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4 112 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930---- PART I national Nickel but have pointed to a more than proportional increase in preoid metal resources, and it is these disclosures which have led to a tenfold increase the platinum metal refining capacity oiftie Acton works. Although crudesl. concentrates from the Onvctwacht Mine have hitherto been refinod at AojL this souroe has now been exhausted, and wc fear that no part of'the huge capaol] of Aoton is provided for the handling of South African platinum products.1^ production there will be, in a sense, automatic, and will cost so very little,u outlook for other producing countries is far from cheerful. Such a developing could scarcely have been foreseen three or four years ago, when South " settled down seriously to the attainment of platinum production, but it is, the least, more unfortunate that by-product platinum promises to becomdj dominant factor in the world's markets, in respect of both output and price/jjj Powell, 18 however, takes a more optimistic view, stating that rdfl of the difficulties associated with the recovery of the platinum met! from the norite deposits in South Africa have been successfully oil come; that the platinum industry in South Africa is now firmly eatj| fished, in spite of the closing of some mines; that there is every pj pect of further expansion in the near future as improved methods treating the ore are introduced; and that in the future Canadajs South Africa are likely to dominate the market for platinum. 'Powell, A. Jl,, The Precious Metals During 1920-30: Met. Ind. (London), vol. 38, Jnn. 16, I0|l3 70-71. ,yi m "Hi ' Jr' . LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Bv El me r W. Peh r s o CONTENTS Page .................................................................. 113 Otlon...................................................................... ............................................................................ ,,tion and uses............................................... 116 117 118 ttUead.................................................................. lead .s.u.l.p.h.a..te......................................................................... lead...................................................................... 118 120 120 121 ~e mineral.............................. dde.L........................................................... 122 122 Preparatio Leaded> Llthopon Zlaosalt Producers Tariff.......... Imports an Lead pig Zinc plgm Prices and 1}' 1 SUMMARY Si,total value of lead and zinc pigme ' j amounted to approximately $69,253 `98,045,000 in 1929, a decrease of 2 ants decreased 33 per cent in value i cent of the total value, whereas gd 24 per cent and amounted to 47 p quantity of lead pigments sold by pr 0,642 short tons, a decrease of 75,918 ^ lead pigments shared in this decreas ? creased 35,280 tons or 34 per cent and ?1905. Sales of dry white lead decre fi,Other lead pigments showing large mpared with the preceding year w 8.tons 17 per cent; red lead, 10,08 ^.lead sulphate, 6,287 tons or 31 pe -l decreased 47 per cent; however, a;,fraction of 1 per cent of the total pr ^'.quantity of zme pigments sold by pr i486 short tons, a decrease of 93,589 qpone decreased 42,250 tons or 20 per gftons or 26 per cent; and those of lea "percent. asiof zinc chloride and zinc sulphate respectively, as compared with 1929i gimarked decline in the pigment indu curtailment in the manufacture of ^p `E.brought about by the general busines \S .of unemployment some paint-pigme k;on manuscript completed July, 1031. "`cs In this report prepared (unless otherwise Indicated rtf compiled from rocords of the Bureau of Foreign and Bureau ol Mine,. ., 4 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1 0 30---- PART I ;joyed substantial increases in sales as many idle workors painte eir homes while unemployed. In 19.21 the sales of white lead i i increased 28 per cent over-those in l!fc0. At the beginning of 1930 similar increase was expected, but the .record now shows that ` is respect 1930 was an exceptional* year. Market quotations for lead pigments declined about 1 cent pe iund during 1930 as a result of the steady decline in the price of. pig ad. The average price of lead pigments per ton, received in 1930 b oducers reportmg to the Bureau of Mines, was only 10 per cen . low the 1929 average, whereas the average quoted price of pig leadj in 1930 was 19 per cent below that in 1929. Quotations on zino; oxide and leaded zinc oxide were maintained at the levels of the three preceding years although the price of slab zinc (St. Louis) was 30 pe cent lower in 1930 than in 1929. The quoted price of lithopone which had remained unchanged for several years, dropped sharply) during December, 1930, following a cut in tbe price of titanium pigment. '{ Imports of lead pigments in 1930 were negligible. Exports of lead pigments increased 21 per cent in quantity and 6 per cent in value and amounted to 5 per cent of the total quantity sold by domestic producers. The total quantity of white lead and sublimed lead exported increased 11 per cent, whereas that of the red oxides increased 43 per cent. The latter increase was due largely to increased exports to Netherland West Indies and the United Kingdom. T Imports of zinc pigments in 1930 decreased 18 per cent in quantit and 25 per cent in value and were equivalent in quantity to 3 per cen of the sales by domestic producers. Imports of lithopone decreased 1 per cent in 1930; they accounted for 85 per cent of the total quantit; of zinc pigments imported. Imports of zinc sulphide, which increased, rapidly from 1926 to 1929, declined 75 per cent in 1930. Exports of zinc pigments in 1930 declined 35 per cent in quantity and 34 per cen in value and amounted in quantity to less than 5 per cent of the total sales by domestic producers. An outstanding feature of the lead and zinc pigment indust: w. during the last few years has been the severe competition between white lead and other pigments for the paint trade. The effect of thiaf is indicated roughly m the comparative sales of the pigments con'* cerned. Sales of white lead in oil decreased from 153,000 tons in 1922 to 70,000 tons in 1930. During the same period the combined sales, of zinc oxide and lithopone increased from 212,000 to 283,000 tons. As three-fourths of the lithopone and about one-third of the zinc oxide produced in the United States are used in the manufacture of paints^ these figures indicate the marked degree to which the zinc pigments' have invaded the paint industry at tlie expense of white lead. ^ The rapid expansion in the U90 of nitrocellulose paints in recent y*ears has not altered materially the quantity of pigments consumed T'he average nitrocellulose paint contains considerably less pigment per gallon than oil- paints, but a heavy pigment priming coat anJ more finishing coats are used to offset tho low pigment content. White lead is seldom used in these paints owing to its chemical insta bility in contact with nitrocellulose products. As it is desirable to have a low pigment content in nitrocellulose paints thore has been an increased use of high hiding-power pigments such as high-strengt" lithopone and titamum pigments. LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SALTS PRODUCTION In this report the pigments and salts sold are considered g the production, no account being taken of the. stock ie. beginning dnd -qnd of the year. The amounts used t their own plants are included under sales. "The total value of the lead and zinc pigments sold dducers was approximately $69,253,000 in 1930, as co J8,045,000 in 1929, a decrease of 29 per cent. Lead p ||930 decreased 33 per cent in total value and 26 per cen hereas zinc pigments sold decreased 24 per cent in bo lahtity as compared with 1929. The average value pe inents sold in 1930, as reported by producers, dec ; cent, whereas the average New York quotation jjedined 19 per cent in 1930 as compared with 1929. Z leclined only 1 per cent in value per ton in 1930, as co S30 per cent decrease in the St. Louis quotation for slab ]pThe following tables show the sales of lead and zinc p oh salts from 1921 to 1930, as reported to the Bureau vLvxd pigments sold by domestic 'manufacturers in the United Slate SB* in short tons fe* Year White lead Dry In oli Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead Red lead White Blue 20,738 143, 545 1!, 508 463 21,806 41,598 153,393 13,705 972 30,509 37, 780 125,087 11,949 800 38,037 42, 622 144, 872 14, 572 1,088 36,813 K 43, 426 120, 479 14,996 1,090 41,669 37,908 111,845 12, 271 1,236 42, 650 38, 009 119,026 13, 482 1,061 36,073 42.049 111,923 10,002 1,234 40,467 42,159 104,872 15,580 1,234 43,021 32, 548 69, 592 10,308 1,219 32, 941 l pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1920 Value (at plant, exclu- Va Short , sivo of container) 8hort s tons jgf; : Total Average Ifrciea;:d:.a:u:ln:h::a:to::o:r::s:u:b:li:m::e:d::lo:a::d:: fajbtinineral.......................................... uttWd: 15, 580 1,234 43,021 078 87,916 $2, 274, 917 195,849 '7, 686.543 105,039 13,807,087 42,169 0. 821,200 104,872 23,679,875 161782--33- 8146 10,308 169 ' 1,219 170 32,941 213 366 157 72,578 61 6 9 102 32,548 4 226 69, 592 16  0 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930--PART I inc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1921 0 7 *' ^ 1930, in short tons I -21.. !*. .. r:*23.. ;N 22Q5.... i ``'27.. MO.. Year Zina chlo- Zinc oxide Leaded zinc oxide Llthopone rldo (60 Baumfi) -- -- ------------------- 74,329 128, 406 126,087 131,470 161,364 146,923 161,246 160,004 160,611 119,142 16, 103 19,613 23,604 20,720 31,760 23,869 20.004 24,223 27,149 17,270 1 66,010 83, 360 08,100 100,400 146.010 160,931 170,994 200, 408 200,316 104,006 69,467 41,027 42, 431 61,064 46,019 47, 200 > 40, HI 46,000 > 43,180 29,043 i Revised fibres. Ainc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 19 and 1930 ' 1929 1930 Short tons Value (at planti exclu sive of container) Total Average Short tons Value (at plant, ex; slve of container) Total Zlno oxide1............ leaded zinc oxide Lilhopone.............. Zloccnlorlde, 60 B. .... Zinc sulphate...........................................I 100,011 27,140 200, 316 M3,180 7*464 $20, 610,240 3, 224, 644 19,773,864 3 1,864, 431 333,837 $128 119 90 M3 45 i Zlno oxide containing 6 per cent or more ot lead Is classed as leaded xlnc oxide. Revised figures. Statistics for lead arsenate, lead acetate, zinc ,f^dbth lead and zinc salts and compounds are collected bienn ally by Bureau of the Census for odd years. Tho following tables show production (exclusive of pigments, zinc chloride, and zinc sulpha during the past few years, as compiled by that bureau. Lead acetate Produced for sale Lead arsenate Short tons produced for sale (short tons) 1011).. 1921.. 1923.. 1026.. 1927.. 1929.. 2, 092 372 616 1,251 1,608 1,012 $562, 435 00,306 160,133 350, 686 306,122 266, 763 6,733 4,016 6, 378 6,060 10,764 > 14,962 l^tttlcs tor .927 and 1929 arc net comparable ft* tuofat1ce9tt2uu7rreedoofnpoattiennctluadned data for the proprietary production reported by eataMUmmeuw medicines and compounds. e s tf v ' LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Z}nc stearate and other salts and compounds of zinc (exclusive o Stine chloride, and zinc sulphate) produced in the United Stale 11927, and 1929 ' ft; Year Zinc steara Short tons V 227 $ 303 301 727 Shot given. SOURCE jead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manuf Ijrariety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and wbhdarv materials such as scrap and waste materials |dustrial processes. pFhe following table gives the quantity and source Obtained in the lead pigments and in the zinc pigme Induced in the United States in 1929 and 1930. It s 30, 96.3 per cent of the lead in lead pigments was der ^d, 3.4 per cent from ore, and 0.3 per cent from second gj^zinc pigments and salts the proportions were 67.9 p "$ 17.6 per cent from slab zinc, and 14.5 per cent fro ` erial. content of lead pigments and zinc pigments, and salts produ manufacturers, 1929 and 1930, by sources, in short to HL'V . Source 1020 Lead in pigments 1 Zinc in pigments and salts Le pig nUo ore........................................................................................ |ggdary material *........................... ............................................ mt 0,420 248,667 2,427 260,613 138,104 30,620 * 26,796 > 204, 619 udes also lead recovered In zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide. The metal co , >d arsenate Is not available, as no canvass of theJr production Is made by th over, these salts are derived from pig lead, and their metal content has alre tieal account In the figures covering lead production. vised figures. lid ashes, skimmings, drosses, and old metal. K.Jr fl:4he following tables the source of the metal used re pf each pigment and salt is given. .Pig lead is use ter-directly or indirectly, in the manufacture of white |ead, and orange mineral and, to a large extent, in the |teic lead sulphate. Zinc oxide is the only pigment *18 used in considerable amounts. Ore is used in the r c oxide, leaded zinepoxide, li thopone; zinc sulphate, a ilftte. Considerable secondary lead is used in the m Plead sulphate, and a substantial proportion of the ghnd zinc chloride made in the United States is idary material. 118 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 30---- PART I Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, 19$ and 1930, by sources, in short tons ,f 1929 Pigment Lead in pigments pro duced from-- Load In pigments pro duced from-- Domes tic ore Total lead in Pig lead Second ary ma terial [pigmental Domes tic oro Second rig lead ary ma terial Total lead Pl', men White Iced................... Red load........................ Litharge........................ Orange mineral......... Basic lead sulphato.. Leaded sine oxide___ Zinc oxide.................... 4,213 6,078 138 120,040 39,376 82,670 702 6,804 9,429 248,657 1,682 745 120,046 39,376 82,070 702 11,769 5,823 138 2.127 200,513 1,963 4,093 40 87, 320 30,403 07,610 222 4,028 190,182 87,' 30,4 67,61 036. 7,31 63 4,7; Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 19 and 1930, by sources, in short tons 1929 1930 Figment or salt Zinc in pigments and salts Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- produced from-- Total zinc In pig Domestic Slab ore zinc Second ary ma terial ments and salts Domestic ore Slab zinc Second ary ma terial To' zlno mPa*tt and sal Zinc oxldo...............-...................... Leaded tlno oxide....................... Llthopooo.............. -...................... 97,2C3 11,177 28,707 Zlno sulphate____-...................... 967 138,104 39,000 16 6 39,020 72 3,087 12,871 9, 871 804 > 20, 706 136,936 14,204 i 41,693 9, 870 1,861 1 204, 619 71,324 11,428 > 20,640 1,203 104, 601 149 100 14,070 0, 632 784 22,304 9181,. i 350, X 168, i Includos zinc content of a small quantity of zlno sulphide produced. * Hovlsod figures. PREPARATION AND USES WHITE LEAD White lead is the basic carbonate of lead and is the oldest most important of the whito pigments used in oil paint. The p ` erties of whito lead that contribute to its usefulness in paint ares very great hiding power and the facility with which white-lead p can be worked with a brush. Owing to its relatively high first and the fact that white-lead paints are blackened by compounds c taining sulphur, the use of less-expensive zinc oxide and lithopon paint pigments has increased during recent years and has serion retarded expansion of the white-lead industry. The largest, part of the white lead manufactured in the Ur States is produced, by the "stack" or old Dutch process, whe` perforated disks of high-grade metallic lead, called "buckles," ab 6 inches in diameter, are placod in small clay pots, each of which1 a well in the bottom containing dilute acetic acid. Theso pots arranged in tiers within a large room. Each tier is covered LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SALTS ards and a layer of spent tanbark. The lead is co Uasic carbonate by the action of acetic acid vapor and C d the heat necessary to vaporize the acetic acid r the fermentation of the tanbark. The process req ur months for'completion. The corroded lead buckle [shod, screened, and ground in water, and the pulp i form dry white lead or ground with oil without d je oil pigment. -'Some whito load is also made by the Carter process an nic process. In the former, metallic lead is finely div |f Bteam and is then treated with dilute acetic acid and c `slowly rotating wooden cylinders. The process is out 12 days. In the electrolytic process a lead anod thode are used, each of which has an independent c ilation of electrolyte kept separate by a porous diap .ectrolytes are solutions of sodium acetate containing so The anolyte contains the exact amount of carbon ^precipitate the basic lead carbonate, whereas the c vins a, relatively large amount of carbonate. During e ad dissolves at the anode surface and is immediately p he basic carbonate in suspension in the anolyte. At t jP is generated at the cathode, passes through the dia Bplaces the CO3 precipitated with the ly-gd, thus ma 'jiolyte at a constant concentration. Thrcatholyte pa larbon dioxide absorption tower where it is restored ength. The basic lead carbonate is filtered from shed, dried, pulverized, and barreled. pThe principal use of white lead is in the manufacture o he. only important white pigment that is used unmixe Jgments in oil paints; it is also used in varying proport xed pigments. White lead is furnished to the paint ment, as "paste in oil" containing about 8 per cent i'semipasto in oil" containing 12 to 15 per cent linsee ee-fourths of the white lead produced in the Unit pHpd in oil. Dry white lead is also used as a constituen id W the finer grades of pottery, and some is used i Bture of rubber. [The following table shows the sales of white lead (dry jous industries in 1929 and 1930, as reported to th by the producers. Hstribulion of white lead (dry and in oil) sales, 1929 and 1930, fcr< Industry 1929 Short tons Per cent of total S 130,620 4, 240 0, 269 147,031 92.8 2.9 4.3 100.0 I United States exports about 6,000 tons of white le which is manufactured in bond from foreign lead 120 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930---- PART I BASIC LEAD SULPHATE Basic lead sulphate is also known as sublimed lead and is marke in two forms, "white" and "blue." '. The white variety is usually made by vaporizing-powdored galena a high tempjfrature in the presence of air, which oxidizes it to t basic sulphate. The resultant fume is collected in bags, and owing the zinc content of the ore used it usually contains about 5 per cent zinc oxide. This product is usually not as white as basic carbon^ white lead, but has a more stable color in the presence of sulph gases. Sublimed white lead is also made directly from pig lead. T molten metal is blown through an atomizing nozzle into a hea furnace, and at the same time free oxygen and sulphur dioxide are : troduced.* The lead is vaporized, oxidized, and converted into b lead sulphate or lead sulphate in quantity proportionate to the oxyg and sulphur dioxide introduced into the furnace. The resultant fu is collected in settling chambers. It is claimed that this product is ` whitest of the lead pigments. Sublimed white lead is used chiefly? ' the manufacture of prepared paints and mixed pigments. It is a used in the manufacture of storage-battery plates and rubber. f The blue variety is generally a by-product of the smelting of. lead and is collected from the fumes leaving the smelting furna Its color is due to small amounts of carbon and lead sulphide. Pan made from blue lead are especially useful as protective coatings, metallic surfaces. Some blue lead is also used in the manufactur rubber. .. The following table shows the sales of basic lead sulphate to vano industries in 1929 and 1930, as reported to the Bureau of Mines' the producers. Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales, 1929 and 1930, by industries 1929 1630 Industry Short tons Per cent ol total Short tons Per of Paints_____ _____ Storage batteries Rubber................. Other..................... 13,436 2,327 066 307 16,814 79.9 13.8 3.0 2.4 100.0 9, 673 1,104 394 460 11,627 LITHARGE Litharge is the monoxide of lead and when pure contains rou 93 per cent of lead and 7 per cent of oxygen. Commercial lith" usually contains somered lead (Pb30,). Litharge is made by oxid pig lead with air at moderate temperatures in reverberatory or c; furnaces. Powdered litharge is usually produced in the reverbera furnace, whereas flake litharge is produced in the cupel furn Flake litharge.is sometimes ground into powdered litharge. 