ect does that have, 3 other than just the f a c t of increasing enzyme 4 production? 5 A . I'm not - - I guess I have to ask 6 what -- your definition of "effect," I guess 7 I don't understand. I need some 8 clarification of the qu estion. I just don't 9 think I understand the question. 1 0 Q Well, you s a id that it produces an 11 increase in the enzyme activity of the liver. 1 2 A . That's an o b servation, yes. 1 3 Q All right , w hat effect does that 1 4 have when the enzyme activity of the liver is 1 5 increased? What happens? 1 6 A. The specific enzymes that they 1 7 want to look at in the liver tissue have a 1 8 greater activity than they normally do. 1 9 Q. Would you classify that as an 2 0 adverse effect? 2 1 A. I think it can be adverse or 2 2 beneficial . 2 3 Q. With respect to PCBs, it can be 2 4 beneficial? 2 5 A. I don't know which to expect in GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 37 WATER PCB-SD0000013057 1 the case of PCBs, but the effect could be 2 adverse or beneficial. 3 Q. Could you give me an example of 4 when an increase in enzyme activity of the 5 liver is beneficial? 6 A. The liver, among its many 7 functions, detoxifies chemicals, so if you 8 induce the activity of an enzyme that 9 detoxifies, diminishes the toxicity of a 1 0 harmful chemical, that would be a beneficial 1 1 effect. 1 2 Q. Is the reason that enzyme activity 1 3 is increased is that there is a toxic 1 4 chemical which is introduced in the case of 1 5 PCBs so the liver is, in effect, working 1 6 harder? 1 7 MR. PREUSS: Let me just ask for 1 8 clarification. Are you saying the only time 1 9 that you get increased liver enzyme is 2 0 because of a chemical? Is that the 2 1 implication of the question? 2 2 MS. WELCH: No, I'm talking, I'm 2 3 speaking with respect to PCBs and trying to 2 4 understand the process of why there is 2 5 induction of liver enzymes when a PCB is GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 38 WATER PCB-SD0000013058 1 introduced into an animal. 2 A. I think that as I said, a function 3 of the liver is to metabolize or detoxify, 4 attempt to modify foreign chemicals, so many 5 foreign chemicals, including PCBs, when they 6 are introduced into the animal body, the 7 liver responds as it should. It makes an 8 effort o r i n c r e a s e s its effort t o elimina t e 9 or some how mitiga t e the effect s of that c o r n 1 0 c h e m i c a 1 , and t h a t ' s , if the 1 i v e r is d o i ng 1 1 what it. should be doing in an enhanced 1 2 fashion, I think that's a beneficial effect. 1 3 Q. By "beneficial effect," do you 1 4 mean that it, that the organism is, is helped 1 5 by that effect? 1 6 A. Yes, it detects a foreign chemical 1 7 and it's making an increased effort to get 1 8 rid of it. 1 9 Q. In the studies that you are aware 2 0 of with PCBs, have you observed any negative 2 1 effects from enzyme induction? 2 2 A. I don't, I don't recall, nor can I 2 3 decide how one would know or how one would 2 4 detect the negative effects from enzyme 2 5 induction in PCB studies. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 39 WATER PCB-SD0000013059 1 MS . WELCH: I'd like to introduce 2 this as Exhibit 1074. 3 (Plaintiff's Deposition 4 Exhibit 1074 marked for 5 identification.) 6 MS. WELCH: Exhibit 1074 is a 7 two-page document that bears a number of 8 identifying marks. I'll use the one that's 9 on the back page, which is SCM 052788, and 1 0 it's dated October 13th, 1971. It appears to 1 1 be a memorandum from Dr. Levinskas to file: 1 2 Subject, Aroclor 1260, and could you please 1 3 take a minute to review this document. 1 4 (Witness peruses said 1 5 document. ) 1 6 BY MS. WELCH: 1 7 Q. All right, Dr. Levinskas, are 1 8 these your initials and your handwriting on 1 9 the back page? 2 0 A. Yes. 21 Q. Is this adocument that you 2 2 prepared? 2 3 A. Yes. 2 4 Q. Did you prepare it in the normal 2 5 course of business? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, . MISSOURI 40 j i | WATER PCB-SD0000013060 1 A . Yes. 2 Q. At or around October 13th, 1971? 3 A . Yes 4 Q . And was it part of your' regular 5 duties to prepare a document like this? 6 A. I frequently committed 7 conversations and items to documents such as 8 this. Whether or not it was considered part 9 of my duties or not, I don't know, but that 1 0 was my practice. 1 1 Q. Do you recall preparing this 1 2 document? 1 3 A . Yes 1 4 Q Do you recall the conversation 1 5 with Dr . K i mb r o u g h ? 1 6 A . Yes , i n general. 1 7 Q S o you know who Dr. Kimbrough is? 1 8 A . Yes , I ' d known her for several 1 9 years before I came to Monsanto. 20 Q. How did you know her? 2 1 A. I met her supervisor, Dr. Waylon 2 2 Hayes, in 1955, I believe, and then Dr. Hayes 2 3 had an interest in pesticides and when I was 2 4 at Cyanamid, working on pesticides, we 2 5 cemented our relationships; somewhere along GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 41 WATER PCB-SD0000013061 1 the line, he introduced me to Dr. Kimbrough. 2 Q. Do you regard Dr. Kimbrough as a 3 respected scientist? 4 A. Yes, I think she's very competent, 5 very capable. 6 Q. So you have a recollection of this 7 conversation with her? 8 A. In very general terms, yes. 9 Q. Do you recall anything other than 1 0 what's in this document about the 1 1 conversation with respect to Dr. Kimbrough's 1 2 finding of lesions on rat livers from 1 3 exposure to Aroclor? Or excuse me, it's 14 bladders. No, liver;strike that. First, 1 5 liver . 1 6 MR. PREUSS: Well, the question 1 7 is, does he recall anything about that 1 8 conversation, other than what's contained in 1 9 here relative to the issue of liver lesions? 2 0 MS. WELCH: That's correct. 2 1 A. My general recollection is that, 2 2 as I indicated earlier, like all chlorinated 2 3 hydrocarbons -- and there are pesticides, 2 4 many pesticides that are chlorinated 2 5 hydrocarbons -- this produced enlargement of GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 42 WATER PCB-SD0000013062 1 the liver, and she was proposing to present 2 those find i n g s at the spring Society o f 3 Toxic o1ogy meeting, which would have been in 4 the spring o f ' 7 2 . 5 Q Did she contact you? 6 A . No , I called her. 7 Q Do you recall why you calle d her? 8 A . Someone had indicated that they 9 thought sh e h ad found a bladder tumor , and it 1 0 was to inquire of her as to what information 11 she could provide me with respect to the 1 2 bladder tumors, and what I did then was 1 3 summarize the results of that phone 1 4 conversation for the record. 1 5 Q. Did she provide you with any 1 6 information about the bladder tumor? 1 7 A. Just beyond what's indicated in 1 8 the memo, no. 1 9 Q. Do you have any recollection of 2 0 any other discussion about the findings of 2 1 bladder tumor from exposure to Aroclor 1260? 2 2 A. Not with Dr. Kimbrough. 2 3 Q. With anyone else? 2 4 A. There was a meeting in the -- 2 5 toward the end of '71, at a place called GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 43 WATER PCB-SD0000013063 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Quail Roost, as I recall. I did not attend the meeting, but several Monsanto people and various other people were there, and I was told that they had discussed this bladder tumor and the conclusion, the consensus of people that represented Monsanto, contract lab, government regulatory agencies and others, that the bladder was not related or the bladder tumor was not related to the feeding of the animals with the Aroclor. Q. Was there -- did Monsanto have any dispute with the findings of Dr. Kimbrough with respect to liver lesions? A. I do not recall that we, we did or said anything about it. Q. Were you surprised that she had found liver lesions from exposure to Aroclor 1260? A. No, as I've indicated, this is a characteristic of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Q. And you knew that at the time? A. Yes. Q. What is porphyria that's referred to in the last paragraph? A. It's an excretion of porphyrins in GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 44 WATER PCB-SD0000013064 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 the urine. Q. And what are porphyrins? A. Porphyrins are rather large structures somewhat related, picture it somewhat like the hemoglobin in blood, and they appear in urine of animals, sometimes spontaneously, sometimes as a result of injury to tissues. Q. And what does their appearance indicate to the scientific observer? A. Well, it would be, raise a question for further -- to try to determine where it was coming from, what was causing it. Q. In other words, it's not a normal occurrence? A. It may occur spontaneously, but its incidence would be low. Q. And what could cause porphyria? A. A variety of things. Q. Can you give me some examples? A. I think what one will find increased urinated porphyrins with lead exposure, exposure to lead, for example. Q. Was, it a surprise to you to hear i i GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 45 | | WATER PCB-SD0000013065 1 that rats who had been exposed to Aroclor 2 1260 exhibited porphyria in their urine? 3 A. It did not particularly strike me. 4 I -- she did not give me sufficient details 5 about the degree of exposure, the duration of 6 exposure to make a rigorous assessment of 7 what she said. 8 Q. My question to you was, did it 9 surprise you? 1 0 A. I said not particularly. 1 1 Q. All right, on the second page, 1 2 there is a reference or there's a statement 1 3 made, here, "As a final note, Dr. Kimbrough 1 4 expressed concern over whether PCBs presented 1 5 an additional hazard to the employees who 16 manufacture it. I told her that because of 1 7 the chloracne and liver hazards, that there 1 8 had been medical supervision of the 1 9 employees. However, I would raise this point 2 0 with Dr. Kelly and Johnson for their review." 2 1 How did you become aware that 2 2 there had been medical supervision of the 2 3 employees because of the chloracne and liver 2 4 hazards? 2 5 A. I do not know that there were GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 46 WATER PCB-SD0000013066 1 specific measures taken on these employees. 2 That was a reference to the fact that we had 3 a Medical Department and physicians in 4 Monsanto's employ whosepurpose was to assess 5 the health of employees, and I was intending 6 to convey, there, that all of our employees 7 were subject to medical supervision, and 8 therefore, I presumed whatever hazards people 9 might envision were being addressed. 1 0 Q. When did you become aware of the 11 effect of chloracne from exposure to PCBs? 1 2 A. I, I cannot specifically recall. 1 3 Q. But you did become aware of it at 1 4 some point in 1971? 15 A. I probably was aware of it before 1 6 I came to Monsanto. 1 7 Q. Did you have any discussions with 1 8 anyone at the Medical Department about 1 9 chloracne? 2 0 A . No. 2 1 Q. Did you have any discussions with 2 2 anyone in the Medical Department in 1971 2 3 about liver hazards with respect to PCBs? 2 4 A . No. 2 5 Q. Did you have any discussions with GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 47 WATER PCB-SD0000013067 1 anyone in the Medical Department about 2 particular attention being paid to chloracne 3 and liver hazards? 4 A . No . 5 Q. This was just based on your 6 general understanding of how the Medical 7 Department operated? 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. Did youraise thepoint with Dr. 1 0 Kelly and Johnson for the i r review? 1 1 A . The inclusion o f them on this memo 1 2 was a m e a ns of bringing i t to their 1 3 attention. 1 4 Q . Do you recall any discussions you 1 5 had with them subsequent to this memo about 1 6 this poin t ? 1 7 A . I do not. 1 8 Q Did the Medica 1 Department, 1 9 including you, have regul ar meetings? 2 0 A . We did not hav e regularly 2 1 scheduled meetings in the sense that of a 2 2 fixed agenda or fixed calendar. 2 3 Q. Were there frequent meetings, even 24 ifthereweren't fixed agendas? 25 A.Our offices were in close GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 48 WATER PCB-SD0000013068 1 proximity and much of our discussion came up, 2 as subjects came up, they were discussed 3 without a formal meeting being called or 4 without everybody being included. 5 Q So in the normal course of events, 6 would you have expected to discuss this 7 Kimbrough discussion with Dr. Kelly? 8 A . No, I would not have expected to. 9 Q Why is that? 1 0 A . Dr. Kelly was my ultimate boss; I 11 brought- the matter to his attention. If he 1 2 felt inclined to come discuss it with me, I 1 3 would listen or discuss it; I would not 1 4 approach him. 1 5 Secondly, we respect the 1 6 confidentiality of medical records, and I am 1 7 not a physician and I would not have 1 8 knowledge or access to the medical records. 1 9 nor would I expect.to have knowledge or 2 0 access to the medical records. 2 1 Q Did you bring to Mr. Wheeler's 2 2 attention the Kimbrough discussion, aside 2 3 from this memo? 2 4 A . He was my immediate supervisor, so 2 5 he should be informed as to what I'm doing, GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 49 WATER PCB-SD0000013069 1 yes. 2 Q Do you recall any discussions you 3 had with him about this issue? 4 A . Oh, I suspect he came back and 5 asked me questions, but I don't recall 6 specifics 7 MS. WELCH: I'm introducing 8 Exhibit 1075. 9 (Plaintiff's Deposition 1 0 Exhibit 1075 marked for 1 1 identification.) 1 2 MS. WELCH: Exhibit 1075 is a 1 3 multipage document with various identifying 14 stamps. I'm going to use SCM 058930 to SCM 1 5 058945, and it's entitled "Report Number M.S. 1 6 12002," dated October 14th, 1981, by Dr. 1 7 Levinskas and it is on Monsanto Technology 1 8 paper, form, and please take a few minutes to 1 9 review this document. 2 0 (Witness peruses said 2 1 document . ) 2 2 (Witness peruses said 2 3 document. ) 24 THE WITNESS: I think I'm familiar 25 enough with this. I may want to go back and GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 50 WATER PCB-SD0000013070 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 look at it again if you ask questions, but - - : MS. WELCH: Oh, sure. BY MS. WELCH: Q Dr. Levinskas, is this a report you authored? A . Yes. Q report? And you recall authoring this A . Yes, Ido. Q. Did you prepare this report in the normal course of business? A. Yes. Q And it was part of your job responsibi lity to prepare a report such a this? A . I considered it s o . Q . Did you author it on or about October 14 th, 1981? A . Actually, I did it just before that. Th a t's the date it was issued. Q. How long did you work on this reportfor? . A. It's hard to recall, but I could have spent a couple of weeks checking data GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 51 WATER PCB-SD0000013071 1 and references and putting it together. 2 Q. Now, you are aware that Monsanto 3 stopped producing PCBs in 1977, are you not? 4 A. Yes. 5 Q. Why were you preparing a report 6 some four years after the end of production 7 of PCBs ? 8 A. PCBs were being increasingly 9 discussed by the world in general, and I have 1 0 indicated, I think, in the introduction, 1 1 here, that the Monsanto studies, while they 1 2 had been made available to regulatory 1 3 agencies, had -- there was no, really, 1 4 available point at which they could be 1 5 referenced, so I decided it would be useful 1 6 to pull together the information we had so 1 7 that in subsequent discussions, we could have 1 8 a source reference from whatever we knew 1 9 about -- whatever we knew, I say whatever 2 0 Monsanto, data Monsanto had developed with 2 1 respect to the possibility of PCBs in one 2 2 place, so it was pulling together to have a 2 3 reference and it was a tabulation, results of 2 4 those studies. 2 5 Q. Do you recall this as a complete GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 52 WATER PCB-SD0000013072 1 t abu1 a tion up to 1981 of the studies that had 2 been done? 3 A. No, this was -- 4 MR. PREUSS: By Monsanto or -- he 5 said studies that had been done. 6 MS. WELCH: Studies had been done 7 in general. 8 A. No, he's indicating in the 9 abstract this is a tabulation of results of 1 0 microscopic evaluation of liver sections from 1 1 rats fed Aroclor 1242 and 1254 or 1260. 1 2 There is some general discussion leading into 1 3 it to point out that this information has 1 4 been distributed to various regulatory 1 5 agencies, but there was no single source 1 6 reference or summary that people could 1 7 access, and it was my hope that this could 1 8 provide such a sing1e-source reference. 1 9 BY MR. WELCH: 2 0 Q. With respect to -- 2 1 A. The three? 2 2 Q. The liver sections from rats fed 2 3 Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1260 2 4 for two years? 2 5 A. That's correct. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 53 WATER PCB-SD0000013073 1 Q. I'd like to turn to the 2 introduction which was on the page that's 3 enumerated number 1. There's a reference to 4 Monsanto sponsoring a series of animal tests 5 at Industrial Bio-Test in 1969. Are those 6 the tests that you referred to that you were 7 aware were underway in 1971 when you arrived? 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. And those tests consisted of 1 0 feeding studies to rats and dogs, one of the 1 1 tests? . 1 2 A. Yes. 1 3 Q. Three-generation rat reproduction 1 4 study? 1 5 A. Yes. 1 6 Q. A rat teratology study? 1 7 A. Yes. 1 8 Q. What is teratology? 