Document 0JgnZnVeJ3yE6VxZqOvve3LBV

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1939 Oct DOC#: NSC066 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 28th National Safety Congress 141 143 P-NSC-8 tabbies' ) ) 1326596 331 .2 W215 rft' II8, lit.t .1 Safety Congress i Council, October i. Volume I con:he sessions of the ontains the Street hide, the Transit, y sessions. :i industrial memmembers who are -'sions it contains, btain Volume II Council Officers and Directors..................................... 4 Council Purposes and Program................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members........................................ 11 Annual Banquet ............... 27 Special Subject Sessions-- Eliminating Mechanical Causes of A ccidents... 29 Fire Control and Prevention................................. 43 Fumes, Gases and Vapors...................................... 55 Governmental Safety Service in Industry.......... 69 Health Service in Industry.................................... 93 distribute copies Industrial N u rsin g...................................................109 vos, foremen and Maintaining Interest in Safety.............................. 123 information they Occupational Disease Control................................133 il reference par Off-the-Job Accidents ........................................... 149 ty be obtained as Safety Inspectors ..................., ............................ 163 each; 11 or more The Human Side of Safety.. ........................... 181 II cost 75 cents ,| Welding and Cutting...............................................203 Aeronautical Section .................................................... 225 :oru .l the p ro -; i addresses have : jbreviate the less . be of particular . rganization and volumes, thercmpact, practical executive inter prevention suc: for additional "ational Safetv f.. A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section....... ..........................239 Automotive and Machine Shop Section...................... 245 Cement and Quarry Section...........................................259 Chemical Section ............................................................273 Construction Section ........................ 299 Food Section ....................................................................319 Marine Section ................................................................339 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section ..........................................................................391 Metals Section ................................................................407 Mining Section ................................................................449 Paper and Pulp Section.................................................. 477 Petroleum S e c tio n ..........................................................531 "esses, seeks to e not pertinent contrary to the elity, however, nich have been se papers. Power Press Section........................................................ 567 Public Utilities Section.................................................. 581 Refrigeration S e c tio n .................................................... 607 Rubber Section ................................................................623 Steam Railroad Section................................... 645 Textile S e c tio n ................................................................677 Wood Products Section............................ . . ............ 593 :il, inc. Safety Index Exposition Exhibitors.........._. . . . . ....................... ; .......... .gm i; LL5. ........719 'yaijS, :r ` , . tjC$ AND DIRECTOR Walter C. Ki: \Vu. C. K.SOEL John E. Lonc. T hos. H. Mac R. A. McA rth Da. Mhaer Me I. \V. Millard Harold L. Mi: Hon. Eliot N : C. J.asodma.nn E. J. O'Brien. Walter S. P a Lew R. P alme C. E. P ettieoa E. 0 . Pickard. Albert S. Rec R. J. Reicei.lt Lt. Col. H enr E. A. Roberts. A. V. Rohwel Charles B. Sc Frank T. She: Gen. John H. Carl L. S mith C. R. S mith, A R. T. Solenst Leslie J. Sore Col John St Inc. John M. S vl\ C. P. T olman. Georce G. T k Dr. C. H. Wa A. W. NVhitn R. V. W right Arthur H. "i D IR E C T O F H. J. A ldrich A. L. A rmstr1 Vern W. A u J. I. B anash, D. A. Barret Leo H. Beau Ernest W. E C. W. Bekcoi E. F. Blank. H. W. Bocce H. E. Bolt, S c-^>; V \ . s. FflCERS AND DIRECTORS, Confinued =RS ".L ENGINEERS 3) ': or Safety Councils .nt for Industrial Safety for Education ce-President tor Public Safety nt for Finance and Treasurer :dent for Engineerin',: lent `->r Public Relations id> r Home Safety deti. .or Membership director and Secretary TTEE (1939-1940) eg & Sons. Inc. lent rie Oil Co. : Safety Council .r.-ugr Section fety Council : Coal Company rnt .tally & Surety Co. Section dent 'arijonic Core, m Oil Co. Inc. ' rnt :: Mationni Red Cro^s viuthern C ld r FI,ortr-.c Co .c Co. ' :d Transit Co. :-oCyom. nit Cc-mre.ua-:c.n comm Safety Council of .V. f. Walter G. Kino, Past President VVm. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Titos. H. MacD onald, Federal Public Roads Administration R. A. McA rthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport D r. Miller McCuntock. Yale University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. H arold L. Miner, E. I. du Pout dc Meinour.- S: Co. Hon. E liot Mess, Director of Public Safety. Cleveland C. J. Xobmann, Petroleum Section E. J, O'Brien. J r., Louisville Safety Council Walter S. P aine, Aetna Lite & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. P almer, Past President C. E. P ethdone, Past President B. O. Pickard, Marine Section Albert S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. R. J. Reicei.uth, Construction Section Lt. Col. H enry A. Renincer, Past President E. A. Roberts, Textile Section A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabc & Ir. Range Ry. Co. Charles 1!. Scott, Past President Frank T. S heets, Portland Cement Association Gen'. John H, S herburne. Massachusetts Safety Council Carl L. S mith. Cleveland Safety Council C. R. Smith, American Air Lines. Inc. R. T. Soi.enstex, Elliott Service Co. Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer. Chicago Col. John S tilwell, Consolidated Edhe-n Company of Mew Inc. John M. S ylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council C. P. T olman, Past President George G. T k.aver, Greater Chicago Safety Council D r. C. H. W atson, Past President A. W. W hitney, National Conscrvaii.r Bureau R. V. W right, Railway Age A rthur H. Young, Past President York. D IR EC T O R S (1939-1940) H. J. A ldrich. Spencer Kelloeg & Se::-. Inc. A. L. A rmstrong, Eastman Kodak O myany Vern W. A ubel, Safety Div., Syracu.-e Clumber of Commerce J. I. B anash. Past President D. A. Barrett, Carnegie-lllinois Steel f^rp. Leo H. Beaulac, Blackstone Valley Safety Council E rnest W. Beck. United States Rub.. :: Co. C. W. Beuc.;just, Past President ' E. F. Blank. Jones S: Lausr.im Steel C.rpipiivJyS, ' ffiV';. H. W. Bocgess. Sinclair Prairie Oil C-. S%l0iS&. s; " H. E. Bolt, South Bernd Civic Safe'.' CaunlM^j@t h r t e - ' - 1' as#' OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. Continued DICERS AND DIRECTORS, Ccr C. B. I'oulet. U'car`in Public Service Corp. C. Eou er, Automotive and Machine Shop Section F. W. Braun. ASSE-Engineering Section Joseph A. Erophy. Elizabeth Safety Council F, S. Brown. Standard Accident Insurance Co. P. X. Eushneli.. Cement Section W. H. Cameron. Xav.onal Safety Council A. D. Campbell, Mining Section L. C. Campbell, The Koppcrs Coal Co. Robert \V. Campbell, Past President Raymond A. Carey. Evanston Safety Council Ray Carnlv, Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Catkin. Atuta Casualty & Surety Co. D. B. Chant, Paper and Pulp Section W.m. M. Clark, St. Joseph Safety Council Kenneth B. Colman. Seattle Traffic &: Safety Council .1. E. Cullixky, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. D f.Bi.ois. Past President C. \V. D empesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. Milton W. Dorrzensky. East Bay Safety Council C. R. Dooley, Soccoy-Vacuum Oil Co. Lee. .Iames B. Douglas. The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Marcus A. Dow, Past President Harold F, E xlows. American Xational Red Cross D. D. Ff.xneu, PaM President Donald A. Fixkreixeu. Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Victor B. F itzpatrick. Richmond Safety Council Howard B. Fonda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U SA ) Inc. W m. H. Forsyth. Superior & Douglas County Safety Council Arthur C. Fry, Worcester Safety Council John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. Lyle H. Gift. Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Oninr-I Randolph L. Gilman. Rahway Safety Council W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Tciegraph Co. H. .1. Griffith, Metals Section E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Co. Harry Gltldert, The Pullman Company D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines F rank H. H arrison, international Harvester Co. G. T. Hei.lmvth, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. E. L. Henry, Steam Railroad Section J. C. Herbert, Greater Los Angeles Safety Council Chas. E. H ill, New York Central System Harold G. Hoff:.: Unemployment Compensation fnm im -: X'cw Jersey J. A ndrew Holley. Child Education Section Major Norman A. P :w , Safety Council of Columbus Gsamlvr Commerce Merrick Jackson. Em W. Floyd Jackson. VW m. F. James. Philade Jasper C. Johnson, M T. 1). Johnson. Comm Frank L. Jones. Grea T homas P. Kearns, 0 Ralph 0 . Keefer. Cht H. H. Kelly. U. S. In Walter G. King, Pas; Wm. G Kxoeuc, Mile. Wm. S. Kxl'dsen. Dei Otto C. Klhrt. Grea; C. L. La Fol'.vtaint. C Roy L ee, Contra Co>; Arnold Lockerbv, Or John E. Loxc. Past P T hus. H. MacDonal: Hon. A rthur W. M hides Dennis J. M.u.lv. S R. A. McArthur. Pul H. X. McClellan. Be Dk. Miller McClintc David L. Millar. Si. [. W. Millard, Indu; H arold L. Miner. E. Harry S. Moody. Rc R. E. Mokley, Indus; R. W. Morse, Rubuc C. L. Murray. Man Hon. E liot X ess. !>i C. 1. Xor.MANN, IV.r E. J. O'Brien, Jr.. L. Georce C. A. Opr, T W alter S. P aine. A Lew R. P almer. Pa-' David A. P atton. X C. K. P eacock, Chni Charles W. P enis Commerce C. E. Pettibone. Pa li. O. P ickard. Mar; Jvrtcr. Harry H. P H. A. Ptolemy, Pm A. A. Rale. R cirua Alheiit S. Recul \. R. J. Rcicell'Th.'O'U lJjtU ^j^N RY A. MARINLXiETir.R. Pat F.. A.-flitRTN; Trx 0 0 0 I 11 If* V " "" 'fICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued '"v ( ~.*71iH-r ,, Merrick Jackson, Employees' Publication Section W. Flovd Jackson, Delaware Safety Council Wst. F. James. Philadelphia Safety Council Jaspes B. Johnson, Madison County Saicty Council T. B. Johnson. Commercial Vehicle Section Frank L. Jones, Greater New York Safety Council T homas P. Keak.vs, Ohio Industrial Commission Ralph O. Keeper, Chemical Section H. H. Kelly, U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission W alter G. Kjnc, Past President Wu. C. Knoelk. Milwaukee Safety Commission W.'t. S. Knldsen, Detroit Industrial Safely Council Otto C. Kuhrt. Greater Springfield Safety Council C. L. La Fountains, Great Xorthern Railway Co. Rot' Lee. Contra Costa County Safety Council Arnold Lockerby, Grand Rapids Saicty Council John E. Long. Past President T nos. H. MacDonald, Federal Public Roads Administration Hon. A rthur W. Macf.e, Xew Jersey Commissioner o i Motor Ve hicles Dennis J. Mai.ey. Safety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber ot Commerce R. A. McA rthur. Public Service Coordinated Transport H. X. McClellan. Berkeley-Trane Saicty Commission Dr. Miller McClintock, Vale University David L. Millar. St. Louis Safety Council !. W . M illard. Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner. E. I. du Pont de Xcmours & Co. H arry S. M oody. Rochester Safety Council R. D. Mosley. Industrial Accident Prevention Associations R. V . M orse. Rubber Section C. L. Murray. Mason Ciiy-Cerro Gordo County Safety Council Han. Eu::r Xcss. Director of Public Safety, Cleveland C. _!. Xormann. Petroleum Section E. 0'B:.:s.v. Jr.. Louisville Safety Conr.cli i~ cc C. A, O pp. The Detroit Edison Company W alter S. Paine. Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies Lew R. P almes. Past President " .w o A. Patton. Xewark Saicty Council X. P eacock. Chattanooga Safety Council ; iri.es W. Penivick. Safety Division. Milwaukee Association of 'Mnin.-rce E. P e~ : : siN;. Past President 0 . r t.'KAins. Marine Section : or. Halsy H. Porter. Street X Highway Tra:;V Section t A. PT't.t-tMV. Puhlie Utilities Section \. A. i \ . \ ll. R efrieeratioii S c e l l e r . . :- ut \. Indus: rial R.A ;aot> -'oiuipcior' . lue. a . j. Kr.; tti.UTH. C onstrue ::ou on '.T. C."-- H enry A. R enin ;r.a. P a il rru-r; icut .. --1 .' l \ z t s : i R iTEE. Parer-.-u Safety r iijr-r:! " A. a ; EEETS. T c \tiu - >''"tion - TTT?'' OFHCERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Council Purpos The National Saiety Louncii is a non- |,-ont. cooperative association whose objee- A. V. Uohweliek, Dulutli, Missabe c Iron Kang; Ry. Co. [,vc is the elimination of accidents. To G. E. S antoro. General Electric Company m-iiieve this objective the Council advocates Henry G. Scmaffnek. Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industrie? the following program of safety activities : Section ! i. CREATING INTEREST IN SAFE- Harry E. Sckeakk. Kansas City Safety Council TV, Feoplc will try to prevent accident.- Charles B. Scott, Past President (,.,|v when they are convinced of three Earl S. Shartzer, Utica Saieiy Council things: 1a) that accidents arc really a sort- Frank T. S heets, Portland Cement Association ,,u, problem, threatening personal happiness Gen. John H. Sherburne. Massachusetts Safety Council 'industrial efficiency and economic security. Dr. L. A. S houdy, Bethlehem Steel Company i(b) that accidents don't "just happen," but Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council liliat each one has dennite. aseerninau'-. Adolph S kinner, Safety Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce rauws: (c) that accidents can be prevented Carl L. S mith. Cleveland Safety Council The basic requirement in a national saiety ta, C. R. Smith. American Air Lines, Inc. ;program, therefore, is a dramatic and ct- VJ' R. T. Solenstxn, Elliott Service Company icetive presentation ot these tacts to mot, Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer. Chicago ami more people. E. C. S princ. Philadelphia, Pa. j 2. FINDING ACCIDENT CAUSES S5` Col. John Stilwei.l. Consolidated Edison Company of .V. V. Inc. 1Accident causes are not the same in an;, Edmund C. Stone, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council 'two plants, in any two cities, in any twt John M. S vlvester. Lehigh Valley Safety Council i schools. They are not the same from or-, Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer time to another. Every industrial plan; C. P. Tolman, Past President every cits, every school and every other Georce G. T raver, Greater Chicago Safety Council public or private organization, therefor?. Dr. E. L. Vosburgh. General Electric Company ; must study the causes of accidents in it Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President ; own group, mi that prevention efforts al Fred A. Webs, Food Section ways will he directed a: the tilings real!;. G. Wise W escott, Safety Dept.. Automobile Club of Rhode Island . responsible for accidents. T. Angun W hite, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. 3. MAINTAINING INTEREST !.