1 The texture and color of the litharge, which affect its use in various industries, are controlled by the temperature of the furn and the metho<l of cooling. . The chief use of litharge is in the manufacture of storage-bat plates. The negative plates are usually made of straight lith whereas the positive plates are a mixture of red lead and lith The next largest use of litharge is in the oil-refining industry, w it is used to remove objectionable sulphur compounds from gaso LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SA ore than 12,000 tons of litharge was so used in ~ the regeneration of the litharge used in oil refin Litharge acts as a toughener and cure accelerat "ja of mechanical rubber goods and rubber clothin ti.the manufacture of lead chromate color pig ,ttery, enamel ware, and glass, and as a drier in lish and linoleum. he following table shows the sales of litharge to 929 and 1930, as reported to the Bureau of Mine Distribution of litharge sales, 1929 and 1930, by ./floe ibnagt.te..r.ie..s.. bber......... ......... "me pigmonts.. tsh............ 'eum................... Industry , 1029 Short tons Por of 37,160 13,615 6, 651 6, 663 8,112 3,124 32210, 209 & 87,916 yf tbis quantity about 0,000 toua was reported sold (or use as lnseotlclde pot separately reported. : RED LEAD ed leadys the tetroxide of lead (Pb304) and i ,wdered litharge at a moderate temperature in a ;e red lead contains about 91 per cent of lead. tain from 70 to 98 per cent of red lead, the rema arge which is unchanged in the process of m cipal use of red lead is in the manufacture o ere, mixed with litharge, it usually forms the po tery. It is an important pigment in paints us Jjing on metal surfaces ana accounts for the fam on practically all steel construction. A rece erground pipe lines is the use of a baked red lead gallic or bituminous protective coatings. Red j^rtant of the lead compounds used in the prod leal glass. It is also used in potter's glaze and in tdrier in the manufacture of varnish. 6 following table shows the sales of red lead to S}9, and 1930, as reported to the Bureau of Mines Distribution of red lead sales, 1929 and 1930, by T-1 ,vM batteries. Industry 1929 Short tons Per of to 25, 689 11,655 903 4, 574 43,021 5 2 1 10 loal and Metallurgical Engineering, Regenerating Litharge lor Sodium ebruary, 1931, p. 76. 122 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930--PART I ORANGE MINERAL Orange lftineral is a form of red lead; it has the same chemical co| position but differs in physical properties and has a lower spocific gr lty and lighter color. It is usually madq by rOastiiig white lead b. process that requires great care and skill. Consequently, the pric higher than that for any of tho other load pigments. Orange miner is used chiefly in tho manufacture of an artificial vermilion color p! ment knoVn ^s eosin lake; it is also used in tho production of prim inks and enamels. The following table shows tho salos of orange mineral to varib industries in 1929 and 1930, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by . producers. Distribution of orange mineral sales, 1929 and 1930, by industries Industry Color pigments............................ Ink manufacture......................... Other................................................ 1820 Short t of total 1930 pAM ' Short tons ^ 487 71.8 151 22.3 40 6.9 ZINC OXIDE Zinc oxide, the monoxide of zinc, is made in the United States 1 two processes--the French and the American. In the former, me|! lie zinc is heated in a current of air and the resultant oxide fume collected in long chambers. The product is graded according to'i fineness and is labeled "white seal," "green seal," or "red seal' The white-seal variety is the finest and whitest grade. Its spec' gravity is much lower than those of the coarser grades. It is us chiefly in high-grade enamel paints. Green seal and red seal are intermediate and heavy grades, respectively. American process zinc oxido is made by heating a mixture of zin ore and anthracite to produce a motallic zinc vapor, which in turn'* treated with air to form the oxide. The oxide fume is collected'" bag houses. As lead is usually present in the ore the resultant oxi contains some lead compounds. It is usually not quite as white'. French oxide but in other respects is very similar. The Americ process for making zinc oxide predominates in the United States. V Zinc oxide has been used as a paint pigment to a moderate ext for several centuries, but the increase in production in the Uni States during tho twentieth century has been due mainly to ' growth of the rubber industry. No recont data on the consumptii of zinc oxide by industries aro available, but in 1926 it was estima ' that the rubber industry consumed more than half of tho zinc oxii produced in the United States. Zinc oxide increases the te; strongth of rubber and its resistance to abrasion and tear. It proves tho aging qualities by counteracting the tendency of rub goods to deteriorate under action of light and heat. All of " LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SA bperties are essential in making automobile tires ses, which represent about 75 per cent of the entir r1inc oxide is seldom used alone as a paint pigm Bird, smooth surface which on aging tends to c ifving ah unsatisfactory surface for repainting. |ble color and costs less than white lead, has ex covering properties, and is durable. These like zinc oxide a useful constituent of mixed p `ds a largo usage. It is generally mixod with and inert pigments. line oxide is also used in the manufacture of oilc Sttery glazes and glass, celluloid, druggists' supp Id'leather finishes and for many other purposes. 'he use of zinc oxide as a lubricant was repo jxture of zinc oxide and oil in equal parts is said m`of bearings and to improve the bearing surf reon a thin film of zinc. ^Exports of zinc oxide in 1930 amounted to 9 pe pduction. LEADED ZINC OXIDE leaded zinc oxide is made by-a method simila ^fcpss of making zinc oxide. ThA ore used contai Portions, and the finished proatict may contain fit*' of basic lead sulphate. The properties of "jar to those of zinc oxide and basic lead sulp ag power but is not so white as American p ided zinc qjride is used chiefly in the manufactur Ulithopone it is said to produce a good exterio LITHOPONE [pithopone is the newest of the important white ` bduction into the United States dates back t Sateenth century. It contains about 70 per cent jjkbout 30 per cent of zinc sulphide. The latto nt, is responsible for the useful pigment qual he^process of manufacture consists m mixing p Abbluluitions of- -barium su.lp.h.i.de and. z.inc su.lphat ijmi.pi.ittaf te -is -heated- to a red- -heat and` _p'lungeedaii:nto |o' inh!it is ground, dried, and powdered. ie use of high-strength lithopone, containing Sginc sulphide, has been increasing in recent yea |bemade directly or by mixing zme sulphide w .The increase in imports of zinc sulphide ;.tons in 1926 to more than 315 tons in 1929 ['increased manufacture of high-strength litho " said to possess very high hiding power is which make it particularly suitable for f goods. find Industry, rot. 4^ Nor. 32,1922, p. IDS. 124 MINERAL RESOURCES, 193 0---- PART I The Use of lithopone in the United States has increased rapi and has spread to many industries. Its chief use is in paint mau ftfCture, in which it is favored on account of its low cost and m good qualities. Formerly the use of lithopono was confined to interi Ealnt, as the pigment would discolor in sunlight. In recent yea owever, the refining process has been changed, and it is claimed t' lithopone with a stable color suitable for exterior paints is now be' produced. It is generally mixed with other pigments, notably z' oxide. A large quafltity of lithopone is used in the manufacture of oilclo, and linoleum, artificial leather finishes, window shades, and prints inks. ^ Imports of lithopone into the United States in 1930 amounted,) 7,018 short tons, or the equivalent of 4 per cent of the domes sales. Exports amounted to 3,665 tons. . The following table shows the sales of lithopone to various industri. in 1929 and 1930, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the produc * Distribution lithopone sales, 1929 and 1930, by industries Industry Paints, varnish, and Iaoauers Floor coverings and textiles.. Rubber............................................ Other........................................ . Short tons 160,804 37, 606 7,176 10,829 206,316 1030 oftShort tons 73.1 18.2 3.6 6.2 100.0 120,076 23, 666 6, 997 8, 336 164,066 ZINC SALTS Zinc sulphate, sometimes known as white vitriol, is usually made, treating secondary zinc material with dilute sulphuric acid, whi upon evaporation yields the white crystalline salt. One of the p ' cipal uses of zinc sulphate is as a depressing reagent in the flotation lead-zinc ores. It has recently been used as a weed killer in the nurseries of the United States Forestry Service. It is also use the solutions of electro-galvanizing cells, to some extent in calico p ing and in dyeing, as a drior for linseed oil, as a disinfectant astringent, and as a sizing on cement prior to painting. In addi' to these uses, several thousand tons is used yearly in the manufact of lithopone; as this sulphate represents an intermediate produq is not separately recorded by the Bureau of Mines. '. Zino chloride may be prepared by treating zinc directly with o'" rine or with hydrochloric acid, the latter being more generally u" Practically all zinc chloride produced in the United States is m. from scrap metal or secondary materials, such as drosses, ashes, si' mings, and galvanizer's scrap. Owing to its hygroscopic proper1 it is usually marketed in solution, although the fused salt may obtained in air-tight containers. Zinc chloride is used chiefly reservative of timber. It is also used as a germicide and ' octant, in the refining of petroleum, in the textile industry, in', manufacture of hard fiber, for medical purposes, and in dentistr A new wood preservative, zinc meta-arsenite, Zn (AsOa)a, recently been developed and according to reports is being use increasing amounts, particularly where large quantities of mois LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SALTS encountered. The} chemical is insoluble in wate ve the disagreeable properties of creosote, such as 'k, and unpaintability. PRODUCERS AND PLANTS .The following companies reported having sold or c pigments and zinc salts of their own production i Ite lead: Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electrolytic i process)------------------------- ------------------------ East Chica ^Carter White Lead Co.......... ......... ................. West Pullm Eagle-Picher Lead Co--------------------------------- East St. Lo /5ov--j">r------------------ ---------------- ------Cincinnati, O Luston Lead Co-----------------------------------------Scranton, Pa ? y -P-Fufler.& Co- ------------------------------South San F John T. Lewis & Bros. Co_________________ Philadelph National Lead Co__________ __________ 'L.*. Chicago, 11 go...------------------------------------------------ St. Louis, M Do...'------------------------------------------------ Perth Ambo Do------------------------------ _--------------------- Brooklyn, Do----------------------------------------------------- port Richm , M ,.Dovf"'-.v,----- 7.---T...................------- Cincinnati, National Lead Co. of California.._............ . Melrose, C National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania____New Kensing Sherwin-Williams Co..______ _________Chicago, 111. WAtherill & Bro------ ------- __________________Philadelphia, 6 lead sulphate, or sublimed lead: Eagle-Pioher Lead Co......... ............ ................Joplin, Mo Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co.......... . Galena, Ka 8$. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of Na- fV tional Lead Co--------- ---------------- --------------Collinsville, (lead, orange mineral, and litharge: Eagle-Picher Lead Co......................... .......... East St. Lou it 5----------------------------------------------------- Joplin, Mo. 5----------------------------------------------------- Newark, N. ------------- ---------................. ....... Cincinnati,'O Evans Lead Co.............. .................................. Charleston, read. 0xlde Co---.................. -.........Franklin, Pa P-fuller & Co.------------------------------------ South San F Grasselli Chemical Co........................................East Chicago Morris P Kirk&Son ................................. Loe Angeles w* &Bros. Co...............................Philadelphia, Metals Refining Co------------------------------------ Hammond, ational Lead Co. of California....................... Melrose, Ca ational Lead Co.__......................................... Chicago, 111. Do----------------------------------------------------- St. Louis, M _ Do-------- ,----- - -- *--------------------- ------- Brooklyn, N. ational Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania____New Kensing r8herwm-Williams Co....................... j...............Chicago 111. oxide and leaded zinc oxide: 9 * nerican Zinc Co. of Illinois______________ Hillsboro 11 erlcan Zinc Oxide Co--------------------- --------Columbus, O ,, gle-Picher Lead Co............. ........... ........... Hillsboro, 111. mpire Zinc Co. .. .. ---------------- --------- -- Canon City, raseelli Chemical Co--------------.......... ........... East Chicago, flternational Lead Refining Co. (Frenoh -rocess)------------------------------------------------- d 0. b, ----------------------------------------------------- Akron, Ohio Mineral Point Zinc Co----------- -------------------- Mineral Poi ew Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)______Palmerton, Pa y:-Do. (French process)-------------------------- Freemansbu aark Smelting & Mining Co........................ Coffeyville, ' Joseph Lead Co----_____ ____________ Herculaneum .... 126 MINERAL RESOURCES, 193 0---- PART I Lithopone:* . Chemical & Pigment Co. (Inc.) Oakland, Calif. Do!____________________ Collinsville, 111. DoSt. Helena, Md. Eagle-Pichor Load Co____ _________________ Argo, 111. Grasselli Chemical Co____ ' Grasselli, N. J. Do Newark, N. J. Di^__________________________________ Philadelphia, Pa. Krefcj Pigment & Chemical Co Newport, Del. Mineral Point Zinc Co___ _________________ Depue, 111. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)______ Palmerton, Pa. Sherwin-Williams Co Chicago, 111. United Color & Pigment CoNewark, N. J. Zinc salts: American Smelting & Refining CoSelby, Calif. Do_____- Durango, Colo. Do____________________ ______________ Omaha, Nebr. Do Perth Amboy, N. J. . Arkansas Preservative Co North Little Rock, Ark. ; Charles Cooper & Co Newark, N. J. General Chemical Co__________ Chicago, 111. Grasselli Chemical Co.-................. ........... ....... East Chicago, Ind. Do___________________ Cleveland, Ohio. Do__________________ iWeirton, W. Va. Harshaw Chemical Co.-i__ Cleveland, Ohio. Charles Lenrilg & Co. (Inc.)_______ _________ Philadelphia, Pa. Merrimac Chemical Co......... ........... A_______Everett, Mass. Ozark Smelting & Mining CoCoffeyville, Kans. > '< j ' ( During 1930 the St. Joseph Lead Co., at Rochester, Pa., comple. a new zinc oxide plant in which zinc sulphide concentrates are' verted into the oxide by a new electro thermic process. The plant a capacity of 120 tons of concentrates daily, and the first furnace, put into operation early in 1931. The by-product, sulphur dio gas, is converted into sulphuric acid by the contact process. ' oxide was produced during 1930 at the experimental plant of ^ company at Herculaneum, Mo.; this plant was closed toward the' of the year. . ' Morris P. Kirk & Son (Inc.), control of which was acquired by' National Lead Co., began producing lead oxides in 1930 at s Angeles, Calif. The lead oxide plant and assets (at Charleston, Va.) of the Evans-Wallower Lead Co. of St. Louis, Mo., were, purchased by the National Lead Co. during 1930. The lead smelter and sublimed lead plant of the Eagle-Picher . Co. at Galena, Kans., were acquired in 1930 by the newly crea, subsidiary, the Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. ' TARIFF The tariff act of 1930 became effective June 18, 1930. The.o changes in the schedules on lead and zinc pigments and salts wer; increase from lK cents to 3 cents per pound on zinc sulphide, an increase from 1% cents per pound to 1% cents per pound plus 15, cent ad valorem on lithopone containing by weight 30 per cen more of zinc sulphido. The rates on lead and zinc pigments and provided in the 1930 act are shown in the following statement, i LEAD AND ZING PIGMENTS AND SALT Import duties on lead and zinc pigments and salts under the Item Lead pigments: Litharge........................................................... .............................................. Orange miueral................................................................................................. Red lead............................................................................................................... White lead.......................................................................................................... All pigments containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground In or mixed with oil or water, not specially provided for.................... Lead chemicals: Acetate, white.................................'.................................................................. Acetate, brown, gray, or yellow................................................................ , Nitrate, arsenate, and reslnate.................................................................. All other lead compounds, n. s. p. f........................................................ Zinc pigments: ^ Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide containing not more than 26 per cent of lead-- Dry powder................................................................................................ Ground in or mixed with oil or water............................................ Lithopone, and other combinations or mixtures of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate containing by weight-- Less than 30 per cent of zinc sulphide........................................... 30 per cent or more of zinc sulphide................................................ Zinc chetnfca!s: Zinc chloride....................................................................................................... Zinc sulphate..................................................................................................... Zlno sulphide..................................................................................................... 2H 3 ce 2H 2h 30 p 2H 2 ce 3 ce 30 p 194 2H 194 194 p IMo 94 o 3 ce IMPORTS AND EXPORTS LEi PIGMENTS aports of lead pigments into the United State aportant. Exports of white lead pigments incre 1930 and amounted to 6 per cent of the total s |te lead; exports to the United Kingdom increased i)unted to 73 per cent of the total. Combined ex large, and orange mineral increased 43 per ce gounted to 4 per cent of the total sales by domesti ports of theso three pigments to Canada, Netherla J' the United Kingdom amounted to 39, 22, and 1 ' respectively; exports to Netherland West fly 700 tons, or 325 per cent; those to the Unite pada increased 162 and 4 per cent, respectively.. c carbonate white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange m ' consumption in the United States, 1921-1930 k.< a! Year If' Basic carbonate white lead Red lead Litharge Pounds Value' Pounds Value Pounds Val It"........... .............. " prr..................... 124,176 222, 465 336,662 141,160 213,028 297, 667 330,421 166,236 196,478 147,132 $12, 668 21,336 31,386 13,478 21,636 31,690 29,601 16,889 19,086 13,496 12, 236 1,405 8,600 1,874 3,462 9,691 61,688 24,676 10,197 19,116 $689 94 220 165 268 817 4,403 1,610 746 1,834 100 1,770 22, 626 1,838 2,417 122 1,182 2,100 31763 968 1, 128' MINERAL RESOURCES, 193 0---- PART I While lead and red lead exported from the United States, 1921-1930 - l Year White lead i Hod lead 1' Short tons Value Short tons Val 1821... 1022... 1823... 1824... 1020... 1920... 1827... 1828... 1928... 1930.'.. 