1 9 A. It's from the Greek word "terata," 20 meaning monster. It's a study of birth 2 1 defects . 2 2 Q. A dominant lethal mutagenic study 2 3 in mice? 2 4 A. Yes. 2 5 Q. And what is lethal mutagenic GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 54 WATER PCB-SD0000013074 1 study? 2 A. That specific studyinvolves 3 dosing male animals with a chemical to see if 4 it affects their sperm, and then mating those 5 animals with females to determine whether the 6 offspring will live or die. If there is a 7 dominant lethal defect, the pups will die, so 8 it measures the effects on the male sperm. 9 Q. And the last was a toxicity 1 0 reproduction study in chickens on each of the 1 1 three Aroclor products? 12 A. Yes. 1 3 Q. Do you recall if there were any 1 4 preliminary results that were issued when you 1 5 first got to Monsanto from these studies? 1 6 MR. PREUSS: Do you mean issued 1 7 before he started, or after the time he 1 8 started? 1 9 MS. WELCH: Well, whenever, did he 2 0 become aware of any preliminary results when 2 1 hearrived at Monsanto. 2 2 A. I did not -- well, I do not recall 2 3 being told of preliminary results in the 2 4 sense of results on ongoing studies. I 2 5 became aware that the studies were underway. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 55 WATER PCB-SD0000013075 1 Mr. Wheeler was dealing predominantly with 2 polychlorinated biphenyl issues, and I had my 3 own assignments and I was not particularly 4 involved. 5 BY MS. WELCH: 6 Q. Did you become aware that, as this 7 document said, that the studies were 8 initiated by reports that PCBs had been 9 detected in the environment? 1 0 A. Yes, I was told that somewhat 1 1 later, or somewhere along the line. I don't 1 2 know just when. 1 3 Q. With respect to the protocols for 1 4 these, these experiments or these tests, were 1 5 they new protocols in 1969? 1 6 A. I do not know what the protocols 1 7 were when these studies were initiated 1 8 because I was not there at the time. 1 9 Q Did you become aware of the 2 0 protocols when you reviewed the reports or if 2 1 you reviewed the reports? 2 2 A. I do not recall specific, 2 3 specifics about the protocols. That may or 2 4 may not have been there. 2 5 Q. Well, let me phrase it in this GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 56 WATER PCB-SD0000013076 1 way. Prior to 1969, were toxicologists 2 carrying out chronic feeding studies on rats 3 and dogs with respect to various other 4 chemicals, to your knowledge, besides PCBs? 5 A . Yes . 6 Q. Do you know in your background 7 when chronic feeding studies on rats and dogs 8 began to become a testing mechanism? 9 A. When I joined Monsanto in -- or 1 0 Cyanamid in 1958, there were two-year feeding 1 1 studies in progress, so with that as a 1 2 reference point, certainly in the 1950's, at 1 3 least . 1 4 Q. Okay, same question with respect 1 5 to three-generation rat reproduction study. 1 6 A . I would gi v e a similar answer; 1 7 they were underway wh e n I came to Cyanamid. 1 8 Q That was i n the mid Fifties? 1 9 A . I got ther e i n 1 9 5 8. 2 0 Q . How about with respect to a rat 2 1 teratology study? 2 2 A . Teratology s tudies did not 23 become -- terra -- le t m e start back. Some 2 4 aspects of teratology would be detected in a 2 5 reproduction study. What's labeled as a GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 57 WATER PCB-SD0000013077 1 teratology study, it really did not gain 2 prominence until the 1960's, with the 3 thalidomide tragedy. 4 Q. That was the early 1960's? 5 A. It would have been early 1960's. 6 It was during the Kennedy administration, 7 '62, '61, '2, '3. 8 Q. How about the dominant lethal 9 mutagenic study; when did that become 1 0 available? 11 A . Oh , I don't know when it became 12 available. 11 probably had been around a 13 long time. I t was infrequently done, even in 1 4 the 1969 time frame, and sort of fell out of 1 5 favor, and it's probably getting a little bit 1 6 of a resurrection again. 17 Q. Was it available prior to 1969, 1 8 even if it was conducted infrequently? 1 9 A. Oh, I don't know the history of it 2 0 well enough, but the features of it certainly 2 1 were, were well -- known well before this, 2 2 yes. 2 3 Q. How about a toxicity reproduction 2 4 study in chickens; was that available prior 2 5 to 1969? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 58 WATER PCB-SD0000013078 1 A . That would have been done, yes. 2 Q. In your * experience, when were you 3 first aware of these kinds of studies with 4 respect to the toxicity reproduction studies 5 in chickens? 6 A. Outside of agricultural products, 7 I don't think they would have been done 8 particularly. It certainly was not a common, 9 a commonly done test in chickens unless there 1 0 was -- it was intended for either medication 1 1 of chic.kens or it was intended for poultry 1 2 treatments of some sort or it was a pesticide 1 3 product. Other than that, I doubt that 1 4 anybody was really doing it. 1 5 Q. How about with respect to either 1 6 pesticides or medicinal products for poultry? 1 7 A. That's what I said, veterinary or 1 8 things intended to treat chickens or 1 9 pesticides that could be a residue on crops 2 0 fed to chickens. 2 1 Q. Were those being done in the 22 1950 ' s? 2 3 A. I don't -- I can't say. They were 2 4 not frequently done, is the best I could say, 2 5 because they were not being -- my earliest GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 59 WATER PCB-SD0000013079 1 chickens reproduction study that I would have 2 experienced would have been in the early 3 Sixties, by personal experience. 4 Q . Was this when you were at 5 Cyanamide (Phonetic)? 6 A . Yes. 7 Q . Am I pronouncing that right? 8 A . Sigh-AN-a-mid. 9 Q Cyanamid. There' s a reference 1 0 the bottom paragraph on the first page, 1 1 "Starting in 1969, while these studies still 1 2 were in progress, information regarding them 1 3 was made available to various government 1 4 groups." Do you know what information 1 5 regarding them was made available to various 1 6 government groups? There is a reference to a 1 7 footnote . 1 8 A. My -- the basis for that comment 1 9 in my recollection is, in part, document 2 0 footnotes on page 8 that's information which 2 1 was in the files, and it is, my recollection 2 2 is that as interim reports or progress 2 3 reports, or whatever was being received by 2 4 Monsanto, it was being forwarded to the 2 5 regulatory personnel. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 60 WATER PCB-SD0000013080 1 Q Do you know whether the final 2 reports confirmed the interim reports or was 3 there a change in the results? 4 A. I did not compare interim to final 5 reports, but they have been widely 6 distributed. If there were inconsistencies 7 in the conclusions, I would expect that they 8 would have been brought to our attention. 9 Q. So by that, are you saying that 1 0 you don't think there were inconsistencies? 1 1 A. I do not think there were 1 2 inconsistencies, but I do not recall 1 3 comparing interim reports with final reports. 1 4 Q. How often do you know were interim 1 5 reports issued with respect to these tests? 1 6 A. I've indicated earlier, Mr. 1 7 Wheeler was dealing on the PCB issues, and I 1 8 really have no knowledge of that. 1 9 Q. I'd like to turn to page, the page 2 0 that's enumerated number 4 under "Methods." 2 1 What is a threshold limit value? 22 A. There is agroup in the second 2 3 line, "ACGIH, the American Conference of 2 4 Governmental Industrial Hygienists, they set 2 5 standards of chemicals in the air that are GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 61 WATER PCB-SD0000013081 1 acceptable or, some say, permissible for 2 employee exposure. They revise that list 3 annually, they document the basis for those 4 numbers, and it is through that -- and this 5 1969, the second line refers to the latest 6 revision, but when I say I may have learned 7 of PCBs I have used the ACGIH threshold limit 8 value list many times, and I have read their 9 documentation, and I may well have gotten my 1 0 first exposures to PCBs by reading that 1 1 documen.t in their documentation. 1 2 Q . I s there an encyclopedia or 1 3 dictionary o f threshold limit values that's 1 4 issued by this group? 1 5 A. It's issued as a small pamphlet 1 6 annually. I 1 7 Q. Was that available to people at 1 8 Monsanto? 19 A. Yes. It's available to everybody. 2 0 Q. Is it a respected reference book 2 1 for industrial hygienists? 2 2 A. Its membership consists of 2 3 industrial hygienists working for federal and 2 4 state governments, and I would have to 2 5 accept, assume and believe that it is highly GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 62 WATER PCB-SD0000013082 1 reputable. 2 Q. Is this a -- is this handbook -- 3 was this handbook available in the medical 4 library at Monsanto? 5 A. Yes. 6 Q . And i t was used by you and others 7 with reference t o threshold limit values? 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. Now, there's a reference here in 1 0 the second line to the dosage that a person 1 1 would receive of PCBs, and then there is a 1 2 reference to dosages that rats would receive. 1 3 Why is there a reference under methods to the 1 4 dosage that a person would receive? 1 5 A. This is not a reference to a 1 6 dosage a person would receive. This is an 1 7 illustration of how one would go about 1 8 estimating the levels to which you could 1 9 expose animals, and so it's a calculation of 2 0 certain assumptions, and then taking those 2 1 assumptions from man over to the animal to 2 2 come up with some estimate as to what levels 2 3 would be tolerable by the animals. 2 4 Obviously, if the animals die on 2 5 the third day of exposure, it's very GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63 WATER PCB-SD0000013083 1 difficult to conduct a two-year study. 2 Q. So, of course, toxicological 3 experiments are not conducted on human 4 beings; is that correct? 5 A. Not knowingly. 6 Q. Not intentional toxicological 7 exp eriments? 8 A. I'll say not knowingly. We hope 9 that we are -- we believe that we are not 1 0 conducting experiments on people. 1 1 Q. So the intent in performing animal 1 2 experiments is to draw parallels between the 1 3 exposure that a person would receive? 1 4 A. Well, it's illustrated the fact 1 5 that in reaching any conclusion, you want to 1 6 consider all the available information that 1 7 you have and see how you can come up with the 1 8 best possible conditions, and as I indicated, 1 9 to start several hundred or a thousand 2 0 animals on a test and find that one has to 2 1 abort the test because the animals have died 2 2 or something, that they don't tolerate it, so 2 3 one wants to minimize the false starts, and 2 4 one goes through these sorts of calculations 2 5 and assumptions to see whether there is a GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 64 WATER PCB-SD0000013084 1 consistency and whether it will serve to pick 2 a point on something that nobody really knows 3 about when you start the study. 4 Q. So the idea of a threshold limit 5 value is, you don't want to go over that 6 amount because you would kill the animal? 7 A. No, no, the threshold limit value 8 is a level that the American Conference of 9 Government Industrial Hygienists, an air 1 0 level that they said is acceptable for human 1 1 exposure in the workplace. So starting with 1 2 that, you say if that level is in the air, if 1 3 the person inhales, we know how much he 1 4 breathes in the course of a working day, and 1 5 if his lungs take everything out of the air 1 6 and keep it in the body, this is the amount 1 7 that that person will have gotten by the end 1 8 of the day, and we use that as a starting 1 9 calculation, but by no means is this the 2 0 level that people will get, because they are 2 1 not going to retain everything, the level may 2 2 be lower than the threshold limit value, and 2 3 so forth, but it's sort of calculating an 2 4 upper limit that one has a reasonable basis 2 5 for saying they should not get more than this GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 65 WATER PCB-SD0000013085 1 and they should be able to tolerate this. 2 Q. Is there any other reason for 3 drawing the parallel from people to rats, in 4 terms of dosage? 5 A. No, this is merely intended to 6 illustrate to people how -- the rationale for 7 picking the doses that were in the study. 8 I might add that Kimbrough's study 9 later on, others have used the same hundred 1 0 part per million is about as high as it'll go 1 1 in the rat without killing them. 1 2 Q. All right, turning to page 6, 1 3 under "Discussion," there is a statement, 1 4 here, that, "Since there were increased 1 5 incidences of vascular changes in the 1 6 cytoplasm of the" -- you'll have to help me. 1 7 You should perhaps read this because you know 1 8 these words -- 1 9 A. "-- hepatocytes." 2 0 Q. " -- hepatocytes and focal 2 1 hypertrophy --"? 2 2 A. Hypertrophy. 2 3 Q. " -- at all dose levels for all 3 2 4 Aroclor products at the 24-month sacrifice, a 2 5 'no-effect' level was not established for GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 66 WATER PCB-SD0000013086 1 liver effects. Can you please explain to me 2 that conclusion? 3 A . That's evident from the data 4 no-effect level means that insofar as one can 5 tell through the measurement tools, no 6 effect, no, nothing was observed. Since 7 there was, this takes, let's take 8 specifically focal hypertrophy, which means 9 there are spots in the cell where there is an 1 0 increase in tissue, it's -- an old-timer once 1 1 used th.e analogy, if one goes out and chops 1 2 firewood for the winter, you will get muscle 1 3 hypertrophy. If you use muscles more, you 1 4 will get an increase in muscle mass. So if 1 5 the liver is doing -- we talked earlier 1 6 detoxification, it's got little spots, little 1 7 focal areas where there's an increase in cell 1 8 tissue, and that is an increase above 1 9 background, so there is an effect on the 2 0 liver. However, I don't think that could be 2 1 considered a deleterious effect, even though 2 2 there is an effect on the liver, so that's 2 3 the reason for saying a no-effect, in the 2 4 sense of nothing happening, was not 2 5 established for liver effects. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 67 WATER PCB-SD0000013087 1 Q. Turning to the next page, page 7, 2 you -- there is a statement, here, that 3 "focal" --pronounce the word again for me? 4 A. High-PER-truh-fee . 5 Q."-- hypertrophy of the liver 6 occurred at 3, 3, and 12 months for rats fed 7 Aroclor 1260, 1254 and 1242 respectively, and 8 was not seen in livers of control animals." 9 By "control animals," you are referring to 1 0 animals who are not exposed to Aroclor. 11 A . Yes 1 2 Q S o in other words, the result. 1 3 i s that the Aroclor cone lusively caused 1 4 the focal hypertrophy; is that correct? 1 5 A . This is, this is a restatement of 1 6 what w e had talked about on the preceding 17 page o r on page -- where was it? The 1 8 preceding page. 1 9 MR. PREUSS: That's the preceding 2 0 page. 2 1 A. Yeah, the preceding page, there 22 were subtle changes in the livers at all 2 3 three dose levels, so a no-effect level was 2 4 not observed. This is a restatement of what 2 5 it just discussed on the previous page. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 68 WATER PCB-SD0000013088 1 BY MS. WELCH: 2 Q The next statement is that, 3 "Livers o f some animals fed 100 parts per 4 million o f each Aroclor also had benign liver 5 tumors." 6 A. Yes. 7 Q. And then there is two kinds of 8 liver tumors, I assume, that are referred to. 9 Can you explain to me what the liver tumors 10 are that were seen at a hundred parts per 1 1 million? 12 A. A hepatoma is a benign tumor, not 1 3 malignant. A cho1 angiohepatoma is a, again, 1 4 a benign tumor in the bile duct. These 1 5 findings had been reported in the initial 1 6 two-year feeding studies, so there's no 17 change in -- 1 8 Q. And those were the feeding studies 1 9 that began in 1969? 2 0 A. That'sright. 2 1 Q. So this is a confirmation of those 2 2 studies, or is it a summary of those studies? 23 A. Well, let me see what giveme 24 a 2 5 (Witness peruses document.) GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 69 WATER PCB-SD0000013089 1 (Continuing) If you look at page 2 2, in the second paragraph, starting, the 3 two-year studies were done in that, in the 4 two-year studies consistent with general 5 practices, they looked at the livers from ten 6 animals in each group. That is, they 7 autopsied the animals, they'd look at the 8 livers and they would pick, if they saw 9 nothing unusual, they were instructed to look 1 0 at ten tissues from, or tissues from ten 1 1 animals in each group and they reported those 1 2 livers . 1 3 At a later date, when the question 1 4 came up as to whether they caused liver 1 5 cancer, we instructed the lab to go back and 1 6 look at all available livers, including 1 7 animals that had been on tests whose livers 1 8 had not previously been examined, and so this 1 9 report is looking at those to livers from 2 0 every available animal. In other words, the 2 1 ten that they looked at in the previous 2 2 studies and the ones that they had put in 2 3 formaldehyde and kept preserved, they looked 2 4 at all of them and when they looked at all of 2 5 them, basically they did not see any GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 70 WATER PCB-SD0000013090 > H 1 differences from what they saw the first 2 time. 3 Q. So these were preserved from even 4 the earliest studies? 