\ A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau SAFETY. People retain interest in ver; 1. C. Wilson. Wood Products Section . lew things of which they arc not contir. A. X. Wooohead, Albany Safety Council . iiouslv reminded. Therefore, it is the tas', W. E. Worth. International Harvester Co. ; of the newspaper, flic radio, the magazine R. V. W right. Railway Age ' tlie school, the public speaker and ever Arthur H. Young, Past President . other educational influence to keep remind E. J. ZauFT, Saiety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce i ing the worker, the driver, the pedestriar M. R. Zei.der. Power Press Section i tile housewife and the school child tha ireedont front accidents depends on persona camion, and that the sate way < the rich ; way and the best way-- from the standpoir not only of human satisfaction, hut c- *neial eniciency ami economy. __ . . ENGINEERING IMPROVEMENT Many accidents occur because equipment taultv. The punch pre-- is unguarded, tit ` "'"mobile brakes are worn, the stairwn is crudely built, tire p.-ofiedler is tlcfeciiv. 'he top sign j, obscured. The avoidanc tg^;Jjierei'o,ce. require*'-jhat STTct S jfify & r v ptebepif m scbiiU T Y ever i ^ ^ ^ c l l o ^ ^ S K t i f e f^ivry itigi I f " o c o : . ;: i 'M fe& I . -ftr }/i. i52g>v.<i. sound unit 0p - strip film p ro j^ l -r may not be - to the sound r, * ^nations ooff "th*c.^< * -if 1" ' "P a w proi * s *`,de unlt . "?y bc readily Occupational Disease Control THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 19, 1939 ::=r, the b.sie g o ^ . ^.'T*i'e-' session planned for the discussion -iSjfjproblems in industrial occupational e presented, p ; ^ .^ l^.isi-s4ieaassee control was called to order by Johnson, Assistant to the Manager, audience or the ^'^Cniriiieering Department, American Mu in which it toJt t u a l "Liability Insurance Company, Bos- ' }$* Nit''Mass- w^ Presided. The problems _ . *^t|^?'ipere'tpresented as a panel discussion, and ...p housing and sui{ . -^airm an Johnson introduced the m en - _ Jitters of the panel, as follows: ..ms 1 and 2 usuajj TlfR S. Bonsib, Chief Safety Inspector, . pe projector neas- iVTctandard Oil Company oi New Jersey, -,Cof matl0n " * ij ie w York City. neeessary*to p S ^ i ^ a r r e n A. Cook, Division of Industrial General d The S W & Company, Chicago, th. jeetor andtb Li**? A. G. Cranch, Industrial Toxicology focal length of it ^Spirtm ent, Union Carbide Company, * average p r o j e t & ||^ > rork G ty' an lenses are usuali jv^jjpr.-Leonard Greenburg, Executive Di- ' r:i|ector( Division of Industrial Hygiene, Ttabilitv is more ,??Nw York State Department of Labor, ~ is governed almost :- New York City. cation. Too much is Willis G. Hazard, Personnel Division, `..-.d projection poire, Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo, O. -d to portability. lj a projector lamfi .clow 200 watts. Dr. E. G. Metter, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Comoany, Wausau. ~V .preference is ft* r Wis. ector bulb o f fro!; ite larger than this[: Dr. O. A. Sander, Milwaukee, Wis. r circuit which majf The Discussion Plan ' tided. In projectors f c.-ger than 200 watts k -. draft ventilation * 'ise damage to tht f projected is almost j ; bulb itself ma?! real. f CHAIRMAN JO H N SO N : We have agreed to have a working base front which we will talk. This working base from which we will try to develop our opinions is what I choose to call a triangle of re sponsibility. visualizing whe: may be called the three A. B. C.'s of cr. equilateral tri angle. we, of-this .triangle- is manage ment of an industrial enterprise, the man who has to pay the bids. the man who hires the labor, the man who worries about their health. On the left base is the medi cal side. They are the group employed to carry out the medical part of industrial management's responsibility. And on the lower right is the third base of this tri angle where we find the engineers or in dustrial hygienists, who have to develop and prepare for the operating group the controls of occupational disease, as far as engineering is concerned with controlling them. Now , there is a strong tie between the medical and the engineering phases through that base line of the triangle. W hat we hope to do in discussing each topic is to develop that tie, which we will call the balance of opinion between the medical phases developed by the doctors on my left, and the engineering phases de veloped by the engineers on my right. I would like to ask this panel a ques tion. For a great many years occupational hazards have been studied in one indus try or another. W ould this panel feel, let us say, sanguine that any industrial enter prise is now ready, by employing proper personnel, by searching out the answers wherever they may be found, to solve an occupational disease problem if they have one. and by the proper solution maintain the safety and health of the employees1 Put another way, are we still groping in the dark on some of these hazards by reason of conflict of opinion, conflict o: experimental data and theoretical expres sion by folks who find the theoretical haz ard in exposure because it is suggested in the hook? Will Dr. E. G. Cranch talk briefly along this line of suggestion- DR. C R ANC H : This question is a broad one: Is any industry satisfied that it is in a position to solve an occupational disease on the basis of present informa tion? I would say, absolutely yes. for the majority of occupational disease problems are sufificicntly underst cient m easures for contr l.U ' M V JI - ./ i f H f'1e'" i 'AT'; : 0 > CHAIRMAN' JOHNSON': Frequently I licar it said, "Well, why should I do anything about this until you folks come to terms on whether I ought to have two [arts per million or two thousand parts per million;" Let us develop this farther and ask the opinion of Dr. E. G. Meiter. on the engineering side. DR,. M EITER : I agree with Dr. Cranch that there is enough known to solve these occupational disease hazards. If some employers are not willing to do anything at all until all possible informa tion is available. I would say that they are never going to start. In solving these occupational disease problems, we have a progressive solution. In the same way that the 1940 automobile could not have been built in 1920. just so arc we progressing in all the branches of engineering, ventilation, ventilation equip ment, and respiratory protective devices, and so I think adequate information is available. A Basis for Truth CH AIRM AN JOHNSON': I think we have a balance of opinion there. If you have an occupational disease hazard, there is enough knowledge stored somewhere in the books and brains to tackle it or solve it in progressive fashion. But we are clut tered up. I think, by a lot of crack-brained notions. I have read any quantity of liter ature in which somebody has ventured the opinion that because such and such ma terials are used, we must have a hazard that Is just about ready to kill off the population of the plant. Do we know enough about the hazards and control of benzol, silicosis, arsenic, phosphorus, radium, x-ray, and so forth, to sort out the truth and build upon solid fact an effective safety program; W ill Dr. Leonard Grccnburg develop that tor ,,* coiip.icjjf minutes; DR. GREEN'BL'RG: It seems to me that there is a definite body of evidence which is available on the more important occupational poisons and for the more important occupational diseases, that makes it possible to prevent and control these poisonings and these hazards with a great deal of certainty. That holds for substances such as car bon monoxide and lead and chromium and arsenic and benzol. The chief rcasor.. seems to me, why we still continue : have poisonings in industry is because :S employer and the worker do not rejiu, the gravity of these hazards and do mi take the problem seriously enough to stitute the necessary and proper meins .measurement. That is, bv visoa don. Or does he feel (hat it is : question desirable to have the sur technically by industrial Itycien inert trained to sample prop proper instruments? prevention. MR. B O N SIB : I think tin CH AIRM AN JO H N SO N : Now I a going to switch to the engineering side and ask the same question. Let us vised, ize an industrial enterprise that is ieirt-d, that has a notion that some exposure is t serious one. and wants to know if then is anything from an industrial engineernf standpoint that will make it impossible er difficult to devise the proper instruments to measure tiic quantity of exposure, whether it he dust, gas or fume. tremble in industry today is ns been too much guess wore ing with insidious problems si new substances and some of :h stances which have been introi. pretty hard to hang your ha: thing, and the average exccu ants to know exactly what is you cannot_ know that wiiliou evidence. Vou have got to set tormation and data. I am going to turn that over to Wsrru Cook. MR. COOK: Today we have r.cn methods available for finding out her much at the injurious materials a -an is being exposed to than wc have ever had in the past. Formerly it was a very iaben-ous procedure in most cases to aalya the atmosphere inhaled by the work. Today in connection with more and more of the injurious materials, we are havinf: placed in our hands and arc havir? de veloped methods which will quickly tej! ns how muds of the injurious material j When once you know tlte t; can only be obtained throng: titans and by experienced poor g.ve them something definite ihev can base definite conclusf uch you can baisse your measures. CHAIRMAN JO H N SO N: <>stired that we can discuss so rroltlcms. We have our base, `-cement that there is no ore Mtionai disease hazard that "Ped with, that there is si, ,, .e t0 !ort fact from fanev in the atmosphere breathed hv the wurkef. , / r UTM nts sufficient in r We have devices which will determine j (hi ,i?r PPOper engineering a tlte concentration of carbon mcno*' ** th' re >s no need of guess merely by reading a gauge. Similar equip ment is being developed for other :n|tw eiis'i. US s ;a r t n o " ' l n occur n j ntro1 Program. Wc ha ous materials. For vapors, about the hes device is the Iuncrpcrometer. and wetyZ wc will be able to get equipment of kind manufactured in this country one cw h!'* ' TM ' 1 at th' `op *\ 4mhsaerttdtn, gif uapnya. Control it. medical dc im ,, ,,`" V P engineering c these days, but at the present tune d rather difficult to obtain. Practically all of the injurious -ate 1 Program 1 "'ant -V0U feMows tent can : S it*1*1 my op' ra hjttv :?Stail t^lc necessary in industrial atmospheres can re mined. Some of the methods art JW simple than others, but methods aft er ere win g:ey may be- "o'1 as `" son ?e no emergence of 01 `bese exposures." simplified all of the time so the ^ The Medical Progr; giucer in the plant can avail h:mse these methods. ^ CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: |(i8i going to ask Roy Bonsib a ratref c ^ question. In cases of doubt, "''!,er jjl `hat ^rst `he me y aF}- Of what doer OR e r'.- A- Sandcr? w jirllh I am glat has to be balanced with knowledge. lie think it advisable to attempt l i f e . - # r co'' a hazard in a plant without te .u ,, .llife-insmccrjitg ''`fz fw y of all aapqi rM r - 000; Occupational Disease Control 135 chici reason. ,, ; [ill continue tc : ->* is because tfc* r - do not real!?, i trds and do nCl. ; .> enough to fa. .' proper means 0; ; i O K : Now I an; j engineering Sidt j i. Let us visual, j e that is fearful j nc exposure is a ' o know if ther( * trial cngincerinp ! it impossible ot i aper instruments j :y of exposure, | r (tunc. - % : over to Warren i r , l wc nave more j. inding out ho* | iteriais a man is J c ltavc ever had 1 vas a very labori- I cases to analyte : h he worker, < h c and more s, sve arc havint 1 d arc ltaving de- j will quickly tell 1 urious material it \ rl by the worker It will determine nrbon monoxide e. Similar equipfor other injuri=. about the best :ter. and wc hope luipment of this country one e' resent time it ' ..iurious materials s can he deterothod.s arc mort tethods arc bemS so the safety eravail himself 'O K : Kow 1 an'i a rather cLtica ouht. where ieV mnwlcdcc. won1-1 ittempt to dent* .ithrmt technics- nient? That is. by visual observa'"n'i"l. "aV-M, does he feel that it is bevond all stton desirable to have the survey made nnieally ^by indtustrial hygienists or by ltC trained to sample properly with fewer instruments? ^ MR- BONSIB: I think the greatest trouble in industry today is that there has been too muclt guess work. In dcal-` u.;th insidious problems such as the tt- substances and some of the old sub stances which have been introduced, it is pretty hard to hang your hat on every thing. and the average executive today ants to know exactly what is what, and tou cannot know that without concrete evidence. Vou have got to get definite in formation and data. When once you know the facts, which ran only be obtained through technical means and by experienced people, you can give them something definite on which they can base definite conclusions and on which you can base your preventive measures. CHAIRMAN' JO HNSON': Now I feel assured that wc can discuss some detailed problems. Wc have our base. W c are in agreement that there is no ordinary occu pational disease hazard that cannot he roped with, that there is sufficient evi dence to sort fact from fancy, that there are instruments sufficient in quantity and kind ior proper engineering analysis, and thii there is no need of guessing. Let us start now an occupational dis ease control program. Wc have Plant K. The management at the top says. "Find my hazard, if any. Control it. if need he. 1 am setting up a medical department: I am, setting up engineering occupational hygienists. I want you fellows to work out 1 i-rogram so that my operating depart ment can install the necessary safeguards, whatever they may be. and assure me that ere will be no emergence of disability by res-on of these exposures." The Medical Program 1-s:r us build first the medical half of mi: pro-cram. Of what docs it generally r-:'!t. Dr. O. A. Sander? k S .-SfrfrrB S fr: H nn glad you empita':7---P the need oi a medical program in an '"`"atinnal disease control program. with the engineering control. An ' examination o: all workers exposed to a particular occupational hazard is as necessary as is the exact determination of a hazard by engineering methods. The appearance or the findings in any group of workers exposed to a particular dust, or what have you, gives an accurate picture of the hazard which has existed over a period of years. That picture is one which the engineers cannot give you. because their dust counts or other deter minations may be only temporary or may vary from day to day. It may have changed considerably in the past few years: the hazard may have been for example, ten times as great two years before as it was on the day the dust counts were made. So r.o occupational disease control is ade quate without initial examination of all employees. CHAIRM AN JO H N S O N : Dr. Sander has developed the need for the medical examination as a survey question to deter mine whether conditions as they have ex isted have produced any pathology in the men. Let us assume that, and install our program of control. Dr. Grecnburg. what do you feel about the need for periodicity in the examination program? DR. G REENBL'RG: That would largely depend on what particular hazards were present in the plant itself. In certain cases it would be desirable to examine workers very frequently, perhaps even as often as once a month: and in other in stances it might be very satisfactory to examine them once a year, depending on just what particular substances the work ers were exposed to in their daily occupa tion and how satisfactory the technical means of control were. For example, ir. the case of benzol, it might be satisfactory to examine workers every three months. I believe in the case of tetraethyl lead, the du Pont Company examines its em ployees about once a mouth, though I am not quite sure about that. In the case of sand blasters, it might he desirable to examine them and x-ray (Item every six months: whereas in the vr,.