5,101 4, 698 1 6,172 ` 5,055 1 6,832 > 0, 230 i 0,047 `6,476 6,008 > 0,640 $903,130 710,706 836, 261 863,444 1,203,108 1, 110,360 947, 220 962,316 921,609 923,281 548 1,683 1 1i,804400 802 776 * 1,420 1 2,084 * 2,890 > 4,128 $114 37$ 1& 17 32674' 5. 1 Exports of white lead and basic lond sulphate or sublimed lead not classified separately after 1922; figures for 1023-1930 may include an unknown quantity of basio load sulphato or subllmod load. -v 1 Exports of red lead and litharge not classified separately for 1923-1924 and 1927-1930; the flgur! those years may inolude an unknown quantity of litharge; the flguros for 1928-1930 include also an unks quantity of orange mineral. Figures for other years are for red load only. " White lead 1 exported from the United States, 1929 and 1930, by destination Destination f Short tons Value Short tons Val North America: Canada........... Cuba.............. . Mexico............ Panama.......... Other........... South America: Argentina... Brazil............. Colombia... Uruguay.... Venezuela... Other............. Europe: Netherlands............ United Kingdom.. Other............... ......... Asia: Philippine Islands. Other............................ Africa................................................ Oceania, Including Australia. 12628 127 668 66 940 400 12 IK 32 19 16 632 3,382 23 3,937 228 266 494 6 36 5. 008 $19,807 10, 207 28, 776 117,661 13,688 180,039 65,413 2,231 4,200 6,080 4,213 2,648 83.800 60,715 482,627 4,056 653,908 47,912 37,848 85, 800 744 7,108 921, 609 10616 1 'll* 434 333 43 11 61 267 4,760 68 6,076 380 104 484 186 6,646 7 1. 1 Exports of white lead and buslo lead sulphate or subllmod load not cinsslfiod separately after 1" figures may lnoJudo an unknown quautlty of basic lead sulphate or sublimed load. ` ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Imports of lithopone, the principal zinc pigment imported* the United States, decreased 17 per cent in 1930 and were equiv^ to 4 per cent of the domestic sales. Imports of zinc oxide dec' 18 per cent and were equivalent to less than 1 per cent of the LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SALTS tic production. Imports of zinc sulphide, which i 1926 to 1929, declined 76 per cent in 1930. Ne . ents imported in 1930 came from Europe. B p^r cent, France 20 per cent, and the United King ijie zino oxide; the Netherlands supplied 86 per ce ,er cent of the lithopone; and Germany supplied 98 ((-sulphide. The United Kingdom ana Canada too t/-respectively, of the zinc oxide exported in 19 88 per cent of the lithopone exportod. rpxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide (white), zinc chloride, and } ported for consumption in the United States, 1921-- Year Zinc oxide Dry In oil Short tons Value Short tone 1,280 2,712 1,036 1,703 1,274 1,127 399 1,348 1,267 1,066 $146,071 361,699 169,416 220,628 205,682 108,807 220,427 208,657 203,080 148,801 67 $17, 42 8, 89 21,9 110 25,8 132 31,1 94 23,1 77 18.6 107 25.6 110 27,1 79 16,6 4 Year Zinc sulpbldo 1 Zino chloride Pounds > Value Short tons Valu 93,637 27,169 11,844 9,678 14,604 7,800 132,223 338,030 630,665 159, 633 $8,330 8,463 6,403 5,727 6,689 4,126 22,984 47,235 84, 200 23,662 * 2,199 1,374 651 319 409 668 470 663 638 351 $213,9 87,6 44,1 28,9 60,7 61,6 40,0 47,1 60,3 28,8 lolpbide 13 stated in pounds rather than tons because of its high value an t'nc oxide and lithopone exported from the United States, M- '_____________________ Year Zino oxide Short tons Value ed separately prior to 1922. 2,611 3,977 6,024 3,927 10,866 14,661 14,494 14,799 17,638 10,763 $426,263 693, 128 743, 577 606,030 1,603,661 1,917,420 1,821,786 1,849,889 2,801,643 1,446,904 130 . _ MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930--PART I . Zinc oxide exported from the United States, 192& and 1980, by destinations Destination North America: Canada......... . Cuba............... Mexico.......... . Panama........ . Other........... . South America: Argentina__ Brarll........... Other............. Europe: Franee....................... Italy............................ United Kingdom.. Other....................... Asia: Philippine Islands. Other............................ Africa................................................ Oceania, including Australia. Short tons Value Short tons V 7, 702 117 73 87 18 7,997 69 462 69 (1,300 1, 144 8,026 88 819 907 3 037 17,6 4, 799 1.129 8, 931 14,869 960,171 122, 679 694 99, 797 2,301,643 4,812 10, 763 PRICES AND VALUE The total value and the avorago price received by producers f sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts are given on preceding p of this chapter. The range of market quotations as reported by: Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter is shown in the following table. Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New 1928-1980, in cents per pound . Product Basio lead sulphate, or sublimed load, dry, casks.. White lead, or basic lead carbonate: Dry. casks........................................................................ In oil, carload lots........................................................ Litharge, American, commercial, powdered, casks Red lead, dry, casks............................................................ Orange mineral, American, casks.................................. Lead acetate, brown, broken, barrels.......................... Lead arsenate, powdered, drums................................... Zlno oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, cor lots......... American process, leaded, barrels, car lots-----French process, red seal, bags, car lots............... French process, green seal, bags, car lots........... French process, white sea), barrels, car lots___ Lithopone, American, bags, car lots............................ Zinc chloride: Solution,1 drums............................................................ Fused..........................*..................................................... Zlno sulphate, barrels....................................................... > At works. 1928 1929 7. 76 8. 26- 8. 60 10. 73 8. 60- 9.00 9.60-10.00 11. 60-12.00 12.00-12.60 13.00-16.00 0. A0 6.88 0. 38 10. 38 11.63 5. 26 2. 70- 3. 26 6. 26 3.60- 3. 76 7. 76- 8. 60 8. 26- 9. 00 10. 73-11.64 8. 76-10. 25 9.76-11.25 11.75-13. 25 12.00-13-60 13.00-15.00 0. 60 0.88 9. 38 10. 38 11.03 6. 26 2. 76- 3. 26 6. 26- 6. 76 3.00- 3. 76 1 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SAL .Quotations on each of the lead pigments declined und during 1930 as a result of the decrease in the W York) from 6.26 cents at the beginning of the [the end; the trend of prices was downward thro jApril producers of lead pigments increased the t vide a larger margin of profit to dealers and pro entive to dealers to push the sale of lead pigm 'te lead. notations in 1930 on the various grades of tained at the level of the three preceding yea [ee of zinc (St. Louis) declined from 6.45 cents a '1 to 4.12)( cents at the end. The average price ^received by producers reporting to the Bureau of i$128 in 1929 to $125 in 1930, due probably to a .uction of the cheaper grades of zinc oxide in 1 dor ordinary lithopone was maintained at 5X jjl months of the year, but in December it dro Owing a cut in the price of titanium pigment. T ilithopone per ton, received by domestic produ ) as compared with $96 in 1929. This increas decrease in quotations, may have been due to 'of the higher priced high-strength lithopone. ;; 161732--33---------17 286 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1 9!) 0---- PART I W.Sear s , Geo r g e Progress in production and use of tantalum. Am. Met Market, vol. 37, Feb. 21, 1930, p. 5. Metals and Alloys, vol. 1, Apf 1930, p. 471. . Tantalum Is rocolvlng Inoronslng nttonLlou as an nald-rcslHlmit rnolal. 'I'antalum oros nml prod lion and some alloys ore hriofly discussed. The extraction and molollurgy ot lunlaluin and of columbl are touched upon. Sw o bo d a, K., an d Ho r n y , R. Determination of tantalum, tungsten, vanadiu and molybdenum in high-speed steol. Ztschr. anal. Chem., vol. 80, 193j pp. 271-288. Chem. Abs., vol. 24, Aug. 20, 1930, p. 3906. Wa y l a n d , E. G., an d Sp e n c e r , L. J. Bismuto-tantalite, a new mineral, fro Uganda. Mineralog. Mag., vol. 22, 1929, pp. 186-192. Chem. Abs., v 24, 1930, p. 1321. ` The mineral Is found at Qamba Hill, Duslro County, In pegmatite. It contains about 60 per OS BI1O1 and 47 per cent Ta,0,-f~Cb,Oi. The Indicated formula Is U[,(),.{'l'n,C!));( , Crystallograp data and a complete chemical analysis are given. PATENTS ' Ba l k e , C. W. (t o Fa n s t bb l Pr o d u c t s Co . (In c .)). Removal of carbon i 1 purities from tantalum. U. S. Patent 1,754,453, Apr. 16, 1930. Che- and Ind., vol. 49, Oot. 3, 1930, p. 915. Powdered tantalum containing small Amounts of graphite Is purified by heating It, In vacuo, wf magnesia at a temperature at which the carbon will be oxidized and the resulting magnesium volatill Ca n a d ia n We s t in g h o u s b Co ., Lt d . Production of tantalum by electrolysr fused compounds. Canadian Patent 300,963, June '10, 1930. ' Tbe electrolytic bath Is made up of a mlxturo of fluorides. Including an allcall fiuorldoand a do ' Quorlde of an allcall metal and a refractory rare metal. ' Fa n s t ee l Pr o d u c t s Co . (In c .) Method of removing carbon impurities fro tantalum. Canadian Patent 299,739, Aug. 19, 1927. --------------- . Process for eliminating carbon from difficultly fusible rare meta particularly tantalum. French Patent 093,417, Apr. 6, 1930. Ra ma q b, J. H. (t o We s t in o h o u s e La mp Co .). Tungsten-tantalum alloy. U? Patent 1,741,963, Dec. 31, 1929. TITANIUM GENERAL CONDITIONS Countercurrent to tho general business depression that engulf other industries the titanium industry made marked progress in 193 Not until 1920 were titanium dioxide pigments marketed on a co mercial scale; by 1929 the domestic consumption was in the neighb' hood of 6,000,000 pounds. In 1930, despite a substantial reduclj in the aggregate consumption of other pigment materials, the use*1 titanium pigments seems to have been well maintained. Only o price reduction was made during 1930 as compared with two red tiona in 1929. The change was made in December and amoun' to three-fourths cent a pound for barium and calcium base titan! pigments. These progressive reductions are interpreted as a roflectkS of continued economies in manufacture that have resulted' from1-' rapidly increasing scale of production, rather than as an indication an urgent necessity to work off stocks. It is, furthermore, signific that tlie announcement of this reduction was promptly followed b 15 per cent reduction in the price of lithopone. Among many diversified applications probably tbe chief facto the growing popularity of titanium pigments is their employmen brush and spray lacquers; in bakelite and similar synthetic phq and cresol condensation products; and in celluloid or pyroxy plastics. Titanium dioxide is whiter than most of the other pigm and has a remarkably high covering power. Being virtually in it does not react with the solvents ordinarily used. New colo ., COBALT, MOLYBDENUM, TANTALUM, TITANIUM, ents have been developed to accompany titanium .in purposes, and practically all lithopone makers .offer special mixtures of lithopone and titanium di . pigments also find growing use in the manufacture id textiles', rubber, wall papers, printing inks, glass le use of titanium in pigments is by far the leading but there is also a substantial demand for titanium a '930 it was found that the addition of titanium in c binations may permit the production of a steel tha rranular corrosion even when high-carbon stock m :loy with 0.15 per cent carbon and 0.75 titanium tarbon content) showed the same resistance to `^pion as a material of 0.09 to 0.06 per cent carbon. titanium in glass formulas progressed during the ye small use of the bichloride and sulphate in the d tetrachloride may also be employed for smoke scre `Navy air corps maneuvers and possibly for "s sdlic titanium is so difficult to produce that little prog j6 in introducing commercial uses for the metal, but i e(been in progress in the National Physical Laborator ptermine the effects of titanium, added as titanium t arious metals. This volatile compound is easily p hould impart valuable qualities to any of the comm e in industry could be established without apparen lew domestic source of titanium was being develope ; At Piney River, the dividing line between Nelson ties in Virginia, the Southern Mineral Products C fly owned subsidiary of the .Vanadium Corporation tructed a group of chemical and mechanical concen ings for the production of titanium and phospha company owns mineral rights underlying some 3,500 nite belt. This belt which, according to Watson1 nd 2)'i miles wide, includes the property of the Am at Roseland, Va. The mine product is separated w etic machines yielding as principal materials ilme ;and apatite concentrates. The former of these d further to recover titanium dioxide, and the ap 'd, jn to phosphoric acid and phosphates. Operat jf'said to have cost between $1,250,000 and $1,500, ifjed in the Manufacturers Record:16 1 * To the right of the mill building aro eteel silos on rein tions, with a capacity of 600 tons of ilmenite. From th te is conveyed by a pneumatic handling system to the ilm .^nd from ari interior mill storage, apatite is transported by a ntlc system to the phosphate plant. Ilmenite and apatite concentrates are chemically treated in pr the production of titanium dioxide and phosphoric acid, .'and technically pure products are either sold as such o ary plant units into titanium salts and phosphates. win,.Robert T., Use of Lacquers Has Given a Rebirth to Lltbopone and d Ind. (London), vol. 49, No. 6, Feb. 7, 1930, p. 81T. ;-Uan Minins Journel, A Titanium Research: Vol. 61. No. 36, Aug. 29, 1930, p I, T. L., Geology ol tbe Titanium and Apatite Deposits in Virginia: Virginia ,-pp. 100-166. .'turera Record, New Cbemioal Industry lor the South: Apr. 9, 1931, pp. 3 288 .* ' MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART I The principal reagent used for both primary processes is sulphuric acid, because of the large quantities required, the plant units at Piney River inclu contact sulphuric acid plant of the latest type, using a vanadium mass as catalyst. .The sole raw material for this procoss of sulphuric acid manufao, is sulphur, brought from Texas to Norfolk or Nowport News by steamer, thence by a comparatively short rail haul to Piney River. -.` A considerable amount of the Bulphuric acid used in the manufacture of tita dioxide by the Southern Mineral Products Corporation process reappears at end of the operation as an impure dilute acid. A recovery system has 1 devised and a recovery unit installed so that impurities are removed, the acid is concentrated, and a strong acid, entirely suitable for re-use is reoove The other reagents used in the processes are employed in small quantities essentially, ilmenite, apatite, and sulphur are the basic raw materials, with two most important--ilmenite and apatite--^produced by a mine and mill adj to the chemical plants. '> The chemical processes at Piney River demand large quantities of wate njost of the reactions are carried out in solution stage, and several of the pr" steps demand thorough washings of precipitates so that traces of foreign mate! can be removed. The Piney River, which flows through the center of the p erty, provides an ample water supply. Even in the drought period of 193 river had a minimum flow several times that required by the plant. Test/ have alBO proven the existence of an underground water strata. .. Steam required for the various process units is developed in a compact,' fired boiler plant designed by the Stone and Webster Engineering Corpora and electric power is obtained over q special transmission line from the .A lachian Electric Power Company. In addition to the mill and process uni1 plant group includes two warehouse buildings, mechanical, electrical, and Pcniednetpeer nsdheopnst ,haignhd a series of strategically located fire hose houses, which wi pressure stand pipe system, provide adequate fire protea Rutile has been mined in the United States principally at Rose! Va., although minor quantities of rutile as well as ilmenite1. formerly produced in Florida from the treatment of beach s1' Rutile has been identified at a few other localities in the ^ Atlantic States, but the deposits as a rule have not proved exte A possible new commercial source of rutile was reported to the au by E. L. Dinning of- the Harford Talc Co. The deposit, whi about 1% miles west of Fylesville Post Office, Harford County,' has been exposed across a large open pit, and a drill hole shows a. tinuation of the rutile-bearing formation to a depth of at least 80. Laboratory tests indicate that a recovery of about 6 per cent o gross weight of the material may be made in the form of clea centrates by means of table concentration followed by ma' separation. The final concentrates should contain 93 to 96 per- TiOj. Magnetite and amphibole are present in the table co trates, which therefore contain only about 21 per cent of tit _ oxide. The crude rock assayed about 8.6 per cent Ti02. , Both in the United States and Canada the search continu means of utilizing titaniferous magnetites and low-grade ilm What may prove another large body of such ores is reported in a' addressed to the Bureau of Mines by L. W. Fargo, secretary,o Vermillion Range Land Co., Chicago, 111. The deposit, whi. south of Gunflint Lake in Cook County, Minn., is said to yiel containing 1% per eont vanadium as well as 12 per cent tit A year or two ago a metallization process was worked out ' laboratories of the Canada Department of Mines for low- ilmenite containing 31.75 per cent TiOj, 39 per cent iron per cent alumina, 7 per cent silica, and 2.6 per cent ma At 990 to 1050 C. 94 per cent of the iron could be reduced tq- in a rotary furnace by means of coal. Leaching the produc COBALT, MOLYBDENUM, TANTALUM, TITA er cent sulphuric acid yielded a residue cont ,j,: 6.27 per cent iron, and 0.8 per cent carbon $ry other processes for separating iron from problem concerns disposal of the iron sulphato copperas or ferrous sulphate are sold annually, lsupplied by existing sources, notably the pic 3,1 works. New outlets for this by-product are tnists as a result of research into the more e ~4n water purification and sewage disposal. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION #uring 1930 the American Rutile Co. (a subsid rmit Corporation) shipped ilmenite and rutile oseland, Va. This plant formerly operated (but recently the demand has increased so th .occupied. The output of titanium minerals i so far as data are available to the Bureau o i(is shown in the following table, which, howev r than production: Titanium minerals produced, in the United States, Year RutUe concentrates Short tons Percentage ofTIOi Value Short t aio 270; 66 <>> 66 m 6, 6, M. 40 30 624 176 8- 06 05 05 03-06 '8 $11,000 * 7,600 120,861 37,700 8 5, 4, 3, 8 uctlon reported for 1921. ' of Minas not at liberty to publish figures. value. . Florida only. Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figur -new plant of the Southern Mineral Produc me into production until early in 1931. S one on the beach deposits in California, b as no record of shipments being made. fJV'.1 T. Eckhoff,'secretary), of San Francisc concentration its black sands along Mont ^containing 8.70 per cent Ti02, 4.65 per ce ejent iron. The Aluminum Co. of America jucts in the purification of bauxite for alum '.mm pigments were manufactured in the U jby the Titanium Pigment Co., a subsidia V, with plants at St. Louis and Niagara Cial`Pigments Co., a subsidiary of the Co on, with a plant at Baltimore. Early in ,Co: announced its intention to transfe tp St. Louis. Fifty-five men were reporte 290 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930---- PART I the change. The manufacture of ferrocarbontitanium by the Titaniu Alloy Manufacturing Co. (an affiliated concern) will be continued! Niagara Falls. Carbide-free ferrotitanium is produced by the Me & Thermit Corporation. Ilmenito is the chief raw material for th alloys, as well as for the pigments. Rutile is used chiefly in t ceramic industry, especially in tile and in dinner ware, to add co' and strength. IMPORTS Ilmenite sand is imported extensively from Travancorc, Indf and from Senegal. From time to time shipments have also be made from Brazil. The imports of ilmenite, as recorded by t Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, amounted to 24,9. short tons, valued at $150,466, in 1930. This quantity is a trifle I but the value 43 per cent more than the imports of 25,072 tons, valu at $104,887, in 1929. Much of the ilmenite imported is from be deposits, in which it occurs associated with monazite and zirco In former years undoubtedly much ilmenite was included in statistics for sand and other items, which, like ilmenite, are exciri from duty. A study of the records for 1929, however, indicated t' this situation was much improved, although ovon now some of t ilmenite importod probably escapes' being recorded undor its spe * category. In Quebec, for exaqiple, deposits of massive ilmenite worked at Ivry and at Baie St. Paul; the ore, which contains up: 38 per cent of Ti02, is shipped to the United States, but this mo ment does not appear in the import statistics. , Rutile is imported from Norway, but only in small amounts. T mineral is also associated with the ilmenite produced at St. Urb near Baie St. Paul, in Quebec, and shipped to the General Elec Co. works at West Lynn, Mass. In 1930 the total imports of ru were 3 short tons, valued at $974. WORLD PRODUCTION The world production of titanium minerals in 1929 and 1930 gathered from Government reports and other available sources ;hown in the following table: ' World production of titanium minerals, 1939 and 1930 Mineral and country 1929 1030 Ore pro duced Content of TiOj Value1 Ore pro duced Content of TIOj :linonite: Brazil ....................... Canada (Quebec)... India (Travancore)., Norway......................... Portugal........................ Senegal.......................... United States............. Uutlle: Norway ...................... United States............. Metric lout 0,301 2,493 24,060 7,023 66 * 7,240 43 (<) Per cent <) i<) (') 43 60 (*> w 00-93 c) $75,100 7,301 130,067 63,600 260 24,280 w Aftlrlc tons 80 374 (*) 7, 630 (*) * 6,322 <<) 13,600 46 (9 Per cent () c> (9 43 (9 ttov 90-03 (9 > Values as officially reported, converted to fruited States currency at the annual average rate of,' is published by the Federal Heserve Board. 1 Exports. 1 Data not available. * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. * Concentrates. '` COBALT, MOLYBDENUM, TANTALUM, TITANIUM, ETC THE INDUSTRY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES fExports from Brazil, which increased to 6,361 metric tons popped to small proportions in 1930. The deposits are be m. the coast of the States of Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Sa jahia. Three firms were recently reported to be working an deposits. In Ceylon several large deposits of con ^ack sand have been discovered; the largest of these, at Pu fijestimated to contain at least 2,000,000 tons of ilmenite.17 r the exploitation of such beach deposits may be granted overnment decree passed in 1926, but none have been fiercially as yet. A Ceylonese firm, however, is rep obtained a concession from the Indian Government fo _ deposits in the southern Travancore area that will aenite, monazite, and zircon. The Radium & Rare Earth ment Co., owning property at Olary, South Australia, e erman cheinist to develop a process for making pigment enite ores. The Fabriques de Produits Chimiques of Thann and M sited the manufacture of titanium white in France in 19 ^processes of the Soci6t6 Frangaise de Produits Chimi (free Rares.18 This is the same process employed in th jifes by the Commercial Pigments Corporation at Baltim " by the Italian company, the Society Anonima Titan Sjyisa-Milano and by The United Manufacturers of Che Btallurgical Products at Aussig in Czechoslovakia. The jgquct is sold under the name of" Thann" white, and the ad 600 tons annually. The Compagnie G6n6rale de iques de Louvres is planning to operate a plant using a cess. In Germany the Titanium Piegment Co. has liicee ^.j s to the Titan G. m. b. H., a subsidiary of the *fc,Trust, with a titanium pigment plant at Leverkusen w `.Tarbenindustrie's lithopone interests are also centerod. BIBLIOGRAPHY tieffillowing articles on titanium, to which is appended its, are among those that appeared or became available G.*n n o n e, Determination of titania in titanium white. Gio Dd.: Appl., vol. 12, 1930, pp. 123-124. Brit. Chem. Abs., vol. 4 lly 11, 1930, pp. 622-623. -' Jo an Me t a l Ma r k e t . Hiduminium--a new alloy developm yf June 26, 1930, pp. 3-4. Metallurgia, vol. 2, June, 1930, p petals and Alloys, vol. 1, No. 18, December, 1930, p. 898. *WS,A. I. Titanium, zirconium and antimony in enamelB. Ce gl.. 14, p. 296. Foote-Prints, vol. 3, No. 1, 1930, p. 62. tium oxide Improves the acid resistance and does not Increase the refractoriness as m jO.'V !l.pxlde la satisfactory as a mill addition. Antimony oxide, substituted for silica, 5H. O. Titanium in New Zealand soils. New Zealand Jour. S 12, 1930, pp. 173-179. i|om In New Zealand soils ranges from 0.26 to 1.60 per cent. There appears to b " lium and Iron content, both elements Increasing together, but none between t u of Foreign and Domestlo Commerce, World Trade Notes on Chemicals and No.8, Mar. 2, 1031, p. 4. * lean, France Satisfactorily Balances Chemical Produotlon and Consump ` 'll* February, 1031, p. 146. JW--??--?7 . 292 MINERAL RESOURCES, 193 0---- PART 1 Ba l d w in , Ro ber t T. Use of lacquers has given a rebirth to lithopone' titanium dioxide. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 49, No. 6, Feb. 7,1 p. 81T. _ ' 1; The spreading use of lacquers tins given a rebirth to titanium dloxtdo. 'this valuable filler an ment has a superior covering power, a permanent whiteness, and a compatibility with some solvent^ assures It a place In the lacquer sun. Practically all lithopone makers In America now Oder special nib of lithopone and titanium dioxide. At least one process of manufacture of titanium dioxide yields f sulphate as a by.product, and ingenious uses for it have been recently put Into operation In Water; cation and sewage disposal. ' (` Ch e mis t r y a n d In d u s t r y (Lo n d o n ). The chemistry and geochemistry o titanium group. Hugo Muller lecture. Chem. Soc., Annual Generali" ing. Vol. 49, No. 14, Apr. 4, 1930, p. 278. . - ,-f, The percentages of the various elements in Igneous rocks were given as follows: Tl 0.6, Zr,0 1 x 10-, Th 1 x 10-s, V 0.02, Nb 1110-*, Ta 8 x I0-, Pa 4 x 10-. ' d e La p pa r b n t , Ja c q u e s . Titanium content of bauxites. Compt. vol. 190, 1930, pp. 1312-1314. Chem. Abs., vol. 24, No. 16, Aug; 1930, p. 3969. I,: A discussion of the origin of titanium In bauxite.-. Dit l er , Emil . Degree of oxidation of titanium in silicates. 42 pp. Revie In Tonind.-Ztg., vol. 64, 1930, p. 268. Jour. Am. Ceram. Spc., Abs. B vol. 9, No. 6, June, 1930, pp. 474-476. " Fio l e t o v , A. Occurrence of rare elements in clays. Keram. Rundsch., 1 vol. 36, pp. 270-272; Chem. Zentralb., 1929, ii, p. 2489. Chem. anc)." vol. 49, No. 23, June 6, 1930, p. 509. Primary Russian olays contain 0.22-1.38% TtOi, and secondary clays 0.04-2.72%. The cla kaolins examined oootalned 0.0^4-0.076% ViO, a mothod for the determination of vanadium ' Is described. Gu imar aes , N. D. Separation of uranium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, r nium, iron, manganese, lead, tin, copper, nickel, and chrome. Ann.:Ar Brasil. Sc., vol. 1, December, 1929, pp. 198-200. Chim. et Ind., vo' No. 1, July, 1930, p. 41., . He a t o n , No e l . Titanium oxide pigments> Chem.1 and .Ind , vol. 48, | pp. 1090-1091. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 13, No. 2, February,, p. 87. The Industrial development of titanium compounds since tbe formation of the first com Norway In 1800 Is described. Hir s c h , Han s . Action of titanic acid on refractory materials. Tonind.,. vol. 64 (47), 1930, pp. 773-776. Jour. Am.- Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., No. 10, October, 1930, p. 861. The beat-known titanium minerals are titanium dioxide, appearing as rutile, anatase, and b` titanium Iron ores and limenite, perosaklte, and titanite. Titanium dioxide Is a refractory mater' vestigatlons showed that objects with 99% of titanium dioxide and only traces of iron could be f Seger cone 35. Its behavior at fusion resembles that of quartz and shows a similar viscosity. Ru oonsequence of Its Iron-oxide content has a lower fusing temperature. Additions of TIOi to raw me used In the refractory industry have apparently no influence on their fusion. Investigations were ` on to find tbe proportion of TIOi in different clays and grogs, and showed an average content of 1 TIOi. The results of further experiments are ns follows: (1) A 2% addition of TiO> only slightly refractoriness and softening under pressure. (2) A 10% addition lowers refrnclorlnoss about 8 Segeiv In binding and sagger clays tbe action of TIO* is greater. The process of shrinkage Is not much Infl In sagger and binding clays. (3) A 2% addition of TIOi does not Influence shrinkage of kaolin, bui. addition greatly Increases it. A change of color to ivory and yellow also takes place. (4) The influ 1% titanium dioxide in combination witb other fluxes, 2% iron oxide, 0.5% magnesium oxide, ati calcium oxide, was tested. Tbe two latter together with titanium dioxide do not Influence in gen ~ softening under pressure and-rdfractoriness. These tests showed that titanic acid in small quantl not obange materially the properties of refractory clays. Hu eber , II. Determination of titanium and iron in rocks. Teche^ mineral, petrogr. Mitt., vol. 40, 1929, pp. 192-195. Chem, Abs., vo No. 18, Sept. 20, 1930, p. 4479. andTIOi is determined colorimetrlcally with Hj Oj in tbe HiSOi solution of sesquloxldes is determined by precipitation witb NHi. ' Ma t h es iu b, H. Determination of small amounts of titanium in alloy' Chem. Ztg., 1030, vol. 54, pp. 134-135. Chem. and Ind. (London);' 49, No. 16, Apr. 18, 1930, p. 330. Mic h e l , An d r e , a n d Be n e z a t , Pie r r e . The influence of titanium on*' formation points of steel. Kev. Metal., vol. 27, June, 1930, pp. 32 Chim. et Ind., vol. 23, 1930, pp. 237-242. Metals and Alloys, vol.^ 17, November, 1930, p. 866. A study made with Cbevenard dllatomoter and Saladin-Le Chatelier recalescence point ap showed that for 0.10-0.17% C steels, 0.6 and 0.8% Tl raise Acj to 780 and bring Aci, respectively, tq 1080*. Added to 13% Cr low carbon steel it acts more pronouncedly raising tbe transformation, 890 with 0.11% Ti, to 000 with 0.14%TI and pushing It beyond 1140 by 0.80% Ti. Quenching fro 1300 develops in Or steels only martensite, above It delta phase appears and the Amount of it with tbe rise of temperature. Microscopical evidence is clear in case of 13% Cr, 0.84% A) steels b not show anything definite in Cr-Tl steels. 17 curves and 6 mlcropbotograpbs are given. COBALT, MOLYBDENUM, TANTALUM, TITANIUM IWh a u s er , J., a n d To mas z e w b k i, S. Analysis of titanium w IChem., 1930, vol. 14, pp. 363-355. Chem. and Ind. (Lo fNo. 44, Oct. 31, 1930, p. 997. :e l l , A. R,, a n d Sc h o e l l e r , W. R. Investigations into Ijohemistry' of tantalum, niobium, and their mineral asso BA new method for the separation of titanium from zirco Ijnium. Analyst, vol. 56, No. 655. October, 1930, pp. 606-61 Be n t o n , W. M., a n d Ro b b ma n , R. Use of potasefeim titan [preparation of a standard titanium solution in colorimetry. ftvol. 141 (3671), 1930, pp. 119^120. Jour. Am. Ceram. S vol. 9, No. 12, December, 1930, pp. 1103-1104. n g , Ra l ph C., a n d Sc h u mb, Wa l t e r C. The anhydrous lo B'titanium. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 52, No. 11, Novem S4233-4239. KpARiASEN, W. H. Crystal structure of titanite. Ztschr. K "1), 1930, pp. 7-16. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., Jctober, 1930, p. 881. PATENTS jkCROFT, G. J. Treatment of ferrotitanium (ilmenite) ores. (1,746,732, Feb. 4, 1930. British Chem. Abs., vol. 49, N 1930, p. 669. fTitanlferoua Iron ores aro ground with fluorspar and carbonaceous materia] and tduolng atmosphere to produce Iron sponge and calcium fluotltanate. The reduc |gh steam into water containing a small proportion of sodium hydroxide, and and wet, screened to remove coarse Iron, and concentrated on Wilfley tables o Separator. * mb n f e l d , J. Production of oxides of titanium. British P iMar. 11, 1929. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 49, No. 33 Bp;765. FA titanium halide (e. g., tetrachloride) distributed upon a soluble salt, e. g., Tate, Is treated with steam and tbe mass is calcined, cooled, and extracted with he product is obtained In a Anely divided form suitable for use as a pigment. Bo k ban k , C. J. Refractory crucibles. British Patent 32 |il928. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 49, No. 8, Feb. 21 3rit. Chem. Abs. . Titanium dioxide, silicate, or aluralnate is added to the clay bond used in tbe m Drt carborundum oruclbles. When fired at cone 5-10 o very strong mass is prod 't,which prevents the oxidation of the graphite, eto. . Jo t j t zk t , G. S. (U. S. S. R.) Obtaining concentrated tit [British Patent 34,016, Oct. 12, 1928. Chim. et Ind., vol. 24, er, 1930, p. 1140. nenlte is hosted with barium sulphate, calcium chloride, and carbon in a duot Is extracted with boiling water and then with weak acid. psOBB Ga s q l u h l ic h t -Au e r -Geb. M. b . H. Purification of i lloxide. British Patent 309,598, Apr. 10, 1929. Chem. Ijpn), vol. 49, No. 20, May 16, 1930, p. 419. British Chem > dioxide is freed from contaminating chromium oxide by mixing with a sm dearth (magnesia, alkali, carbonate, eto.), drying, roasting at Incandescent l soluble chromate with water or dilute acid. Oxidizing agents may be add `'1 of chromate. t b c h b Go l d u n d Sil b e r -Sc h e id e a n s t a l t v o r m. Ro e s s l e r Tin, titanium and zirconium oxides. British Patent 327 J.930. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, August, 19 to obtain highly dispersive oxides of tin, titanium, or zirconium, suitable for ragsnts for vitreous enamels, etc., soluble compounds of these metals are allow gtoonditions or in the presence pflltnlted quantities of solvents with substances o to oxides, e. a., alkaline lyes, steam, ammonia, eto., and the oxides or hydr fin tbe case of p. igme..n...t.s....f.r.o. m. 5_ 00 t_o__8_0_0 O__._a__n_d__t_u__r_b__id__it_y__a_g_e__n_t_s__fr_o_m 000 to 1500 aluminous form. Tbe Initial reaction can take place either In tbe H< o potent*. If tbe reaction in the vapor phase takes place above ... O_ .,, tbe emitted. In examples, (1) titanium tetrachloride In the form of vapor i`s a ated steam at 600 O. and the oxide formed is washed, dried, and heated from pigment; (2) zirconium oxyohloride or a concentrated solution thereof Is stirre U solution, tbe pasty mass diluted with water, and the preoipttate washed, dr b 400* O. and a turbidity agent obtained; (8) tbe vapor of siannlo chloride Is earn at 800 O., and the oxide produot Is washed, dried, and heAted to a lit tittirbldlty agent. See also Brit. 200,780, Oeram. Abs., vol. 8 (2), p. 161 (10 294 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930---- PART I Fa b b b n in d c s t bib , I. G., A.-G. Titanium compounda Canadian Paten 285,356, Dec. 4, 1928. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, No. August, 1030, p. 681. c o b a l t , mo l y b d e n u m, t a n t a l u m, t it a n iu m, e Ma t h e s iu s , W., and Ma t h e s j u s .H. Production of titanium steel. ent 337,715, Mar. 16,1929. Chem. Age, vol. 23, No. 596, Nov. -- - Titanium. British Patent 333,816, Oct. 8, Ig30 Cerany. Soc., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, No. 12, December, 1930, p. 110 mJculated on tha&VeS Tl" The greatest part of the rest of the double salt may be Isolated* evaporating. Titanio ac|d French Patent 35|377, May 26, 1928. Addition* 663,893. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, No. 11, Novem_ fKpeclfle"Tther ^DsflIfti of tuD*3tfllM' njanganaies, permangana Easily soluble Tl compounds and very pure TIO, are prepared by rapidly heating with K iSO( water the product obtained by treatment of llmenlte with H1SO1, filtering this solution, and w the residue with Hi30i. _______ ____ Manufacture of concentrated titanyl and titanic sulphate solutio British Patent 309,090, Apr.. 4, 1929. Chem. and Ind. (London), voL: No. 38, Sept. 19, 1930, p. 802. . mndprnt.lv hot solution <e g , not eiceedlng 60") of metatltanio acid In sulphuric acid Is satura with meUtltanicacId, fmd then orthotitanic add ,1s added end the roliture concentratedln vacuo^. at 70-90) The titanic acids mav be added In solid form or in aqueous solution. The solutions ob an substeathUly freefrom iron ed are adapted for use as tanning agents and mordants. K^^eeTtT^,1;, out ,n the rei,ction iobl r ) Frocess for obtaining iron-titanium alloys conta F Percentage of titanium. French Patent 684,474, Nov. 6, 19 |, and Alloys, vol. 1, No. 12, June, 1930, p. 584. 12, ___________ Titanium compounds from ores. 1920. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc.. Abs. Bull., vol. 9, German Patent 490,600, No. 8, August, 19 MI cupal.J ? -- Process for <)f ^eing poured. producing homogeneous French Patent 684,210, or ferrotita Oct. 30, 19 | and Alloys, vol. 1, No. 12, June, 1930, p. 684. Tl OTM are troated at high temperature with dilute H.UO, In the presence of reducing iscBLENBUnci WEBNEK. Production Of titanium dioxide. U. about a 0 6% F? content ^obtained. Without the reducing agent, the Fe content Is about 20%. Ot If Jtdy^ iofo ^586' I93' JUT' Al"' Ceram' So- Abs- Bui*-. v examples are given. , - . ------------------ Process for extracting titanium ore. German Patent 497,93 Dec. 18, 1926. Metals and Alloys, vol. I, -No. 13, July, 193.?' J*!1.-. Q Process for decomposing titamferous ores. Italian latent 205,9 Jan 20 1928 French Patent 630,630, Mar. 10, 1927. Metals and Alio vol.* 1, ho. 13, July, 1930, p. 642. Fa b u f , Pe d e b. Precipitating titanium compounds. U. S. Patent 1,773,7 Aug. 26, 1930. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, No. 11, Nov ber, *1930, p. 989. ........................ Tha nrocess of precipitating titanium compounds by hydrolysis which comprises ha}|t,D* a cninriftn tr^r&naa ureclDitatlon of titanium compounds therein, and adding during the precipiU another manfumaStuUonlnamourU "indent ^maintain a substantially constant composition . make up for the titanium compounds so precipitated. Gr e g o r y , Ar n o l d Wil l ia m. Treatment of ores for the recovery of titanr U. S. Patent 1,734,034, Nov. 5, 1929. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. B vol. 9, No. 1, January, 1930, p. 69. 1 Process of removing the Iron from titanic iron ores which consists In pulverising luo ore, mixing nnlverlzed ore with sufficient free carbon to combino with substantially all of the oxygen in the Iron- wftli.^iPr0.cess l0r PrePar1lnU 0 seed suspension which comprises reducing the acidity lSew mSL.Pii0 ft hydr0^fn'1?P concentration of about 2.6 to 0.0, heating the mixture to Fto 30 minutes, und cooling tho mixture. (2) A process tor the production of titanium TMg; ir /iD8rtItaniUm aq5e{,u?!^ Tf*um sulphate solution, and maintaining the mixture at a temperature near the bolfta *Decr17 UCl928 titanates ot a,1(a,ine eartiis. Brit ioNK, R. H., an d Fir in g , L. (The latter assr. to J. Irwin ) P t; iitaMateoo SonPatent ^760,613, May 27, 19 3 aQa Ind., vol. 49, No. 52, Dec. 20, 1930, p. 1151. will ,'r!'S,l;Ly'preclp,ilfitod f,taoluTM hydroxide Is treated with an ace SltfidTo^he'lorj^of vastest0 ^Ik'ahnemarth'carbonate, e^V^bmdur and to neutralize the alkaline salt whereby to resolve all the iron content of the ore to an Iron salt la solu Ke n d a l l , Sy d n ey W. Proofing textile materials against insects etc Ui Patent 1,739,840, Dee. 17, 1929. Chem. Abs., vol. 24, 1930, p. 977. Fatty acid salts of yttrium, thallium, or titanium are used as Impregnating agents. La p o b t e, B,, We u b b , 1. E,, and Be n n e t t , A. N. C^ Pigment from titani oxide ami barium sulphate. British Patent 316,904, Apr. 17, 1928. Ch Abs., vol. 24, 1930, p. 1753. ,, ,, ,, , A mixture for calcination Is prepared by adding IluSO. to, or terming It In a flue dispersion of tits oxide mi^coogulaUng the3dispersed oxide. Various details of procedure are described. f Ma t h e s io s W., and Ma t h e s /u h , 11. Production of iitatiiuin "Ip*- Patent 329,706, Feb. 25, 1929. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 49, No Aug. 8, 1930, p. 720. . added as oarbon-lreeferrotUanlum. ChRe'n,RAbBH, VO,, U* * PatSnt 1'76'" 2' Ju S^oxiae, ana tne ferrotitanium oxide and iron oxide are magnetically separated from eao H,w AmC0/'J` N' <-t0 Gana<Iia.n Westinghouse Co., Ltd.) Separ I'rulm 'a itltanlUiinl>Aand haf",um',, Canadian Patent 301,664, Ju I Chem. Abs., vol. 24, Aug. 20, 1930, p. 4126. SjP' Tbe ni6tal3 "nd 'ia/n`u"> "re extracted from their ores end precipitate then separated according to the solubility of the oxides in acid alk CArJ;noU8of*77J955,' MMoarrl. l9277n, l1IJQ9928RP. igoChfenmt . Abs.,Tviot*l.D2i'4,m, 1c9o3m0,ppo.un4d73s.. Br jjftHydroiytic precipoitfation ot tfittca`dn3iufumchcoams ptaounnndica, fcriotrmic,aqouxaeloicu,sosorgluatilollnosaccoidnitoarinJiSngiP Sn* tok! k ar acld5,A The hydrolysis product may be calcined at 700-1000 to obtain a B?i* wWch may contain, e. g., G.6-1.3 per cent P,6,. Various details ofprooedurean |E<|TVoToMORr,TZ- P^ueUon of titanic oxide. U. S. Patent 1,75 13, 1930. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soo., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, July, 1930 unsssuuitssrjhsssrwtAfzsss^Si.--^ *" 296 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930--PART I Tit an iu m Pig me n t Co . (In c .). Manufacture of titanium oxide. U. S. Patent 1,768,472, Sept. 6, 1927. Chim. et Ind. (France), vol. 24, No. 2, August,' 1930, p. 397. ; Titanium white Is precipitated from solution of sulphates of titanium and Iron in presence of hydro*' fluoric add or with addition of soluble fluorides in solution. ' ---------- Paints. British Patent 329,333, Nov. 12, 1928. Chem. Abs., vol.; 24, No. 21, Nov. 10, 1930, p. 5516. An oil paint is formed comprising a pigment of TI compounds such as the oxide, a vehicle com*, posed mainly of a drying oil such as linseed oil and a small proportion of colluloso nitrate which may b*; dissolved in BuOAo or like solvent. Usual driers and an extender base such as BaSO< may be added/ Details of manufacture are given. Cf. C. A. 24, 1627. --------------- Titanium compounds. French Patent 072,002, Mar. 26, 1929. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc., Abs. Bull., vol. 9, No. 8, August, 1930, p. 681. Tl compounds are precipitated in a very fine state by adding organic acids, e.g., oxalic acid, toasolutlon containing Ti and an inorganic acid, such as II1SO4, at a temperature of about 90. French Pat.1 672,003 describes a similar process In which a mixture of an organic acid and phosphoric acid or a compound thereof are added to the solution. Ur b a in , E. Process for the simultaneous preparation of calcium titanate and ferrophosphorus. French Patent 684,889, Feb. 13, 1920. Metals and Alloys, vol. 1, No, 13, July, 1930, p. 640. v o n 1 Bic h o w s k y , F. Production of titanium (di) oxide. U. S. Patent 1,742,674,Jan. 7, 1930. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 49, No. 19, May 9, 1930, pij418. ` Titanium nitride prepared as previously described (cf. U. 8. Patent 1,408,661) is treated with dllute< nitrio acid: 5Tlify-8HNO-lOTiOi-4HiO-9Ni. Alternatively, the nitride may be heated with concen trated suiphurio acid containing a metal (sodium) nitrate or nitric acid; the cooled solution is then poured into oold water, when all the titanium enters solution as sulphate and Is precipitated as pure oxide on boiling. Any iron present must be kept in solution by having hydrochloric acid, chlorine, or sulphuric add present. The oxide obtained is finely divided and suitable for pigments. A method of directly obtaining a tltania* barytas paint? base Is described. . Wad e, H. (from Titanium Pigment Cc l (Inc.)). Titanium paints. British, Patent 329,333, Nov. 12, 1928. Chem. and Ind., vol. 49, Aug. 22, 1930, p.; 779. ' Paints comprising titanium pigments, a vehicle consisting principally of a drying oil, and a small proportion (e. g., 6 per cent of the weight of the paint) of cellulose nitrate as hardening agent are claimed/ Wil l e t t s , Pa u l G. Refractory for molten glaBs. Canadian Patent 301,903, July 8, 1930. Chem. Abs., vpl. 24, 1930, p. 4370. A refractory for use In contact with molten glass. The composition is as follows, aluminum oxide 36.23 per cent, silica 62.64 per cent, titanium oxide 1.37 per cent, iron oxide, 0.78 per cent, lime 0.04 per cent, magnesia 0.16 per cent, and sodium oxide 0.46 per cent. ` ` MANGANESE AND MANGANIFER By Roman H. Rid o w a y ' CONTENTS Page ^Introduction................................................................... 297 gfiummary for 1930............................................ 209 gDomestlo production................................................. 300 ` - Classification of manganese-bearing ores... 300 Metallurgical manganese ore......................... 300 ' Ferruginous manganese ore........................... 301 . Manganlferous iron ore.................................... 302 Battery ore............................................................. 302 Fluxing ore................................................. 303 Review by States......................................... 303 Alabama................................................................... 804 Arizona.................................................................. 804 Arkansas...................................................... 305 . California....................................................... 3o5 Colorado.................................................................. 305 ` Georgia...................................................................... 306 , Idaho............................................................. 306 Michigan........................................................... 306 1 Minnesota...............................................................' 306 , Montana...................................................... 807 : Nevada........................................................ 308 New Mexico........................................................... 308 North Carolina..................................................... 309 South Dakota........... ...................... .......... ..... 809 Tennessee............................................................ 309 ' Texas......................................................................... 309 Utah........................................................................... 309 ' Virginia.................................................................... 309 Washington............................................................ 310 Porto Rico...................................................-____ 310 Domestlo productio Producers of dome Price of manganese o Imports of manganes Tariff.............................. Consumption of m terials...................... Ferrous-metallurgi Ferromanganese Tarifl on ferrom Price of ferrom Splegelelsen......... Manganlferous p Battery industry.. Miscellaneous Indu World production___ Russia........................ India........................... Gold Coast....... ....... Brasil.......................... Union of Sou Egypt.......................... Morocco.................. Cuba............................ Canada...................... Palestine................... Manganese ore Impo Ing nations............... INTRODUCTION Before the World War the domestic productio Lwas very small compared with the domestic consu age annual output from 1900 to 1914, inelusive, w Itons; imports during the same' period averaged Itons. At the time or the World War the requirem |m the United States expanded, and some of th [ported ore was seriously menaced. Domestic pro he impetus of exceptionally high prices and ur equests for increased output. In 1918 it reache 806,000 tons, which was about 38 per cent of the t Kejquirements in the United States during that jtade of domestic ore was not, however, as high *Bin foreign sources, but domestic ores were com gher-grade foreign ores. Pre-war requirement greatly modified, the manganese content fork on manuscript completed July, 1931. Htatlsdes on domestic output prepared by H. W. Dark an J compiled from records of the Bureau of Kordm and --X, tuU of tk Bureau at Iffam. 440 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART I Producers of zinc dust in Ihe United Stales in 1930 Location of plant The Alloys Co------------- -----------------,------------------------- San Francisco, Calif. American Smelting & Refining Co Sand Springs, Okla. Federated Metals Corporation_____ _________________Trenton, N. J. John Finn Metals WorksSan Francisco, Calif. Grasselll Chemical Co Meadowbrook, W. V New Jersey Zinc Co'Palmerton, Pa. ' Superior Zinc Corporation......... ..... ^Philadelphia, Pa. ZINO PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone are the principal pig ments of zinc, and the chloride and sulphate are the principal sal These products are manufactured from various zinciferous materials such as ores, metal, and secondary substances. In 1930 the tot zinc content of all zinc pigments and salts produced in the Uni States amounted to 153,955 tons, a decrease of 25 per cent from th& in 1929. This was derived from the following sources: ` Zinc content of zinc -pigments and salts made in the United States, 1929 and 103 by sources, in short tons ` Source 1930 Domestic ore.............. Metal............................. Secondary material.. 138,104 39,620 ' 26,795 1 204,619 153,9a 1 Revised figures. The following table gives the primary zinc content (that is, ziir derived directly from ores) of zinc pigments and salts produced fo market in the United States during the past 10 years. ' Primary zinc content of zinc pigments and salts made in the United Stales, 1921 1980, in short tons 1 J Pigments Year Pigments Salts. 1921.. 1922.. 1923.. 1924.. 1925.. 53, 480 63,112 115,970 108, 282 110,554 3, 749 1,801 1,573 1,075 1,010 1920.. 1927.. 1928.. 1929.. 1930.. 127,685 121,899 123, 664 137,147 103,298 *3. * Includes some zinc derivod from primary drosses from zinc-rcdnction plants. 1 Revised figures. The use of zinc ore, metallic zinc, and secondary material in th manufacture of pigments and salts decreased 24, 32, and 17 per cen' respectively, in 1930. , Ore was used in the manufacture of the following pigments an salts in 1930, the percentages representing the proportion of the tot1 recoverable zinc content of the ore used in each product: Per cent American process zinc oxide,_____________________________ 08 Lithopone 20 Leaded zinc oxide 11 Zino salts______________ ______________________II.II.I 1 ZI '" The metallic zinc was practica ench process zinc oxide. ,The secondary zinc was distribu ' Lithopone 68 Zino salts 33 Zino oxide and leaded zinc oxide (Further details of the producti yen in the Mineral Resources ch ' d Salts. SECOND .1. ..Secondary zinc production as eludes zinc recovered from indu jic recovered in the same plant in excluded. The accompanying t e Bureau of Mines, shows the q the United States as metal an %c salts, 1927 to 1930. Secondary zinc recovered in the Un -Qd&ry zinc, redistilled, `ndary zino, remelted... Total secondary zino recovered unalloyed......... overed zino In alloys, excluding old brass remelte icvered zino Jp remelted brass (estimated).............. Total secondary zino rocovered as metal. __ icndary zino recovered Jn zinc dust................. Secondary zino recovered In pigments................. " tondary zino recovered in zino salts................... Total secondary zinc recovered............................... > Includes 22 tons of secondary eloctroiytlo ...'The recovery of secondary zinc owest output since 1921, while t creased 20 per cent. 'Secondary zinc.recovered in th mt, due to decreases of 26 per ce er cent in remelted zinc,-34 per c d 36 per cent in remelted brass d salts decreased 16 per cent. Since 1910, the first year for wh reduction of secondary zinc has s e production of primary zinc ha here has been little change in the om 1910 to 1914 the recovery of 'ent to 23 per cent of the total ar and postwar periods the ratio 'ons, but during the past seven y n 1930 the ratio was 20 per c ,-pper was 43 per cent; that for lea advantageous position of zinc is pr ' LEAD1 By El mb r W. Pe h r s o n CONTENTS Page General summary........................................................ 470 Production...................................................................... 481 Qeneral......................................................................... 481 Primary lead............................................................. 482 Refinery production........................................... 482 Geographical source of lead raw materl- i als smelted or refined In the United States...................................................... 484 Specifications for pig lead................................ 485 Soft lead.............................1................................... 485 Antiinonial lead................................................... 485 Secondary lead......................................................... 487 Pigments.................................................................. 488 Mine production...................................................... 480 By States^.............................................................. 480 By districts....................................................J.._ 400 Lead balance sheet of the United States.......... 401 Lead smolters and rofinerlos................................ . 402 Tariff................................................................................. 403 World ospocts................................................................ 403 World smelter production................................... <03 Summary of lead Industry In Important load-producing oountrlos................ 405 Algeria...................................................................... 405 ' Argentina...................................................................... 405 Australia........................................................................ 408 Belgium................................................................... 407 World aspeots--Continued. Summary of lead Industry lead-producing oountrlea Canada........................................ Franoe......................................... Germany.................................... Great Britain...................... India........................................... Italy.............................................. Japan................................... ........ Mexico......................................... Newfoundland......................... Peru.............................................. Russia.......................................... 8outhWest Africa.................. Spain............................................ Tunisia........................................ Yugoslavia................................ Imports............................................... General Imports.......................... Imports for consumption........ Exports................................................ Consumption................................... Refined primary pig lead av mestic consumption.............. Consumption by uses............... Prices.................................................... GENERAL SUMMARY Salient figures of the lead industry in the United States, 19B9 Production of refined primary lead: * From doraestlo ores...................... ........................................................................ short tons.. From foreign ores and base bullion............... .............. .................... .................... ..do. Recovery of seoondary lead: As pig lead...................................................................... ...................... -.............................do___ In alloys................................................................... ...................... ....................................... do.... Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary)............................................do... Imports (general): U . Lead In base bullion...................................................................................... ................ .do... Lead In ore.................................. .................... ............................................. .. .a .do... Exports of refined pig lead................ ................ .................................................................... do... Refined primary lead available for consumption.................... .................................. do... Estimated consumption of primary and seoondary lead............... ........................ do... ces per pound of refined lead at New York: . . Highest monthly average................ ........................ ................................................... cents. Lowest monthly average........................... .....1.................. .............................do... Average for year.................................................................................................................do... Quotation at end of year...............................................................................................do... Mine production of recoverable lead.....................................................................short tons. ' Southeastern Missouri dlstriot........................... .................................per cent of total. Utah................................................................................................................... ...___ ....do... Coeur d'Alene region.............................. ..........................................................do... Joplin (trl-8tate) region...................................... ...........................................................do... All other.............................................................................. .......------------------------...do... v* Exclusive of the output from Virginia, figures for which the Bureau of Minas Is not a Work on manusorlppjbt cboumiuplieotieud Nnuovemuibueori,i 1i*0<3u1>. ...i...T..h...e....s..t.a...t.i.s...t.i.csInI this s report were prepared Cunless otherwise Indicated) by H. M. M ea0 iImmppoorts and ex.portsi iwere com.piled from records of the Bureau of Foreign and Dom L A. Dorsey, both of the Bureau of Mines. 180 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART I lalient figures of the lead industry in the United Stales, 1929 and 1930--Contin Vorld smeltar production of lead...........................................................................short tons. United States.............................................................................................. per cent of total. Mexico..... .............................................................................................................................. do____ Australia................................................................................................................................do____ Canada.........