5 A. Right. 6 Q. And is there some kind of library 7 of slides or organs that Monsanto maintains 8 for past -- from past experience? 9 do not know the c u r r e n t 1 0 retention policies, but yes, the wet tissues 1 1 are retained in formaldehyde and slides can 1 2 be retained, but they will deteriorate with 1 3 age, so I don't know the current retention 1 4 policy. 1 5 Q. For this report, the review was 1 6 made on everything from 1969 forward on the 1 7 liver tissue of rats? 1 8 A. The liver tissues from all the 1 9 rats in the three two-year feeding studies on 2 0 1242, 1254 and 1260 were examined, and this 2 1 summarizes the liver findings from all the 2 2 animals on those three two-year studies. 2 3 Q. Now, you refer to the question of 2 4 whether Aroclors cause liver cancer. How did 2 5 that question arise? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 71 WATER PCB-SD0000013091 1 A. Dr. Kimbrough, we talked about 2 earlier, went back and started a two-year 3 feeding study -- 4 MS. WELCH: Maybe we should go off 5 the record. 6 (Discussion off the record.) 7 BY MS. WELCH: 8 Q. Go ahead. I'm sorry, Doctor. 9 A. Dr. Kimbrough initiated, 1 0 unbeknownst to us, a two-year feeding study 11 with female rats to further explore the 1 2 question of the bladder cancer. She used 1 3 females because that's where she saw the 1 4 first bladder cancer she encountered and she 1 5 did only one high dose level. 1 6 When she -- it would have been 1 7 about '83, '4, I'm not sure; time's a blur -- 1 8 she then called -- she then came to Monsanto. 1 9 MR. PREUSS: Did say '83 or '73? 2 0 THE WITNESS: I'm sorry, '73. 2 1 '72, '3, '4; somewhere in there, yeah. 2 2 A. (Continuing) She then called 2 3 Monsanto and came up to visit with us and 2 4 told us that she had found liver cancers in 2 5 the female rats fed high levels of Aroclor GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 72 WATER PCB-SD0000013092 .1 1 2 6 0 2 As a result, to attempt to 3 determine, since we have two contradictory 4 pieces of information, our study which -- at 5 IBT which said there was no cancer and 6 Kimbrough's findings, we said, "We want you 7 t o go back and look a t all availabl e livers 8 o n the chan c e that you may have mis s e d 9 something. We want t o look at not 3 u s t the 1 0 ten, but everything," and so this is the 1 1 result of all liver sections that were 1 2 reviewed. 1 3 BY MS. WELCH: 1 4 Q. Did Monsanto hire scien tis t s to 1 5 review Dr. Kimbrough's findings, a s well? 1 6 A . Yes 1 7 Q. And what, were the concl usions of 1 8 those scientists who reviewed her findings? 1 9 A. The -- there are two di f f e r e n t 2 0 parts to this. The IBT, Industria 1 Bio-Test 2 1 pathologists went down and discuss e d their 2 2 findings with Kimbrough and they, they viewed 2 3 concurrently slides from, selected slides ! 2 4 from the Monsanto studies and sele cted slides 2 5 from Kimbrough's studies. Those c onclusions GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MIS SOURI 73 I WATER PCB-SD0000013093 1 in general were that Monsanto did not have, 2 the Monsanto studies did not show liver 3 cancer. Some of the slides that Kimbrough 4 had, if they used a new classification that 5 Dr. Squires was developing, they would 6 consider cancers by Dr. Squires' definition. 7 We also went to the Epley Institute of Cancer 8 in Omaha, Nebraska with Dr. Schubic, who is a 9 cancer expert, and w e asked wha t fur ther 1 0 measures, what can w e do in an attempt to 1 1 resolve the different findings, so he 1 2 recommended that we take Dr . Pour, Parvis 1 3 Poor, a pathologist, and h e looked at all the 1 4 IBT slides and he looked a t all of 1 5 Kimbrough's slides, and h e did not feel that 1 6 Kimbrough's slides showed any evidence of 1 7 carcinogenicity. 1 8 Q. Was there any pathologist besides 1 9 Dr. Squires who reviewed Dr. Kimbrough's 2 0 slides? 2 1 MR. PREUSS: Well, I don't think 2 2 there's any testimony that Dr. Squires 2 3 reviewed them. It was Dr. Squires' 2 4 classification system. 2 5 MS. WELCH: I think he testified GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 74 WATER PCB-SD0000013094 1 that he reviewed both sets of slides. 2 MR. PREUSS: You misunderstood 3 him 4 A . No . 5 MR. PREUSS: 6 MR. PREUSS: Dr. Pour, I think. 7 A. An IBT pathologist took slides 8 that were representative of the lesion that 9 is found, the hepatomas, the benign tumors, 1 0 and they met with, in Dr. Squires' office 1 1 with Dr. Kimbrough, and I think there was a 1 2 Dr. Levitt there. Squire and Levitt were the 1 3 originators of this new classification scheme 1 4 for liver tumors, and they looked at some 1 5 slides that this Dr. Kimbrough had brought, a 1 6 few slides that she thought illustrated her 1 7 points, and Industrial Bio-Test pathologists 1 8 did the same, so they looked at some slides, 1 9 but the only person who looked at all the 2 0 slides from all the studies was Dr. Pour. 2 1 Q. But the scientists who reviewed, 2 2 besides Dr. Pour, there were scientists who 2 3 agreed, looking at Dr. Kimbrough's slides, 2 4 that what she had found was, indeed, cancer? 2 5 MR. PREUSS: I'll object. That GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 75 WATER PCB-SD0000013095 1 mischaracterizes what he said. 2 A. I think I, as far as I know, and I 3 think he said, is that at that meeting. Dr. 4 Squire and Dr. Levitt, using their 5 classification scheme, characterized those 6 liver lesions, some of those liver lesions, 7 as cancerous. 8 BY MS . WELCH : 9 Q. Now, did Dr., up to the time that 1 0 you left Monsanto in 1991, did you maintain 1 1 contact with Dr. Kimbrough? 1 2 A. I had informal contact with her 1 3 many times subsequent to this, yes, but I 1 4 can't -- . 1 5 Q. Did Dr. Kimbrough, to your 1 6 knowledge, ever retract the findings of her 1 7 study or did she maintain that she had been 1 8 correct in her studies? 19 A. Well, she never -- shepublished 2 0 her data, and I don't know that there's ever 2 1 been a retracton, or -- she's never come up 2 2 to me and said, "I'm going to take it all 2 3 back, publish it," no. 2 4 Q. As far as you know, did she still 2 5 uphold the results of her studies? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 76 WATER PCB-SD0000013096 I 1 A. I think it's interesting, she 2 wrote a review sometime later on the effects 3 of polychlorinated and po1ybrominated 4 biphenyls, and at the end of it, she says, 5 despite the interesting effects in animals, 6 there is no indication that they have caused 7 harm to man at the levels to which the 8 population is exposed. 9 Q. Was she speaking specifically of 1 0 carcinogenic harm? 1 1 A.. She's talking about the spectrum 1 2 of biological effects, including 1 3 carcinogenicity. 1 4 Q. And what article is this? 1 5 A. An annual review of pharmacology 1 6 and toxicology, oh, five years ago or so. I 1 7 don't have the specific reference. 1 8 Q. With reference to her particular 1 9 findings, finding cancers in rats, that was 2 0 the question, did she ever, to your 2 1 knowledge, or does she still, to your 2 2 knowledge, uphold those findings, not with 2 3 reference to man but with reference to her 2 4 findings in rats? 2 5 A. I, I mean she's presented her GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 77 WATER PCB-SD0000013097 1 findings to us and she's published them, and 2 I, you know, I really haven't specifically 3 discussed them with her to see whether she 4 upholds them or denounces them. 5 MS. WELCH: Okay, why don't we 6 take a break. 7 (Recess) 8 MS. WELCH: All right, back on the 9 record. 1 0 BY MS. WELCH: 1 1 Q. I'd like to introduce as Exhibit 1 2 0176 the following document. 1 3 (Plaintiff's Deposition 1 4 Exhibit 1076 marked for 1 5 identification. ) 1 6 BY MS. WELCH: 1 7 Q. Exhibit 1076 is a multipage 1 8 document that has a number of identifying 1 9 stamps. I will use the one SCM 019639 i 2 0 through SCM 019645. It's entitled "Toxicity 2 1 and Environmental Effects of Commercial 2 2 P C B s , " and I note that on, the page stamped 2 3 SCM 019643 there appear to be the initials I 2 4 "GJL." Please take a few minutes to review 2 5 this document^ GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 78 WATER PCB-SD0000013098 1 (Witness peruses said 2 document.) 3 A. All right. 4 BY MS. WELCH: 5 Q. All right, turning to the page 6 that is marked SCM 019643, is that your 7 handwritten, are those your handwritten 8 initials? 9 A. No, they are not. 1 0 Q. Do you know whose initials those 1 1 are? 1 2 A. Well, they're my initials, but I 1 3 don't know who put them there. 1 4 Q. Did you author this document? 1 5 A. I believe I did. It sounds like, 1 6 reads like what I would have written. 1 7 Q Do you recall authoring this 1 8 document? 1 9 A. Not specifically. 2 0 Q. But you believe that you did? 2 1 A. Yes. This is the sort of summary 2 2 I would be inclined to prepare, or the way I 2 3 wouldwriteit. 2 4 Q. And did you author this kind of 2 5 document in the normal course of your GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 79 WATER PCB-SD0000013099 1 business activities? 2 A. I would frequently summarize what 3 was going on with the product, yes. 4 Q. It was part of your job 5 responsibilities to do so? 6 A . Yes. 7 Q. Do you have any recollection of 8 the approximate time period that you authored 9 this document? 1 0 A . No . 1 1 Q. All right, turning to the section 1 2 that is entitled "Conclusions Based on 1 3 Monsanto Studies," the second part refers to 1 4 threshold limit values. That is the same as 1 5 in the document we discussed previously, 1 6 that's the same definition? 1 7 A. Yes. 1 8 Q. The next statement is, "The 1 9 n o -effect level for these materials i n 2 0 chronic rat and dog feeding studies is about 2 1 1 0 parts per million in the diet. " Does that 2 2 mean that any amount above that causes some 2 3 kind of effect? 2 4 A. Yes, there would be observable 2 5 effects above that. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 80 WATER PCB-SD0000013100 1 Q . And when you said that no 2 hepatocellular c a r c i n o in a s were present, you 3 mean that there were no, there was no 4 evidence of liver cancer? 5 A. That's correct. 6 Q. In dogs and rats in that feeding 7 study. 8 A. Right. 9 Q. The next statement is, "The 1 0 no-effect level on rat reproduction is 1 1 between 1 and 10 parts per million," and you 1 2 state, "Since higher levels result in low 1 3 mating indices, that means that above 10 1 4 parts per million, the incidence of mating 1 5 decreases"? 1 6 A. Yes. 1 7 Q. And no teratogenic or mutagenic 1 8 effects were observed in studies with rats 1 9 and mice; is that correct? 2 0 A. Yes. 2 1 Q. The next statement is that "In 2 2 chicken reproduction and teratology studies, 2 3 Aroclor 1242, which produced the most severe 2 4 effects, had a no-effect level of 2 to 4 2 5 parts per million in the diet." Does that GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 81 WATER PCB-SD0000013101 1 mean that above 4 parts per million, there 2 was an effect? 3 A. There were differences from the 4 controls that were statistically significant. 5 Q. And again, the controls were 6 chickens that were not fed any Aroclor? 7 A. That's right. 8 Q. The next statement is that "Acute 9 toxicity to fish varies from less than one 1 0 part per million to greater than 100 parts 1 1 per million depending upon the specific 1 2 Aroclors and species of fish tested." Is 1 3 that correct? 1 4 A. Yes. 1 5 Q. So there's a wide variety of 1 6 effects depending on the species and the type 1 7 of Aroclor? 1 8 A. Yes. 1 9 Q. Do you know what is acute toxicity 2 0 mean? 2 1 A. It's an index or a measure of 2 2 either a single dose or several doses given 2 3 over a short period of time with respect to 2 4 the -- most generally, it's a measure of the 2 5 acute lethality of the compound; the death. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 82 WATER PCB-SD0000013102 1 Q. So what you are referring to, 2 here, is variety in dosage with respect to 3 death in the fish? 4 A . Yes, I believe that's what it is. 5 Q The last statement is, "PCBs 6 containing three or less chlorine substitutes 7 per molecule are reasonably biodegradable. 8 Is that what your finding was? 9 A . I was told that by others. 1 0 Q Do you know who told you that? 1 1 A . Not specifically. 1 2 Q That was an assumption that you 1 3 based your work on, however? 1 4 A . I don't recall who told me or 1 5 when, but it was based on studies that 1 6 Monsanto had conducted. 1 7 Q The next section is entitled 1 8 "Summaries of Monsanto's Long-Term Toxicity 1 9 Studies On Commercial PCBs." Was the 2 0 reference to the Industrial Bio-Test 1969 to 2 1 1971 tests? 2 2 A. The two-year lifetime, yes, these 2 3 would be the studies at Industrial Bio-Test. 2 4 Q . That started in 1969? 2 5 A . Somewhere about that there. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 83 WATER PCB-SD0000013103 1 Q. In the earlier document, we saw a 2 reference to tests that began in 1969, and 3 I'm wondering whether these are the same 4 tests that -- 5 A. These would be the same tests. 6 Q. There's a summary of the effect on 7 rats in the lifetime rat feeding studies. 8 Could you please -- and that's in that second 9 paragraph. Could you please summarize those 1 0 results? 1 1 MR. PREUSS: Counsel, you've got 1 2 to give us a better reference, please. 1 3 BY MS. WELCH: 1 4 Q. All right, it's under "Summary of 1 5 Monsanto's Long-Term Toxicity Studies On 1 6 Commercial PCBs"? 1 7 MR. PREUS S : Right . 1 8 MS. WELCH: The second paragraph 1 9 begins, "The highest dietary level" - 2 0 MR. PREUSS: All right. 2 1 MS. WELCH: -- and I'm just asking 2 2 the doctor to summarize the results from 2 3 those Industrial Bio-Test tests with respect 2 4 to lifetime rat feeding studies. 2 5 MR. PREUSS: You want him just to GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 84 WATER PCB-SD0000013104 1 read it? 2 MS. WELCH: Well, if he can 3 compress it, compress the findings in a few 4 sentences, that would be helpful. 5 MR. PREUSS: Well, I would say 6 that the document speaks for itself. 7 A. I've attempted to summarize 8 two-year studies, and I don't -- I attempted 9 to include everything I thought was relevant 1 0 for someone to know, and condensing it 1 1 further without going back and looking at the 1 2 other studies, I think, would be almost an 1 3 exercise in futility. 1 4 BY MS. WELCH: 1 5 Q. All right, let's go through it. 1 6 The statement, here, is that "The highest 1 7 dietary level of 100 parts per million 1 8 produced a weight depression after 24 months 1 9 in females fed Aroclor 1254." Is that 2 0 correct? 2 1 MR. PREUSS: Female rats. 2 2 MS. WELCH: Well, it just says "in 2 3 females," but the reference, of course, is to 2 4 rats. 2 5 MR. PREUSS: Lifetime rat feeding GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 85 WATER PCB-SD0000013105 1 studies. 2 MS. WELCH: We understand it's 3 rats. 4 MR. PREUSS: Let's make sure the 5 record does. 6 MS. WELCH: The record should 7 reflect it refers to rats. We already know 8 human beings were not intentionally fed 9 Aroclor 1254. 1 0 BY MS. WELCH: 1 1 Q Is that corre c t ? 1 2 A . I would have to say, based on what 1 3 I've written here, that that is c o r r e c t . 1 4 Q . So that would be a weight 1 5 compression o f the o v e r a 11 body weight that 1 6 you are referring to? 17 A. Yes. 1 8 Q. And that is a liver weight 1 9 increase in all groups except males fed 2 0 Aroclor 1242; is that correct? 2 1 A. Yes. 2 2 Q. So that's referring to the three 2 3 Aroclors that were fed, 1254, 1242 and 1260? 2 4 A. With respectto these studies, in 2 5 bodyweight and liver weights are GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 86 WATER PCB-SD0000013106 1 specifically referred to as Aroclor 1254 and 2 1242, but the 1260 did not have those 3 effects. 4 Q. So there were liver weight 5 increases in all groups except males fed 6 Aroclor 1242? Is that correct? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. And the next statement is that 9 "The important histopathologic changes were 1 0 present in the livers of animals sacrificed 1 1 at the end of the study." What is a 1 2 histopathologic change? 1 3 A. The tissue is, a thin slice of 1 4 tissue is put under a microscope, stained, to 1 5 highlight various tissues within or 1 6 structures within the tissue, and then it's 1 7 looked at microscopically. In the judgment 1 8 of the pathologists who did the studies, the 1 9 important or the significant changes, they 2 0 felt, were confined to the livers. 2 1 Q. And those are reflected in the 2 2 next sentence, where it states that it's 2 3 focal hypertrophy cytoplasmic lipid changes, 2 4 and in some animals from the 100 parts per 2 5 million group, hepatomas or GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 87 WATER PCB-SD0000013107 1 cholangiohepatomas; is that correct? 2 A . Yes 3 Q. And I believe that we define d all 4 of those earlier except for cytoplasmic lipid 5 changes. What are those? 6 A. The cytoplasm is the fluid p art of 7 a cell, and lipid would be substructure s or 8 portions in that fluid that take up a f a t 9 stain, so some changes in fatty content , o f a 1 0 fatty nature within the cells. 11 Q. So there was impact on the 1 i v e r 1 2 in the animals sacrificed, but there wa s no 1 3 evidence of hepatocellular carcinogenic i t y of 1 4 the Aroclors. Is that correct? 