-a foundry-men it might be perfectly sati-faetpry if the men are engaged in Ternary foundry work to examine them mice- a vear and \---r_n- them once a vear or ::-:c -.'very year r *! 1: uld he larg: me:::, -lependiuc o Elfittcstior.af'iuiig^jj^articufiffciccu- 0 0 0 -0 1 g-Mf.'pit ji' :<` l- i - vt;J \ 1 PCI Ji\tli X ationai S a f e ty Cunurcs.s pt.tion im! the particular substances em ployed. CH AIRM AN JO H N SO N : I would like to ask Dr. Grcenburg to amplify just one point. If the survey about which Dr. Sander spoke dtscioses no specific occu pational disease hazard as having caused any pathology--and that is the situation that obtains in most plants--but still there may be some moderate exposures to this or to that, and the management wants to be perfectly sure, how often as a general thing should those men come up for re examination? Understand, this survey has disclosed no pathology, no damage, nothing you can put your teeth in or hang your hat on as indicating a great need for engineering changes in current methods of control. Re-examination Periods DR. G REENEURG: That would largely depend on whether there were any hazardous materials being used in the plant. If the condition of the men at tint tittle of the initial examination was quite negative and no hazardous material is be ing used in the plant, I should say the de cision as to whether or not you arc going to have physical examinations is largely an open one. and a matter of wide judg ment. For example, in the case of a depart ment store's employees, where young women act as salesladies, under ordinary conditions, it might not be necessary or desirable to give them physical examina tions more than once in five years, per haps not even then. If, on the other hand, the physical ex aminations were quite negative, and yet toxic materials are being employed, the decision would depend on how toxic those materials are ar.d what the analysis of the plant atmosphere shows. It seems to me that the answer to the question is a matter of judgment which 'r,tt5t=-te--based' on- a- comparison of the relative hazards of the exposure as com pared with the cost and desirability of continuing intensive physical examination, and only by knowing the detailed facts can one arrive at a sound decision in a particular given instance. CHAIRM AN JO H N SO N : I think that it is very important for you all to consider carefully the opinion express; there. You will observe that he has placed the burden upon his own proiession, by careful discussion, of course, with the management that is to pay the bill; but the decision must rest with the doc tor upon the evidence as presented by tht conditions of the plant and the employees themselves. There is no cook book formula which says you must put employees through the mill at standard intervals. But the making of medical examinations is another thing. It always presents problems, because men frequently are frightened when they know they are being examined to see ii there is anything the matter with them, not just being examined to sec if they are all right. They are always tearful that some dire calamity may overtake them soon. It is a real personnel prob lem, one that has to be handled with judgment. I am going to ask Dr. Cranclt if, in his long experience oi examining a great many employees for operating exposures that might not be hazardous, he has al ways been able to keep those employees calm and collected and quiet and quite content with what things were found. DR, CRANCH: Physical examination programs for occupational disease con trol can hardly be divorced from a physi cal examination program aimed at general health conservation. Where it is possible to have a medical service, where the physi cian is in daily contact with the man. physical examination presents far few difficulties than where it is done only i<>r the sake of occupational disease control. If an outside phvsican comes in to ex amine certain groups of men at interval1 of from one month to two years, me" logically have a right to expect that theft may be something going wrong with those who arc called in frequently. an" that leads to considerable nervousness on their part as to what will be found. There is a matter of psychology 3nlj practice in carrying out such a program o examinations, ft is much simpler, where it is possible to arrange it. to have roas"" ably frequent examinations for genera health conservation, and these cxn'"'*" tions. then, will be included in the roi1"* procedure and help to determine the cl'fC' of an occupational disease exposure. Occur As Dr. Greenburc said, we do tempt as a rule a routine examin a tixed interval of a year, we \ The periodicity of our re-examin determined largely by several first, the possible exposure to occu disease hazards; second, what we t connection with that man's healtl days go by. Our supervisory force is usu siructed to send in any man wh a little under the weatlier; who t seem to be doing well, who seen slipping a little. From their reccrt tions often we pick up cases that c require examination which o would easily have been ovcrlooke Another thing which we have to ber is that many symptoms are not only to occupational diseas ures incident to life in general: medical program for the control national disease is therefore c: important in that the contact mm tablished with the men to determ: changes are going on and what origin. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: 1 portant point to me is that yoi drag in a physician from the out: is a total stranger to your problen because he is an expert toxicologi pert something else, and ask him i medical examination or control for about a week, ar.d then depar Hire him to consult with y< Physician, but let veur own phy fold the occupational disease pro to the general health conservat (gam, that the findings oi the one augment and support the finding other. Now I am going to talk to the e md assume that a survey has he m which we have discovered c sufficiently dangerous so that, in 'ot s opinion, something ought tc abou--t it. Ia adimn niiuok: asssuumminingg" utl *f0n so far as to kin men, b u flt 1 *csted itself either :r. moderate eat t*oms auiiiqc adcUtuJdal dUIeIIm1Ionsti Ibology n a fe:w\v. ?assfkc th*isi.Sgrrou"p ooff int tr.c"n7e$^~3fit `^ " ^ h e y may u s fe /u ' eir own work-in W 00020! Occupational Disease Control 13 7 " eA'PfCSi(, ::!t he Kj, Jw n Proi,, course. *.1 : 'W `he bm- ; ::h the dot.' -rrted by ^ e employe,, < -mula which i through tin ; : the maloaj i .other thing. , because met j when ther \ ed to see ii ; with then, i see it they ; 'ays fetfte; ; :ay overtake , sound prob. candied with { neh if, in his ; ti-g- a great ! rg closures ; i is al- 1 'o c. .(Oyers i : and quite ; -re found. i examination liseuse con'rotti a physi* vd at general *. is possible re the physi:h the mat:. : far fewer ' .tte only for -asc control. nes in to ex:: at imervalf years, mer .ot tlint there w ro n g with. sO'jonlly. airi vouciess or. found, th o io g y ano o proem i "r.pler. wiicri ave r-.-a-or. fo r tre iterai : c vx.'iniina' the r*. aula' liti- vi It'Cl r "-iirv. As Dr. Green burg said, we do not ata a rule a routine examination at le fjKed interval of a year, we will say. i-fie periodicity of our re-exantination is ^ermined largely by several factors; first, the possible exposure to occupational disease hazards; second, what we notice in connection with that man's health as the days go by. Our supervisory force is usually in structed to send in any man who seems a"little under the weather, who does not seem to be doing well, who seems to be slipping a little. From their recommenda tions often we pick up cases that certainly require examination which otherwise would easily have been overlooked. Another thing which wc have to remem ber is that many symptoms are common not only to occupational disease expo sures incident to life in general; and the medical program for the control of occu pational disease is therefore extremely important in that the contact must be es tablished with the men to determine what changes are going on and what is their origin. CHAIRMAN' JO H N SO N : The im portant point to me is that you cannot drag in a physician from the outside who is a total stranger to your problem, merely because he is an expert toxicologist or ex pert something else, and ask him to set up a metical examination or control program lor about a week, and then depart. H:oe him to consult with your own phystcian. but let your own physician so fold the occupational disease program into the general health conservation pro gram. that the findings of the one serve to augment and support the findings of the other. Now I am going to talk to the engineers, and assume that a survey has been made w j.vrrich we have discovered a hazard su.ttc;emly dangerous so that, in the doc`on j opinion, something ought to be done ir. I am not assuming that it has -;9 far as to kill men. but i: has maniit-selrcither in moderate early sympOT sontc actual demonstrable pa1::r gy in a tew, ` "'ant to ask this group ot engineers they want ti-.c medical men to tell '"i ~ which they may use to utmost annice in their own work in rnnnoctinv. with surveying to locate and rud the hazard that they want to control. Will W illis Hazard discuss that one? MR. H A ZA R D : It seems to me that the most important thing that the doctor can tell the engineer is what his findings are from the physical examination. That more or less determines how serious the hazard is; it often isolates it to certain in dividuals in the plant, and that points the way to places that should come under en gineering control in that regard. C H A IR M A N JO H N SO N : Perhaps you have already visualized what I am leading to. I want Mr. Bonsib to develop that a little farther. Here we have the medical examination installed to disclose what is wrong, if anything. I want him to develop the engineering control method. What fact and what data does he need to go about his business? Engineering Control MR, B O N SIB ; Since the amount of damage to the human mechanism depends upon the exposure and the concentration, the engineer should know the maximum allowable concentration to which he would have to maintain the working atmosphere or the working condition, and as an en gineer that is something that the medical profession must give so that the engineer will have something to which t: work. I think the answer to the question, then, is that it is very essential that the thresh old or maximum allowable concentration permissible be known. C H A IR M A N JO H N SO N : I do not think wc will quarrel about that. I am certain no engineering group will stick out its neck far enough to define tor the medical profession what constitutes the safe threshold limit. It is net quite the answer to the question I had in mind, however. For a great many years, you know, the medical profession has been conducting its work successfully in industry, main taining the greatest degree c: confidence between the employees anc the doctor through the fact that the doctor never revealed what was the matsecupfi^h the man if there was anvthinaVSfcnhir. He grade? the men in a general able, or emplovable ?ubresfcfcforiicuicai 2Sth Xational Safety Conarcss service, or employable in limited expo sures. 1 rJ!iis3c I nave blown open a question here: Can the doctor iiiiorm :::e engineer oi a sufficient number of tacts about the hazard to which these men have been ex posed without weakening that professional confidence which he has established in the workmen whom lie is examining? What I want this group of engineers to develop is: Can they use adequately mass information, or information about the group, without having to know that Mike Dambrouski is about one month from emerging with a disability? Will you de velop that. Mr. Hazard? MR. H AZARD: It seems to me it is entirely possible ior the engineer to use the medical results in a purely statistical manner. He does not have :o know who is sick or whether it is Mike Dambrowski or somebody else. It is cxtrsnely impor tant that he know the number of people who are showing the same ailment and the number of people who are working in the department or the plan: as a whole. MR. EQ X SIE: I do no: sec how yon van protect against something unless von know wkn: it is going to tic: and I do not sec how you can provide necessary pro tective measures without knowing to what extent you have to go on them. You must know the threshold limit to inch the sub stance or tiic material, whether it is gar. iunte or dust, is causing the trouble. If you do not know what the toxic limit is. that is. the amount it takes to make people sick or how much the human mechanism can stand, making due allowance for the idiosyncrasies of the susceptible, I do not see how the engineer can provide the necessary measures. Therefore. I still maintain that the threshold limit is the essential tiling for the engineer to know. That gives him something to shoot at. other words. lie must reduce that concentration to the point below which it will not make any one sick, and the length c: exposure ncccs-ary to which that per-tn must be e x posed. MR- COOK: An instance might, lie cited where other factor:- than threshold limits have been utilized. For example, in the gypsum industry, in certain plants there is what is known as a sanded plaster manuincturing operation where there is much dust. It had been shown gypsum dust itself does noc cause silicosis or injury to the lungs. Where there s silica sand, we look for that injury to the lungs and the development of fibrosis and silicosis where the exposure is high and continued over a long period oi time. Consequently, where about half oi the material used in this operation was silica sand, it was the guess of the engineer that here was a condition which had to be con trolled effectively to keep the dust concen tration down to very low levels. To everyone's surprise, the x-ray examinations of workers who had been exposed to these operations for a number of years, showed that there was no development oi fibrosis. Further engineering data was collected, and it was found that two tilings hap pened. In the first place, the grain site of the sand was rather uniformly large and well washed. There was no abrasire action to produce a great number oi fine particics. In the air itself, the concentra tion oi free silica was not 50 per cent, or what it was in the main material, but only one or two per cent. Finally, laboratory examination showed that where you gel quartz dust failing, or where you would get gypsum dust settling out of the air fairly rapidly, the quartz dust settled out more rapidly: and the combination oi quartz and gypsum settled cut even more rapidly than, cither one alone, one to the fact that the gypsum dust caused agglom erations with the silica dust, and you had large groups of particles which caused this more rapid settling. Xow. the data obtained through >hc medical examination and the x-ray was what gave the hint that the cost and the . completeness of the control at that operaj tion was not as great as it would normally lie thought to he by the engineer walkmf into the situation. CH AIRM AX JO HXSO X: I ti-.inkthat 1 illustration hinds together'these various I points. a I liave watched that particular study ^ vclopcd with a great deal of interest, a f ^ ter a fact, the engineers did not know. did not have to know, anything about t men as individuis: the doctor kept t jjfctely. X o w 1 SfKisuniniarize' fofTjtpt' a `M/II 'ffy'irrrc we have arrived. liave the doctors and ; two bases of our trian anguine that hazards He know enough, cite edge in the aggrega; We say that the neec gram is as vital as t gineering program: tiio be the plant doctor, specialists as he needs sel with him; that t amount of factual in must turn over to t jir.eer for his use as (ortnances. and that should tell the engi low the hazard must it reasonably safe; th perfectly willing and hazard in some fashic things; and the perse nation to find out w did a job or not depi lions as the doctor fin in the men thcmsclvc: Of course, the civ. continue to use the i: to check their own re: Xow I am going Program and expior lions suggested there cuss phases of exhau in the engineering scribing machinery c *o make it possible design an exhaust $y thinks he needs it? . trade, glorified vac mjrket to pick one lnd install it in tinto produce results? Mciter, will --oughts on presen: tailor-made exhaust gin eerin g deSign lhe tndividluual 1^3 Exhaus - DR. M ETER: 1 rot available readynon equipment. Th can select rom a ( vour problems has ns She progress oi d *" >that t mean t .,,je will have, sa cal! him in ; uoo: BK . shown that cause silicosis ,'here there is .t injury to the of fibrosis and re is high and id ot time. .ut hall of the .non was silica c engineer that : had to he conhe dust conceitlevels. .c x-ray exatnii been exposed ;miter ot years, development oi i was collected, vo things liap- . the grain size iniformly large was no abrasive -. her ot fine conccntra- -. 