-.......................................................................... Spain....................................................................................................................................... do____ All other................................................................................................................................ do____ 1,061,000 36 13 10 do___ Conditions in the lead industry throughout the world were far Lp. atisfactory during 1930. The general industrial depression cause narked decline in lead consumption with which producers failed :eep pace, so that there was a large increase in stocks and a resul' leciine in prices. ' In tho United States the production of refined primary lead _ lomestic ores decreased 15 per cent in 1930 and that from foreign Q ,nd base bullion decreased 32 per cent, making a decrease of 17,1 ;ent in the total refined primary lead produced. Monthly produc varied considerably but declined toward the end of the year, the av ige for the last 6 months being 11 per cent under the average forr, irst 6 months. The highest monthly output occurred in March.' he lowest in November. The New York quotation declined from a high of 6.25 cents-1 >ound on January 2 to a low of 5.10 cents on December 31. .verage for the year was 5.52 cents, a decrease of 19 per cent from 929 average of 6.83 cents and 39 per cent under the record 1925 pri ?he quotation was unchanged from the first of the year until the L ew days iij February. Thereafter a downward trend began, whi ontinued with few interruptions until July when the price was stab zed for a time at 5.25 cents. In August and September there was lurry upward due to some increase in demand, but early in Octob he price fell to 5.10 cents, where it remained for the rest of the ye* Tne recovery of secondary lead in pig lead and alloys declined! >er cent in 1929 and was the lowest on record since 1926; it w qujvalont to 45 per cent of the primary lead produced from domes res. ' ' The consumption of lead in the United States in 1930, as estima' y the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, declined 21 per cent a / as the lowest recorded since 1922. Consumption in the three maj ses declined; storage batteries used 22 per cent less lead in 1930 t'' a 1929, cable covering 5 per cent less, and white lead 30 per cent 1*'. l s a result of the marked decline in the use of lead in storage batte ' able coverings ranked first in load consumption in 1930. T uantity of lead used in the manufacture of white lead in 1930 w nly 54 per cent of that used in the record year 1922. Mine production of lead decreased 14 per cent in 1930. There w_ irge decreases in the principal lead-producing States of tho West i l the tri-State (Joplin) area, but the southeastern Missouri distri lereased its production slightly. Production in Idaho and Ut* ;hich ranked second and thnd to Missouri, decreased 10 and 23 p ent, respectively. Nevada, Missouri, California, and New Yor howed noteworthy increases in production; New York reported le* roduction for the first time in more than a decade. LEAD Seneral imports of lead in base bullion decreased 53 per ce gult of a 68 per cent decrease in shipments from Mexico and a jit decrease in shipments from Peru. Receipts of lead in o J&tte increased 26 per cent; Canada's shipments increased 3 it, whereas Mexico's decreased 30 per cent. Exports of refin declined from 73,251 tons in 1929 to 48,307 tons in 1930, > fact that much of the Mexican base bullion formerly refined ported from the United States is now being refined in Mexic ported from there directly. . Torld smelter production of lead in 1930 amounted to 1,8 jprt tons, a decreaso of 7 per cent from 1929. Lead smelted sited States decreased 13 per cent, whereas foreign prod creased only 3 per cent. The lead output of the principal foreign lead-producing co Ranged as follows: Mexico declined 6 per cent, Australia dec cent, Canada increased slightly, Spain decreased 14 per Sprmany increased 13 per cent, India declined slightly, and B w declined slightly. These 7 countries and the United bduced nearly 90 per cent of the world's lead. The London price of lead in 1930 averaged 18.075 per long ()2 cents per pound, 22 per cent below the 1929 average and th lyearly average in pounds sterling since 1912. The London a |l930 was 1.60 cents per pound below the New York avera npared with 1.79 cents in 1929. The members of the European lead cartel, known as the Lea pers' Reporting Association, were unable to agree in 1930 Jduction-curtailment program to offset the decline in consu fid the resultant increase in stocks and decline in price. By 8l, however, the situation had become so acute, by reason renounced decline in price during the early part of 1931-, tha r'cent curtailment program was agreed upon to become effec fey 1. In July, it was reported that curtailment was to be inc jp20 per cent. The association maintains a statistical of jjndon. levelopment and construction continued on a large scale at M Queensland, and production of lead bullion began in June, svefopment at the Rosebery mine, Tasmania, and at Captain' few South Wales, was stopped owing to unfavorable marke ations. In British Columbia the principal developments in ere the increased production at the Sullivan mine and the star iterations at the Monarch mine. The latter and virtually all jhall mines in the Province were closed down by the end of th ' ag to low metal prices. At the Buchans mine, Newfoundlan fetion was maintained at the rate of about 500 tons of ore pe d the mill capacity was being increased to 1,000 tons pe eduction at the Stantrg mine, Yugoslavia, began in August, id by the end of the year 700 tons of ore per day were being tr %' extensive discovery of lead ore was reported in the United *1930. PRODUCTION GENERAL |Pig lead produced in the United States for domestic marke port is derived from three main sources--domestic ore, forei fid base bullion, and secondary materials. 482 MINERAL RESOURCES, 193 0--PART I The following table shows the quantity of pig lead produced fro each of these sources from 1921 to 1930. Pig lead produced in the United States, 1921-1980, in short tons Year From domestlc ores and base bullion From foreign ores and base bullion From secondary materials Total 1021. 1022. 1023. 1924. 1023. 1026. 1027. 1028. 1020. 1030. 398, 222 468, 746 643.841 666,407 654, 921 680.686 068,320 626, 202 672,498 673,740 60, 367 03,910 74, 481 124,086 112,018 118.266 128.210 164,869 102; 135 69,293 40,370 76,480 06.430 90.400 112,420 126,000 119,000 138,000 138,600 129,000 404,9' 608,1 714,7 780,' 870, 923, 016, 919, 013, 77* 1 The total production of pig lead in the United States in 1930 d, creased 141,100 tons, or 15 per cent. Production from domestic or and base bullion decreased 15 per cent, and that from foreign ore an base bullion decreased 32- per cent. Production of pig lead fro secondary materials decreased 7 per cent. PRIMARY LEAD REFINERY PRODUCTION Pig lead is, classified by the Bureau of Mines as primary or second ary, according to whether it is derived directly from the smelting _o ores and froiri base bullion or is reclaimed from junk and industri lead scrap.- Some plants that ordinarily smelt ore frequently add lea scrap to the charge, so that the resulting product is an inseparable mix ture of lead from both sources and is all marketed as refined pig lead Nevertheless, the smelter calculates the quantity of secondary le so produced, thus enabling the Bureau of Mines to obtain a consecu tive record of the amount of primary lead being supplied to the trad each year. Primary lead may be produced from domestic ore or foreign o and from base bullion. The smelting of lead-bearing ores from t Western States yields an impure pig lead (base bullion) that conta' valuable amounts of silver and gold, in addition to objectionable ', purities such as copper, arsenic, and antimony. This base bullion- given further treatment for the removal of the impurities and fin emerges for the market as refined pig lead. The smelting of lea bearing ores from the Mississippi Valley and Southern States yiel soft lead pure enough for marketing, but some of it is desilverize' and is designated in this report as desilverized soft lead. Fore' ore is first smelted into base bullion and then refined for marke, Foreign base bullion imported into the United States is also refin before marketing. All these products for market are referred to refined lead. - The following table gives a summary of the refined .primary lea produced in the United States from 1720 to 1930. . - .... LEAD Bo Refined primary lead produced in the United Stales, 1720-193 Short tons i.Year Desilver ized lead *1 Desilvor- izod soft lead Soft lead1 Total pro duction 1 From domestic ores and base bullion From foreign ores From foreign base bullion [1720-1912. HC18......... Mi........... u916........... 1916........... ,01991187................. 1910........... Jwo....... OBI......... 1934. 11926.. you. JI927.. |vJi9n2o8... 7,170,407 301,100 340,307 344, 603 336, 376 366,008 382,314 200, 538 273, 135 238,329 249,107 300,241 423,429 457, 477 484,669 507,099 606,003 483,622 396, 094 320,991 20,433 43, 600 44,001 68,244 66, 268 47,418 87,038 66,668 62,747 74,306 61, 332 63,449 48,932 65, 707 65,487 49,465 66,666 45,678 2,920, 180 131,867 168,219 101,461 167,616 188, 603 210,403 147, 744 189, 864 167, 613 209,250 190,749 203,616 260,660 268, 666 233.944 226,003 235,346 201,361 10,432,668 462,460 642,122 569,066 671,134 610, 769 040, 195 482,220 629,667 448. 689 632, 662 618,322 690,493 766,969 798,941 796,630 781.071 774,633 643,033 8, 646,383 411, 878 612,794 607, 026 662,228 648,460 639,905 424.433 476,849 398, 222 468, 746 643,841 666, 407 664,921 680,686 668,320 626,202 672,498 673, 740 1,88 .285 13,223 37,369 7, 039 21, 689 9, 681 33,448 6,085 12,821 16,872 46. 447 15, 334 84,066 7, 666 60,131 8.414 44, 394 7,120 43,247 13, 898 60, 018 24,288 60,193 46, 386 77,701 47,024 66,024 48,210 70,046 32,369 95,841 20,632 128,237 29,675 72,460 34, 348 34,945 $0,044 .030 .047 .060 .088 .071 .063 .080 .046 .066 .070 .080 .087 .080 .063 .068 .063 .060 13,898, 077 1,313,135 6,480,711 21, 672, 623 1* 372, 628 3,20 ,995 1 The lead content of antlmonial lead. Is excluded (see p. 487). * Corrected figures. 1 Desilverized soft lead The total production of refined primary lead in the Unit 1930 was 17 per cent less than that in 1929 and loss tha y year since 1923. The total value of tl\e output in 193 Perr cent less than that in 1929 because of decreases in both d average price. The value of the output in 1930 was One-half that in the record year 1925. 1 Outstanding features in the production of primary lea hited States in 1930 were the increased output from fore le sharp decrease in production from foreign base bullion Increase in production from domestic ores. Lead smelted eign ores increased 16 per cent in 1930 and was equivalent \er cent of the total primary output; that produced from iase bullion decreased 52 per cent and amounted to onl lore than 5 per cent of the total as: compared with 9 per ce total in 1929. The total lead derived from foreign primary rials was 11 per cent of the total in 1930, as compared wi ait in 1929 and 20 per cent in 1928. Thtvproduction of ref m domestic ores decreased 15 per cent in 1930 and was at recorded for any year since 1924. (The following table shows the quantity and value of ref oroduced in the United States from domestic ores from 1921 Refined lead produced in the l)nited States from domestic ores, 1921 jjf Year Short tons frwi.................................... !l922........................................ >1923........................................ Am........................................ 1926........................................ 398, 222 468,746 643,641 666,407 664,921 161732--33- -89 Value Year Short tons $35,840,000 61,662,000 76.138.000 90.626.000 113,966,000 1926....................................... 1927.......................................... 1928......................................... 1929......................................... 1930.......................................... 680,686 66*320 626,202 67* 498 673,740 484 MINERAL RESOURCES, 193 0---- PART I GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE OP LEAD RAW MATERIALS REFINED IN THE UNITED STATES SMELTED 0,. The following table shows the source of the ore and foreign bas.; bullion from which refined lead was produced in the United State? from 1921 to 1930. A large part of the base bullion produced in th Western States is shipped to the Mississippi Valley and Easte States for refining. In reporting the production of lead by sounr most of the refiners make the distribution on the basis of base bullion so that the total lead given in this table as from domestic ore mclud ' both base bullion and refined load and thus contains a large parte the antimonial lead produced from domestic ores. The domesti total given here for 1930 exceeds the total production of renne lead from domestic ores, as shown in the preceding table, by 6,27,. tons. The production of antimonial lead from domestic ores in 193 amounted to 8,918 tons. Primary lead smelled or refined in the United Stales, 1981-1980, by sources,;^ short ions Source of ore 1921 1926 Domestlo ore.* i,r773 324 400 582 699 1,018 1,010 962 1,266 3,313 614 7, 218 3,018 8,828 5,168 9,372 10, 281 10,646 2,306 4,148 4,044 7,918 1,232 8,144 637 8,163 1,459 4, 1,4 ' 12,104 11,108 23,886 26, 491 31,866 37, 663 37.040 28,683 23, 076 26,09 99,707 81,487 271 760 Kansas r...................... 10,939< 10,800 Kentucky 41 73 ,Missouri 151,028 202,245 14,Montana......... 11,565 14,561 Nevada--------- 3,663 4,264 New Mexico. 384 1,230 127, 797 1,286 20,207 66 100,323 18,345 8,044 1,638 123,709 1,089 12,896 201 191,601 21,226 8,070 2,263 123, 303 474 16,001 96 208, 647 22,008 10,978 3,782 132,664 357 20, 884 27 218,083 26,350 11,379 4,383 160,618 222 26,463 139 210,366 23.041 8,680 8,377 141,748 398 *27,014 268 192,789 20,470 6,823 8,469 147,696 777 *26,104 303 211,345 26, 795 13,256 12,249 136,41 *13,1 201 14, New York *.. Oklahoma >...------ - 46,802 Oregon....................... South Dakota.......... Tennessee 1............... Texas.......................... 1 Utah........................... 61,872 Virginia .................... Washington............... 325 Wisconsin ... 1,079 Undistributed. .. 101 Zinc residues............. 713 67,436 37 2 6761 63,130 478 1,323 76 1,284 69,602 47 1,020 40 104, 678 2,008 601 001 362 66,017 2 986 27 110,318 1,582 2,067 1,973 16 1,320 6278,487 436 31 166,844 2,179 2,802 22, 889 1, 641 5170,004 770 102 161,127 1,714 2,262 2, 062 606 *47,867 .2 79 19 275 166,199 2,214 442 2,067 1,906 *46,692 1*46,653 7 15 37 437 161,724 4,944 537 1,812 102 569 167, 085 (*) 447 1,729 6, 624 1,903 1, V 396, 287 481,689 564,036 682,000 >6,461 696, 830 084,166 642,697 686,692 |680; Foreign ore: , Africa........... ............... Australia.................... Canada....................... Central America... Europe...................... Mexico....................... South America____ Other foreign........... Foreign base bullion: Canada...................... Mexico...................... South America-- 2, 877 6 17 1,012 2,236 73 1,600 41,648 Grand total------ 3,604 14 619 7,200 2,468 43 69 3,63IS2 139 18,807 1,461 72 4,633 30 328 33, 328 7,663 307 10, 676 6 470 31, 107 4, 496 269 233 32. 603 6,893 122 4,138 18 19 22,844 6,606 2 10,123 3 67 14, 839 1,668 30 6 9,400 28 10,807 3, 285 61 14, 2,000 47. 118 77, 701 06, 841 117,103 61,205 11,044 21,165 74,481 1028,617 706,0 112, 048 118, 266 164,809 102,136 69, |649,-[798,460 |814,086 812, 646 707,666 788,127 i Tho load produced by these States 19 nonargeutl/eroua or soft lend A small quantity of the leadduoed from Colorado and New Mexjco ores b abo nonargebtiferoua, The smeYtSr output oflead In KansaTaid Oulhoml is separated on tbe basis of mine output a*. Bureau of Mines has been unable to obtain an accurate eeparatlon ol^smolter output. InoJuded under "Undistributed/' Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. * ' LEAD BiThe table shows substantial decreases in lead produ Ifoiost of the important lead-producing States. Increa recoided for Alaska, California, Colorado, Nevad Ifind Wisconsin. Production was reported for Arka t t * j 1930 for the first time since 1918. Foreign or Emited States in 1930 came largely from Mexico, Can lamenca (chiefly Bolivia). Shipments of ore from J Ibnginatmg in Siberia) accounted for the increase sh Iroreign'' countries. Production of refined load in the mom Mexican base bullion was 64 per cent less in 19 Bad 84 per cent less than in 1928; this decline was due Hfon of new refining capacity in Mexico in 1929. Produ pad from South American (Peruvian) base bullion de Bent. BP' SPECIFICATIONS FOR PIG LEAD BThe American Society for Testing Materials classi Bhree grades--corroding, chemical, and common. Th gs to chemical composition are shown in the following MUowable chemical composition of the various grades of pig lead, K;.. American Society for Testing Materials Corroding lead,* not over-- Chemical lead 1 n Brer.......................................... topper........................................... topper and silver together.. ittnlo.................. ...................... ntlmony and tin together.. muth........................ id, by difference. Ptr'ctnl Per cent o: 0015 0.005-0.015 .0015 .04 - .08 .0025 .0015 C) .0095 1 .0015 .002 .06 99.9300 1 ^Uwy^nV^nUln'th^rtmilmiim^oValKliree.611^ a"T<'' haVe bMn glT8n' bUt U ' produced ^(Hn^oiitheEltern3NUasonrfore^ ma"y yeaiS `n ^ trade U`Not given. K&Less than 0.005 per cent. [UNot specified. ' Pft SOFT LEAD iSoft pig lead is smelted from nonargentiferous lead lunty, most of which are produced in the Mississipp th? recoverable lead content of all ores mined in the Un fifty was about 559,000 tons, of which 246,000 tons or 4 pfitamed in nonargentiferous or soft lead ores. The tosoun district contributed 81 per cent of the total so Krtn-btate district (Joplin) contributed 15 per cent; me ' rk, and Wisconsin contributed most of the re SThe production of soft pig lead in 1930 amounted to 2 Bjprease of 15 per cent from that in 1929 and equivalent Cthe total production of domestic refined primary lead. |tcent of the soft pig lead produced in 1930 was mar MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0--PART I rizing, and 18 per cent was desilverized. The former, which is in the trade as chemical lead, contains 1 to 4 ounces of silver to; i and 0.04 to 0.08 per cent copper; it is used chiefly in the mam. re of cable, pipe, and sheets. Desilverized soft lead is used in the manufacture of white lead, where a very pure product: ired. , ibstantial quantity of high-grade lead concentrates from the: uppi Valley is used each year in the manufacture of lead pig . principally basic lead sulphate (white sublimed lead) and zmc oxide. In 1930 over 6,600 tons of soft lead were recovered manner. . lead recovered in soft pig lead and lead pigments amounted to cent of the total domestic primary lead recovered in pig lead its. and antimonial lead in 1930. ' following table summarizes the production of soft lead from o 1930. ' l produced in the United States from domestic ores, 19BB-1930, in short tons -----* Soft pig load Undosil- Dosilverlsod verited Total ' 8oft load recovered Id pig- Total soft) load Total domestic lead > monte Soft lead Percent-. age of do-' mestlo " lead 209,260 190,749 203,616 260,660 268,666 233,944 226,003 236,346 201,361 74,305 61,332 03,449 48, 932 65, 707 65,487 49, 406 65,666 45,678 283,555 262,081 267,064 309,492 314,272 289,431 274, 408 291,011 246,939 13,802 13,012 15,338 17,647 13,686 13,136 10, 406 0, 420 297,447 206,603 282, 402 327,039 327,967 302,667 284,933 300,440 263,626 488,448 607,247 603,480 684,968 710,990 696,600 662,492 696,678 688,042 461 41 .'3 domeatlo refined lead, domestic lead In antimonial lead, and domestlo lead in pigments. ANTIMONIAL LEAD tnonial lead is an important by-product of the refining of bas' In 1930, 13,711 tons of primary antimonial lead were prq a decrease of 47 per cent from the 1929 output and equivaleu per cent of the total refined lead produced from base bullion.' decreased importation of base bullion from Mexico had d effect upon the production of primary antimonial lead. 8,600 tons were produced from the smelting and refining o i ores and base bullion, whereas in 1930 only 4,800 tons wer 1 from the same source. Foreign ores also yield a higher pe o of antimonial lead. The production of antimonial lead fro^ ores was equivalent to 8.4 per cent of the refined lead produce hose ores in 1929 and to 6.9 per cent in 1930, while the yie .omestic ores wfts 4.5 and 2.7 per cent, respectively. j; principal uses of antimonial lead are in the manufacture .j batteries, bearing metal, and type metal. The consumpti, iinonial lead in storage batteries decreased about 14 per cent, '"t following table shows the production of primary antimoni am 1921 to 1930. ` LEAD By-product primary antimonial lead produced in the United States, 19B Year Total lead refined from base bullion (short tons) Bv- produot anti monial lead From (percent age of total) domestlo ore (short tons) From foreign ore (short tons) Antimonial lead Total Short tons Value Antimony content Short Percent tons. age 1921.. 11992233.... ,;934., 929............. 1927............. 1929.. WO.. Average. 238,329 249, 107 366,241 423,429 467,477 484,669 607,099 606,603 483,622 396,094 4.2 7,881 2,183 10,064 3870,059 3.2 . 7,068 1,007 8,075 844,663 3.9 11,636 2,656 14,190 1,960,370 4.9 13,693 7,194 20,787 3,376,713 4.3 14,472 6,105 10,667 8,786,647 4.6 28, 900 3,015 22,524 3,920, 714 4.8 16,040 8,307 24,347 3, 277,043 6.6 17,930 15,128 33,058 3,978,318 6.3 17,062 8,607 25,669 3,267,095 3.6 8,618 4,793 13,711 1,392,624 4.7 1,689 1,441 2,170 2,763 2,624 2,693 2,736 3,432 3,062 1,685 15.8 17.8 15.3 13.8 13.3 12.0 11.2 10.4 11.9 12.3 12.6 SECONDARY LEAD Much of the lead consumed in the United States is used in the acture of articles from which there is a large return of sec etal. _ This is particularly true of the storage-battery in hich is a leading consumer of lead and in which there is: d rapid return of secondary metal. This industry is resp or much of the increase in the ratio of secondary lead produc omestic primary lead production. In 1914 the secondary . as equivalent to only 12 per cent of the primary output from o ores; in 1930 the ratio was 45 per cent, a decrease from 46 p 1929. Other important lead-consuming industries in which a large return of secondary metal include cable manufacture, ", bearing-metal manufacture, and type-metal manufacture. iThe quantity of secondary-lead recovered in 1930 was ually divided between that recovered as pig lead and that rec ' the form of alloys. iThe following tables show the recovery of secondary lead a . tlo to the refined primary lead produced in the United State omestic ores. Further details of the secondary lead industr found in the Mineral Resources chapter on Secondary Meta Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 19BB-19S0 1 Pig lead (short tons) Lead In alloys (short tons) Total recove Short tons : 76,480 90,430 90,400 112,420 126,000 119.000 138.000 138,600 129.000 I OompUed by J. P. Dunlop, of the Bureau of Mines. 