1 5 A . Yes. 1 6 Q. In terms of dogs, there were some 1 7 slight decreases in body weight gain? I s 1 8 that correct? 1 9 A. Yes. 2 0 Q. And the next statement is, "At the 2 1 highest feeding level of a hundred parts per 2 2 million, Aroclor 1260 produced an increase in 2 3 serum alkaline phosphatase activity and liver 2 4 weights without concomitant h i stopatho1ogica 1 2 5 changes." Can you please explain to me what GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI j 88 WATER PCB-SD0000013108 1 that sentence means? 2 A . At a hundred ppm of Aroclor 1 2 6 0, 3 there were n o microscopic exchanges i n the 4 appearance o f the tissue. However, there was 5 an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase 6 activity, which is an enzyme in the blood, 7 andthere wasan increase in the weight of 8 the livers. 9 Q. Would this be an example of enzyme 1 0 induction? 1 1 A. Serum alkaline phosphatase is -- 1 2 I'd have to go back and check specifically 1 3 which one, but would more likely be a rupture 1 4 of or a breakdown of a cell or somehow leaked 1 5 out of a cell. It would not -- I would not 1 6 consider it an induction of enzyme activity. 1 7 Q. In addition to those changes that 1 8 were noted, there were evidence of 1 9 gastrointestinal inflammatory lesions and 2 0 ulcerations? Is that correct? 2 1 A. Yes. 2 2 Q. And thosewere similar to those 23 found byan experimenter by the name of Allen 2 4 in rhesus monkeys fed Aroclor 1248? 2 5 A. Yes. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 89 WATER PCB-SD0000013109 1 Q. The next reference in the 2 following paragraph is to rat reproduction 3 studies, and the effect that was found here 4 was that in the second and third generations, 5 there was a reduction in mating index at the 6 two highest feeding levels, which were 10 7 parts per million, a hundred parts per 8 million. Is that correct? 9 A. Yes. 1 0 Q. No other changes were noted in rat 1 1 reproduction studies? 1 2 A. That's right. 1 3 Q. The next statement is that there 1 4 was no evidence of teratogenic or mutagenic 1 5 changes in rats and mice? 1 6 A. For the studies that were 17 conducted, there were nochanges observed. 1 8 Q. With reference to the chicken 1 9 toxicity reproduction study, there was a 2 0 statement earlier that Aroclor 1242 had the 2 1 most severe effect with respect to toxicity 2 2 and reproduction. Do you recall that? It's 2 3 on page -- the second full page. 2 4 A. Yes. 2 5 Q. And what was the effect of the GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 90 WATER PCB-SD0000013110 1 Aroclor? 2 A. There was a decreased egg 3 hatchability. 4 Q What does that mean? 5 A . The eggs a re taken from the hens 6 and they' re put in an incubator and determine 7 how many, which ones hatch. 8 Q. Was there a decrease in eggshell 9 thickness as the result of the Aroclor 1 0 exposure? 1 1 A. Yes, there was areduction in the 1 2 eggshell thickness. 1 3 Q. Any other effects? 1 4 A. It says chick viability was 1 5 affected by both substances at a dietary 1 6 level of 10 ppm for 1242. 1 7 The young chicks did not survive 1 8 as well. 1 9 Q. And was this different for the 2 0 different Aroclors? In other words, 1242 had 21 amore severe effect than the 1254 or 1260? 2 2 A. Yes. 2 3 Q. All right, the statement in the 2 4 next paragraph refers to biodegradation 2 5 studies. The statement is made that higher GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 91 WATER PCB-SD0000013111 1 ch1or i ne-containing members are more 2 resistant to biodegradation and they 3 accumulate more readily and are less readily 4 metabolized and/or excreted from lipoid 5 tissue in animals. Does lipoid tissue refer 6 to fatty tissue? 7 A . Yes. 8 Q. Is fatty tissue where the PCBs are 9 accumulated? 1 0 A. Yes, similar to other chlorinated 1 1 hydrocarbons. 1 2 Q. So what you would expect to find 1 3 would be accumulation of the higher 1 4 chlorinated biphenyls and metabolism of the 1 5 lower chlorinated biphenyls. Is that right? 1 6 A. One would anticipate that as a 1 7 possibility. 1 8 MS. WELCH: Let me introduce the 1 9 following document as Exhibit 1077. 2 0 (Plaintiff's Deposition 2 1 Exhibit 1077 marked for 2 2 identification. ) 23 MS. WELCH:Exhibit 1077 is a 2 4 three-page document bearing the identifying 2 5 stamp of TRAN 022439 to TRAN 022441. It is GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 92 WATER PCB-SD0000013112 1 dated January 31st, 1972 and it is entitled 2 "Progress Report, Organic Chemical Division. 3 The project title is "Environmental 4 Analytical Program Toxicology Support 5 Studies," and it's reported by a number of 6 persons. The distribution includes a list 7 that includes Dr. Levinskas. Please take a 8 few minutes to review this document. 9 (Witness peruses said 1 0 document . ) 1 1 MR. PREUSS: I think, just to be 1 2 accurate, it says, "Distribution to E. P. 1 3 Wheeler/G. Levinskas. " 1 4 (Witness peruses said 1 5 document.) 1 6 THE WITNESS: All right. 1 7 BY MS. WELCH: 1 8 Q. Dr. Levinska s, do you recognize 1 9 this document? 2 0 A. I do not rec all seeing this 2 1 document before. 2 2 Q. Is this the kind of document that 2 3 you would have received in your job in 1971 2 4 or 1972? 2 5 A. I could have received some, yes. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 93 WATER PCB-SD0000013113 1 Q Were you aware that the persons 2 who were listed as reporting this document 3 were conducting studies of the selected 4 chicken tissues in eggs from the Industrial 5 Bio-Test reports or studies? 6 A. I do not recall, I do not recall 7 what they were doing for analyses. 8 Q. Can you tell me what a PCB lipid 9 storage level is? 1 0 A. I can read the statement there. 1 1 It's not a standard technical term, so I 1 2 can't give you a formal definition for it. 1 3 Q. Do you know why just an 1 4 interpretation of the table, what the 1 5 reference is to one part per million, ten 1 6 part per million, 100 part per million? Is 1 7 that the amount that the animal is exposed 1 8 to? 1 9 A. That would be the -- that would 2 0 correspond with the levels in the diets that 2 1 were fed to the animals. 2 2 Q. So in other words, this would, 2 3 under one part per million, the analysis of 2 4 thetissue would be there would be a finding 2 5 of 28 parts per million that was retained by GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 94 WATER PCB-SD0000013114 1 the tissue? For Aroclor 1242, as an example? 2 A. Yes, that would be 28 parts per 3 million in lipids for 1242. 4 Q. And similarly, for the animal that 5 was fed 10 parts per million, there would be 6 196 parts per million in the lipid tissue? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. And similarly, for a hundred parts 9 per million, there would be 2,356 parts per 1 0 million? 1 1 A. Yes. 1 2 Q. And so on. 1 3 Turning to page number 2, the 1 4 fourth paragraph, the last line of the fourth 1 5 paragraph states, "Extensive alterations of 1 6 the homolog distributions of those less 17 chlorinated products are being observed on 1 8 the EC/GC chromatograms." Were you aware of 1 9 this fact at around the time? 2 0 A. I've indicated I have not seen 2 1 this number before. There is a reference to 2 2 analysis, and I have no knowledge of it. 2 3 Q. You have no separate knowledge of 2 4 how the chromatograms looked when an animal 2 5 or a chicken had metabolized the PCBs? GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 95 WATER PCB-SD0000013115 1 A . No. 2 MS. WELCH: I introduce this as 3 Exhibit 1078. 4 (Plaintiff's Deposition 5 Exhibit 1078 marked for 6 identification.) 7 MR. PREUSS: Just to reference, 8 that last paragraph referred to dogs not 9 chickens. 1 0 MS. WELCH: You are right. 1 1 BY MS. WELCH: 1 2 Q Do you have any knowl edge of the 1 3 analysis of dog tissue? 1 4 A . I'm equally ignorant about dogs 1 5 and chickens. 1 6 BY MS. WELCH: 1 7 Q. Exhibit 1078 is a two-page 1 8 document bearing the identifying stamp of 1 9 TRAN 022437 to TRAN 022438. It is dated 2 0 November 30th, 1971, it's a report by various 2 1 persons, distribution to, amongst others, Mr. 2 2 Wheeler and Dr. Levinskas, and it is entitled 2 3 "Environmental Analytical Program -- 2 4 Toxicology Support Studies . " 2 5 Please take a few minutes to GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 96 WATER PCB-SD0000013116 1 review this document. 2 (Witness peruses said 3 document.) .4 BY MS. WELCH: 5 Q. Have you ever seen this document 6 before? 7 A. I do not recall having seen this 8 document before. 9 Q. Do you know what the toxicology 1 0 support studies were? 1 1 A. No, I do not know what that -- I'm 1 2 not aware of the meaning of that term in this 1 3 connection . 1 4 Q. How about the environmental 1 5 analytical program? 1 6 A. Again, I have not seen the report. 1 7 Ihave no, no knowledge as to what was 1 8 intended. 1 9 Q. Were you aware generally of an 2 0 environmental analytical program that was 2 1 going on in November 1971? 2 2 A. I knew that they had chemists who 2 3 were doing analyses.I have no knowledge as 2 4 to whether, whether the formal, informal 2 5 program or the details of such analysis. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 97 WATER PCB-SD0000013117 1 Q . With reference to the chart on the 2 bottom with PCB lipid storage levels, is your 3 testimony that I could read the chart the 4 same way as I could from the previous 5 document, which is the feeding level is one 6 part per million and the result is what is 7 found in the tissues? 8 A. I would say that the, the two are 9 analogous. 1 0 Q. And this refers to the beagle 1 1 dogs? 1 2 A. This refers to dogs. The other 1 3 was rats. 1 4 Q. I believe the other was chickens. 1 5 A. Laboratory animals. Oh, it was 1 6 chickens, okay. Chickens. 1 7 Q. The statement is made on the 1 8 second page, "Alterations of the homolog 1 9 distributions were observed with all of the 2 0 products fed and were much more extensive 2 1 than previously noted in any of the other 2 2 tissue residue studies. " Were you aware o f 2 3 this fact with reference t o dogs? 2 4 A. This is -- no. I was not aware o f 2 5 this. as I was not aware o f the earlier, GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 98 WATER PCB-SD0000013118 1 somewhat similar comment. 2 Q Is there a reason in why the 3 species of chickens, rats and dogs were 4 chosen for the two-year study? 5 A . I do not know why those were 6 chosen. 7 Q. Is it fairly typical to experiment 8 on these three species with respect to 9 effects of chemicals? 1 0 A. I think we indicated earlier in 1 1 discussing the kinds of tests, certainly 1 2 rodent studies were very common. Dog studies 1 3 are fairly frequent, but less common, and 1 4 with the exception of veterinary 1 5 pharmaceuticals for poultry or possibly 1 6 pesticides, chicken reproduction studies 1 7 would be the least common. 1 8 Q. Are dog studies included because 1 9 it represents a higher form of mammal life 2 0 than a rodent? 2 1 A. The rationale is to use different 2 2 species. If there is a similarity in 2 3 response between different species, one will 2 4 have a greater confidence that a human 2 5 response may be similar, may be more general GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 99 WATER PCB-SD0000013119 1 biological. If there are wide variations or 2 differences between rats and dogs, then the 3 prudent assumption is that the most sensitive 4 species may well be indicative of man, but 5 that's an assumption that is made almost 6 automatically. 7 Q. So reflecting what you said, the 8 assumption would be that the species that 9 responds with the most adverse effects, the 1 0 assumption would be that's how man would 1 1 respond? 1 2 A. Correct, unless one had 1 3 information indicating that that particular 1 4 animal species was not necessarily 1 5 representative. 1 6 Q. And here, we're talking about 1 7 studies amongst mammals or are we talking 1 8 about studies amongst any species? 1 9 A. Ideally, one would like mammalian 2 0 data, but if one only had chicken data, one 2 1 would use chicken data in a similar manner. 2 2 MS. WELCH: I would introduce this 2 3 as Exhibit 1079. 2 4 (Plaintiff's Deposition 2 5 Exhibit 1079 marked for GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 10 0 WATER PCB-SD0000013120 1 identification.) 2 MS. WELCH: Exhibit 1079 is a 3 multipage document. It's a progress report 4 from the Organic Chemicals Division dated 5 October 29th, 1971, entitled "Environmental 6 Analytical Studies Research and Development 7 Manufacturing and Outside Support Studies." 8 The distribution includes Mr. Wheeler and Dr. 9 Levinskas. The identifying stamp is TRAN 1 0 022427 to TRAN 022436. 1 1 (Witness peruses said 1 2 document.) 1 3 BY MS. WELCH: 1 4 Q. Do you recall having seen this 1 5 document before? 1 6 A. I do not recall having seen it. 1 7 Q. There is a distribution list, 1 8 here, which you are included on and there is 1 9 an asterisk next to your name, as well as to 2 0 Mr. Wheeler's name and the statement is above 2 1 that, the asterisk refers to "with details," 2 2 and then the document contains numbered pages 2 3 that are called details. Do you recall 2 4 having seen any of these details in the back? 2 5 A. I do not recall. GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 10 1 WATER PCB-SD0000013121 1 Q. Turning to page 6, "Customer 2 Service, General Motors Corporation, Buick 3 Division," reviewing this section, do you 4 have any recollection of analyzing PCB 5 releases or PCB samples from Buick's plant 6 effluent in nearby drainage streams? 7 A. I have never analyzed any PCB 8 effluents . 9 Q. Did you ever hear of that having 1 0 been done by others? 1 1 A . I do not recall hearing of it. 1 2 Q Do you recall hearing of any 1 3 pressure from the Michigan State Regulatory 1 4 Agency? 1 5 A. I do not recall hearing any 1 6 pressure from the state regulatory agency, 17 no . 1 8 MS. WELCH: All right, I don't 1 9 have any further questions. 20 MR. PREUSS: I have Mr. Papageorge 2 1 scheduled for tomorrow at 9:00. Is that 2 2 okay? 2 3 MS . WELCH: Yes . 2 4 (Whereupon, the deposition 2 5 concluded at 11:35 a.m.) GOREREPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 10 2 WATER PCB-SD0000013122 1 COMES NOW THE WITNESS, GEORGE 2 J. LEVINSKAS, and having read the foregoing 3 transcript of the deposition taken on the 2nd 4 day of November, 1992, acknowledges by 5 signature hereto that it is a true and 6 accurate transcript of the testimony given on 7 the date hereinabove mentioned. 8 9 10 11 GEORGE J. LEVINSKAS 12 13 1 4 Subscribed and sworn to before me 1 5 thisday of , 1 9 9 2. 16 1 7 My Commission expires: 18 19 20 21 2 2 Notary Public 23 24 25 GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 10 3 WATER PCB-SD0000013123 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 STATE OF MISSOURI ) SS : ) CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) I J. Bryan Jordan, notary public in and for the State of Missouri, duly commissioned, qualified and authorized to administer oaths and to certify depositions, do hereby certify that pursuant to agreement in the civil cause now pending and undetermined in the Superior Court of the State of California, to be used in the trial of said cause in said court, I was attended at the offices of Bryan Cave, in the City of St. Louis, State ofMissouri, by the aforesaid witness and by the aforesaid attorneys, on the 2nd day of November, 1992. The said witness, being of sound mind and being by me first carefully examined and duly cautioned and sworn to testify the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth in the case aforesaid, thereupon testified as is shown in the foregoing transcript, saidtestimonybeing by me reported in shorthand and caused to be transcribed into typewriting, and that the GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 10 4 WATER PCB-SD0000013124 1 foregoing pages correctly set forth the 2 testimony of the aforementioned witness, 3 together with the questions propounded by 4 counsel and remarks and objections thereto, 5 and is in all respects a full, true, correct 6 and complete transcript of the questions 7 propounded to and the answers given by said 8 witness; that signature of the deponent was 9 not waived by agreement of counsel. 1 0 I further certify that I am not of 1 1 counsel or attorney for either of the parties 1 2 to said suit, not related to nor interested 1 3 in any of the parties or their attorneys. 1 4 Witness my hand and notarial seal 1 5 at St. Louis, Missouri, this jzA day of 1 6 1 9 9 2. 1 7 My commission expires July 20, 1 8 1 9 9 4. 19 20 21 2 2 Notary Public in and for the 2 3 State of Missouri 24 25 GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 10 5 WATER PCB-SD0000013125 1 COMES NOW THE WITNESS, GEORGE 2 J. LEVINSKAS, and having read the foregoing 3 transcript of the deposition taken on the 2nd 4 day of November, 1992, acknowledges by 5 signature hereto that it is a true and 6 accurate transcript of the testimony given on 7 the date hereinabove mentioned. 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 Subscribed and sworn to before me JIM.1 5 this day of 1 992 . 