5u per cent, or aterial. hvtt only .tally, laboratory : wiierc you get ere you would out ot the air dust settled out combination ot i .-.it even more Ivr.c. due to the --.used agglont- and you line :jcii caused this ,'i ihrouch the . the x-ray was `.'e cost and the i j ; that opera- -v.y.iM uoniiaU'/ engineer walking ">N : l th in k '.hit .r these venor-' i not know. :iuue about ihr .tor levin t'.u.t ; iu-t a iv.` irriveu. V'.' Occupational Disease Control 139 I,lie the doctors and the engineers as the (wo bases of our triangle. Our panel feels sanguine that hazards can be controlled. \V{ know enough, there is enough knowlcdge in the aggregate to control them. We say that the need for a medical pro gram is as vital as the need for an en gineering program; that the doctor ought to be the plant doctor, augmented by such specialists as he needs to employ to coun sel with him; that they have a certain amount of factual information that they must turn over to the hygienist or en gineer for his use as a check for his per formances. and that the medical crowd should tell the engineering crowd how low the hazard must be taken to consider it reasonably safe: that the engineers arc pertectly willing and able to tackle the hazard in some fashion if they know those Ihings; and the periodicity of the exami nation to find out whether the engineers did a job or not depends upon the condi tions as the doctor finds the record written in the men themselves. Of course, the engineers are going to continue to use the instruments of survey lo check their own results. Now I am going down to our printed program and explore some of the questions suggested there. The panel will dis cuss phases of exhaust systems. Are there in the engineering catalogues, data tiescribing machinery of one kind or another to make it possible for the engineer to design a:: exhaust system if he wants it. or minks he needs it: Arc there enough high grade, glorified vacuum cleaners on the market to pick one out of the catalogue 'ad install it in tile plant, and expect it * pr<vj .:rc resu! ? Dr. Meiter. will y ow `houcrh:s on rr-f$eiu jr.ari uiior*:::ade exhaust syt r.v.z i e i igit o: ex! 't the ! .1 plant cir Of "Ot r, Exhaust Systems I E ! T E R : n ir. y :a;)!e rn riy n:ad*j et-.:. T : :e r&i :: :>*:*.*. a < Me:::. hr. heen : or tins wont. ire is r.tila- yrm tilatc hack 'in this : Oftentimes c . scy. a local tin wo am i lie. wiiliom k: ing what the requirements are of the State Code, without knowing the limits to which the gas, dust or fume has to be exhausted, immediately sets about and de signs a hood. Then, without even knowing bow much air can be handled by that hood, he looks into the classified section of the telephone book and calls up the fan company. The fan company has a salesman, but he is not in. so the office girl looks up the technical data, and the company ships the fan. When this ventilating system is finally installed, the sheet metal worker says, "Well, the sheet metal work portion of it is all right, and that is all I guarantee." Then the fan company, on the other hand, says that the fan delivers a certain volume ox air at the speed shown in their catalogue, so they wash their hands of it. And finally, when the whole thing is in. it does not work and a job has been poorly done. So the point I wish to make is that ventilation, no matter how simple, requires technical knowledge and technical instru ments to determine when the system is really working. CHAIRMAN' JO H N SO N : 1 think; Dr. Meitcr has put his finger on a very critical point. When I speak about engineering control. I mean engineering control, and I do not mean tinsmith control. Let me Illustrate. Sander talked about the metal fume fever, zinc shakes. Visualize, if you will, the problem of a shipyard building de stroyers tor the United States Navy of galvanized sheet plate, with a great deal i-f electrical welding work to be done in confined spaces, in the little tanks and cells of which the shin is constructed. There is a plant set up in the ficid. you might say, lying for nearly a year at its firtinc-out basin, a little plant about 523 feet long and 30 feet wide. 25 to 30 fee! molded depth and heaven only knows how many tanks in it (they get down to pretty mail sizes'' with welding to be done in most. In those confined spaces welding, steam-fitting and electrical-work-must be done. Can you imagine a tailor-made vnviatiug system being used there? Now let us go to the next question, p.-?- tivc creams and loltejRSiLct us have mind that a ill : |{li '' i i t \ !; f*i m $s$ 14i 2Sih National Sa fety Congress u.-ually the purpose is to prevent the moderate amounts of somethin? or other from coming into contact with the kin. These creams and lotions are of two kinds, those that are water soluble for use in oily exposures, and those which arc oil soluble for use in aqueous exposures. This use of cream. I declare arbitrarily, as Chairman of this party, is not in lieu of any other control. These creams are used because controls cannot be made absolute, and because there are sensitive -kins to be taken care of. Dr. Crunch, would you like to discuss the effectiveness and the use of creams, from the viewpoint of the doctor who has a eock-cycd purchasing agent who buys an oil soluble when lie wants a water -olublo. and vice versa? Protective Creams and Lotions DK. CRAXCH: I think yon have -tarted something. Protective creams cer tainly have a held in the protection of skin from various irritant substances. I would put far ahead of the use of protec tive creams, however, good personal hygiene and thorough cleanliness on the part o- the worker. Where that is ohmined, the question of protective creams t- oi lesser importance: sometimes nega tive importance. There are certain exposures, however, where no amount of personal hygiene or cleanliness is enough to protect from pos sible harm. Therefore, we do have a place for protective creams of the two classes Mr. Johnson has just mentioned. Primary in the consideration and selec tion of any cream, of course, is the nature of the exposure. If it is on an oily sub range. v.e must use a water soluble cream which will form a coating over the -kin and resist the penetration of the oily material. And. u:i the other hand, it it is a water -oluhlc i-.:hstancc from which we must have projection, we must have an oily ha>e in ;::c protective cream. The f:r-t consideration, then, is that the cream i*.-elf shall not contain an irritant. That incidentally opens up the whole held of allergy. There are many people sen sitive to certain of the common ingredients used in many of these protective coatings. They can probably only he discovered Uv means ot a patch test or by actual cxpcri. ence in the use of the cream, in that case, some other means of protection must be adopted, or the man assigned to other work. The great proportion of creams now on (he market appear to be reasonably free from any irritants or substances that are particularly likely to bring about an al lergic reaction. The main thing is to select the one designed for the type of protec tion required. These creams, wc have found, are often considerably abused. Men seem to think, in many place.-, that the cream has to he applied in a coating that by its mechanical thickness to the naked eve will protect the skin. I have seen a man put on a quarter of a pound where halt an inch squeezed out of a tube would probably have answered :hc purpose. In that case, they often run into other difficulties. .Many of these creams which protect from oil substances, are creams which have a s-'ap base; the men are simply running around in a soap poultice, and they work up an irritation which is as great or in some cases greater than that which would have resulted front the ex posure they sought to prevent. in the oily cream preparation* which protect from water soluble substances, they offer u* very queer mixtures. Laneline as a ba-e, I think, is the thing of choice for that type of protection, rather than a petrolatum. It works a little fur ther into the -kin. I believe, and will pre lect in a more thorough manner than the petrolatum base preparations which jtttf smear over the surface and are more easily rubbed ..n and fail in their protec-' f ion. Another thing to consider is. that the last word ha- certainly not been said 0" protective creams: they are in the process of rather rapid threelopmcut'.' I belirvL there are crmnicrcially available ukiJ suitable type- of protective creams. J10* <n the other hand, they can be made J*P tor a pecirte purpose very satisfactoffb on the advice of your physician. Vow c*n get a very -\iisfactory cream that can be produced in bulk for your own use. I W H j A r y ProXggtaan^r - r- C HA !Rl l p f f i o H X ;XVc p" f .-out in nr T <li*cuS(ld?i'f >e*P'f**4 f ; 001)463 wry proiectJon. In cor examination 0/ thousa men. Dr. Sander has e? tious which they con knows wha: they all me lias found that some of leered by exhaust systt the men 2re protected protection, either filters of respiration. I interpret respiratc mean the kind of resp that you stick onto the is all respiratory protcc if Dr. Sander would whether or not he has i examination of men th type of respirator has will actually protect the. DR. SA.VDER: 0c Wasters, undoubtedly ti met affords almost 100 for the prevention of sil helmet is kept in good and provided the air pr the helmet is satisfnetor In the observation i blasters in a sevcn-yc yet to see the first or who had worked only w met Also. I have seen stage cases develop a cosis during that ime case has Seen kept at been shifted. We feel that a ?a; modern helmet is breat anyone else in the four tact. and there is ccr* jhifting him out onto t njs piece of respioin `fixing h:m more <1u-1 at his *ar.n Masting job far as the other a^e coii<*trned. of com ..''sable ;o exhaust wh Jre a tew occupations atisted satisfactorily. ^nd chi- Ping, and w be 'one, it is ad* ;`" s t0 Mr the filter L j ' evc" there it is a S r . - c ; hod of clca -- IS all that fc; ^ hin* with A,''r 5n-1 Mild. .IHd ith '.rdinarv stn c-.-ai CXper,. I:i that cast :iot: must bt :cd t.i other .ms now o.satia ble {rt( tecs that Jrf about an jj. 15 is to select oe of proter- ud. are often cm to think, i m has to be -s mechanical "'til protect an put on a hai: an inch aid probably :i into other reams which are creams in are simply poultice. and mhich is as cr titan that Yen the ex it.-.,,-, which substances, tines. Lanothe thing or' rather a little furid '.vill prouor .linn the 'vr ich jo-t '-re more rr.-rr prnrcc- r.'iai lire eer. -aid or. tr.e process . helieve :'-.Y many "eart-.s. ami. 1; m ade or ''actoril' You cat: can In respira- protection. In connection with the e1x0amination of thousands of foundrymen. Dr. Sander has explored the operations which they conduct 0 that he kno ivs what they all mean. He of course has tound that some of the rr.en. arc pro-. ,ected by exliaust systems, and some 01 thc men are protected by personal body protection, either filters or the airline type of respiration. I interpret respiratory protection to mean the hind oi respiratory protection that you stick onto the man. Of course, it ,'s all" respiratory protection, but I wonder it Dr. Sander would like to discuss whether or not he has found by the actual exam ination of men that the satisfactory type of respirator has been found which will actually protect the.men. DR. SA N D ER : Beginning with sand blasters, undoubtedly the modern air hel met affords almost 100 per cent protection for the prevention of silicosis, provided thc helmet is kept in pood working condition, and provided the air pressure cominp into the helmet is satisfactory. In the observation of about .100 sand blasters in a seven-year period I have yet to see the first one develop silicosis who had worked only with the modern hel met. Also. I have seen no so-called firststage cases develop a second stage sili cosis during that interval. A first-stage case has hcett kept at work: he has not been shifted. We feel that a sand blaster with a modern heimet is breathinp h-s* dust than anyone else in the foundry as a matter of fact, and tiiere is certainly no point in shifting him out onto the tV-cr. removing his piece of rcspY'itorv p" ' e;v.ji and giving him more bust t'r.tu: " :- getting at his sand blasting job. As tar as the other foundry operation- are concerned, of course it if always ad visable to exhaust when possible. There are a iew occupations that cannot lie ex hausted satisfactorily. One these i- ffind chinning, ar.d where i chipping must be done, it is advisable* : r the chip- >crs to wear thc niter respirators. H ow ever. even there it h advisable to try some 'her method of cleaning th: casting if mat t< ail that is feasible--Yr instance, vaslting with high prcsstir-i combined 'tier and sand, and so funs. ^ ith ordinary -taml grinding, t no need of respiratory protection, provided an exliaust system is used and i> in proper working condition. The exhaust ventilation tor swing grinders is a littie more difficult, but it has been accomplished. There are. very few sw ing grinders in Wisconsin that arc exhausted, however. It has been our e x perience that swing grinders have not de veloped as much silicosis as was at first believed, and the reason probably is that by the time they get the castings there is no more molding sand on them. It has all been removed first in thc grinding wheels with ail the artificial abrasive, so the only -ilica the sw ing grinder is breathinp is generally plant dust. Molders and core makers need no spe cial respiratory protection, in my opinion. A molder just could not do the job very well if he were required to wear a respira tor from morning until night. I do not think I would depend on a respirator for the protection of the man with thc tuberculous scar. I would rather move him to some other job. or move his jol) somewhere else, or localize his job in a separate mom ami ventilate it. I see no reason why we should worry about a sand blaster today, even with a tuberculous scar. We feci they are not going to develop silicosis, ami therefore we think that what little dust there may be will have no effect on such a tuber culous scar. Wc have not permitted sand blasters with tuberculous scars to continue working on that job. but I think vec should permit them to ilo so today, knowing that the hazard of sand blasting is controlled provided, of course, the equipment is kept in working condition. CHAIRMAN' JO H N SO N : That dis-ertation answers beautifully the question i respiratory protection as tar as it ap plies to the foundry, and I think direct inalv-'y will carry that opinicr. over into almost any other exposure that you choose to carry it into. In order to play absolutely fair with .