84,080 98,060 114,100 114,460 152,300 167,000 170.600 172.600 126,800 169,660 194, 490 204.600 226,880 277,300 276.000 308.600 311.000 266,800 3 > 3 2 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART I o of secondary lead recovered to refined primary lead produced in the United States from domestic ores, 1918-1980 1 Year Refined primary lead Short tons Average prico per pound (cents) 411,878 612,704 607,026 652,228 548, 450 630,906 424,433 476.849 398,222 408,746 543,841 606, 407 654,921 680,685 668,320 620,202 672,468 673,740 4.4 3.0 4.7 6.0 8.6 7.1 6.3 8.0 4.5 6.6 7.0 8.0 8.7 8.0 0.3 5.8 6.3 5.0 Secondary lead Ratio tor flned pri mary lead (per cent) 72,834 61.002 78,000 06,300 03,600 07,100 122,100 124,660 103,780 160,600 104,400 204, 600 226,880 277,300 276.000 303,600 311.000 266,800 1 II 19 il~ ;1 4 40 , PIGMENTS . ,ead pigments manufactured in 1930 contained 197,557 tonsfo 1 derived from the sources shown in the following table. Refine lead is used in the manufacture of white lead, litharge, red lea limed lead, and orange mineral. In 1930 about 190,000 tons of th,. 1 contained in lead pigments were derived from refined pig lea itelead accounted for 45.9 per cent; litharge, 35.5 per cent; r !, 16 per cent; and sublimed lead and orange mineral. 2.6 per cen limed lead and leaded zinc oxide are the principal pigments' " ch the lead content is derived from ores. ] 'urther details of the production and value of lead pigments in t',' 'ted States are given in the Mineral Resources chapter on Lead an Pigments ana Salts. Lead in pigments,1 1982-1930, by sources, in short tons Lead la pigments from-- Dotnestlo Foreign ore ore Meta] Scrap Total 241,006 236. 641 260.930 266.064 240.902 242.713 242,614 248.667 190,182 111 1,029 1, 240 664 2,427 689 2M, 2S0, m 273, 255, 257, 254, eludes also lead recovered In zlno oxide and leaded zlno oxide. LEAD MINE PRODUCTION BY STATES The following table shows the mine production of recover y States from 1921 to 1930. Mine production of recoverable lead, 1921-1930, by Stales, in sho State 1921 1922 1023 1924 1925 1026 1027 1028 ka........... ona......... kansas___ * omla... orado____ gla.......... -olil......... ae........... tuoky................. ~ aohuaetta____ uri.................... ionndtainea................................ "it Mexioo........... .. nr York Uaboma. "on.. b Dakota.. jioia............ lihlngton.... * snstn.......... Istrlbuted.. 769 3, 271 21 662 0,830 00,235 672 18, 679 69 180,086 10,183 3,694 339 41,662 44,694 72 672 377 7,636 42 131,,176369 4 97,917 1,326 23, 271 92 178,412 14,884 4.605 1.606 62,866 38 732 4 67,666 601 601 410 8,146 26 4,776 22,849 631 0,321 20 2,382 23,779 789 11,038 68 3,283 31,483 121,178 124,476 126,621 1,361 1,464 1,001 17,698' 18,560 22,776 63 176 162 160,743 17,973 0,078 1,016 lBol ^29 10,738 10,030 1,817 211,666 18,766 12,238 3,210 66,904 71,368 70,949 14 (*). 3 81,260 937 448 13 101,724 116,056 163,336 1,276 2,229 1,463 1,968 2,814 734 1,264 1,877 778 11,629 18 4,047 34,404 136,490 666 28,463 68 207,012 21,163 11,184 3,480 619,704 800 42 147,636 2,460 2,273 1,646 1,008 0,933 23 1,360 33,386 1,010 7,100 88 946 26,761 161,010 146,323 277 386 27,407 26,276 139 39 108,760 106,393 17,940 16.880 7.602 7,874 8.026 7,806 861,680 43,687 7 69 87 244 348 161.286 146,916 2,393 <*) 478 642 2,069 1,698 2 14 2 19 1 1 4 14 <14,491 477,633 547,217 696,068 664,439 683,917 665,489 627,163 6 t Is said tbat a (air tons o[ lead ore were mined at the old Ohipman mine In Massachusetts ] smelter ow--nieed by the mine operators. ---Includ_ed_ un--d---e--r"U"Undnidsltsritbrlubt"e*d*.^ " BHunreraaouMof Mines not at liberty to publish figures. 613 pounds. Bureau of Minesi not at liberty to publish figures. Exclusive of the output from Virginia, figures for which the Bureau of Mines is not at Ube Mine production decreased 14 per cent in 1930, There w ecreases in the principal lead-producing States of the We e tri-State (Joplin) area. Missouri again ranked first in pro ving contributed 36 per cent of the total; its output was jgher in 1930 than in 1929, due to increased production in th istern Missouri district. Idaho and Utah ranked second a .production in 1930 and showed decreases of 10 and 23 pectively. Percentage decreases in other important leaa States were! Oklahoma, 50 percent; Colorado, 9per cent 'per cent; Montana, 46 per ctent; New Mexico, 7 per cent; , a, 47 per cent. Noteworthy increases were recorded in insouri, California, and New York; New York reported l ction for the first time in more than a decade. etailed information concerning the mining activities in th tricts of the United States can be found in the chapters of t Baling with the mine production of gold, silver, .copper, le c in the various States. . 490 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 30---- PART I BY DISTRICTS The following table gives the lead production in the principal lea producing districts. Mine production of recoverable lead in the principal lead-producing districtt of United States, 1922-1930, in short tons District State 1922 1923 1924 1925 1920 1927 1928 Southeastern Mis* eouri region. Coeur d'Alene re gion. Bingham------- --------Joplin region............ Park City region... Tlntic......................... San Juan Moun tains. Rush Valley............. Leadville.......... .. Willow Creek...... Ploche........................ . Barker.............. .. Central...................... Tybo........................... Eagle Comity......... Butte.......................... San Francisco......... Warm Springs. tnyo County. Upper Mississippi Valley. Jack Rabbit.............. Eagle............................ Pend d'Oreille......... Banner........................ Dome_________ _____ Yellow Pine.............. Magdalena............... . Aaqen.......................... Kentucky-South ern Illinois. North port.................. Spruce Mountain.. Eureka....................... Boulder......... _____ _ Blabee (Warren)... Big and Little Cot tonwood. Cedar Plains........... . Vulture.................... Texas........................... Montana................. Summit County... Bryant....................... . Ophir..................... . Troy........................... . Port H1U.................... New Placers...x.- Mammotb................. Bell............................... Austinvllle*............ . Embree1.................... Oro Blanco 1........... . 81. Lawrenoe Coun ty.* Missouri............... 170, 768 107,468 187, 737 208,916 203,002 190, 261 194, 270 197,436 198,, Idaho...................... Utah....................... Kansas, Mlssou- rl, Oklahoma. Utah....................... Colorado............... 91,216 114, 426 118, 327 120,866 128,834 141,948 139, 276 141, 668 129 42/19,348 26,363 34,786 64,982 64,997 65,608 62.375 49.447 87,771 80,787 92,110 105,372 102,117 81,686 70,086 74,143 16,129 26,220 33, 346 40, 666 36,910 41.403 41,427 42, 670 23,646 38,906 40.074 46, 889 47,108 46,046 44,006 44,113 6,332 13,167 13.148 17,092 19,237 21, 739 18, 666 17,386 Utah....................... New Mexico____ Montana............... Utah....................... California............. Iowa, Northern Illinois, Wlscousin. Nevada......... -- 686 2,742 932 971 176 161 10,070 1,118 1,768 3,136 1,269 791 1.284 2,804 2,697 846 666 230 12,746 1,489 926 4,744 948 636 926 4,796 2.162 1,272 692 1 J, 146 13,648 1,069 367 2.306 1,639 120 2,466 6,931 2,806 1,420 1,182 3 2.041 12,091 1,999 355 3,098 2,365 224 6,022 9,266 2,420 1,387 1,806 1 1, 305 13,678 1,325 .149 3,278 1,819 678 7.340 6, 781 4,353 639 412i 964 7,222 6,168 6,193 1,107 264 1,180 2,069 12.766 420 . 478 1,081 2,141 750 12,330 199 1,307 872 1,706 1,266 2, 661 11,761 6,172 6,720 2,986 6,137 8,766 1,991 198 8,239 691 1. 607 670 1,636 2,430 Idaho...................... Arizona................. New Mexloo____ Colorado............... Kentuoky-Illl- note. Washington......... Nevada................. Utah....................... 238 2,140 168 462 1,778 849 634 237 251 4.187 2,764 304 lV 731 736 763 1,486 1,220 1,002 261 673 4, 221 3,831 67 160 278 3,856 818 466 1,254 1,232 608 888 0) 6,719 3.128 113 49 602 2, 644 1,217 1,820 676 2,218 647 2,163 0) 6. 057 2,374 481 7 246 952 700 1,632 440 1,984 1,069 2,784 (>) 6,729 1, 697 1,048 13 1,182 826 819 1,203 344 325 636 1,132 0) 6,256 1,009 694 490 1,074 1,105 496 806 416 603 629 466 0) 2,917 146 2,938 1,870 636 481 710 730 76 388 378 (0 1,020 173 Montana............... Idaho...................... Colorado............... Montana.............. Utah....................... Montana............... Idaho___________ 23 3 2,168 778 280 168 2,921 1,628 1,440 5 612 732 274 2,417 912 1,948 968 3,443 1,069 2,118 2 1, 160 1.250 230 4 2.197 1.241 1,106 1.743 1,414 63C 2,317 2 21 1,276 1 176 20 1,714 1, 427 1,707 1,150 2,946 269 1,600 12! 331 128 782 448 4 346 133 2,882 2,060 1.481 730 217 231 1,697 627 366 46! 1,682 800 373 133 3,89! 1,866 614 396 157 181 468 1,10C 1,196 143 2,393 7 667 1,291 1,196 1,432 786 195 101 33 414 48 21 0) 707 1,177 777 182 493 869 344 26 49 <`) > Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. * Not listed according to rank. LEAD LEAD BALANCE SHEET OF THE UNITED fMost of the lead ore mined in the United States is Head content emerges in marketable form as primary yind antimonial lead. Some of the ore is used in t pf pigments and some may be exported, but for se linount exported has been negligible. The total pr Head in the various products in which it is produce fjgmpared in the following table with the estimates of the ore mined. The table begins with 1907, the firs he mine production of the entire country was deter Quantities compared'were determined by independent producers and consumers of lead-bearing ore, the tab Blithe accuracy of the figures. Comparison of mine production of lead and primary domestic le lead products manufactured in the United States, 1907-1930 Yoar Mine production Primary lead accounted for I Refined lead Antimonial lead Pigments made from ore -1918............................................. 6,653,706 6,249,081 19...................................................... 11...................................................... fffcw.................................................. 429, 689 496,814 414,491 477,633 547. 217 696,068 684,439 683,917 665,489 027,163 647,995 668,313 P 1919-1030................................ 0,829,118 I'illl07-1#30................................ 12,482,824 424,433 476,849 308,222 468,746 643,841 666,407 664,921 680,686 668,320 626,202 672,498 673,740 6,764,864 12,003,946 124,168 8,339 8,032 6,676 6,810 9,794 11,741 12,600 16,620 14,044 16,826 14,761 7,016 131,747 266,916 121,766 11,179 16,212 9,989 13,892 13,612 15,338 17,647 13,680 13,136 10,466 9,429 6,686 160,170 271,926 ^Includes 8,326 tons of lead produced from domestic ores smelted outside the co eludes 3 tons of lead produced from domestlo ores smelted outside the count 'luslve of the output from Virginia, figures for whloh the Bureau of Mines Is n Dhe table shows substantial discrepancies for in ttbably due largely to variations in mine and smelte St in none of the last 12 years has the discrepancy `fg.frof the total lead produced.' From 1907 to 1918, pduction exceeded the primary lead accounted for i |160,000 tons, or less than 3. per cent. From 191 Sikan excess of 208,000 tons, or about 3 per cent, in f gntained in the lead products. For the total perio 07: to 1930, the primary lead content of lead pro ne production by only 57,290 tons, or less than on it. i 492 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART I LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES A list of lead smelters and refineries in the United States, Canada and Mexico follows. UNITED STATES Arizona: Douglas--Phelps Dodge Corporation. (Smelter.) California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smel and refinery.) Colorado: Durango--Durango plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelte; Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining : (Smelter.) Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill & Sullivan Smelter. (Smelter and refinery.) Illinois: 1 Collinsville--St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of National Lead (Smelter and refinery.) Federal--Federal plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter.) Indiana: East Chicago--International Lead Refining Co.* (Refinery only.) East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery (Inc.) 4 (Refinery only. Be electrolytic process.) Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. (Smelts Missouri: Granby--American Zino, Lead & Smelting Co.5 (Smelter.) Herculaneum--St. Joseph Lead Co. (Smelter and refinery.) Joplin--Eagle-Picher Lead Co. (Smelter.) Montani: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining (Smelter.) '' Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smel and refinery.) ` New Jersey: Newark--Balbach plant, U. S. Metals Refining Co. (Smelter and refine Perth Amboy--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining (Smelter and refinery.) Oklahoma: St. Louis--Ontario smelter, Eagle-Picher Lead Co. (Smelter.) Pennsylvania: Carnegie--Pennsylvania Smelting Co.5 (Smelter and refine Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smel Utah: International--International Smelting Co.4 (Smelter.) Midvale--United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (Smelter.)1 Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting <fc Refining Co. (Smelter.)1 British Columbia: Trail--Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada (L (Smelter and refinery. Betts electrolytic process.) 'w Ontario: Galetta--Kingdon Mining, Smelting & Manufacturing Co. (L (Smelter.) . i: " Chihuahua: Chihuahua--American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter.) 1 Coahuila: Torreon--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (Cia. Metalurgicade Tor (Smelter.). 4; Hidalgo: Zimapan--Cia. Min. y Fundidora de Zimapan. (Smelter.) ;| Nuevo Leon: Monterrey--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (Cia. Miners de Pefioles--S (Smelter and refinery.) " Monterrey--American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter and refiner#. San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi--American Smelting & Refining Co. Minera Asarco.) (Smelter.) Sinaloa: Mazatlan--Cia. Mexicana de Minerales.5 (Smelter.) Zacatecas: La F6--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (Cia. Minera de Peflo S. A.) (Smelter.) 1 Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. * Subsidiary of tbe United Stales Smelting, Refining A Mining Co. 1 Plant Idle In 1030. LEAD TARIFF , The tariff act of 1930 became effective June 18, 19 hange in the lead schedules from the 1922 act was in ticles or. wares not specially provided for. if compose hief value of lead, but not plated with platinum, gol dored with gold lacquer, whether partly or wholly m he import duty on articles coming under this cla ; creased from 40 per cent to 45 per cent ad valorem. ' ble gives the duties on the principal lead items unde Import duties on lead commodities under the tariff act araapb Item : 391 ^392 Lead-bearing ores, flue dust, and matte ot all kinds. (Duty shall not apply to lead content of copper, gold, or silvor ores, or oopper mattes unless ac tually recovered.) Lead bullion or base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, lead dross, reclaimed lead, scrap lead, antlmoma) lead, antlmonlal scrap lead, type metal, Babbitt metal, solder, all alloys or combinations or lead not specially provided for. Lead sheets, pipe, glazier's lead, and lead wire.............................................. * 397 72 '> V; Articles or wares n. s. p. f., if composed wholly or in chief value of lead, but not plated with platinum, gold, or silver, or colored with gold lacquer, whether partly or wholly manufactured. Lead pigments: Litharge................................................................................................................................. Orange mineral............................................................................................................... Red lead.............................. ............................................. ...................... -.......................... White lead............................................................................................................................ All pigments containing lead, dry or In pulp, or ground In or mixed with oil or water, n. s. p. 1. Lead chemicals: Acetate, white.............. ..................... .................... ......................................... ................ Acetate, brown, gray, or yellow......................................................................... Nitrate, arsenate and reslnate....... -............................................................ .. All other lead compounds, n. s. p. f......................................................................... i WORLD ASPECTS WORLD SMELTER PRODUCTION The following table shows the world smelter prod m 1926 to 1930, so far as statistics are available. used wherever possible. For countries for which o t'yet available the figures'are taken from the ye erican Bureau of Metal Statistics and other rel j, in later reports the official statistics will be s eived. '` __ There is always a possibility of duplication in fig prld production, for sortie countries send "work lead n to other countries for refining. Furthermore, se 'd antimonial lead are often included in the figures sign production, whereas the figures for the United St j refined primary lead that was smelted in this coun ,source of the ore; refined lead produced from fore is excluded. j 508 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART I EXPORTS The chief lead export of the United States is refined pig lead derh from the treatment of foreign ores and base bullion. Exports creased 34 per cent in 1930 owing primarily to a 53 per cent decrB in imports of base bullion. Europe took 58 per cent of the tol Asia 36 per cent, South America 5 per cent, and North America n Africa 1 per cent. Exports to Asia almost equaled those in 1929: \ falling off of exports to Europe accounted for most of the total i crease. In Europe the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, France were the largest importers; in Asia and South America, Jaf and Argentina, respectively, ranked first. Japan took 32 per c and the United Kingdom 19 per cent of the total United States expo] Refined pig lead exported from the United Stales, 1929 and 1930, by destinati ' Destination North America: Canada...... Cuba........ Mexico...*... Panama......... Other............ . South America: Argentina.... BrasU........ Chile............. Colombia.... Ecuador.... Peru.............. Uruguay____ Other........ Europe: Belgium.. Denmark.. France___ Germany. Italy................. ....... Netherlands............ Sweden................... United Kingdom.. Other....................... Aeia; China......................... Japan......................... Philippine Islands. Other.._____ ______ Africa................................. Oceania: Australia................. French.......____ 1 Less than I ton. LEAD Che following table shows the exports of lead from es from 1921 to 1930. Of the lead exported with bene in 1930 miscellaneous lead manufactures (principall Bunted for 21.9 per cent, white lead 38.9 per cent, red le it-, babhitt 2.9 per cent, lead-covered cable 4.8 per gal 2.6 per cent, shot shells 1.9 per cent, and others 6. Refined lead exported from the United Stales, 1921-1930 rear Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Foreign lead manufac tures with benefit of drawback (short tons) Year Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value 20,024 $2,402,033 9,309 1926............. 71,930 39, 606, 6 38,178 3, 781,006 5,677 1927............... 126,267 12,817,26 , 60,735 5,456, 743 82,090 10,396, 766 12,526 1928................ 16,276 1929............... 