16 1 7 My Commission expires: 18 19 20 21 22 23 NOTARY PUBLIC STATE OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS COUNTY 24 fffCBtilWICWEr M,r ' 2 5 ORIGINAL GORE REPORTING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 103 WATER PCB-SD0000013126 DEPOSITION CORRECTION SHEET In Re: VSU'tttR*/ P/ftfA/O/iT CO. Ca. /VO. 6C out -S'? Upon reading the deposition and before subscribing thereto, the deponent indicated the following changes should be made: Page 10 Line Should read: ^OSl~T}of\/ Op PHY^/C/SIAs Reason assigned for change: CoR^ctjo/y' Page /9 Line n Should read: //r/?F THZV C7-Wgfl/ th/t Reason assigned for change: Page Z5- Line n Should read: SP& Reason assigned for change: Ifttr OoftftEC T/OfY 9Page 3 Line 9 F'oQElQrts/ /#*rr/n> ap C6/IK/ Should read: Reason assigned for change: QoftftS C7?<?V HIPage U/A'Ufiifr'b Line 41 Should read: Reason assigned for change: SPELL)/V& &pvyf\y^0A/ URlMfiy t$rAT> OP URiA/AtT> Page V^*Line ^3 Should read: Reason assigned for change: CO ft /? C-J'/ofY Page 7 0 Line /9 Should read: Reason assigned for change: paLSne 'To Co(\fiEOjto/Y flj ,3ft, 3-? t>r. <pui%: /mstgav cp S$tS//p/fs Page 77 Line&Sfby Should read: Reason assigned for change: SPtiLL/A/G- CoR%c,T/t>fS Page nH Line $ Should read: SHV&ictr i/rsTEAP Reason assigned for change: SpSU/Afr COMZtnoAJ 6c/^6/- f vDDeenpoonnpenntt WATER PCB-SD0000013127 DEPOSITION CORRECTION SHEET In Re: P/feL/Me CO. MoVSAM/> Co. Gtes a#>. bc o ansy Upon reading the deposition and before subscribing thereto, the deponent indicated the following changes should be made: Page Line / 3 Should read: ROfjR / A)$T ftp e>f~ {*00$ Reason assigned for change: T/ A'' Page 7^" Line fO Should read: (J}OlP.i ^ Reason assigned for change: J 73 /?Sony wetG-HT, pted* we ONW iw FZtobLZ* ARoc-Lofr Roaoon aoo-ig'ftod for chang^AF'/IS^TE J \N all afioaps etcefi-r re I Atoci'Ob /3VQ> Reason assigned for change: fn^*Nl' 3Page Si Line 10*7fa* Should read: CHAMS //v*t*At> 0F' Reason assigned for change: 6 Oft f)& 7/0/S Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: () ji *t.' LISTING OF TOXICITY AND RELATED STUDIES OF POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls DEPOSITION EXHIBIT P/K W3 NOTE: Those reports listed in addition to those included in Exhibit "c" or the Answers to the Holly Farms Interrogatories indicated by an asterisk. TRAN 013693 WATER PCB-SD0000013129 ? ^ s 11 -- r-^ 0D .m fcr. U. .) ' REPORTS fc STUDIES HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUDLIC HEALTH 1. Experiments to determine the possible toxicity of the following substances: ' --chlorinated diphenyl #1268 mixture of chlorinated diphenyl and chlorinated diphenyl benzene #5460 Dated September 15, 1938 THE BARNARD FREE SKIN AND CANCER HOSPITAL St. Louis, Missouri 1* Project W-31 Aroclor (1254) Report on Patch Testing, dated December 22, 1949* . THE KETTERING LABORATORY Cincinnati, Ohio .. 1. The Toxicity of the Fogs Formed by Dropping Pydraul F-9, Aroclor 1248, and Tricresyl Phosphate, Upon the Surface of x>f a Heated Inconel - dated March 11, 1953* 2. The Toxicity of the Vapor of Aroclor 1242 and of Aroclor 1254, dated June 28, 1955. . SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATES St. Louis, Missouri ' .' 1. The Acute Oral. Toxicity (LD50) dated November 10, 1953* Aroclor 1254 for Rats, 2. The Acute Oral Toxicity (LDc0) of Aroclor 1242 for Rats, dated December 11, 1953* p INDUSTRIAL BIO-TEST LABORATORIES, INC. Northbrook, Illinois * 1. Subacute Dermal Toxicity of Aroclor 1221, March 28, 1963* * 2. Acute Toxicity Studies With Aroclor 122, Aroclor 5442, and MCS 1016, March 25, 1971. IBT No. A9378. 3* Toxicity, Mutagenic, Teratogenic, Reproduction, and Residue Studies As To Various Aroclors in Rats, Chickens, Mice and Dogs - November 17, 1971. 4. Ninety-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study With Aroclor 1221 in Beagle Dogs, December 30, 1971. IBT No. C9885* TRAN 0L3694 I WATER PCB-SD0000013130 Industrial Dlo-Tcst Laboratories, Inc. (continued) 5 Pour-Day Static Fish Toxicity Studies With Aroclor 1221. Aroclor 5432, Aroclor 5442, Aroclor 5^60* and MCS 1016 In Bluegllls and Channel Catfish, January 12, 1972. IBT No. A9380. 6. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study With Aroclor 1221 In Albino Rats, April 26, 1972. IBT No. B9O88. 7. Toxicity, Reproduction And Residue Study With Aroclor 1221 In White Leghorn Chickens, June 20, 1972. IET No. J900. BIOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS Royal D. Suttkus, Ph.D. Gerald E. Gunning, Ph.D. New Orleans, La. * 1 . 1. Interim Report - Fish Residue Analyses dated August 15, 1971. 2. Report covering December 1970, March 1971, June 1971 and September, 1971 - Fish Residue Data - dated June 9, 1972. 3. Final Progress Report, Residue Data, November 1970 to * November, 1972 via letter dated February 27, 1973 YOUNGER LABORATORIES ' St. Louis, Missouri 1. Toxicological Investigation of OS-95 dated February 22, 1958. 2. Toxicological Investigation of OS-95 dated October 20, 1958. 3 The Toxicity of the Thermal Decomposition Products of OS-95, dated December 8, 195&* 4. Oral Toxicity (LDcq) Rats and Skin Absorption (MLD) Rabbits Various Aroclors,"anted June 25, 1962. 5. Toxicological Investigation Of: Aroclor 1221 dated June 13, 1962. Monsanto Project No. Y-62-41. Oral LD50 (rats) and Skin Absorption MLD (Rabbits). 6. Toxicological Investigation of: MCS 1109-Lot KA 801 dated October 27, 1971* Monsanto Project Ho. Y-71-153* Oral LD^q (Rats, Mired Sex) and Acute Skin Absorption Minimal Lethal Dose (Rabbits, Mixed Sex); Skin Irritation (Rabbitc, Mixed Sox); Eye Irritation (Rabbits, Mixed Sex); Vapor Inhalation (Male Rats). IRAN 013695 WATER PCB-SD0000013131 I -3- MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS COMPANY Applied Sciences Section Bt. Louis, Missouri__________________ r#. * 1. Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Rosidues in Albino Rats from a Two-Year Chronic Oral Toxicity Study dated October, 1971 - W. M. Mees, E. S. Tucker, H. J. Litschgi. Special Study 71-7. Job #1348006. * 2, Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues in Beagle Dog Tissues from a Two-Year Oral Chronic Toxicity study, dated December, 1972 - W. M. Mees, E. S. Tucker, W. J. Litschgi, J. Cowell. Special study 71-9* Job #13840. * 3* Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues in White Leghorn Chickens from a Toxicity, Reproduction and Residue Study with Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260, dated March, 1973 - W. M. Mees, E. S. Tucker, U. J. Litschgi, J. Cowell. Special Study 71-3* Job #1348006. TRAN 013696 WATER PCB-SD0000013132 ' *-; -Monsanto ' Medical Department A2SA October 13-, 1971 AR0CL0F$ 1260 ,e R. E. Kelly K. N. Johnson B. P. Vheeler TO PILE 4 siv l|.l I spoke with: Tel: Renata D. Kimbrough, M.D. Pathologist EPA Atlanta Tox. Branch ^770 Buford Highway Chamblee, Georgia 303^1 (UoU) 633-3311/ ext. 5218 today regarding her observation of bladder tumors la rata fed AROCLOR 1260. The observations of Vos and Koeaan (Toxicol, and Applied Pharmacol. 17, 656-668, 1970) on polychlorinated biphenyls led then to undertake rat reproduction studies with AROCLOR 1254 (Lot AX38) and 1260 (Lot AK3). The materials were obtained from Olasgow at PDA. Their primary findings have been lesions in the liver, and Dr. Kimbrough plans to present a paper on the liver lesions at the 1972 spring meeting of the Society of Toxicology. In addition, she has seen 2 lesions in the bladders of rats fed AROCLOR 1260. The first occurred in a female which died after 6 months on test. This was diagnosed as a malignant anaplastic carcinoma of the bladder. The second was in a male killed after 8 montha on test. The first diagnosis was of epithelial hyperplasia. Sections of both bladders were sent to NCI for diagnosis to Drs. Strauss (?) and Katherine Snell. The diagnosis of carcinoma in the female was confirmed. The lesion in the male was not resolved. Some pathologists believe it la a carcinoma, others believe it la .hyperplasia. Dr. Kimbrough stated tbs t they were trying to analyze the AROCLOR 1260 sample for impurities, but were having sonm difficulty with their equipment. I indicated that we would try to track down material from the sample that they had received. In the event that we cannot locate this lot, we probably can get some material back through Thomas B. Oalnes, Supervisory Research Pharmacologist, at the same location as Dr. Kimbrough. If we have an analysis of this lot, we should make the results known to Dr. Kimbrough. Dr. Kimbrough said that they had observed porphyria in some rata with both compounds. " She alao Indicated that they were contem plating doing a 2 year feeding study with larger numbers of rats to investigate the problem of bladder tumors. She is per plexed by the bladder tumors, and she is not emphasizing them in her discussions. However, she has mentioned her findings when PCB'a have been discussed at various Interagency meetings. This is apparrently how Veissburg learned about them. (cont'd.) DEPOSITION EXHIBIT f/fr /&7V //- JL-Px- , DEPOSITION (( EXHIBIT IceV/K)SK^~ (p IQQCIM WATER PCB-SD0000013133 FILS October 13, 1971 Page - 2 - As e final note, Dr. Klabrough expressed concern over whether PCB'a presented an additional hazard to the employees who manufacture it. I told here that because of the chloracne and liver hazards, there had been medical supervision of the employees. However, I would raise this point with Drs. Kelly and Johnson for their review . /bkz \ > > SCH 052^8 c:000 * Km'Mr WATER PCB-SD0000013134 DM EH " Toxicology Section/St. Louis ico./oiv./oerr./location) SPECIAL mrn o* mpoati REPORT REPORTNO.: MSL- 2002 JOfi/PROJECT NO.: DATE: October 14, 1981 TITLE: TOXICITY OF AROCLOR PRODUCTS 1242,.1254 AND 12 60 TO THE LIVER OF ALBINO'-RATS authors: George J. Levinskas, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This report is a tabulation of the results of microscopic evaluation of liver sections from rats fed AROCLOR 1242, AROCLOR 1254 or AROCLOR 1260 for two years. AUTHORS: G eorge J . L e v in s k a s , P h .D . TITLE- T O X IC IT Y OF AROCLOR PPODUCTS 1 2 4 2 , 1254 AND 1260 TO TUB LIV E R OF ALBIN O RATS REPT. NO.: M S L -2 0 0 2 ,U COPY NO K-IOUIII DEPOSITION EXHIBIT /Q7S SC M 058930 ooo/.oa //- :9z WATER PCB-SD0000013135 DISTRIBUTION COPY NUMBER 1 - Reports Library, R2C 2 - Reports Library, R2C 3 - Reports Library, R2C 4 - DMEH Library, G2WA 5 - DMEH Library, G2WA 6 - R.T. Berendt, E2ND 7 - J.H. Craddock, A2SA 8 - G.J. Levinskas, G2WF 9 - J.G. Nassif, E2ND ' 10 - J.M. Norris, Dow Chemical 11 - R.A. Stohr, B3NJ ABSTRACT ONLY This report has been assigned to you. When it is no longer needed, you are responsible for returning it to: ___ __________ REPORTS LIBRARY, R2C______________ If you transfer it to anyone else, please let your librarian know, so the records can be changed. ooo:.c3 n-iott(c) (nev. i/m) SCM 058931 WATER PCB-SD0000013136 INTRODUCTION The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) comprise a family of compounds of variable chlorine content. PCBs manufactured by Monsanto (tradenamed "Aroclor") bear a four digit number, the '12' indicating biphenyl and the last two digits indicating the chlorine content by weight percent. Since the chlorine atoms are randomly distributed among the 10 ring positions available for substitution, each material is a mixture of isomers. In 1969, Monsanto sponsored a series of animal studies at Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories in Northbrook, Illinois, on Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260 for the assessment of the health and environmental hazards of these materials. This series consisted of 2-year chronic feeding studies to rats and dogs, a 3-generation rat reproduction study, a rat teratology study, a dominant lethal mutagenic study in mice and a toxicity/reproduction study in chickens on each of the 3 Aroclor products. Even though no such action was contemplated, such a broad battery of tests would have been adequate to support Food Additive Petitions for each of these materials. These studies were initiated by reports that PCBs had been detected in the environment. A report (Nelson, 1972b) by a Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances of an Ad Hoc Committee on Environmental Health Research covers the development of information on the environmental and biological effects of PCBs. There have been subsequent literature reviews which need not be recapitulated here [DHEW, 1978; EPA, 1976; I ARC, 1978; NAS, 1979; Roberts, et al. (1978)]. Starting in 1969, while these studies still were in progress, information regarding them was made available to various government groups.1 Subsequently, data from these studies were presented at a conference - 1 O'! n 0 SCH 058932 WATER PCB-SD0000013137 sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences at Rougemont, N.C. on December 20-21, 1971, but the account of these studies was omitted from the published proceedings (Keplinger, et al. , 1972; Nelson, 1972a). Subsequently, it was reported that female Sherman strain rats developed hepatocellular carcinomas when fed Aroclor 12602 from Lot No. AK-3; the same lot used for the earlier Monsanto study with this material. As a result, Monsanto requested the contract laboratory's pathologists to review livers from all available rats from the 3 Aroclor studies. That review (which could have included new sections of liver from animals examined previously in addition to sections from animals not examined previously) was presented in the reports of Gordon and Richter (1975a,b,c). In November 1975, reports containing evaluations of liver sections from the 2-year rat feeding studies (Gordon and Richter, 1975a,b,c) and the results of an independent evaluation of the same liver sections (Pour, 1975) were presented to and discussed with several federal regulatory agencies3. Later that month, a summary of data from all of the studies was presented at the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and held in Chicago on November 19-21, 1975 (Calandra, 1976). Only summaries of data from these and other toxicity studies conducted over the years have been published (Jenkins, et al., 1972; Keplinger, et al., 1971; Monsanto, 1980). Knowledge of these efforts may have prompted the statement in a recent article that "...Monsanto, whose reaction to the possibility that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) might be an ecological disaster was a classic of how such issues should be handled, says Ford4. Monsanto began to investigate the dangers as soon as they were 2- WATER PCB-SD0000013138 seriously voiced. It insisted on keeping an open mind about them. As soon as evidence appeared that there was a strong chance PCBs were a hazard, it published the results of its investigations, admitting the danger. It thus established a reputation of honesty even among the environmentalists." (Clutterbuck 1981). At a later meeting in Bethesda, MD.5, pathologists selected and reviewed some liver slides from the Monsanto-sponsored and Kimbrough studies. The pathologists differed in the terminology used to classify the lesions. They did conclude that the general incidence and severity of liver lesions (hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia and neoplastic changes - carcinomas) were greater in the rats from the study subsequently published by Kimbrough, et al. (1975). No carcinomas were seen in the Monsanto-sponsored studies. It was noted that either the strain of rat or sex could have accounted for the differences. The spontaneous incidence of hyperplastic or neoplastic liver lesions in the Sherman strain rat was unknown, and the occurrence of such lesions appears to be higher in female rats and mice. The different diagnoses were discussed with Dr. Philippe Shubik of the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer at the University of Nebraska. Dr. Shubik suggested that the liver sections from these studies could be reviewed by Dr. Parvis Pour. This was done. This publication is an effort to make readily available information in the Gordon and Richter reports (1975a,b,c) which are only summarized in the literature (Calandra, 1976). - 3 SCK 058934 cno:\:2 WATER PCB-SD0000013139 METHODS It appears that the Threshold Limit Value of 0.5 mg/m3 for chlorobiphenyl with 54% chlorine (ACGIH, 1969) was used to estimate suitable dose levels for the rat feeding studies. For that purpose the following assumptions were made: if the ambient air concentration of PCBs is 0.5 mg/m3, and if all of the inhaled PCBs are absorbed, and if 15 m3 of air are inhaled during the working day, a person would receive a PCB dose of 7.5 mg/day. The corresponding dosage would be approximately 0.1 mg/kg/day for a 70-kilogram person. Consequently, dosages of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg/day were decided upon, and the dietary concentrations were set at 1, 10, and 100 ppm. As it turned out, the assumptions used to set dosages for the feeding study resulted in the low dose level rats receiving a dosage that was 100 times higher than the 0.001 mg/kg/day which FDA later calculated as allowable for protracted ingestion based on human data (FDA, 1973). For the chronic toxicity study in rats6, weanling animals of the Charles River CD strain7 were divided into a control group and 9 treatment groups, each consisting of 50 males and 50 females, with 3 treatment groups assigned to each of the 3 Aroclor products studied (1242, 1254, and 1260). Not all of these animals started at the same time. After about 2 months on test, additional groups of males and females were assigned to each test diet and the controls. These animals were added to allow a sufficient number of animals for sacrifices at 3, 6 and 12 months to provide some information prior to the completion of the 2-year study period. The uumbormg-s^quence SCM 058935 000:',:3 WATER PCB-SD0000013140 animals were. placfl_on test. suggests that additional Groups of 5 males and 5 females were scheduled to be sacrificed after 3, 6, and 12 months of feeding', and survivors were to be sacrificed at the end of the test period.