-veryme in the audience. I am going to tart oit^thc questions that have come to lion: '-'a d tc crcm* ' "K . .. k & ;\**W tU .< e; --b & A U * *' S rW L WN T 142 JSlh .\ atianal S a f e t y <. oiKiress eering and medical departments is essen tial to properly control dust hazards, how can the smaller plants, those having 100 or 200 employees, cope with this prob lem and determine whether cr not they have a hazardous dust condition or any other occupational disease condition? It would he impossible in many cases for these small plants to set up elaborate and expensive control departments. To tend the answer in a definite direc tion. I am going to Miffgest t'.'.at perhaps the answer lies in the recent development in aimost every industrial state, divisions ot occupational disease hygiene, either in the Department ot Labor or the Depart ment cm Health. I am sure Dr. Leonard Grcenburg would like to answer that question. The Small Plant Problem DR. G REENBURG: There arc two things that the smaller plant may do: one is to make use of its insurance company to the fullest extent: and the second is to make use of such facilities as the state has at its disposal, cither the Department of Labor or the Department c: Health. In approximately 30 states in the Union, there arc divisions of industrial hygiene in either the Department of Labor or the Department of Health, and in a few cases ,'n both, and they are always prepared and eager to help the smaller riant, particu larly with such problems as this. Many of the insurance ermpanies have developed divisions of hygiene and have experts on their staff who arc also pre pared and able to render service along these lines. It seems to me that the big gest problem is to get the small plant management to recognize that the stum bling block is management itself. Once that recognition has been achieved, it is a relatively simple thing -> obtain prac tically free service from either of these two organizations in an snort to rcally do constructive preventive work. CHAIRMAN' JO H N SO N : Let me add one thought to that answer. I am familiar with most of those divisions. In none ot them is there anybody tarrying a big stick to browbeat or to hammer into shape the small plants that want help. They are already giving help in an advisory fashion. There has liecn tear, times, that you could u.'t let a state man into the plan, without expecting him to change a recorn, mendatiou into an order overnight. 1 have not seen that in this treatment oi :::e occupatioual disease problem. I am not telling you that it docs not exist: I say I have not seen it. I have here a question for our engineers. Vestcrdav they were talking about weld, ing metal and iume fever, and so forth. Here is the question: Does an exhaust system from electrical welding affect the type of weld? As 1 view this question, it means this: When you weld with an electric welding process using a coated electrode, the tiuxittg of the coating produces at: umbrella or tent over the weld arc itself and thereby excludes the air from tlte arc and prevents oxidation of the steel which is being cast into the hole being tilled up. and prevents oxidation of any of the materia! or metal that is in the fused state. Now the question is. if you stick a heavy exhaust there and pull away that vapor which provides the protection, do you ruin your weld? Is the control tor health at the expense of the weld, or would it be better to forget that and limit the time oi the welding? Docs anybody here want :a answer that? MR. B O X SIB : I think that i: you have general ventilation there would be very little danger of destroying that umbrella t that Mr. Johnson has mentioned. Of i course, it is advisable to remove those ? fumes as near the source ot origin as P>' j .-iblc. Vou have to get within eight inches, e and not nfore than that, to really get elfi- r cicnt results, and being that close you do 1 not require more than 00 or 300 l>nt* 1 feet per million. | I do not think there is enough coolie j "action to do damage. As a matter of tac'- g some tests we were Interested in making T seemed to indicate that there v. os no datm J age done. However, you come where * I damage would he done ii you exceed tha | hut I do not think you need to exceed ^ s- or 200 lineal icet per million, if you I'*' j general ample ventilation, you da }. j; danger,- in my opinioni*-*?. I p i X J | V SqX : That se g * g c a l cotclusioal, If[ is cer{a%hjfcj liased upon observation of sort oi problem. Tl "Is there enough hre brick to affect Tn other words, i its refractory prope and its plasticity on descending order ot the hre brick on through plastic chir on the other? Mr. Hazard, the to talk about the at: fire clay, and for w. tion let us leave o which is a brick tl know to be pretty silica. MR. HAZARD: a medical question, fire bricks which a and certain others none or a negligible have a range there called a dangerous , where you are prac exists. It seems to me brick with very hi: the chipping and 1 layer against the 1 considerable dust a hazard, but I wotilt cal side on that quo CHAIRMAN JC f the doctors discf the fire clays handled in the ma DR. G R E E X B l the Chairman otig Percentage of free f5 has talked ar- has not told us Probieni. , CHAIRMAN j ,<tm. seems to mi !^V'lon that mayb< f x' d that other P-oduce an allow ;"> effect to pres r m causing silicc r* . do not Si hi!5 Ule hry-pan oi aSS tt,st Pfodu l `e1" tome of - hi1T r'nic>t'i the amount -> ,n ' Plan! J rcom. 1 haV{ `"* OCCU. 01 icllint v I luvt n Sinters, -'`it weld. * forth, exhaust i ^ect the i ans this: welding the fiu.\. ombrelli : thereby nrevents -mg cast prevents >r mttal : a heavy it vapor do you r health uld ' ' lit ou have he ven* morella d. Oi - those a pos inone:, ^ct enfi* yo do lineal cooiinj vi fact. r.ssrin? . re t ite '/J.'vn hr.v<r :ni' : ; Occupational Disease Cmiir.:; 143 ort oi problem. The next question is: [: there enough silica in the average rt brick :o affect workers seriously?" fn other words, it we explore clay for (J reiractory property on the one hand, 'nd its pirssticity on the other, is there a ^rending order of silicosis hazard from fire brick on the one side, down through plastic china clay or paper clay on the other.- Mr. Hazard, the questioner wants you to talk about the amount of hazard in the fire cdlaayw, and for want of a better definition let t leave out the Ganister brickwhich is know to silica. MR. H i medical fire brick; which are very high in silica, and certain others which have practically none or a negligible amount in them. You hare a range there from what might be called a dangerous condition, down to one where you are practically sure no danger exists. It seem; to me that it you had a firv brick with very high silica content, with the chipping and knocking of the brick layer .-igain.ft the brick, it might stir up considerable dust and might be a silicosis hazard, but I would like to hear the medi cal side or. that question. CHAIRMAN' JO H N SO N : W ill either of the doctor: discus; the inherent toxicity of the fir; days as they arc normally handled in the manufacture of brick? DR. GREENEURG: It seems to me the Chairman ought to tell us what the percentace free silica is in the fire clay. He has talked around the question, but he has not told us the crux at the whole problem. c h a i r : IAN JO H N S O N : The prob- 'em seems t; me to be related to the notion ilia; maybe these mixtures arc so mixed tit.-.: m.hcr things beside the silica produce art. alleviating or an ameiiorat- ing effect : t prevent what silica there is 'com cau.-ir. r silicosis. Clays o- seem t: produce silicosis. H is the d:; -pan trrlrtctftttm of ail kinds of things that -reduce: enormous quantities of -lust sortt: of which contain silica, and 1 cannot m;mem her a: this moment iust ''hat the .v:- . :nt o: rilica Is tit the ordinary run of fire clays; but I am not giving the medical answer. It Is my thought, that the hazard produced in the clay products is not an inherent one, but one thrown in by violent agitation due to dry grinding operations. Let us go on to another interesting ques tion: "To what extent are the industries with which this panel are familiar pro viding washing facilities, and what are the advantages of washing in showers, and so forth, accruing to the employees on the one hand, and the employer on the other, and how is the thing paid for?" Well, we know that in some states, washing facilities are required by law in certain types of industries, and in others they are put in. I can visualize the need to develop this question in two ways; one for the con trol of a serious occupational disease ex posure such as lead; and the other, the general industrial hygiene, to get folks to wash on the developed fact that by care ful washing a great many of the dermatitis problems solve themselves. Will Dr. Cranch talk about the pro vision of washing facilities? DR. CRANCH: W ashing facilities are most desirable things in any plant, large or small. As the Chairman has said, it is the most important factor in the preven tion of occupational dermatitis, to say nothing of general hygiene to the work men. The vicissitudes of trying to establish any adequate washing facilities in in dustry are great. My rirst experience occurred over forty years ago as a work man. In that giant there was to water available, although it was a large plant, and unless you sneaked from the fob and went around f a faucet which was used for sprinkling the front lawn, you had no water available. It was not expected that hands should he washed. A man. worked at his iob. ate his lunch, worked all day and went home so black as a rule you couid not tell hi; race. Later I became much : .-.tercstea In the deveionment ri washing facilities. _I re-_ member in ort; ver'v lari ah: we put in ex.tebeut .-.-.suing lac surprising to v e how 'vas" fjer-e anused even the pom: where .J A S -'eses we Imd discontinue scrv $5-. miter "ri3P ij vi 'iH J i ' .'Uff V .... 144 2tith N ational S a f v t v L'onttrcss C ganizauout. an attempt on the part oi the management to furnish good washing facilities met with consistent refusal on the part oi the workmen to cooperate with them in the use of these tilings: even where the workmen were given time out at full pay on company time to wash, they would not do it. Fortunately, these conditions have changed, and the tnen themselves now ap preciate those facilities where they are put in. and they generally demand them where they are not put in. 1 think washing facilities are a most im portant feature in the control of occupa tional diseases, and a number of occupa tional conditions aside from dermatitis. There are a number of occupations where complete showers are furnished and those facilities arc very largely a measure of prevention of occupational disease: and at the beginning of the day's work the men change to working clothes, where previously that was not done. Oil Dermatitis CHAIRM AN JO H N SO N : Here i, another question: "Is i: not an accepted tact that oil dermatitis is more of a mechanical break down oi tiie skin than it is a toxic prob lem? How would you overcome the de sire of the employees to use abrasivecleansers on the hands?" Cutting oils and other oils produce dermatitis, and represent three hazards. One produces a plucking of the hair follicles, which is largely a mechanical thing oi rubbing oil and dirt, or what have ynu, into the skin. Then we have what I think the doctors call hetcrothema. which is probably a chemical burn, an irritation of the skin which is another type of dermatitis. Then there is a third one. which produces blood poisoning or boils where the oil has been supporting an infective medium bacteria of some sort. Can we solve that oil contact problem by handling the washing of men in a satis factory manner through washing facilities, and the discouragement of the use ofharsh abrasive soaps, or doesn't it mak^ any difference? May we have a development of th.i question from Dr. Grcenburg? DR. G R EEN SU R G : In dealing with ;he whole problem of dermatitis due to the use of cutting oil. you are dealing with several different factors which may produce different types of skin lesions. The cure for all of these, it seems to me. lies in the use of proper protective oint ment before the men start work in the morning, and the washing up at the end of each shift with the proper type oi nonirritating soap. The easiest way to get the men to use a non-irritating soap is to supply one so they will not purchase an irritating soap themselves. If you leave it to them, they may purchase one which seems to work rapidly, but which may have irritating properties. On the other hand, if the management supplies it. they can purchase one oi suitilile quality which in general may he of a more .-atisfactory type. The whole problem oi oil folliculitis and oil dermatitis can be handled and is handled in many plants on a very satis- tactory basis, by these simple means, and >o far as I can sec does not present any Insurmountable difficulties whatsoever. The usual defect in the system seems to lie that the plant does not pay any atten tion to tiie problem until many' of the men become infected and many of them have skins which are more or less ruined by an accumulation of oil and foreign matter in the peres of the skin. At that time, preventive measures ar no longer sufficient. It then becomes necessary really to cleanse the skin tl'or` otighly and repeatedly so as to once again bring it back to its normal clean condi tion. CHAIRM AN JO H N SO N : Let us s'0 over to the engineering side and talk 0 the industrialist who manufactures oils lc provide himself a'meal ticket and tries m prevent just this hazard from causing trouble. MR. BO NSIB: 1 agree with much ttoj the doctor has said about getting S00" oil in the first place. , -I think that one of the big causes (*" * e studied-this problem a.lot . Su that yJa^^Sr rha:;y TldflTsP Tj |$rs dneyto CHtting -oiUf is tlu f-^ e T j ., ,-kii kept clean. In the ci I cj,ecked the trouble has bee { J. fe of dirty oil, or using oil c j wain that is filled with m u . - nietal. These cause small ir skin, and that in turn brine ;l,er damage. So it you keep J do not think you will have 1 ( think the practice oi nn the oil and using the oil 0 jjain has caused much more the so-called paraffin acne. CHAIRMAN' JO HNSON question is this: "Shoulc working in departments sub national disease hazard be ac< ami informed of these hazarc ignorance of them:" DR. SANDER:_ U ndou ployet? should be informed of to which they are exposed, an he informed also of the fimnn nation. Anyone coin? to hi any reason whatsoever, \va: what was found. !n the same idoyce going to a plant doc *ow what was found. He i for the examination, hut th. `tilTcrence. he is fti`.l a hwna h interested in his own he mure years of "cir.tul cmpl< The practice in Wisconsin laminations has been to gb J 'Implicate copy the renc rniplcver receives. The \Vis< trial Commission recently ^daration of principles on 4n*ination$ in industry which 'crested in this problem sin 'hat it is specifically reattes Payees be given a copy of the 11?employer receives. fhat is not a complete recc u ,s Merely a statem ent or ``"^ rtan t defect?, 1 believe ^ong t0 gjre employees '! `n% as it is to cive them n M V',.0r^er *s not interested l*rts*ure reading was ir r`^ ' : he is merely interce . , , 7 ell,fr or not it is sign-, that ts &h he cares about. jo h n so : (0'j- on the panel \v the question? MR. BONSIB: [ think > unr t through fear. lit 01 ibi! men to use .pp 1y one so ritatir.g soap } them, they .tus to work ve irritatine management : one or sttitil may Ite oi oil folliculitis .ar and is a y satis- c means, and n present any whatsoever, tem seems to ay s::y atten- matty of the tatty c.i them >r ic-s reined am.: to reign :t. mea.