116,209 10,369, 22 73,251 7, 178,33 103,619 16, 695,331 11,699 1030................ 48,307 3, CM, 2 CONSUMPTION JED PRIMARY PI(J LEAD AVAILABLE FOR DOME SUMPTION - The manufacturing industry of the United States con Jour main forms; namely, refined primary pig lead, pr onial lead, primary lead in the form of ore, and seco be following table shows the refined primary pig lead a asumption from 1925 to 1930. tkned `primary pig lead available for consumption in the United Stale Pm?'i: in short tons If. 1926 1926 1927 1928 only: g Stock In bonded warehouse Jan. 1......... ZJmports of pigs, bars, and old 1---- ^Production.............................................. .......... 6, 046 7,021 766,969 8,162 11,162 798, 041 10,711 2, 467 796,630 9,464 662 781,071 7 779,036 818,266 809,708 791,197 7 Ubdrawn: MrtExports-- Pig lead.........-......................................... ST In manufactures, with benefit of retook In bonded warehouse Dec. 31-- 103,619 11,699 8,162 71,936 17,966 iq ; 7ii 126,267 12,004 9, 464 116, 269 13,224 4,139 fr>! *123,380 reply available for consumption.................. 666,666 flu' ` 100; 602 717,668 146,735 662,973 133,632 667,666 6 'Includes 622 tons of "old, reclaimed, and aorap" in 1926 and 1,136 tons in 1926; Corre 7other years not separately recorded. ,, : Figures not available. For purpose of calculating quantity available for domeatlo con warehouse are estimated to have remained unobanged from the beginning of the year. 510 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930---- PART I The foregoing table is intended to include only primary lead or load smelted directly from ore. There are, however, some small dis, repancies which should be pointed out. Many primary lead smelter Toduce from secondary materials some lead tnat is inseparable fro he primary lead in the final product. Exports of lead as reports !Ove may therefore contain some secondary lead. There are als me inaccuracies in the statistics of imports, exports, and warehous ransactions. Nevertheless, on the basis of the data available, the table gives approximately the quantity of new refined lead availabl to American industry each year. As the table does not conside 'luctuations in producers' and consumers' stocks, it indicates th trend of consumption only in a general way. CONSUMPTION BY USES The quantity of lead in all forms consumed by American industry is estimated each year by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics^ The following table is quoted in full from the 1930 yearbook of tha bureau. Lead consumed in the United Stales,1 1922-1980, in short tone Purpose 1923 1925 1026 1927 1928 1929 ------ *- Vhite lead*........................ Ked lead and litharge *. 'torage batteries4............ .'able covering*. uuJldlng1..................................... lobUes4............. A........ ( nil wav equipment *...___ liIpbuLdlng *... unmunltlon4... I'erneplate4......... boll 4................ Hearing metal older. -'ype metal . alktling *................................. 'astings i.................................... 1 ither uses *..^.......................... 156.000 30.000 130.000 93.000 71.000 7,200 3,350 100 *38,000 4,700 26,800 26.000 20,000 9.500 20,000 16,000 32,600 130.000 150.000 46.000 34.000 143.000 170.000 131.000 138.000 76.000 83,100 10,400 10,700 8,100 6,600 100 200 40.000 27.000 4,600 4,050 33,300 35.000 28.000 32.000 30.000 30.000 12.000 13.000 26,000 26,600 15,000 16.000 36,600 38,000 131.000 42.000 180.000 156,000 88,400 12,800 6,200 100 31.600 4,600 32.600 34.000 35.000 16.000 30.000 18.000 40.600 120,000 126,000 123.000 119,700 83,: 36.000 38.000 31.000 30.000 32,000 190.000 175.000 220.000 210,000 163, ` 185.000 161.000 180,000 206,000 195, ,93,700 88.000 96.000 96.000 67, 16, 700 12,000 17.000 18.000 11 4,800 3,360 2,600 6,700 8 100 200 100 300 32.000 34.000 39,600 41,100 33,: 4,100 3,000 4,400 4,200 2,7* ,36.000 30.000 35.000 30.000 36.000 31.000 32.000 33.000 20 37.000 36.000 37.000 37.000 27, 16.000 32.000 18.000 16.000 30.000 17.000 17.000 32.000 18.000 18.000 31,600 18,000 ,1261,, 12 44,500 40,600 46,000 60,000 40, Total.................................... 683,160 768,000 812, 150 856,500 900,900 840,960 930,600 948,600 763, 1 Source: American Bureau of Metal Statistics. These estimates are for the total consumption of let ' respective of whether Its origin be primary or secondary. Antlmonlal lead is Included and the mbnuis : iire of lead for export under drawback provisions Is Included. '' * Prom data of sales reported by U. 8. Bureau of Mines up to 1928. Later figures have been determln* y an improved metboa. f 1 Exclusive of oxides for storage batteries. 1 Based on reports from a large proportion of manufacturers In eacb Industry. 1 Based on estimates of manufacture and the quantity of leAd used per unit of manufnoture. Un i>o head of building Is Jnoluded the lead used In chemical construction. * Based on the estimated consumption of lead for tbls purpose by the railways. * Estimates of persons engaged In the trades. 1 Conjeojural. * . According to the foregoing table the lead consumed in the Unite itates in 1930 amounted to 753,600 tons, which is less than that con umed in any year since 1922. In the following table the individu isos of lead have been arranged according to their percentage relatio o the total lead consumed in 1930. LEAD Percentage of total lead consumed in the United Stales, 1925-198 Use bis ooverlngs.......... "age batteries......... Its lead..................... ding....................... ~unit!on................ thargeand red lead der............................... cfl......................... Ing......................... ing metal............... pe metal.................... tings........................ utomoblles................ "wav equipment.. "splate................. .. bipbulldlng................ " tllaneous............... 1925 1926 1927 1928 18.21 21.02 15.29 10.32 3.68 4.60 4.09 3. 80 3.50 3. 97 1. 75 210 1.49 .61 .53 .01 4. 73 20.53 21.09 13.32 10.40 3. 65 4.00 4.11 3.89 3. 66 4.00 1.78 2.00 1.86 .63 .46 .01 194 19.15 2a 81 14.96 10.46 4.04 4.62 4.16 3. 67 3.57 3. 69 1.90 202 1.43 .40 .46 .02 4. 82 16. 34 23.64 13.22 10.32 4. 26 3.33 3. 98 3. 76 3.44 3.44 1.83 1.63 1. 83 .26 .47 .01 4.94 From 1923 to 1929 storage batteries were the largest c tad, but in 1930 cable coverings required more lead tha Le due to the fact that the decline in the storage-batte 1930 was much more pronounced than that in the /dustry. The quantity of lead used in the manufacture atteries declined 22 per cent, while that used in cab (Sclined only 5 per cent. The use of lead as a protective coating for copper- ployed chiefly in telephone and underground transm pears sure to increase. General expansion of the use (wer, such as the large electrification programs announc the railway companies and the development of the Bo ;d other great power projects, will require large amou yered cable. Increasing civic consciousness will undoub "placing many of the present unsightly overhead tele ansmission lines underground, ashas been the custom in W J C., for many years. Research work now in progress t e causes and remedies of certain defects in lead-covered ve limited its use in some industries should yield profit ^expanding the market for lead-covered cable. Storage batteries are used chiefly in motor vehicles; co e^decreased production in the automotive industry was aller requirements of lead for the manufacture of storag 'he production of batteries for automobiles, however, di decline proportionate to that suffered by the automotiv ely because of the battery replacements required for c `service. The American Bureau of Metal Statistics ha e production of automobile storage batteries at 13,000, d 16,000,000 in 1929. "Exports of storage batteries h ; adily from a total of about 207,000 in 1926 to 399,000 crease of 93 per cent. Until 1930, the expansion of the dustry and export trade had more than offset the decre rage batteries in radios, which resulted'from the intro socket power" sets. The American Bureau of Metal S timatea that about 60.000 radio storage batteries were ma 1930, as compared with 170,000 in 1929 and 400,000 in 512 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1930---- PART I The manufacture of white lead is the third largest use of lead, bu one that appears to be on the decline. Prior to 1923 this indust was the largest consumer of lead and in 1922 took 156,000 tons or 2 per cent of the total estimated lead consumption. In 1930 onl 83,900 tons (11.1 per cent of the total) were so used. The decline use of white lead is due to the substitution in paints of the cheap , pigments, principally lithopone and zinc oxide, and to the increas use of nitrocellulose paints in which white lead is seldom used o' recount of its chemical instability in contact with nitrocelluloa products. . . . F. E. Wormser, secretary of the Lead Industries Association, h lummarized developments m the uses of lead as follows: 13 " So far as the industrial applications of lead are concerned it is interesting ibaerve that more data were forthcoming during 1930 to show that the new le alcium alloy developed for cable sheathing promises to find a place in toll cabl onstruction, if not ultimately in power cables as well, although power cabl abricators have not, as a rule, turned to any alloy of lead, preferring common le' or their use. The lead-calcium alloy would naturally displace the widely u- ntimony-lead combination, if it is finally adopted as standard on toll lines. A nderstand trial sections of lead-calcium sheathed cable are still being test* xperimentally. ' . During 1930 the use of lead-asbestos antivibration mattresses under the colum votings of huge buildings made further progress. In fact, the application of t`' evice has been extended to moving machinery such as printing presses and rubb tachinery. In some cases other nonmetallic vibration dampening substances ar sed in place of asbestos and enclosed in sheet lead. * An interesting revival of an ancient use of lead occurred in 1930--the manufa ire of an all lead casket (hard lead). In view of the renowned corrosion resistin uality of Jead one wonders why this metal has not been more widely used f ipulohral equipnsent other than casket hardware. . Recent British research has tended to show that, contrary to popular impressio le presence of antimony up to 3 per cent is not an objectionable constituent ad-tin solder but iB generally advantageous, although it is objectionable wh >ldering zino or galvanized iron. A stream-line fitting for copper tubing using a solder film was placed upon t arketin 1930. PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States are at Ne ork and St. Louis, and a large part of the lead produced in the Unit' ;ates is sold at prices based on the quotations in these two marke he New York quotations are influenced to some extent by the low ices usually prevailing on the London market, so that the New Yo ice seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freig fferential, 0.35 cent a pound. The following tables show the average monthly quoted prices-o' id at St. Louis, New York, and London for 1928, 1929, and 193" d the average yearly prices from 1910 to 1930. Wormser, F. E., Lead: Meta] led., vol. 20, No. 1, January, 1931, p. 7. LEAD terage monthly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1980, in cents per pound 1 . Month 1928 1929 1930 St. Louis New York London St. Louis New York London St. Louis New York inuary... bruary.. arch........ -rU........... 7............ One.......... oly......... tigust____ pteraber. otober... Ovember. ~mber. 0. 29 0.08 6.82 6.00 0.02 6.16 6.06 6.05 0.29 0. 32 6.23 6.31 6. 60 6.34 6.02 6.11 6.13 6.30 6.22 6. 26 6.45 6. 60 6. 39 6.50 4.74 4.41 4.34 4.42 4.46 4. 67 4. 47 4.68 4.77 4. 78 4. 60 4.62 6. 60 6. 73 7. 38 7.03 0.77 6.80 6.61 0.66 6.69 0. 67 6.13 6.10 6.66 6.86 7. 60 7. 20 7.00 7.00 6.80 0.76 6.86 6.87 6.29 6.26 4. 79 6.01 6.60 6.37 6.19 6.13 4. 94 6. 02 6.10 5.06 4. 71 4.68 6.10 6.09 6. 56 6.43 5.41 6.31 6.16 6.33 6.35 6.00 4. 95 4.96 0.25 6.24 5.07 6.63 6.61 6.39 6.23 6. 49 6.49 6.15 5.10 5.10 St. Louis: Metal Statistics. 1031, p. 377. Average dally quotations ofsort Missouri lead, f. o. b. n market), as reported daily In the American Meta) Market. ew York: American Meta) Market, dally issues. Pig lead, New York (outside market) prom ~t from West. -ndon: Meta) Statistics, 1631, p. 381. Average price of foreign lead. Price per long ton, as pub tal Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average exchange rate reported by the Federa ' ird. Average yearly prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1910-1 Year St. Louis1 (per pound) New York * (per pound) London i Per long Per ton pound p Cents Cents Cents .no. 4.33 4.49 12.950 2.81 11 13. 4.81 1,38 4. 46 4.48 13. 403 17.793 2.92 3.87 IS. 4.26 4.40 18.308 3.98 4. 3.74 3. 87 18.688 4.09 6. 4.67 4.07 22.883 4.86 0. 6. 80 6.83 3a 976 6.68 17. 8.92 8.71 aa ooo 0.37 7.26 7.46 30.133 6.40 9. 6.66 6.61 28.196 5. 67 7.93 8.08 38.229 6.26 4.39 4.66 22.725 3.90 6.62 5.71 23. 742 4. 69 7.35 7. 26 26.817 6.48 8.10 ' 8.08 . 33.696 6.64 6.62 9.02 36.863 7. 73 8.26 8.42 31.076 0. 74 6. 62 0.76 24.192 5.26 6.14 6.31 21.068 4.68 6.66 6.83 23. 246 . 6.04 6.38 6.62 18. 076 3.92 ( Compiled from dally quotations in open market at St. Louis, a9 published in Metal Statist *076. Average prices based on quotations of American Smelting 6c Refining Co., as published In M ges, 1931, p. 300. 'Prices of foreign lead in London, as published in Metal Statistics. 1931, p. 381, converted to c znd on basis of average exchange rates published in the reports of the Federal Reserve Board. Import duties on refined pig lead have been as follows: Aug. fl. 1609, to Oct. 3,1913--2H cents pe 4.1913, to Sept. 21, 1922--26 per centum ad valorem; aver&ge tariff collected--IMo cents pe t. 22, 1922, to aate (1930)--2)4 cents per pound. . l'1- . ^' ''o facilitate the settlement of its buying and selling contrac ad the American Smelting & Refining Co., which controls a rt of the United States lead production, at lrequent intervals es an official contract price based on the New York market. 514 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 3 0---- PART T following are the company's quotations for 50-ton lots, f. o. b. N York, in 1929 and 1930, in cents per pound. > 1629 Jan. 2 G. 65 Feb. 6.....................-................ 6. 75 Feb. 11......................................... 6. 85 Feb. 19................................ ......... 6. 95 Feb. 27........................................ 7. 10 Mar. 0............... -........................ 7. 26 Mar. 19................................... . 7. 60 Mar. 20.................... -.................. 7. 75 Apr. 4............. ......................... . 7. 60 Apr. 8............................................7. 25 Apr. 10_____________ ________- 7. 15 Apr. 16........... -.............-.......... 7.00 July 6________________________6. 90 July 10 6. 76 Sept. 6 6. 90 Oct. 29........................... ...............6. 75 Oct. 31........................ 6.60 Nov. 6................ ........................ - 6. 36 Nov. 7........................................... 6. 25 1930 Feb. 27.. ----------- ------- 6.H Mar. 3.. ____ ____________ 6. Mar. 0.. _________________ 5. Mar. 7.. .............................. 6.7 Mar. 8.. ............................. .. 6.' Mar. 10. ........... ......... .......6.' Mar. 26..................................... . 5;: Mar. 26........ .......................... . 6.-. Apr. Apr. 7..................... ....... ............ C May 13. 6.: May 20. 5." June 17. 5. June 23. Aug. 1.. Aug. 4.. I Oct. 1.. 5. Oct. 4.. 5' Oct. 8.. Oct. 9.. 56a. Oct. 10. 5i" The price of lead in 1930 continued the downward trend whi began in April, 1929, and by the end of the year it had declined to lowest level since the early part of 1922. The New York quotation o Januaiy 2, 1930, and the average for that month was 6.25 cents pr pound. This price was maintained until the last few days in FebruT when weakness in the European market caused a downward trend' prices, which continued with few interruptions until July when quotation was stabilized for a time at 5.25 cents. In August a September the price was maintained at a higher level because of mo active demand; but early in October it fell to 5.10 cents, where remained throughout the rest of the year. The drop from 0.25r 5.10 cents, the high and the low for the year, represented a decrease; 18 per cent. The average quotation for the year was 5.52 cen' compared with 6.83 cents in 1929, a decrease of 19 per cent and per cent under the record 1925 price. The New York market av~ aged 0.14 cent per pound over the St. Louis market in 1930, as cof pared with 0.17 cent in both 1929 and 1928. The average price, including domestic and foreign sales, receivj by lead producers in the United States in 1930, according to repo, of producers to the Bureau of Mines, was 5.0 cents a pound; in 19 it was 6.3 cents. The London quotation followed the same general trend as the Ne: York quotation. The average for January was 4.68 cents per pou and for December 3.31 cents. The average for the year was 3. cents, a decrease of 22 per cent from 5.04 cents in 1929 as compar with a decrease of 19 per cent in the New York'quotation. The 19 London average was 1.12 cents below that for 1929, whereas the Ne York average dropped 1.31 cents. The London price was 1.60 ceql under the New York price in 1930, as compared with 1.79 cents ; 1929. In December, 1930, the London price reached the lowest lev since 1911. g.GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND Z . NEVADA1 (MINE REPORT) By V. C. IlrciKKs 1 CONTENTS Page .-Binary............................................................................... 615 Hilling industry.................................................................620 Ore classification....................................................... . 622 Mptallurgio industry.................................................... 526 ^sview by counties and districts........................... 630 phurchlll County..................................................... * 630 jClark County.............................................. 530 flko County.....................................................................632 smeralda County........................................................634 "Eureka County...............................................................536 Humboldt County........................................................ 637 Review by counties and distric Lander County........................... Lincoln County........................... Lyon County............................. Mineral County........................... Nye County............................. ..... Ormsby County........................... Pershing CoUDty......................... Storey County.............................. Washoe County........................... White Pine County................... SUMMARY llhe total value of the mine production of gold, silver, nd zinc from Nevada mines in 1930 was $21,455,517, a 11,574,720 compared with 1929, and the number of p orting (280) was 58 less. The quantity and value of bd copper decreased in 1930; the lead output was excee j^afc in 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1925, and the zinc out eeded only by that in 1916. The gold output decr 163,711.22 to 149,064.47 ounces, the silver output from 1219,832 ounces, and the copper output from 140 1019,203,512 pounds. The lead. output increased from 23,058,381 pounds and the zinc output from 16,920 168,117 pounds. The total value of the metals decr 33,030,237 to $21,455,517. J[ Nevada, often spoken of as the " Silver State," was so me Comstock lode was almost entirely responsible for output of the United States from an insignificant amou place in world production. Compared with the other Sta Bias first in output of silver between 1861 ancH878 and ag 1*10 and 1915. Colorado and then Montana were leade ut periods from 1880, followed in 1920 by Utah whic een the leading silver State. White Pine County led Iietals recorded in 1930 and yielded over 69 per cent of th of the metals produced in the State, due to the large outp n the county. Three other counties each produced m pore than $1,000,000--Lincoln County, with the larges pad and zinc; Nye County, with its principal values St--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- :------------- |>Work on manuscript completed December, 1031. / Helen M. Guyiord, assisted by B. N. Lowry, botb of the Bureau of Mine [tatlstlcs for this report. Bp. 101732-88-