* Animals were to be given a gross autopsy and tissues were to be preserved for possible histologic examination. Tumors or lesions suggestive of tumors were to be examined. RESULTS Data from the Gordon and Richter reports (1975a,b,c) on liver slides are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 for Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260, respectively.9 While the text of the reports contained comments specific to the particular Aroclor, they also contained similar comments such as "There is evidence of a chemical effect on the liver...........This consists of a hepatocellular alteration beginning as focal hypertrophy which progresses to nodular hyperplasia, and in a few animals to hepatoma or cholangiohepatoma" and "In the absence of metastasis, invasiveness, severe basophilia, mitoses, or other evidence of anaplasia; these are benign tumors rather than malignant carcinomas. There was no evidence of metastasis or invasiveness of these tumors in this study". The reports also stated that "The other treatment-related lesions reported are regarded as degenerative or hyperplastic in nature and they are morphologic manifestations of an adaptive response of the liver associated with biotrans formation of the test material" and "In most instances, the spectrum of treatment-related histopathological findings in the liver from this re-evaluation did not differ significantly from that previously reported in our original report...........No hepatocellular carcinomas were observed". `5- . * SCM 05S936 ' goo:'-..:-* WATER PCB-SD0000013141 With respect to Aroclor 1254, it was noted that "One liver tumor (a hepatoma) previously reported in a T-II animal (No. 445) was re-classified as nodular hyperplasia" (Gordon and Richter, 1975a)10. ' DISCUSSION . The initial reports of these studies concluded that the target organ was the liver for each Aroclor product. This was confirmed by the second evaluation of liver slides (Gordon and Richter, 1975a,b,c). These alterations were slow to develop, their incidence being related to both dose level and duration of treatment. Since there were increased incidences of vacuolar changes in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and focal hypertrophy at all dose levels for all 3 Aroclor products at the 24-month sacrifice, a "no-effect" level was not established for liver effects. With respect to the slides from Industrial BIO-TEST, Pour (1975) concluded that Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260 "showed a dose-dependent hepatotoxic effect, characterized by degenerative and regenerative processes. With one exception, all lesions were considered non-neoplastic. Structures similar to cholangiocarcinomas and hepatomas were found in one rat. However, the possibility of metastases of a carcinoma into the liver has been also considered." In the report, he noted one lesion which seemed to "represent a metastatic tumor (probably a mammary gland carcinoma of the same animal from which ...(the particular liver section]... was submitted), rather than a cholangiocarcinoma". This occurred in an animal fed 100 ppm of Aroclor 1254. The contract laboratory pathologists diagnosed the presence of mammary tumor metastases in the liver of this rat (Gordon and Richter, 1975b).11 SCH 058931 000:'.15 WATER PCB-SD0000013142 SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS Groups of male and female rats were fed diets containing either 1, 10, or 100 ppm of one of 3 Aroclor products, 1242, 1254, or 1260, for 2 years. Focal hypertrophy of the liver occurred at 3, 3, and 12 months for rats fed Aroclor 1260, 1254, and 1242, respectively. Focal hypertrophy was not seen in livers of control animals. At the 24-month sacrifice, livers of animals from all dose levels of the 3 Aroclor products had an increased incidence of vacuolar changes and focal hypertrophy. Livers of some animals fed 100 ppm of each Aroclor also had benign liver tumors (hepatoma or cholangiohepatoma). No hepatocellular carcinomas were observed. - 7 SCH 058938 ooo:'..:g WATER PCB-SD0000013143 Footnotes Dates of initial correspondence and contacts. October 3, 1969. E.P. Wheeler to A.R. Glasgow, Division of Pesticides. Food and Drug Administration. April 8, 1970. R.E. Kelly to H. Blumenthal, Petitions Review Branch, Food and Drug Administration. April 22, 1970. E.P. Wheeler to E.J. Burger, Jr., Office of Science and Technology. June 1, 1970. E.P. Wheeler to H.E. Stokinger, Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health. R.D. Kimbrough, personal communication. November 13-14, 1975. Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Protection Agency. Food and Drug Administration. House Subcommittee Manpower, Compensation, Health and Safety. National Cancer Institute. National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences. . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Dr. David Ford of Bath University. At National Cancer Institute on January 21, 1975. Present were D.E. Gordon, R.D. Kimbrough, G.J. Levinskas, R.A. Squire, W.R. Richter. .' Since the events described earlier, the validity of many toxicity studies conducted by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories has been challenged. Therefore, the available raw data supplied by Industrial BIO-TEST was reviewed to determine whether this study could be validated. The review showed that the data bases (including the lack of a protocol) were insufficient for a complete validation of the study. It was decided to focus on presenting the primary liver effects reported by Gordon and Richter (1975a,b,c). Therefore, a complete audit was not undertaken. Available records were examined for a determination that the animals were placed on test and of their ultimate fate. Necropsy and microscopic reports were also examined for findings pertaining to livers of those animals. Significant discrepancies which were found between data in Tables 1, 2, and 3 and the data base for the Gordon and Richter reports are noted in this report. On some records, the Labels Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1260 are interchanged as determined by a check of the animal numbers. Charles River Breeding Laboratories, North Wilmington, Massachusetts. Animals sacrificed at 6 and 12 months were placed on test about 2 months after the first group. Those sacrifice periods are sometimes labeled 8 and 14 months, respectively, which corresponds to the calendar time from the start of the test but overstates the time on test for those groups. 8 SC* 05 893*' ono:'.'.? WATER PCB-SD0000013144 9. As a result of the examination described in footnote 6, a few animals were reassigned to other dose levels on basis of assigned numbers. Three with no recorded liver lesions were deleted from the 24-month Listing because of short duration on test: 14 months at 100 ppm Aroclor 1242. 15 months at 10 ppm Aroclor 1254 and 13 months at 100 ppm Aroclor 1254. Therefore, numbers in Tables vary slightly from those in reports of Gordon and Richter (1975a,b,c). 10. That change and comments in the footnotes to the Tables were noted ' during the examination described in footnote 6. In addition, the following also were noted during the examination. Aroclor 1254 - 100 ppm animal marked "Extra3" with diagnosis of hepatoma in record of examination for original Industrial BIO-TEST report. Animal not listed in Gordon and Richter report. - 100 ppm animal no. 542 with gross autopsy notation that liver appears tumorous and white foci has no record of examination. Aroclor 1260 - 100 ppm animal no. 293 with gross autopsy notation of tumor on liver has no record of examination. In some instances, diagnoses were crossed out on the available records. These were included in the Tables. Crossed out diagnoses for hepatoma or cholangiohepatoma are noted in the footnotes to the Tables. ' 11. Dr. Pour's report does not include the following liver sections noted by discrepancies between his tabulation and the Gordon and Richter reports. 1 from control at 12 month sacrifice, 5 from 100 ppm Aroclor 1242 at 24 months, 1 from 100 ppm Aroclor 1260 at 3 months. None of these animals were reported as having hepatomas or cholangiohepatomas in the Gordon and Richter reports. 9 - SCM 0589^0 ono:': 3 WATER PCB-SD0000013145 References 1. ACGIH (1969). Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati. 2. Calandra, J.C. (1976). Summary of toxicological studies on commercial PCB's. In: National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, November 19-21, 1975. Chicago, Illinois. EPA Report No. 560/6-75-004. March. . NTIS PB-253 248. pp.35-42. 3. Clutterback, D. (1981). What causes environmental conflict? New Scientist 90, 176-177. 4. DHEW (1978). Final Report of the Subcommittee on Health Effects of PCBs and PBBs. Environ. Health Perspect., 24, 129-198. 5. EPA (1976). National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, November 19-21, 1975. Chicago, Illinois. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. EPA-560/6-75-004, March. NTIS PB-253 248. 6. FDA (1973). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Contamination of animal feeds, foods and food-packaging materials. Fed. Regis., July 6, 38, 18096-18103. 7. Gordon, D.E. and Richter, W.R. (1975a). Two-year chronic and toxicity study with Aroclor 1242 in albino rats. Histopathological evaluation of additional liver sections. March 24 (unpublished observations). 8. Gordon, D.E. and Richter, W.R. (1975b). Two-year chronic oral toxicity study with Aroclor 1254 in albino rats. Histopathological evaluation of additional liver sections. March 24 (unpublished observations). 9. Gordon, D.E. and Richter, W.R. (1975c). Two-year chronic oral toxicity study with Aroclor 1260 in albino rats. Histopathological evaluation of additional liver sections. March 24 (unpublished observations). 10. I ARC (1978). Polychlorinated biphenyls. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. 18, 43-103. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France. October. 11. Jenkins, D.H., Keplinger, M.L., Fancher, O.E., Wheeler, E.P. and Calandra, J.C. (1972). Reproductive effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in white leghorn chickens. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 22, 316. 12. Keplinger, M.L., Fancher, O.E., Calandra, J.C. (1971). Toxicologic studies with polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. _19, 402-403. . - 10 - . SCM 0589^1 non-: - o WATER PCB-SD0000013146 13. Keplinger, M.L., Fincher, O.E., Calandra, J.C., et al. (1972). Toxicological studies with polychlorinated biphenyls. Read at PCB Conference, Quail Roost Conference Center, Rougemont, North Carolina, 20-21 December 1971. Cited in Polychlorinated Biphenyls Environmental Impact. A Review by the Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances. March 1972. Environ. Res. 5, 249-362. 14. Kimbrough, R.D., Squire, R.A., Linder, R.E., Strandberg, J.D., Montali, R.J., and Burse, V.W. (1975). Induction of liver tumors in Sherman Strain female rats by polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1260. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55, 1453-1459. 15. Monsanto Company (1980). Polychlorinated biphenyls. PCB's. A report on Uses, Environmental and Health Effects and Disposal. 16. NAS (1979). Polychlorinated biphenyls. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C. 17. Nelson, N. (1972a). Comments on research needs. Environ. Health Perspect., _1, 181-185. 18. Nelson, N. (1972b). Chairman, Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances. Polychlorinated biphenyls - environmental impact. Environ. Res. 5, 249-362. 19. Pour, P. (1975). Histopathological reevaluation of livers for rats treated with Aroclor. August 1 (unpublished observations). 20. Roberts, J.R., Rodgers, D.W., Bailey, J.A., Rorke, M.A. (1978). Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Biological criteria for an assessment of their effects on environmental quality. National Research Council of Canada. Ottawa. Publication No. NRCC 16077. - 11 SCH 0589^2 WATER PCB-SD0000013147 Sacrifice Interval Diet Level (ppai) Table 1 Aroclor 12*2: Primary Liver Lesions Aaw>ng Albino Rats 3 Months 0 1 10 100 6 Months 0 1 10 100 12 Months 0 I 10 100 Termina 1 m 0 1 10 100 No. Animals Examined Findings Vacuolar change Focal necrosis Focal lymphoid infiltration Focal hypertrophy hepatocytes Nodular hyperplasia Ouctular hyperplasia .Hepatoma Cholangiohepatoma 10 8 10 202 010 000 000 000 000 000 000 9 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 10 8 9 1 00 1 10 030 000 000 000 000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 9 1 2* 000 00 1 000 000 101 000 000 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 23 32 29 19 178 11 l 1 00 023 111 533 00 0 000 9 0 0 8 8 3 3b 1C * Control group has animal dead at 19 months snd 2 marked "Extra". 1 ppm group has animals dead ,at 19, 22, 22, 23, 23 months. 10 ppm group haa animals dead at 23. 23 months. ,,100 ppm group has aniauils dea d at 22,, 22 , 22 months and 2 marked "Extra". b Includes 1 animal without record of examination in original ![BT ireport. Not listed as 1hepatoma in iworksheets for Gordon and Richter report but appears snd was crossed out on typed tabulation for snimsl marked "Extra". Diagnoses for other 2 animals do not appear in records of examinations for original IBT report. O Diagnosis does not appear in records of examinations for original IBT report . i: SCM 0 5 8 9 * 3 WATER PCB-SD0000013148 Sacrifice Interval Diet Level (ppm) Table 2 Aroclor 1254: Primary Liver Lesions Among Albino Rats 3 Honths 0 1 10 100 6 Honths 0 1 10 100 12 Honths 0 1 10 100 a Termina1 0 1 10 100 No. Animals Examined Findings Vacuolar change Focal necrosis Focal lymphoid infiltration Focal hypertrophy hepatocytes Nodular hyperplasia Ductular hyperplasia .Hepatoma Cbolangiohepatoma 10 10 10 10 233 01 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 1 00 1 20 000 0 00 000 000 000 000 0 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 1 14 000 002 004 000 1 11 000 0 00 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 23 30 26 26 1 7 9 13 13 1 1 120 1 0 3 4 14 1 0 3 14 563 000 000 4 4b 2C * Control group has animal dead at 19 montha and 2 narked "Extra". 1 ppm group baa anisuls dead at 22, 22 Months, 1 narked "Extra" and 1 other for which date of death is not recorded. 10 ppn group has animals dead at 22, 22, 22 months. ,,100 ppm group has anisula dead at 23, 23 months and 9 marked "Extra". b Includes 2 animals aurked "Extra". Diagnoses do not appear in records of examination for original IBT reporta. Oc Both animals marked "Extra" with same designation. 1 without apparent record of examination for original 1BT report. o Q Diagnosis for other aniaul does not appear in records of examinations for original IBT report. C n <>5 a9< . WATER PCB-SD0000013149 Sacrifice Interval Diet Level (ppm) Table 3 Aroclor 1260: Primary Liver Lesions Among Albino Rats 3 Honths 0 1 10 100 6 Honths 0 1 10 100 12 Honths 0 1 10 100 a Terminal 0 1 10 100 No. Animals Examined 10 10 iob 10 10 6 5 9 10 9 10 9 23 26 25 25 Findings Vacuolar change Focal necrosis 202 3 0 0 4C 0 11 10 Focal lymphoid infiltration 000 0 02 Focal hypertrophy hepatocytea 000 2 00 Nodular hyperplasia 000 0 00 Ductular hyperplasia 00 1 0 00 Hepatoma 000 0 00 Cholangiohepatoau 000 0 00 *.Control group has animal dead at 19 months and 2 marked "Extra". 2 Id 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 25 0 00 000 000 000 1 10 000 000 3 0 0 4 1 2 0 0 15 7 9 143 6 10 1 0 0 3 13 9 107 6 5 6 7 12 0 0 le 7f., 000 4 1 1 ppm group haa animals dead at 20, 22, 22 months. 10 ppm group haa animals dead at 19, 22, 22 months and 1 marked "Extra". 100 ppm group haa aniauls dead at 22, 22 srantha. Includes 1 marked "Extra". Vorkaheeta show listings under this diagnosis with arrow pointing to Vacuolar change column. **aiDate of death of this animal not recorded. e No record of examination for original IBT report. Listed on worksheets for Gordon and Richter report with diagnosis crossed out. ^ Includes 2 animals without record of examination for original IBT report. Diagnoses for other S animals do not appear in records of examinations for original IBT report. 2 of these diagnoses crossed out on worksheets for Gordon and Richter reports. Includes one animal with both diagnoses. Hepatona is 1 of 2 crossed out (superscript f). O h Includes 3 animals without record of examination for original IBT report. Diagnosis for other animal does not appear in O records of examinations for original IBT report. 2 of these diagnoses crossed out on worksheets for Gordon and Richter i; reports. u . S7DDSU m WATER PCB-SD0000013150 Toxicity and Environmental Effects of Commercial PCBs A Introduction 0-.T L> CW . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are not a single chemical entity. They are produced by chlorinating biphenyl to acheive a final product with specified properties. These products, sold under the trade name AROCLOR by Monsanto, are mixtures of chlorine-containing biphenyls with different numbers and positions of the chlorine substituents. Over the years, a series of investigations have been conducted to assess potential health and environmental hazards of PCBs. The 3 predominant commercial mixtures (AROCLORS 12^2, 125^ and 1260) have been studied most intensively. Toxicity' tests performed on these 3 commercial mixtures were typical in scope of those designed for the evaluation and establishment of the safety of direct and indirect food additives. It may be noted that AROCLOR 1260 no longer is produced in this country since it does not meet the physical specifications for its restricted uses. Conclusions Based on Monsanto Studies1 2 3 1) As a class, the AROCLORS are relatively harmless materials for routine industrial handling under ambient conditions. 2) Threshold Limit Values of 1 mg/m^ and 0.5 mg/rn^ have been established for materials containing average chlorine values of and 5^ respectively, of the available sites. 3) The no-effect level for these materials in chronic DEPOSITION EXHIBIT //Z-9z ; DEPOSITION } EXHIBIT jLgy I s-an-n co/c SCM 019639 OOOOGS WATER PCB-SD0000013151 .0 ) rat and dog feeding studies 1b about 10 ppm in the diet. No hepatocellular carcinomas were present. 4) The no-effect level on rat reproduction is between 1 and 10 ppm in the diet since higher levels result in low mating indices. 5) No teratogenic or mutagenic effects were observed in studies with rats and mice. 6) In chicken reproduction and teratology studies, AROCLOR 12*4-2, which produced the most severe effects, had a no-effect level of 2-4 ppa in the diet. 7) Acute toxicity to fish Varies froa less than 1 ppm to greater than 100 ppm depending on the specific AROCLOR and species of fish tested. 8) PCBs containing 3 or less chlorine substituents per molecule are reasonably biodegradable. Summary of Monsanto's Long-term Toxicity Studies on Commercial PCBs. These tests'consisted of 2-year (lifetime) feeding to rats, 2-year feeding to dogs, 3-generation rat reproduction studies with 2 litters cast per generation, rat teratology studies and dominant lethal mutagenic studies in mice. Toxicity and reproduction studies in chickens were performed to evaluate possible untoward effects in birds such as decreases in eggshell thickness. In addition, biodegradation and tissue accumulation studies have been conducted. The highest dietary level (100 ppm) In the lifetime rat feeding studies produced a weight depression at 2*4 months in females fed AROCLOR 1254 and liver weight Increases in all SCM 0196*0 00QCG7 WATER PCB-SD0000013152 ) groups except males fed AROCLOR 1242. As with other h&logenated hydrocarbons, the important histopathologic changes were present in the livers of animals sacrificed at the end of the study. These consisted of hepatocellular alterations sUch as focal hypertrophy, cytoplasmic lipid changes and in some animals from the 100 ppm groups, hepa tomas or cholangiohepatomas. No evidence of hepatocellular carcinogenicity of the AROCLORS was found. In the dog 2-year studies, some slight decreases in body weight gain were noted. At the highest feeding level (100 ppm), AROCLOR 1260 produced an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and liver weights without concomitant histopathologic changes. However, there was evidence of gastrointestinal inflammatory lesions and ulcerations which appear to be similar to those found by Allen in rhesus monkeys fed AROCLOR 1248. (AROCLOR 1248 was an experimental product which never was commercialized.) In the rat reproduction studies, none of the AROCLORS produced adverse effects in the 2 litters of the first gen eration.* In the second and third generations, there was a reduction in the mating index at the 2 highest feeding levels (10 ppm and 100 ppm). The ability of females to conceive, carry the delivery process to parturition, and to successfully nourish the young was not affected by the 3 AROCLORS. No changes were produced in the reproductive tracts of either male or female rats by any of the 3 AROCLORS. There was no evidence of teratogenic or mutagenic changes with any of the PCBs at maximally tolerated dose levels in SCM 0196^1 ` 0H0CG3 WATER PCB-SD0000013153 ( ) rats and mice. In the chicken toxicity/reproduction study, AROCLOP. * 1260 was without effect at all test levels. APOCLORS 1242 and 1254 at 100 ppm in the diet decreased egg hatchability. In fact, poor hatchability of eggs was found from hens fed 8 ppm of AR0CL0R 1242. In addition, AR0CL0R 1242 at 10 ' and 100 ppm and AROCLOR 1254 at 100 ppm were associated with reduced eggshell thickness. Chick viability was affected by both substances at a. dietary level of 10 ppm. Biodegradation studies were conducted using semi-continuous activated sludge systems and tissues of rats fed PCBs were analyzed to measure accumulation and retention of these ma terials. These factors are influenced by the number and ' position of the chlorine substituents. Higher chlorine-con taining members are more resistant to biodegradation and they accumulate more readily and are less readily metabolized and/or excreted from lipoid tissue in animals. PCBs containing 3 or less chlorine substituents per molecule are reasonably biode gradable. Comments me conclusion that "No evidence of hepatocellular car cinogenicity of the AROCLORS was found" in the 2-year rat feeding study was reached only after extensive re-evaluation of the original liver slides as well as additional liver . sections from all of the animals after the Kimbrough results on AROCLOR 1260 became known to us. The slides were read SCM 01.96** 2 O0OCG3 WATER PCB-SD0000013154 O] independently by Dr. D. Gordon of Industrial BIO-TEST Labora tories., Professor W. Richter of the University of Chicago, and by Professor P. Pour of the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer. In addition, Dr. Pour evaluated the Kimbrough slides and does not agree with the reported findings. Barsotti and Allen have reported that 2.5 ppm of AROCLOR 121*8 in the diet of rhesus monkeys adversely affected repro duction. This approximates a dosage of 100 pg/kg/day. it is higher than the safe human intake (1 pgA&/day) estimated by PDA from.human data when it promulgated its tolerances for PCBs in food. Oft- SCM 0196^3 .000(770 WATER PCB-SD0000013155 V. ( t . . HnmAn data (?.R. July 6, 1973. p. 18097, Section (2)) Lowest level of PCBs producing effect la man - 500 mg total. 500 mg consumed by 50 kg individual over 50 days. 500 ng 4* 50 kg 4. 50 days 200 yg/kg/day (effect level) _ Using 10-fold safety factor leads to estimate that 20 yg/kg/ day may ba-safe over a 50-day interval. Since PCBs have long half-life; calculating same intake over a 22-month span arrives at an estimated safe intake for a pro tracted period of 1 ug/kg/day. ' Primate data (Fed. Proc. 34-:338 (1975). Abstract 675. Barsotti k Allen) At 2.5 ppm in diet, primates ingested 182 mg over 52 weeks. 182 mg n 365 days 0.5 mg/day which produced effects. Assuming 5 kg primate, 500 yg -j- 5 kg - 100 yg/kg/day Conclusions: Primate study done at dosages (100 yg/kg/day) greater than the safe dosage (1 yg/kg/day) esimated from human data. Primate study does show effects at lower dosages over longer time span (100 ug/kg/365 days) than had been observed in man ' (200 yg/k&/50 days). The toual amount of PCBs producing effects in primates (189 mg) was lower than that producing effects in man (500 mg). (N.B. Abrahatason & Allen, Env. Health Perspectives. June, 1973, til-86. Report that infant monkeys are aole 'to tolerate doses of PCBs that produce extreme morbidity in adult monkeys.) Dog and Rodent Data (P.R. July 6, 1973. P- 18097, Section (1)) "Ho-effect" level for mam using a 100-fold safety factor and accepting 10 ppm as a "no-effect" level in animals would be 2.5 yg/kg/day based on dog data and 3 yg/kg/day based on rat data. ' '" - If rat data "no-effect" level drops to 1 ppm, then corres ponding estimate of human "no-effect" level drops to 0.3 yg/ kg/day. Question: In a "collision" between rat data using a 100-fold safety factor and human data using a 10-fold safety factor, which data base would you like to be riding on? Comment: Since human data is available, it could be argued that the traditional 100-fold safety factor is not necessary. Application of a 30-fold safety factor to rat data, supported by dog and human data, makes present estimate of safe human intake appear reasonable. SCM 0196<^ 000C71 WATER PCB-SD0000013156 u) PCB Primate and Human Residue Data Cone. In diet, ppm Intake, ugAg/day Estimated safe dose, Ug/k&/day Liver conc.,ug/g Pat cone., Primates 25 2.5 800 100 56.3(0.01)* 50.0(27.7)* Value in ( ) from infant primate. Allen et al., TAP ^0: 440-451 (1974) Tots, Env. Health Persp.,79-81, April 1972 Human - -/ 0 (314 samples *+ <1 (125 samples 1-2 (165 samples >2 (33 samples) SCN 0191X.5 000 \ > 4 ** WATER PCB-SD0000013157 P ROGRESS REPORT ORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION TECHNOLOGY orPAIITMENT 1hl docwncM It iho piotifitv ol MONSANTO COMPANY. Ii contains CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION which mutt not be teiirbfWeiJ, rewatetl to onauthosired persons o* mm outside the Coinfsany without ptopif audioslution. The recipient Is responsible lor its seleLruping end dtrstritclicm. . inn fclDUl ION wn h on ails RESTRICTED TO: # H. S. Bergen T. M. Patrick 0 . D. Hinchen R. E. Keller R. H. Munch w. B. Papageorge C. W. Roos W. R. Richard E. P. Wheclcr/G. Lcvinskas E. S. Tucker/W. M. Mees/W. i'Hoji ci i < 11 r ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL PROGRAM - TOXICOLOGY SUPPORT STUDIES i-iiCiji i t ohjt ct ivr determination of the type and level of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) clained in the toa sues of laboratory animals fed Aroclor 1242, ArocJor 1 254 , Aroclor 1260, Aroclor 1016, and Aroclor 1221 for correlation with toxicological effects. SUMMARY The PCD residue levels found in selected chicken tissues and eggs from the "Toxicity, Reproduction, and Residue Study of Aroclor in White Leghorn Chickens" (IDT J7300) were suojected to a multiple regression analysis. The statistical analysis was used to develop an equation for predicting the PCD residues in the remaining tissues. From the predicted PCB residues the following conclusions were drawn. Tne average PCB lipid storage level found in the tissues (male and female), for each product after six months exposure are shown in the following table. Feed Level Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 . PCB Lipid Storage Level (PPM) 1 PPM 10 PPM 28 196 53 317 65 417 100 PPM 2356 4080 5176 Tissue and sex differences were also apparent in the data; the following patterns were observed: 1) At low expoF?ure, muscle>fat>liver. 2) At high exposure, musclol iver^fat. 3) All cases, niale>female. COMPANY TRAN 022439 CONFIDENTIAL WATER PCB-SD0000013158 2-21-760.01-13430, 85010, 85050 Page No. 2 PCB residues in the muscle, fat. and egg tissues from animals fed the 30-day recovery .diet were significantly lower, while the PCB residues `in the liver were only slightly less. Kemobilization of the residues in the animals subjected to the highest exposure was noticeably slower, Muscle and liver tissuos have been excised and composited from the 30day chicks collected during this study. Analysis of these chick tissues has been completed and the PCB residues are being calculated at this time. Analysis of selected chicken tissues, 30-day chick tissues and eggs from the supplementary study (IBT 8746) with Aroclor 1242 at lower exposures has been completed. The complete clean-up procedure was required with the chicken tissues to remove several interferences to the accurate quantitation of the PCB residues on the EC/GC. The PCB residue? are being calculated for comparison with the predicted residues from the equations developed in the study (IBT J7300) above. Analysis of the tissues from dogs fed Aroclor 1016 and 1221 is complete and the PCB residues are being calculated. The complete clean-up procedure was again required to remove several interferences to the quantitation of the PCB residues, confirming our experience with the two-year dogs. Extensive alterations of the homolog distributions of these less chlorinated products are being observed on the EC/GC chromato grams. Analysis of the tissues from rats fed Aroclor 1016 is complete and the PCB residues are being calculated. An abbreviated clean-up procedure, an alumina column treatment, was sufficient to remove any interferencos to the quantitation of the PCB residues in these rat tissues. Again extensive alterations of the homolog distribution of this product are being observed. With the rats fed Aroclor 1221 low levels of PCB residue eluting in the Aroclor 3260 region of the chromatogram were observed. At these low levels several interferences become significant and the extracts required the complete clcan-up procedure before accurate quantitation of the PCB residues could be carried out. Analysis of the rat tissues is complete and the PCB residues are being calculated. '' The EC/GC procedure for PCT's has been extended to biological samples. Using chloroform for the extraction solvent, recoveries of 85% or better were achieved. Selected samples from the 90-Day Subacute Toxicity Studies of Aroclor 5432 and 5442 in rats and dogs have been extracted. EC/GC analysis of the extracts and calculation of the PCT residues should be complete by 3-15-72. Analysis of the samples from the Subacute Toxicity Studies of Aroclor 1016 and 1242 in catfish and bluegills have been started. These studies, encompassing seven levels of exposure in the range of 0.014 ppm to 0.300 ppm, were carried out at Bionomics, Inc. of Warehain, Massachusetts. * COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 02Z^0 WATER PCB-SD0000013159 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 85050 Pago No. 3 JTUIU: PLANS . Analysis of selected tissue samples for the level and type of PCB residues retained* from the following feeding studies carried out by 'Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study of MCS 1109 with Beagle Dogs 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study of MCS 1109 with Albino Rats Toxicity, Reproduction, and Residue Study of Aroclor 1016 with White Leghorn Chickens Tissues Available 2-15-72" 2-15-72 ' .. 7-72 ' Toxicity, Reproduction, and Residue Study of Aroclor 1221 with White Leghorn Chickens ' 7-72 db 2-2-72 W. M. Mees E. S. Tucker COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 0224A1 WATER PCB-SD0000013160 DEPOSITION EXHIBIT PROGRESS REPORT ORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT p/r, /^>78 //- * fa CIO CP i>* W. W. J. ____________ E IOC A 1 ICH M. Maes J. Litschgi D. Hinchen .TaicJscj:___ rro Ot 1 AILB NovemberDecember 1971 NO JOt NOS mi'Oi.i no. tA T C 4 11-30-71 St. Louis South Second Street 2 21-760.01-13_48_0^ _8_5010_t_8S0_5.0 TMi documcni It the property of MONSANTO COMPANY. It tenttlni CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION v.hlcli mutt not bn rop'odoeect. Tovrlcd to uiioulliorl/ed pc-iiont o> ton! outiirio the Comptny without piope> uthoflllion. The recipient it rmpomitHc for ill ulekeeping ond dcttioclion. . . OISTRIbUT ION WIT H DE T AILS RESTRICTED TO: H. T. J. CBRFIDEBTIAL R. R. W. S. Bergen M. Patrick D. Hinchen . E. Keller H. Munch B. Papageorge C. W. Roo s W. R. Richard E. P. Wheeler/G. Levinskas S. Tucker/W. M. Mees/W. J Litschgi pnoji n nut ' ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL PROGRAM - TOXICOLOGY SUTPORT STUDIES nnojtci ottjcciivt Determination of the type and level of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) retained in the tissues of laboratory animals fed Aroclor 12.4 2, Aroclor ''254 , and Aroclor 1260 for correlation with toxicological offsets. SUMMARY . Analysis of selected tissue samples from the "Two Year Chronic Oral Toxicity Study of Aroclor in Beagle Do.gs" has been completed and the data subjected to a multiple regression analysis. The predicting equation obtained indicated that, relative to the two rat studies completed earlier, there was more scatter in these data points. This increased variability is under standable in light of the fact that much lower storage levels were observed and that the ti.ssue samples from the recovery sacrifices were from individual animals rather than the group composite samples analyzed in the rat study. The analysis of several addition selected samples reduced the equation's variability to an acceptable level and the storage levels in the remaining tissues wore calculated. Even with the analysis of the 'several additional samples, a savings of ^$3700 was realized. The following conclusions were drawn from the data. The average PCB lipid storage levels found in the tissues for each product after two years exposure are shown in the following table. Feed Level Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 PCB Lipid Storage Level (PPM) 1 PPM 10 PPM 35 6 18 13 86 100 PPM 16 109 .. 