-zres are titer, becomes the ?kin thor to once again 1 ciear. condi ta..t on S ils tO et ZU' tries to .att; in 5 ::::: that good e- - and f-.r the ni it!- * -'-.e oil Occupational Disease Control 145 . ntn kept clean. In the cases v.e have checked the trouble has been due to the u5e oi dirty oil. or using oil over and over ,gain that is filled with small particles oi metal. These cause small injuries to the skin, and that in turn brings about fur,her damage. So it you keep the oil clean. 1 do not think you will have much trouble. I think the practice oi men spitting in the oil and using the oil over and over again has caused much more damage than the so-called paraffin acne. CHAIRM AN JO H N SO N : The next question is this: "Should employees tvorking in departments subject to occu pational disease hazard be acquainted with and iniormed o these hazards, or kept in ignorance of them?" DR. SA N D E R : Undoubtedly, em ployees should be informed of every hazard to which they arc exposed, and they should he informed also of the findings on exami nation. Anyone going to his doctor, inr any reason whatsoever, wants to know what was found. In the same way, an em ployee going to a plant doctor wants to know what was found. He is not paying tor the examination, hut that makes no dinercttce. he is still a human :-eittg who is interested in his own licahi: and his future years of gainful employment. The practice in Wisconsin with physical examinations has liecn to give employees a duplicate copy oi the report which the employer receives. The Wiser:t=in Indus trial Commission recently published a declaration of principles on physical ex aminations in industry which viryonc in terested in this problem shoali see. In that it is specifically rcauestf: that em ployees he given a copy of the :;port which the employer receives. That is not a complete record or report: J ; merely a statement or toting of the "t'portant defects. I believe that it is as ''tvug to give employees crmplete re'"s as it is to give them '.-.-thing at all. * worker is not interested Ir. what his end pressure reading was yesterday or t -day: |-,e is merely intcrc'tvi in km w "'e whether or not it is sigr.tfi-antly high. -r : that is all he cares about. 'HAIRM A.Y JO H N SO N: Is there '-yuony else on the panel whs would like ' dwenss the ouestion? tell the man, than in any other way. lie may imagine he has something, ami Inworries and worries, and finally becomes a victim of what is known as autohypuosis. whatever that is. I think by relieving his mind and telling him exactly what is what, von lift that worry irom him and you ease his mind, all of which makes a better man of him. C H A IR M A N JO H N SO N : Now let us tackle another question: "Processing of a certain cellulose product involves over night soaking in a solution of .5 per cent formaldehyde, and subsequently consider able formaldehyde odor is given on during the drying of which those in the vicinity often complain. How much iormaldchydo would represent toxic proportions; And how could the quantity present in the air best be determined?" Dr. Mciter, would you like to tackle that problem? DR. M E fT E R : In my emu cxnvrieiicr. formaldehyde is irritating enough so that you would not require refined technical instruments to make determinations, be cause it is very easily noticeable in low concentrations. I think proper engineer ing methods could be devised for elimi nating the fumes without using technical instruments, because it is necessary to keep the fumes down to very low concentration, otherwise a dermatitis may develop and also sore eves. C H A IR M A N JO H N SO N : Does the medical side of our panel wish to develop that any farther? DR. CRANCH: I think that question illustrates one of the phases v.herc It inot necessary to have engineering help in order to determine whether r- not you have reached a point oi safety. Formaldehyde vapors are r.ct likely to he toxic, since in a concentrated form it is so irritating that just for comfort some ihnut w hat concentration is obtained. There are a number of c: u!it ic.nJ> o.*' that sort, where the immctliat; e j e c t s a n * so irritating that toxic exoo f o i t : r c w o u l d o rd i- 7 tne m a- I s' aT - i- 'V ->,t? ill H-iv I :. v iir a B l "R- r.O NSJB: I think ;; ran cuu.se nures; through fear. failure to '.V arrei! ^ a:totJwii&:>. '-fc -ri* ..Ad :c . : . tfi-N j 1 i ... : H g l[ I 4 i.i JS/li Xtuu'iuil ..V/V (. (ipi/tVss , Ucr.'.r MR. COOK: 1'nc literature does con tain some information concerning the de velopment ot irritative actions, and we arc wondering in Connecticut whether the concentrations which were listed i:i the literature and the irritative action was as sociated with a tolerable amount ot irrita tion. or whether it was in the higher de crees ot irritation. We ran sonic analyses on some tormaideliydc gas in an operation where formal dehyde was being used in the manufacture of synthetic resin. The method we used was the bubbling of the air ot the plant through water, with two bubbiings in a series, and tested with Shift's reagent, the regular method tor the determination or formaldehyde; and we got resuits that were in the area of the breathing zone ci less than 20 parts per million, which is usually suggested as a satisfactory con centration. At one point we ran it up to 90 or 10) parts per million, and at that point I found I could keep my nose there for thirty sec onds before 1 decided to back away from it. But I do agree with Dr. Cranch ar.d Dr. Meiter that where the irritation does get excessive. then the irritative gas can lie taken as the determining factor even though with most of the materials the irritation is not the safe way to determine whether a gas condition is or is not safe. CH AIRM AN J O H N S O N : Here is another question: "Is sulphur dioxide gas in concentra tions as low as 10 parts per million for pro longed exposure considered hazardous to the health?'1 Going to the medical side, will either Dr. Grecnhurg or Dr Cranch tell u; if sulphur dioxide in such low concentration represents a hazard for continuous expo sure ? DR. G REENEU RG : I cannot say t-fflinml. It is just about on the borderline, [ think. CH AIRM AN JO H N SO N : Now. i: an employee upon examination shows a very -light increase of lead content above nor mal after sixteen years of exposure, would you change his occupation? I do not know what a "very slight" amount of lead is. I think presumably this means a few stipple cells, or seme- Jung like that. It an employee upon t-. j animation shows a very slight mere;., j ot lead content above norma) alter sixteen ; years' exposure, would you change ;' ; occupation? i DR. G R EEN EL'RG: I would want to know where he showed it. and how. C H A IR M A N JO H N SO N : If I m, y answer the question, it seems logical that if there is lead showing up, it came from somewhere, and having explored that you can determine the engineering phase oi * the control, and perhaps lie can stay on | the job after you have controlled the lead ; fumes. j Mr. Cook, won't you answer the follow- | ing question? "What instruments arr there on the market which arc reasonable in cost for small shops to purchase which can be used to check atmospheres in meial i spray work for zinc, iron and other harm- j ful fumes? Must several instruments be | used where many types of metals ate i sprayed during a working day?" M etal Spraying Equipment MR. CO O K : On metal spraying, then are several angles. No. 1, a booth, a ven tilated booth should be used where pos sible. Secondly, the man should in moil cases be giver, a positive pressure air supply. ypous. 0 ;` ior other ot the mct_: : -re is some additional one tnat :.:ul.'iriy toxic. But particular! v do have lead or cadmium. :r. -imation should be made for th ased upon those determinations C an idea on the basis of the ;.:ratiou of spraying oi those p meta1s what the exposure is. DR. M EITER: I agree with i ;::d I believe the solution of this i, first, the use of a properly i rooth so us to eliminate the ex: the other workmen in the view.: The second item is the use of : resstire airline respirator to ;>r .aerator. I think that conduct:! uing operations all over tile , .vithout adequate equipment, here such metals as lead are sp; going to produce occupational d believe the proper tiling to do i right with tlie proper type of e providing the booth and prot man, and you will then not -ampling devices. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: pacific answer to the question Now, assuming that tiic particular operation is one in which the man maybe spraying brass, there arc various methoib using the ventilated bootlt. Let tts asset:; for the moment that lie is provided no respiratory protection. If a mar. s spraying zinc and the booth is provide? adequate exhaust so there is not much o' a cloud of zinc and he does not get metal fume fever, it is probable that it is ^ necessary to make any determination y zinc. If during the course of the day tat man is spraying some lead and some ce-' miiim. I would fee! very definitely it would lie well to run an electrical ?*] cipitator sample, analyze the sample. s:` obtain The electric precipitation or and also for cadmium which would b: routine chemical procedure, and the `c-, contention of both o i those should be below tiic suggested toxic limit in to assure that you arc on tiic safe siff- 1st ooo ^ -l 0 I would feel that it would not be niC snry to analyze for zinc under those ccr k \ Occupational Disease Control 147 oyec upon t.x. -light iuertast cl ai'er sixteen change ^ would want to and how. .N It I wav .us logical that it came iron piored that you :ering phase ol he can stay on trolled the lead tver the follow-.struments art are reasonable purchase which -pheres in metal and other harminstruments be of metals are ; day iqu ip m en t -il ring, there .. a .oth, a veilused where pos- should in most .ivc pressure ait j.iipiis. or icr other of the metals unless ,htre is some additional one that is parJiiiilarly toxic. But particularly where lC.u do have lead or cadmium, the deter mination should he made for those, and vjseJ upon those determinations you carl ',tt an idea on the basis oi the relative ,,ration of spraying of those particular icials what tiro exposure is. DR. M E IT E R : I agree with Mr. Cook, ad I believe the solution oi this problem ; lirst. the use of a properly ventilated tooth so as to eliminate the exposure to the other workmen in the vicinity. The second item is the use o i a positive pressure a-riine respirator to protect the iterator. I think that conducting mctaluing operations all over the shop and without a-equate equipment, especially where such -.-.-.etaU as lead are sprayed, are going to produce occupational diseases. 1 believe the proper thing to do is to start right with the proper type of equipment, by providing the bootli and protecting the man. ami you will then not need the sampling devices. CHAIRMAN J O H N S O N : Then the speciiic answer to the question seems to be the lead precipitator as the one gadget that will be most useful, and the sample should be analyzed quantitatively in the chemical laboratory. I want to ask the doctor a question in connection with pre-employment medical examinations. The exposure is something that may cause dermatitis. I take it from the question that the problem of allergy arises. Do you recommend patch tests in conjunction with pre-employment exami nations to determine an employee's pos sible allergy to the exposure: DR. CRANCH: In general. I would say you would hardly be warranted in con ducting patch tests on all applicants for employment. Where we have a known material to which the employee is being exposed that very commonly produces an allergy reaction, it might be advisable to use such a niter. Patch tests are not 100 per cent infallible, and they arc not alto gether simple. They have to he very care fully given and very carefully interpreted. For that reason, they are not an integral part of an average preliminary agreement upon examination. They might be quite misleading. A D .rO U R X .U E X T the particular -.he man may be various method' Let us assume provided with H a man is :oth is providing <is not much _-es not get metal .lc that it ia "4l : icterntination ier =o oi the day 'he ?.d and some cad' y dciinitely 'h-1 r.u electrical pm; the sample, amviration for lea,; vhich would he ore, ami the oe>t: 0 should he hep-, sic limit in orect faciliti" were built imo ihe original aircraft--are nerr : the technique oi internat-c; r hying. They are basic tol. : 171,8*1.000 over-water piSit, ' ,. without a fatal accident ; American Society of Safety Engineers -- Engineering Section O fficers 1938-1939 .ivty record of transoceanic hnentai air transport did not he fatral Chairman--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of California, San Franci>eo, Calif. ; is the result of deliberate t- fict-Chairwan--F. W. B raun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. -takitig care, of endless reset-: t'iet-Chairman--H. J. G riffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Air travel, as w e know it tc4r "tertiary-- Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Inc, Chicago, 111. a concept of this generation * ` Uembtrs at Large-- . to make its way, from the sur George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, X. Y. nelition with the matured ssa* ; Cyril. Ainsworth, American Standards Association, Xew York, X. Y. ot the older forms of transpor. i ,.-J. I. B.vnash. Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. Strugs' with the pr'nClt`i" ' *E \V. Beck, United States Rubber Co., New York, X'. Y. ^ danger inherent in any tjiy -r..R. A. Beyer, Central Tube Co., Arabridge, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council ' l , tr a v c l-a n d ; ve have th e . Chapter) ,-r known to man. But, beater- .truji'C, B. Bouxet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. very reasons, more effort his V*' E. W. Bulusrd, E. D. Bullard Co.. San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco C-.aptcr) uously and forcefully e.ttrtri t iyrjjGiarles D. Fakun, Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y.. Xew York, X. Y. fMctropol- the standard of airline safety <ir Y-..: itan Chapter) ..v; -''cd in any similar period oi*- yAf Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) :v sn any other means of :,*R. McA. Kiowk, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. y ie Everett F. Kinc, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter; is extraordinary effort has n * j ;"f4:.RoiF.RT C. Ledbetter. Texas Employers Insurance Association, Dallas, Texas. (South from within -'- - :--i.xtrv itsrit. ' 'd;- ; west Chapter) raging results are, hit1 v Thomas E. Lichtfoot. The Koppcrs Coal Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa. -'M. G. I.I.OYO. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. '. the tireless C0P" J' E. Loxc, The Delaware S: Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, X. V. -ansport ie aageeun<cies such,, .a.s. *. * . '.'.J / i .. Mixer, E. I. du Pont do Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Dei. .... Committee for Aeronaut-:.,^j:. , j. T. O'sjrv, Jersey Central Power & Light Co.. AA.ury Park. .V J. -Xew Jersey reat res'** .-Chapter) rttment - . \ eronautii s - Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.. Hartford, Conn. .imi th.e diligent effort5 t0 e.liictii , e . . . r' " '--i.A, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc., Xe-.v York, X. Y. .A v : ..hia itnteytrstannrsdt oluutllasyear w ' * y ;4 . 'iiwrr)KR, Dot . all having to do with avutf- j -sLogV "over, q c.J ' f ril\ MLsabc & j ro_ r. - 5 - " ot its nsport inPduubsltircyin the matter-" ard Vth.':i:hilled elements all ever today in tJicir orfer.* the pror.:-'- :ku: aviation enn f`> iorv.i t>f travel v Hercules Powder Co"., W" idlmimngsrton. De*l!. . <77 y *Swtii, Standard Oil Co. find.). Chicago. 111. ^ . j y Y Sutit. Union Carbide fie Carbon Corp.. N\-w York. X. Y. P ^'U`CK Motor Co,. Hint. Mich. ?1KJ-LiYy 'm\ i.i-is-y;, Uib--crt'v Mutual lr.surar.ee Co.. Boston, Ma. % Wiu.iaus. . u <`u Pnm d Nemours tU Co.. Buttalo, X. Y. (Niagara Frontier 'Vi IVV: v*t. Mine Saieiv Xppliaiicu.' Co., l 'iu-burch. Pa. :*`rman -f.. ' O fficers 1939-1940 " Ik-i.u s*, Employers Mutual*. Wau M Jor.r .auhliu Steel Co-- i i - il -'!K3 J'i i '% I- ' " Whir <' ''f. ? .rr- w - - ~ . Tl--' T '*'SV.l.W r t .Y. J 40 .' V'/'; .'.:::oiwl S u r e t y C h i i i i i \ w . .iS: f 7,v-<.Y.'mi''mu.-- W ills Mav nei ' V. Mulm Electric Power Co lumia.uni. io-,.-.: Canada. S e e r e h i r y --\Y. Diian K lU'E!:. X c; :.r.rd Safety Council, inc., Chicago. III. '!embers ji Lame-- G eorue I. A da m s, ln le r n a tio u 2! Paper Co.. Glens Fall.-. X. V. C y k ii. A in s w o r t h . A m e ric a n Standards Association. New York. X. V. ".I. I. Basasi:. C o n s u lti::? E n g iIr.rer. Chicago, III. E . W . B eck. L'n ited > ta ic - R ::::er Co.. New York. X. Y. H . k . B in ler. C n io ti C a rb id e C;.. Xew 7 ork, X. Y. C. B. Bol' lst. W isc o n sin P u b : Service Corp., Milwaukee. V is. E . \Y . B ullard. E . D . R u lla:c Co.. San Francisco. Calit. (San Franciseti Chanter.) G kmc.e M. B u r n . K a n s a s a" I:y Safety Council. Kansas City. Mo. (Kansas City Chap. ter.) F ran k I. O 'N roy. Cn-.or. Oc r' ide Co.. Niagara Falls, X. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chap. ter.) T hoS. K. DoNnOHUL. P iit.-h:: r.-ii Plate Glass Co.. Creighton. Pa. (Western Penny,). v an ia S a f e ty C om ici: C hap : -*) _ _ " R . E . D o n ova n. S ta n d a rd OR Co. oi California, San Francisco. Calif. J . A . D o w n e y . .Ir.. S ioss S V.emeld Steel & Iron Co., Birmingham. Ala. (Alabama C hapter.) C h a r les I'. F a r i.jn . C<>n.<o! Lie,! Edison Co. of X. \ .. Xew York, X'. \ . Metronol,. tan C hapter.) H . F. G ilbert, A m e ric a n C> ar-amid Co.. Linden. X. J. (Xew Jersey Chapter.) R o v M . G o d w in . P h ilad tlp l-. la Electric Co., Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.I C. L . H ioh to w er, l 'n ite d G Pipe Line Co., Houston. Texas (Gulf Coast Ciiaptcr.) * R . M c A . K eo w .v . I n d u s tria l C Immission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. E verett F. K in c . L e v e r B re t:-.ers Co.. Cambridge, Mass, t Boston Chapter.'. TuoMA E . L ichteoot. T h e K . ppers Coat Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. * M . G. L loyd. N a tio n a l B u r ta 'u of Standards. Washington. H. C. J . E . L onc. T h e D e la w a re & Hudson Railroad Corp.. Albany, X. Y. W . S . P a in e . A e tn a C a su a lty M Surety Co., Hartford. Conn. " A . S . R r.r.n.A . In d u s tria l R C e:lions Counselors, Inc.. Xew York. X. Y. A . V . R i 'Hw edkr. D u lu tli. .V a .abe & Iron Range Railway Co., thilmh. Minn. *D . L . R over. O c e a n A ccidcrt: a. Guarantee Corp.. Xew York. X. Y. "G . E . S ankokd. G e n e ra l E ie :::i-.c Co.. Schenectady, X. Y. I. S . S h a w . H e rc u le s P o w d e - Co.. Wilmington, Del. *C . W . S m ith. S la n c ia rti O il C ' . find.), Chicago. III. * H . S . S mith. L 'nion C a rb id e >.. Xew York, X. Y. * R . F . T ka i.n er. B u ic k M o to - To.. Flint. Mich. C . \V . V a n W aco nek. T r a :,-rs & General Insurance Co.. Dallas. "(Visa Soutlmcsl C hapter.) " S . E . W 'HiTixr.. L ib e rty M u tu a Insurance Co.. Boston. Mas-, W illia m P . V a .vt. M ine S .v Appliances Co.. Filtshurgh. Fa. Cenerai Chairman WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 18, 1939 The Annual Meeting of *.>.-t A.S.S.E.Engineering Section of t National Safety Council followed a ) 'rheon held in the Renaissance Room of Ambassa dor Hotel. General Chairman ii. E- D'!T van. Chief Safety Engineer, Standard * Company of California. Sun. France*' Calti., presided. Mimcograpl'ed copies . ,-o:u::m:ce reports were .,'1-: ' , jsseinblcd delegates. 'flu: re p o r t 01 th e N o m in a tin g was p resented by C. E. Lou ..3n. O th e r m e m b e r s o f (he X ...m m ittee w ere D. L. R oyer, .la. 5 . W h i tin g , a n d C. W . si oi th e m en elected Detection of Secretary. Ms; j From the standpoint ot safety j -cern is proving that, importau: j ice from physical detects or da I i re that might cause failure. | In any discussion of thaw., or 1 sm, consideration must he civ . editions surrounding tltc part v. :c.. whether it is a newly made p 0 service. In new parts defects may cn ir.rtal itself in the form of la bminadons or slag. On the 0 metal free from such imperfection lie be ruined by improper forgiti cz. grinding, heat treating and s.blc manufacturing operations. These defects may readily lie the mill or plant and it is, then 's prevent such parts irom gt itrvice. Lfed parts present a different : r't>e oi detect usually suspected ution of the surfarc, or one enter re surface well down in the lx ratal, commonly termed a crack. This crack may be of such a: i.siure as to defy detection by CAatts ot a high powered glass the ordinary methods of inspec 'l J most dangerous type of detc mch a pan is permitted to Dice, failure is likely to result. ,, ^Pks in used parts are usually faulty design or poor workman *" "lori hkelv the result of c.vc -yiicipated stresses. wn iact.that any sep ,, ..... bd5y~T"ijnsiderec jfa-egardicES of depth, it ot'rxews-stress iis company s sa;.. ; itop with advac- i rk but even ein-./ Cement and Quarry Section n tool needed in, [ nagination. One;! work where tL1 itive nature, gets ! tor a halt hour watch, study, a- ; the way particua ; by your employe, i at the number ! : simplify the pyj -.d to eliminate ac; f are merely ori I tig is the thinkers is betre the job , I the probable ac ways oi doing c ; corrected accor: . I <at" .icc planiti.*. lersoiiai contact : ; lake your plan? \ .tore on the indiv' of man-to-man c- way of doinc - Officers 1938-1939 `itwral Chairman--Fred II. Hl'NT,' Dewey Portland Cement Co., Davenport, Iowa. *\*vChairman--P. X. Ik'SHXKU., Missouri Portland Cement Co., St, Louis, Mo. ''ia-Chairuum--Tn. A ynsok. Lone Star Cement Corp., Xew York, X. Y. Veerctary--A. J. K. Ccktis. Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. Wii'i Letter Editor--J ack Di:mi*stkk, Canada Cement Co.. Ltd.. Montreal, P. Q,, Canada -Htfluccriny Committee Chairman--W m. Moki.ixk, Lone Star Cement Corp.. Dallas. Tcxa> ^itahieay Committee Chairman--M. A. Huffman. Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Lo* Angeles, Calif. Membership Chairman--*H. A. KkniNoIX Lehigh Portland Cement Co.. Allen* town. Pa. \utter Committee Chairman--H. F. Yottf.w, Tl;o General Cru>i:ed Stone Co.. F.aston, Pa. r'roiiraw Committee Chairman--\ \ \ M. Powia.1.. Modu>a Portland Cement Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. 'uhlnity Commit Ch.airntan--M. P. Gkkkk. Marciuette Cemcm Manufacturing Cu.. Cape Girardeau, Mo. a.tristus Committee -- W. \V . A dams. U . S. Bureau o f Mines Washington. 1*. C '.embers at Larne-- V. P. A hlakn. National Sand & Gravel Assn.. Washington. IA C. Wm. H. Baker, J. E. Laker Co.. York, Pa. E. D. Barky. Universal Atlas Ccmem Co.. Chicago. HI. J. R. Boyd. National Crushed Slone Asm.. Inc.. Washington. D. C. K. B. FnftTViN. Pcnnsyivauia*l)ixic Cement Corp.. Xazareti:. Pa. Alexander I'o^tkk. .1u.. Warner Co.. Philadelphia. Ta. *0. M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. E. Possei.t. Lone S '.ar Cement Corp.. Xew York. X. Y. S. W. Stalkkek. National Lime Assn.. Washington. D. C. "F. E. Town. Medusa Portland Cement Co.. Manitowoc. \ \ is. 'A. L. \ \ 'MTtir.N*. The Xew Haven Trap Rock Co.. New Haven. Conn. J. 1. ZuoK. Great Lakes Portland Cement C rp.. Huttalo. X. Y. (cncrr.1 "'i'oarr.'.zr. Officers 1939-1940 'er,il C/wir?r.: --P. X. Pt/SIINKI.!.. Missouri Ji'.rtlnr.d Cement Co.. St. LtuG. ! 'Vhuirm,};:-- A. 1mttmar. Universal Alia* Cement Co.. Hu.Utiu. X. V. ''Chairnii:;;-- \ M. <Iran Ks. The General Cru*ked Stone Co.. Ea.ioU. Pa. retory--A. i. k. Cv>.t:s. Portlaiul Cement A** Chicago. i:;. ' Letter .W. ? r-- \v*K Demi^tix Canada ` .men: Co.. Lid.. Montreal. P. *j . Canad; f-weerina C m do. V. Cairwa;:-- } . H. 7.me^. '.ireat Lakes Portland Cement r;' - l:- `o'crs-Jn* .* e:::ee C/n/irw.?;i-- "Henry A. ;\:niN'U:r. Lehigh Portland 0; metti C `ientov.n, l*:-.. arata \v s' 'airman--H. F. Y*rrr.:;. Ti:e General Crushed Stone 0 . . Ea*:<v .'a. y C ,, ,,, C' anno::--1>w 0 An v . LawTi-i'-.A- P "Land Cement ~ \* ;r --\\ . \ \ . \ Ij\ m. S P u re:;'.! M in e r 'ft * Av* ' ^ *' ,,- >*v",T i jp s l liv *tS I .1 J.'A .Valior.ai S n ir ir .'imam.-' Mt'iniicrs il I Laras-- T h. Avs.-ot. Lone Star Cv:::-.r.: Cori.. New York. \ . Y. "W. H. Bakek, J. E. Baker vL.. York. Pa. E. D. B.vkkv. I'nivcr.-al Apr..- Comer.; Co.. New York. V \ . .1. K. Bovo. Xaiionnl Alone .\--n.. ine.. \ \ a-innemn. ! i K. B. P orti i.v. l 'enn-1 lea:;:a-i'i\ie Cement Cor;.'.. Xtuareli'.. l'.t M i.exa.vuek F ostek .In., W arner Co.. P/iilaiiclpliia. I'a. F. B. Hunt, Dewey Portia::.; Cctncn; Co., D.-ivc:ipnn. lima S. W. St a u f e r . National Lime As>r.., Washington. 11. C. *F. E. T own, Medusa Portia::,1 Cement Co., Manitowoc. W o. *A. L. \ \ okthkx, The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Have::. C"im. ' Past Cicneral Chairman TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION i'r. I.1' fl! :.;;i K' '*h #tJ whic ; pr.lv'.K -, OM \^r.: M-mid ,,;r:\ OI J' October 17. 1939 The opening session ot t:.v Cement and Quarry Section was called tu -der hy I \ X. Basimeli, Missouri Portland Cement Cum* pany, St. Louis, .Mo., and Vice-Chairman ot the Section, who prcsidtC. Mr. Basimeli made a lirici rupnn upon a- '.ivuics oi . Section durine the >e:ir. and ben proectitt with the election *i oiiwers. ;. h 't ot \\UaC : is given above. Tin- Chainr. '.r. ti'.eii mm> ^' dared the first -pcaker. Analysis of Cement and Quarry Accident Experience By I. F. LE GORE Safety Engineer, Portland Cement Association. Chicago There seems to he no qt:c*>::on that 1939 will be the safest year in incut industry hi>tory. And there U reason :o believe that tiie new low accident frecuency rate will keep Cement in the po>itior. has held for the past two years as ike second safest among 30 industries rcponr.r to the N a tional Safety Council. The cement industry on the pres- *ure** daring the nr^i half i:h gratifying results, and saw the acc:i:::t trend con tinue the downward course *. inch has been uninterrupted since late in `.>36. The acci dent frequency rate, or for the first halt Ot 1939 was 4.00 per nv.Ton man hours: the severity rate was at unprecedented low level of 1.42. This fr. :;.:cncy rate was 13 per cent lower than the "ate of 4.61 for the year 1938; the sever::;- rate was 42 per cent lower than last year*- rate o; 2.44. At the end of the third quarter the in dustry had slipped a bit. A new high for the year of IS accidents v.r.< reported dur ing August, and 19 injurw- -ere reported in September. With operation!- u-ruimm;.: atout 1$ ir : cent above la>t uar, the average of v? dents reported for o month* had ailvanfi* :o 14, exactly tlw same a? \-'t average iV the first 8 month.' ia.-t year. This ua* 180 plants, however, cnmparrd "'idi b- plants prcviou>l.v. Greater mill activity upper.:* not to lui' been responsible fur the r:- ::c tide the past two montlis. for S.ueUit actu^ was only 3.5 per cent above production * ihe Campaign month ot June. aC':or^,l!^;< data from the V . S. Bureau of V. yet there were SO per ci-m more aC ^ in August ami Scpteunbcr :i an dJcrt in June. "Pressure1' Was Applied Most ot you are familiar v :;h d,c ^ ^ June Xo-Accidem Campaign spon^J ^ 'ement Association. comrU#B3lWluch tp our :r.du?trv >` ^ *11903399 CWft&toJaSimP. covet - r r A|>riSlWana I'* is jjj5g*^nrc mcaiire respoil?l You ill th -r i;pury v le the r ,:a safety ;'MH- wa <urify ot *-7trace 0 'ver more ort:cd <a -rt> per fi Kr ce: *f--3?icS lu StU;r: ecru c an prod l*cc c|a i--dy, i 'ir.cni ^cre r : year in ~^.x t| 'rrnanc, *" unui ;r7' of ^k.T5e *-*7 a ;C:rig " HI f^.o Cl l'Eric !ct C( ``t In 0CC2. Chemical Section Officers 1938-1939 Cifrai Chairman--Ralph L. Rogers, Jk., Tennessee Eastman Corr.. Kingsport. Tenn. 'Chairmon in Charge of Program--Ralph O. K eefer, Aluminum Co. oi America, Pittsburgh. Pa. Secretary--F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, X. V. Sncs Letter Editor--l. S. M achie, General Electric Co.. Xela Park. Cleveland. Ohio. Pala Sheet Committee Chairman--S. W a r z a l a , The Calco Chemical Co., lue., Round Brook, X. J. Engineering Committee Chairman--D. S. McE acherx, American Cyanamid Co., New Vork, X. \ . lieelth Committee Chairman--*Dr. Leonard GREF.xm.'RC, Xew York Fiate Dept, oi Lahor. Mew York. X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--C. E.. S evrexs, Monsanto Chemical Co., Mcrrimar Div., Everett. Mass. Toiler Couiiuittiv Chairman--H. R. Bixunt, Union Carbide Co., Xc.v York. X. Y. Vthlieity Committee Chairman--S. 0. K ir k p a t r ic k , Chemical & Metallurgical Engineer ing, Xew York, X. Y. Lijety Instruction Card Committee Chairman--E. F. Kino. Lever I'-milier* t',., Cam bridge, Mass. Mistici fr Contest Cammitlee Chairman-- K. C. Stratton. The T-r.velers In-urance Cu,, Hart lord. Conn. Members at Large-- A. L. Arxtroxo. Eastman Kodak Co.. Kochcster, X. Y. 0. C. Callzxbak. Hiram Walker & Sons. Inc.. Peoria. Iii. Juiix Ci.r.:.-.NTS. Michigan Alkali Co., Wyandotte, Midi. Coney. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. Ma-s. L. Hanmersixy. Electric Storage Battery Co.. Philadelphia. Pa } H u'iXER, The Elii'.tkote Co.. Xew York, X. Y. I /c.'rcK. The Wesivaco Chlorine Products Curp., Carteret. X .1 , E. I. du Pom de X'emours & Co.. Wilmington. IVI. ohx l('iA-;;{, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Jersey City. X. .1. 's. K. k,,.,r. Willard Storage Battery Co., Cleveland. OI::.. M S. Su, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington. Del. > U s - : "X, Kppers United Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa. hi n il V u; r.Ei.ER. American Cyanamid Co.. Linden. X. .1. *- w. ;". Liiicrty Mutilai Insurance Co.. BoMmi, Ma--. ' 1'1\. ! "le, Niagara Alkali Co.. Niagara Fall. X Y ` lirr.Ri Chairman Officers 1939-1940 >. . . '--Ralph C1. K eefes. A lum inum t'o . <: .'