579 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 02243 7 WATER PCB-SD0000013161 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 85050 Page No. 2 It should be noted that the above storage levels are at least an order of magnitude less than the storage levels observed with the rats. The storage levels in the animals placed on the recovery diet decreased to approximately one-half the 24 month storage level in 60 days. Alterations of the homolog distributions were observed with all of the products fed and were much more extensive than previously noted in any of the other tissue residue studies. , Selected tissue samples from the "Toxicity, Reproduction, and Residue Study of Aroclor in White Leghorn Chickens"(IBT J7300) have also been analyzed and the date subjected to multiple regression analysis. Acceptable equations for predicting tissue residues and egg residues were determined, and the tissue storage levels predicted in the remaining samples. The excising, compositing and analysis of the chick samples collected from this study will be completed shortly. A savings of ^$8000 in analytical costs was realized using regression analysis and selected data points. Samples from the "Toxicity, Reproduction and Residue Study of Aroclor 1242, Lot AK-255 in White Leghorn Chickens" IBT 18746, have been located in Bio-Test's freezer in Chicago. Bio-Test is presently identifying these samples with our matrix numbers and expects to be able to ship these samples to us the week of 12-L6-71. Tissue samples from the "90 Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Studies" with Arocl.ors 1016, 1221, and 5442 in dogs and with Aroclors 1016, 1221 , 5432,. and 5442 in rats have been received at South Second Street. Tissues from the 90 day study with Aroclor 5432 in dogs are to be shipped by Bio-Test as soon as possible. Tissues from the remaining 90 day studies with MCS 1109 in both beagle dogs and rats will not be available before 2-15-72. The tissues in hand from the animals fed PCB's are being analyzed at this time. The tissues from the animals fed PCT's arc awaiting extension of the PCT methodology to biological samples (recovery data). Tissues from all remaining studies will not be available before 1-15-72. at the earliest and in some cases not until 2-15-72. ' FUTURE PLANS . Analysis of selected tissue samples for the level and type of PCB residues retained from the following feeding studies carried out by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories. COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 022438 WATER PCB-SD0000013162 PROGRESS REPORT ORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT : HD T W. M. Mees W. J. Litschgi E. STucker F O* , DC T Aiwa October 1971 YES 3 10-29-71 L OC ^ 1 ION St. Louis - South Second Street JO NOt 2-21-760.01-134 80/ 850.10, 16300 Thii document It the property of MONSANTO COMPANY. It conuint CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION which mutt not bo reproduced, rtvoeled to oneuthotiied penoni or tont outtidc the Compony without proper euthorlulion. The recipient it rnpomible for Ite eofekeeping end deitrudion. . RESTRICTED TO: DISTRIBUTION H. S. Bergen M. W. Farrar *P. B. Hodges W. K. Johnson *R. E. Keller *R. H. Munch *W. B. Papageorge WITH DE TAILS T. M. Patrick *W. R. Richard *C. W. Roos J. E. Springgate *E. S. Tucker/W. M. Mees/W. J. Litschgi *E. P. Wheeler/G. J Levinskas i Rond f nil ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL STUDIES - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, MANUFACTURING AND OUTSIDE SUPPORT STUDIES nno/ec i oejr ctivc Identify, locate and assess the magnitude of Aroclor pollution problems, help determine what needs to be done to control pollution sources, verify the effectiveness of proposed pollution control procedures, guide devclopient of recycle and/or disposal methods, and provide collaborative data or legal and regulatory purposes. SUMMARY PCB's typical of our Aroclor products have been found at levels below and above recommended guidelines in: Coated paper and paper coatings Machine oils and plant effluents from one customer manufacturing site Fourteen Monsanto Industrial Chemical Company products from four manufacturing sites . Chicken Chow used as feed by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories Sewer effluents from one Monsanto Plant site Tissue turkey extrabts from the U.S.D.A. Two competitive products. TRAN 022427 DEPOSITION EXHIBIT P/K /Q19 WATER PCB-SD0000013163 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010,16300 Page 2 PCT's typical of Aroclor 5432 were found in: Plant effluent samples from one customer manufacturing site. A table showing -the sample sources, types, and the level and type of Aroclor found as well as the support objective is presented in the details section. Additional external and internal support has been provided in the form of: An on site methodology review for F. B. Chamberlin (Director of Research and Development) and R. M. Wilkinson (Senior Project Manager) representatives of the Alton Packaging Division, Alton Box Board Co. PCB Seminar presentation on analytical methodology for the Research Council of Poultry and Egg Institute of America in Chicago, 111. PCB problem and progress review for T. Katayama (Marketing Manager) and S. Uneno (Product Director) from Mitsubishi Monsanto Chemical Co. Preliminary write up of methods for the determination of PCB's in Santoquin and CaMHA. Evaluation of PCB perchlorination for quantitation of altered PCB residues. Analysis of Monsanto and Competitor Aroclor products for poly chlorinated dibenzofurans. General internal and external analytical consultation. Distribution of Aroclor methodology and reference standards. FUTURE PLANS ' PCB Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Three to four J. F. Queeny monthly composite sewer effluent samples. Forty-six machine oil and plant effluent samples from Saginaw Grey ' Iron Casting Plant, Chevrolet Motor Division. Two oil samples skimmed off trade waste settling tanks from Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. (2 samples). Four coated paper samples from Champion Papers, Hamilton Mill, Hamilton, Ohio (4 samples). Four fluid samples from an imported VW automobile. Five ACL-59 samples from the W.G. Krummrich Plant. Three raw material samples from P.P.G. Industries. Twelve film and paper extracts from St. Regis Paper Co. One fish from a stream associated with a General Electric Plant. Five intra-lab method check samples from a General Electric Plant Laboratory. COMPANY IRAN 022428 CONFIDENTIAL WATER PCB-SD0000013164 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 2 6 30f Page 3 PCT Analysis 1. Ten plant effluent samples from Monsanto's Anniston plant. 2. Saginaw Foundries, Chev. Motor Div. plant effluent samples. I W. J. Litschgi E. S. Tucker COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL WATER PCB-SD0000013165 DET TABLE I CUSTOMER SERVICE Sample Source General Motors Corp., Buick Div. ' Sample Matrix Machine oils Drainage streams around plant No. of Samples 11 2 Level Found Associated ' Aroclor Per Cent A--1242 PPB A-1242 Champion Paper Company Paper (writing) Paper Coatings (Micron II) 3 PPM A-1242 Per Cent A-5432 3 PPM A-1242 Per Cent A-5432 2-21-760.01'- 80, 85010, 16. j Page 4 Support Objective Pollution Control Pollution Control Pollution Control J. F. Queeny MANUFACTURING SUPPORT Sewer effluent composites HC1 5 PPB 1 PPB A-1242 A-1242 Pollution Control J. F. Queeny, W. G. Krummrich, Del. River, and Everett Finished Products Ag. Division, Nitro Santoquin CaMHA o Oo *None Detected orn ^-p d< > r- 28 N.D.* to A-1242 PPB COMPETITIVE PRODUCTS 6 PPB 3 PPB A-1242 A-1242 Determination of level and sources of contamination of competitive animal feed additives (Cont'd on next page) TRAN 0 2 2 4 3 0 WATER PCB-SD0000013166 DET/w-LS (Cont'd) Sample Source Inter-Laboratory Round Robin (WGK, JFQ and Anniston) Bio-Test Laboratories, Chicago, 111. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Sample Matrix No. of Samples Level Found Distilled water spiked with known quantitites of Aroclor 7 PPB to PPM Ralston-Purina Chicken Chow . 2 PPB Associated Aroclor A-1242 A-1254 A-1260 A-1242 USDA Turkey Extract 1 A-1248 2-21-760.01-. JO/ 85010, 153vO Page 5 Support Objective Insure the maintenance of precision and accuracy in Monsanto laps analyzing for PCB's ' Determination of PCB back ground in feed used in the toxicity studies being performed at Bio-Test Determination of type of PCB and how the PCB contamination occurred WATER PCB-SD0000013167 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 16300 Page 6 DETAILS (Cont'd) ___ ' Customer Service General Motors Corporation - Buick Division Due to increased pressure from the Michigan State Regulatory Agency concerning PCB releases into the environment, Monsanto was requested to analyze samples of Buick's plant effluent and nearby drainage stream. At the same time, samples of oil used in their presses and machines were submitted to determine residual PCB levels remaining after Buick switched from Pydraul 312 to Pydraul 312A. Sample Description Water from trade waste prior to Hickory stream Level Found 8 PPB 15 PPB Aroclor A-1242 A-5432 Water from Hickory rain stream prior to river 13 PPB <5 PPB A-1242 A-5432 Machine fl Machine |2 Machine 13 Machine 14 Machine 15 Machine 18 Machine 19 Trim Press fl Trim Press 12 Trim Press #8 Trim Press #9 14.8% 2.5% 13.8% 8.9% 3.9% 4 .4% 24.3% 11.0% 0.9% 0.8% 16.8% A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 Champion Paper Company ' Coated paper and the used coating (Micron II) samples submitted by Champion Paper Company were analyzed to determine the level of residual PCB's in the PCT's used in the paper coating fluid. Sample Description Paper - 3866F Paper - 3878F Paper - 3758M Micron II - Sample fl Micron II - Sample f2 Micron II - Sample 13 Level Found 203 PPM 0.29% 140 PPM 0.25% 217 PPM 0.28% 242 PPM 0.48% 331 PPM 0.75% 211 PPM 0.56% Aroclor A-1242 A-5432 A-1242 A-5432 A-1242 A-5432 5z < ID = Q A-1242 A-5432 A-1242 A-5432 A-1242 A-5432 O o <J <mM <rgM O Z e<C WATER PCB-SD0000013168 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010 $ 16300 Page 7 DETAILS (Cont'd) ' Manufacturing Support J. F, Queony Plant Sample Description Level Found Clean Acid Sewer (August) DA Sewer (August) MSD Gatewell (August) Clean Acid Sewer (September) MSD Gatewell (September) 19 PPB 29 PPB 77 PPB 3 PPB 31 PPB Aroclor A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 The DA sewer (August) was supposed to be the Clean Acid Sewer (August) spiked with *v20 PPB A-1242. As can be seen, our results reflect only a 50% recovery. Discussion with the J. F. Queeny pollution group is planned in an effort to resolve this problem. Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company . The following Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company products have been analyzed for PCB's to determine if any of them were significantly contaminated with PCB's. Sample Descriptlon Level Found Aspirin QA-1187 9-13-71 N.D. Aspirin QA-1213 10-4-71 N.D. Maleic Anhydride QA-1295 9-16-71 N.D. Maleic Anhydride QA-1333 10-6-71 N.D. Sodium Saccharin QA-153 8-31-71 N.D. Sodium Saccharin QA-168 9-11-71 N.D. Saccharin QA-209 5-5-71 0.03 PPM Saccharin QA-1012 6-23-71 0.02 PPM Vanillin USP Ba#1025 0.20 PPM Vanillin USP Ba1027 0.18 PPM Tall Oil Rosin Rec'd 1-25-71 N.D. Tall Oil Rosin Rec'd 5-25-71 N.D. CDP-OR175000 <4 0.17 PPM CDP-04175000 13 KA-79 0.12 PPM S-334F EUT IA-134 10-4-71 0.26 PPM S-334F EUT IA-135 10-4-71 0.21 PPM. S-711 "A" Line 10-6-71 0.27 PPM S-711 "B" Line 10-6-71 0.36 PPM S-160 DA-614 0.36 PPM S-160 DA-803 D.R. 0.35 PPM HB-40 11 Stg Tk 10-7-71 N.D. HB-40 13 Stg Tk 10-6-71 AA-275C N.D. Biphenyl AA-194 9-27-71 0.67 PPM Biphenyl 12 Stg Tk 10-6-71 0.15 PPM Santowax R 10-6-71 N.D. Santowax R Rcc'd 9186 10-7-71 N.D. Aroclor A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 ' A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-124 2 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 022433 WATER PCB-SD0000013169 DETAILS (Cont'd) Sample Origin Thompson-IIayward Chemical Co. HIC 7-21-71 Traveler's ReBt Traveler's Rest Rexolin Chemical SNS 8-30-71 ' 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 16300 Page 8 Competitive Products Sample Description Ethoxyquin (66.7%) Neoquin Santoquin Emulsion Santoquin Mix 6 Ethoxyquin (100%) Abiquin Level ' Found 749 PPB Aroclor A-1242 .184 PPB 151 PPB 570 PPB 155 PPB 133 PPB A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 A-1242 Our detection limit based upon observed background and sample was ^50 Roche Ag Lot 2-4-71 Mfgd by Degussa DL-Methionine 2.5 PPB A-1242 Upland, Calif. A3NG, SNS DL-Methionine 21.4 PPB A-1242 Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co. DL-Methionine 45 PPB A-1242 These samples were analyzed to determine if products in competition with Monsanto's Santoquin and CaMHA were also contaminated with PCB's. In all cases, they were found to contain an equal or greater level than the corresponding Monsanto products. Methods for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in Santoquin (Organic Research Method 71-26) and CaMHA (Organic Research Method 71-27) have been written and will be sent to the Nitro plant where they will be used to monitor their Santoquin and CaMHA production. . Research and Development Analysis of Chicken Feed from Bio-Test The chicken feed used in the Bio-Test toxicity studies was purchased from the Ralston-Purina Company. In the past months, attention has focused upon the fact that Ralston's feed has, in some instances, become contamin ated with PCB's. For this reason, two samples of the feed used in the chicken feeding studies were analyzed for PCB's. Sample Origin WCRF-1 WCRF-II Sample Description Chicken Feed Chicken Feed ' Level Found 240 PPB 263 PPB Aroclor A-1242 A-124 2 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 022434 WATER PCB-SD0000013170 I DETAILS (Cont'd) 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 16300 Page 9 USDA Turkey Extracts A USDA extract of a PCB contaminated (Swift) turkey tissue sample was submitted to our laboratory to see if we could establish what original Aroclor product caused the contamination and possibly the type of exposure. Using EC/GC and GC/Mass, we were able to determine that (3) PCB's were really present, (2) Aroclor 1248 was most probably the product involved, and (3) the birds either received a large single dose early in their lives or more probably a lower dose over an extended period of time. PCT Methodology Status A method has been developed and presently is being written (Analytical Method 171-37) for analysis of water and SCAS sludge samples for PCT's. Recovery data obtained from samples spiked with A-5432 and 5460 were essentially quantitative at a concentration level of >2 PPM. This method is currently being used to analyze samples from the bio degradation studies and is at the same time being adapted for use on customer service and tissue samples. Inter-Plant Round Robin In order to establish the accuracy and precision of the PCB analysis being carried out in Monsanto laboratories, duplicate sets of spiked water samples have been analyzed by Anniston, WGK and Applied Sciences. The results were as follows: PPM PCB (Spiked) A-12 4 2 A-1254 A-1260 1W 2W 0.57 3W 0.57 4W 5.68 5W 5.68 6W 7W* BW* 1.04 0.10 1.04 0.52 0.10 - 1.27 - - ' Applied Sciences A-12 4 2 A-1254 A-1260 0.74 0.86 1.07 5.25 - 0.92 0.92 0.07 0.52 0.06 0.06 - - WGK A'-1242 A-1254 A-1260 1.04 0.57 6.70 6.55 - - 8.80 1.05 0.15 1.20 0.07 - - 2.84 - - 4.16 Anniston A-T2T2 A-1254 A-1260 1W -- 2W 0.78 3W 0.45 4W 5.4 5W 9.9 6W -- 7W* 0.4 8W* 8.4 -- 0.75 2.95 0.03 0.2 -- 2.18 -- -- Applied Sciences 7W = 3W WGK . 7W = 1W 8W 4W COMPANY confidential Anniston 7W * 2W 8W *= 5W TRAN 022435 The data have been submitted for statistical analyses. WATER PCB-SD0000013171 DETAILS (Cont'd) 2-21-760.01-13480, 85010, 16300 Page 10 National Broiler Council Intra-Laboratory PCB Methodology Check Ten sets of soybean oil and chicken fat were prepared by Monsanto and distributed by Rals.ton-Purina to government and industrial laboratories analyzing samples for PCB's. The objective of this intra-laboratory check is to establish the validity of the different PCB methods currently being employed. Listed below are the labs responding, however the individual laboratories were not identified. . Results PPM IS 2S 3S 4C 5C 6C Spike Level 0 Lab A 0.25 Lab B ' 0.61 Lab C (Applied 0 78 sciences) Lab D 11)0.10 12)0.10 Lab E 0.73 Lab F 0.32 Lab G <0.10 Lab H 1.10 Lab I Lab J WGK Anniston 0.38 5.0 5.31 3.7 5.78 4.17 3.58 4.40 5.10 2.9 1.5 1.54 2.5 2.56 3.0 3.64 1.81 1.83 2.24 2.91 2.0 <0.6 No Report No Report No Report 0.61 ` 5.0 4.00 1.8 . 4.13 2.05 2.18 2.42 2.62 3.0 <0.6 Received Received Received 0.57 5.0 5.06 4.2 4.08 2.05 2.09 2.68 2.66 3.6 5.5 0.14 2.0 3.86 2.1 3.26 1.53 1.55 2.14 2.22 2.9 5.0 -- The results of this inter and intra sample exchange will be submitted for statistical analysis as soon as all laboratories have reported. Chlorodibenzofurans in PCB's and PCT's Chlorodibenzofurans Found Sample Description Prodelec Phenoclor DP6 Prodelec Phenoclor DP6 Bayer Clophen A60,Lot 931134 Kaneclor KC-300 Shizuki, July 1970 (Composition similar to A-1242) Monsanto A-1242,Lot AK-255 Monsanto A-1254,Lot AK-38 Monsanto A-1260,Lot AK-3 Monsanto MCS-1016,Drum B Monsanto. MCS-1016,KA-708 Monsanto A-5442,Lot AI-9 <4Cl/Mol. ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<5 PPM) 4C1/M01. Detected Detected Detected ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(< 2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<5 PPM) 5C1/Mol. Detected (15-30PPI Detected (15-30PPI Detected ND(<2 PPM) ND (<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND(<2 PPM) ND (<2 PPM) ND(<5 PPM) COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL TRAN 022436 WATER PCB-SD0000013172