-.nttrica. Pittsburg::. Pa. vi Citarne a - pre-aram -- S tanley W ik/.ai.a. The Cti.-". Chemical Co.. Inc., X. .1. Di.xxis, H. ..kcr ElcetrodiVmical Co.. X .-.-ara Fa k j jv g Wy nulla,'-->. W. <il'iixr.V /Chairman i. !.iIn-r:; N l u l i i a / a r a ^ .^ 'e C'E;*f/<is- m o - .1 m- 1 11: Ife V:-A ' r'. l%,v V- '~'s i `. f 'L ;;/ : ..u. * \ w o A- vt .y y je * i. . dr A-' , " .tif. v , "<rf 274 2.9.*// .Viitiuihi! Sill ily Coiif/m 'A. L. Ar*;>tron`., Ea?tman Kodak Go.. Ruchc.-tcr, X. Y. R. >. Mackik, Generai Electric Co., Xela Park. Cleveland. Olii. P. V. T iuifi.w E. I. du Pom He Xemotirs & Co-, Ino., \\ ilmmeu<. : hnameerina Committee--) >. A McE achekn f Chairman ). Amcnoan t \ ^ York. N. V. I\ \A . Jthick. The We.'ivac. Chlorine Product' t ori*.. Canni i, \ : "S. K. WJimN*;, Liberty Mutual lnMirancc Co., Rn*ton. Ma, 11,un Sheet Committee--PlfXfKK \Ynri:i.KR (i'hairman). \mrric:u: X. l . S. M. M.vcCltchkox, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland. Mich. - ` . I., **1 Health Committee--L)k. Leonard Gkeenuckc (Chairman!. .Vow York S c III fart* oi Labor, Xew York, X. Y, "J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. As .Ifcmvershif' Committee--C. E. S kvrexs (Chairman), Mnuauto Clu-mica Div., Everett. Mass. Urn:-; i. W. L. Hammf.ksi.ky. Electric Storage UnUery ( '<>., Philadelphia. Pa. Coster Committee--H. k. Pini.kk (Chairman). I'nion Carbide C*.. \\w. Junx Clements. Michigan Alkali Co.. Wyandotte. .Mich. -X. x. Y. *Ralph L. Koc.kk.s, J k.. Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport. Tciat. {; '. I'ui'lieity Committee--S. D. Kirkpatrick (C'hairmnn), Chemical A Mvtalnr. ra) F.ntnt**. mg. Xew York, X. Y. I "A. L. W atson. Kpper* Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Ciakenck W ic.lk. Niagara Alkali Co.. Xiagara Palls, X. Y. T i .Y.fc/.v Instruction Cara Ominiu/bv---E. p. Ktsr. (Chairman), l.rwr Ur<v.;:; Co. (hi : bridge. Mass. .a 2 J ohn Roach. Deputy Commissioner of Lahor. Ier>e\ City. X. j ',L* : K. E. Roor. Willard Storage battery Co.. Cleveland. Ohio ' h Statistics ami Cuutest Committee-- R. C. Stuatton (Chairmau). T he T r ir .- v n Inwaw* ; Co.. Hartford, Conn. - "H. L. Miner, E. I. tin Pont He Xemmirs X: Co., Inc., Wilmiimton. PM. y T ' l\u t General Chairman ^ TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION | October 17. 1939 I The opening session of the Chemical See* tinti ua- :i luncheon feature. presided over by General Chairman Ralph !.. Rogers, Jr., Safety Director of the Tennessee Eastman Corporation, Kingsport. 'l\r.r. Oisif* Roger* hrielly introduced *|>cakt*rthe occasion, a celebrated : ' er oi Mr" can game. ,.:a,u of personal n ;r ; '.- e miuki*. ' '7 7 - 7 and ctiYciicc e\'C< 3 r--:;;;^cr or not the probi ' "^ 1 . '.vicjiiaH' mechanical * proircti^c ctpnpmci - ; f '7 * 7 ,-- ctnnrnf operatin'.- '* 7 -7 ai:U .rervising empi ' 7 7 1 ;" ^ 1(ue how, and do 7*7 pg'i not least, profiting hj r c \ l t "lessons learned from sa ,.;*ncuee ..aruetive thinking tlien. n c\riTctice. ktiowlvdgc of include, for untrained n the true sense of the \w ,i*I< railed i safety expert. ijr ui i>fc which, since l 7..1*!, lias been endangered by n j/jnis. I have learned the vn n*yrtivc thinking." Ri.*k cant e a African wilderness \\1 r.iu.r accident may result in il sTcnccS, owing to the difficulty V`.p. It vus in 1S00 tint my a^ it-vk-d on the shore of the A arai. For month upon inon Yiticd unknown and storm Therefore, in spite of the dese -a rocky coast presented, to < Cape of Good Hope. Ti "'Tiers oi His Majesty's Ai rough the Matebeie, Zulu, an `kvausc of their pioneering ``>*(1 on when the conflicts \ X'am determination carried \ `!0 die hinterland. Xot only -aanity, hut because of the that would shadow tlici: i-uid not aftord to lose one m; ifTt great, making then) const Safety to Life in Africa By M. NORM A.N P O V /S L L Kenya Colony, British East Africa (Editorial Xote: Mr. Powell was horn in Africa, from early boyhood has lived in the heart oi the big game country. The natives were his playmates and his friend*. He has icarned their folklore, customs, and belie is. He was iniiiaied a5 a warrior into the Suk 'Tribe and has made many cxlcn* >i\e trip into the more pm: :::vc par`5 `J Africa. He will Ull of the j : - Clive ni< ods ami safeguards adopted only.'-, 'the white people, hut also ' ,|,e na'*! and animals to safeguard li: and pf'v<* injury to lhemselvc*> and mi - , The I"1- lowing is a Mimmarv of Ills ta! -Xlter the World War, my : " British East Africa, wher linoiv and think with and lik : cr'Ple. 'Iy whole life, especially on `i depended on effective cx 'ce with a buffalo or clcpl. get the chance lo lc: ^evic-JSnd method: Bn trilidil'iire 'jlmosl `from >sail -and co.l 0 0 0 :. . u X*.''>.T' ' Xvtv>> , `A f :. r . - c i . h t . ^ r ' i ' g S ^ V W H IT IX G : Will am. some practical wav oi st';. :riff o i the union.1 I ;ey have backed the safe;-, particular trades--and sir'. Construction Section : It is written into some - between the union and ij:. :ecy is featured there. T!.< tins it in. i-ER: D o they appoint ; from their group? V: Safety is handled jV, her phases or conditions eral contracts (I revie*.: year that are published fe. :tt of Labor in Washington' riably one of the irnpomn in them. ...V W H IT IX G : Is it :: mere than a name? W is like everything ti* v. u ... taking root. F E R : W ould you persouX Mr. Shaw, that a union : ait in its group perhaps to p.cemcnt on the cuesv.nn -oivc him one responsible!'- W: Xot any more t."5 .im sit in with manacew - piiascs of mnnazemr1'1 safety out by use!: hr: king conditions so i'a\ ::::i and safe, and "? -.'.e rates of pay arc a- ' .cut. Some o: the 2C'`^1,r n'f agreements nun mo arc signed: a:'1'\fety appears AX W H ITIX G : " ateiv ciuninittee V: Yes. they wi**, friendly basis m Officers 1938-1939 Con.-ref Chair"1'"1--W. A. Sx.iw, Asso ciated General Contractors of America. Inc.. W e ll ington, D. C. Yu'e-Chairmait /or Hea-ey Coiutnicti,-:.--K. J. Reioei.uth, C. W. Elakcslcc & Sons. New Haven, Conn. ''Yiit-Chairman for liiahieay Construe:: m--S. E. A nderson. Harrison Construction Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Ytee-Chairman for C. A. Engineer Derartment--M a jo r H. B . V au gha n. /.. Corps o f Engineers. War Dept.. Washington. D. C. Yiet-Chairman for Biiihlinrj Constrnaicn--C. H. Black, Stone & Webster Engineerinc ,V( teCrotripa.r,yB--osRtoonb e, Mass. rt M c K i .v i.e v . General .accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, ' If ich. Xcrt Letter Editor--' Eiajak X. Guujs.'ixk, 2.12-JOth Ave.. San Francisco, Calif. tvjhccTtKr. Committee Chairman-- f -,::r? A. Burbank, The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford. Conn. Hnthershif Committee Chairman--F. f : .Mass. .Nijjrum C.aunittee Chairman-- M-uin . Newark, X. I. Arandeu., Liberty Mutual Russku, Public Service Insurance Co.. Boston. Electric A Gas Co., Mjriitics Committee Chairman--T homas S a i.it Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Fra::.`Tiro, Cali:. ' 'a n a l E d ito r .,U'a Committee Cimirma:: --.' M. I.AUUEKOAU:, Civilian Conservation Co.-ps.. t{s '1`ai Cer.er f 4 1 f[ Officers 1939-1940 l\t1 ^' Cha*irm an-R. .1. R e i m .u t h . C. in I, 1 . I * v Nsan; -\ c `\V T"* 4 ^ ^ .n ^ d ile iw m Sw H iV . i ~'<A-CWlhi-u iireir './r Ilea:-': anatraci:", -- A. V:WC.iJ.uwrirA,......:..... r i!in i:;.n y Cat:. true:: U'**n. Harri'<,!! y'i -ii'tnuT . --htlir,,. *""Xl .-fx V.. j " . " r I Am1 u. ., V W rLi'ainmiii"i.:-., r Pc. ! . : H. l. \*\t.s.HAX. Ik. r. \* ,r rjf.n. thcorr.. Wlmnia:: C>j.. Jl!C A. S\-ovv; Ts-.-Xn ;c l ' f * 'ty:.,r V. " `V-- f-.lR*. Wt * !( * C __ N , ` r. Iti ulUSTu'*- -c u \U.Tk"i, Ili . W;i-i 2.U--.'Ori: .`.vc.. San ]rr;n\-M <. ai: j` F. i \ i ' 'c'x Wruvn <;' i.l'!u ('< -:i,i. Pt : L`J0 <S- 'HA" `I I 'j#'.-". ' 4>> y.v- ' .Y Y, :/ '. ' ' -V Z"* ^ S / ,' ? v V V.--^ .?., V''-V;.C" I'* H- vj: ; $ t v ; .- M ) ;; a - m \f e r 1 ! . fez-ia-: iKSftf ? ; ft| : .- ; ,11M*;!;,-i;-_ m VS > . BtJ;* 'i! f. 500 2itili .\ratioiial Safely Conyress 'suai Education Committee Chairman- S. M. Laloekd.ai.e, Civilian Conservation I Washington. D. C. Tie '&*'e;t 193S frequcnc and harbor work. ; ' "'^q- rates ere lowest t Eiittinceniig Committee--C. H. B l a c k (Chairman). Stone He Webster Engineering W .C-'C.--tr^a cmtorrss., aa vv ee rr aaggiinngg 2 Boston, Mass. James A. El-rsa.vk, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. hish'St Cl .fV m : ^ctioa a n d in s te e l e re c t F. J. Craxdeu, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co,, Boston, Mass. h & i * '^ ( s t r u c t u r a l ste e l ire Robert McKj.yley, General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, ^ .verity 30.09. T homas Socle, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Francisco, Calif. Past General Chairman 'Afe :: |,, iscrics of 'll/ senou 'fuutrjcdon Industry repe t llvese p e rc e n ta g e s w e r e Agencies of I TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION <va'.ors and hoisting cqi ,, . l l a c b i a e r y ................. _Wwizng surfaces (ladder October 17, 1939 ? <!)............................... m Vttkles..................... "W i ..-Hindtools................... The opening session of the Construction of the Section, who presided. Chain*, t-Ket otherwise specified Section was called to order by R. J. Reigc- Rcigelttth welcomed the assembled dclrjif Lith, Vice-President, C. W. Blakesice Sons, .Yew Haven, Conn., Vice-Chairman a, nd then introduced the speakers, ..aysns?,,$!' Type of Ac lows: - 'iPX. - m ] filing, sliding, flying ol i Caught in or between.. W hat Are Our Accident Statistics for 1938? CM fills, o n e le v e l t o n n o t ' I'Ja iilio n , a b s o r p t i o n , s By THOMAS SOULE Chief Engineer, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Francisco, Cal. (se n te a c t i o n ) ............... M t otherw ise c la ssific i These fr.rts and figures appear of interest in examining the 103S accident rates in the Construct:n Industry as reported by mem bers of tut National Safety Council: The Construction Industry Fre quency Rate is..................................... 24.93 1'hc Construction Industry Severity Rate is ................................................. 3.24 These rates are about twice die average for Yalii'u.al Safety Council members in 30 major it-, '.'.tstrie- reporting their experience. Since i :'), the Construction Industry fre quency rate wa- reduced /a per cent; the Construe'.: .-.i Industry severity rale was re duced ft ; or cent: while the all industries frequency rate was reduced A3 per cent, and tltc all it: in-trie- severity rate was reduced 44 per :::. The rc-'pectivo reductions for the C.V.n-Iruetiou Industry from 1937 to I93S were .11 per cent and 6 per cent, as against id per cent r.:-.u 5 per cent for all industries. Credit :,-r improvement in the Cousiruclion fiui: tfry's 13S accident cv jricu cc ii i!uc lure-. lv to the favorable <:.*icricncc ::i Inruc nr-:-.nizatir-ui. They redneed bolli frt* qilCMH'V :;! severity rales sulislattlially, whereas severity rates rose 33 per rr-.: e smai! organizations. The average frequency rate for lit;--yy panics was 17.99, while that for sntaii was 49.S0, the smalt unit being dcnrci having less titan 100 employees. The i~'a y; organizations had an average severity r-le'` 12.31 as against 2.04 for the large coisr*1' The best all time no injury rccor-.- <- the Honor Roll for 193S in the Safety Council Publication ``Accident v in tiic Construction Industry 193S `'^y the names of the construction departr----- ^ -an oil company, several industrial public utility, as well as several dirta-, ^ the U. S. Engineer Department river and harluir work and the j Valley Authority. Construction j for die most part, arc conspicuous absence. The honored organization L'M-, } about one-lturd of the man ll0UrS ."g j atid very materially lowered die l rate figures developed for the e n tity ,i#. i In one classification, as an ilUtslra"-- 1 r..e.n..t- ic cqnstruction nrcsjSffigljgf uuliistmT.esl'rgha'za110' d u u fl 98(^ vra^ j@ 6^ eiit frc<,ut -UP- M e c h a n ic ; 'r j a i e p l a n n i n g , w o r k /.o r h o u sek eep in g , i ajro p er g u a rd in g .. 'A 's tiv e a g e n c ie s . . . yn-use o f p ro te e tiw m echanical c a u se Person "v n ip e r a ttitu d e - . Principal Engit .The largest and Lt constructiot' building of m< ^'ruction ot tu fy operation of i a! of tired ,tT!- Some of i C :c ; Marine Section j Officers 1938-1939 1 'ii'rfl/ Chairman-- llvRfj.v O. P ickarii. Pacific Coast M arine Association, San Francisco. {{.''-..U\jC-vaJisloiofrr.;v Committee (Active Pa-t General Chairmen)--E. C. Hm.nt.N-, J. (Chairman/, { -'ijnitcst States P. & 1. Agency, Inc., New York, X. Y. C-" _ \y. Fiskf. Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Xe\v York. X. Y. 1 . Fkakk H. Cohan. "Hie Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co., Hoboken, X. j. j John S. Hunter. Tito Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia. Pa. f .X arthl'k M. T odi:. Consulting Marine Engineer, Xew Y'ork. X. Y. {= i-jjiriiiflii Atlantic District--J. P. Konkv, The Texas Co., Xew Y'ork, X. Y. .j'iee-Chairman Atlantic District--W iu.aro F. Jones, Cult Oil Refining Co.. Xew Y'ork. ; N. Y. (.Which Paeipe District (Editor, "Marine Safety")--H ex:-.v Blackstoxe, United State# -.TP. & I. Agency. Inc.. San Francisco, Calif. jtut-Chairnmn Pacific District--Ai.iikrt O. Pecp, Union 0:1 Co. of Calif., Wilmington. t& M . C-Cittman G u l f D i s t r i c t --Frank E. Ames, Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., Xew Orleans, La. -s ?ict-Chairniaii G u l f D i s t r i c t --L. 1?. P ate, Mississippi Slurping Co., Inc., Xew Orleans. S&U j_-?fiitrni<!H Great Labes' District-- W. C. Garrctt. Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland, jj'i.iifiio. :iiti-Chairma:t Creal l.nbcs D istrict--C.eoi;i:e Martinson. FUkands Mallior iR Co., ClcvcWtlaul, Ohio. .yiiiirmaii Shiflnti/dini; and Kef,::- Division--H. C. Hoi.v.:;->n. Beildclicm Shipbuilding - Co., Bethlehem. Pa. :Tiet-Chairmira tin Charge of I'a.lers ami Slides)--Rnr.r.::: F. Hand. Standard Oil Co. j i X.J., Xew York. X. Y. *icC'Chainiuiii (la Charge of Pro-trams}--Locan Cuks.m1. Wkniian Steamship Co.. Xew ( Vork, X. Y. 'st-Chairman tin Charge of Publicity)--H.\i<m.n I. H are:no, Marine Progress, Xew - York, X. Y. .tertiary--L. J. OucHf.AN, America:; Export Lines, Xew York. X. Y. k'i.Tli,-r.t/ii> Committee Chairman--Cari. E. Houics. Mars' & McLennan, Xew York. ,._K.Y. ______ ... - J rfrvtiaring C nominee 'Chairman-- rnnx W. M cG rath, foi.r. W. McGrath Corp., Xew Fv-MiMfcr Committee Chairman--Ct:t jamin H. Sei.f. Traveler- Insurance Co., Xew Y'ork. 1 J teteecrin,/ Committee Chairman--' 5 ^ h e r s at Large-- P. Biots, U. S. Xavv Dept., Washington. D. C. f ~,Sfmjer Sr Cnr-io Lines--X. T. ' twur.NCE (Chairnuui) , U: :tcd States Lines Co., Xew V W k,X.Y. j Konriti C. Lr.K. Moore & McCorr. ;ck Line*. inc.. Xew York. X. V. ? ^-J-Tuacv. U'iiiiofi Mate* Line* 1 >.. Xew Vork, .V. V. J V-A" SjrMiT:: L\ ke* JJros. >ieaiv nip Co., Xew ( >:Yan-. Lu s ^ ITant. ,\i -i'iippi Siiippii:? t Xew OrU-itu.'. L:t. .^>; \\ (<I, n Amerwan Export I. :te>. Xew York. X. Y. f '<.** in-nee Line. Inc.. Nov York. X. Y. '- ` ` -V'JU.-.wia: hl;,v*k OiamotY; S', un-hip fY., W 9 r-r: OOOLW 0 11 f :'n .-1 7 k I:. f h W 'fnniii `ifTfarmi .140 2Sth National Safety Congress Tanker Cow fmes--J. G. o h n s o .v (Chairman), Sinclair Xavigation Co V X. Y. ' ew A H en r y J. H eiborn, Standard Oil Co. o X. .1., Marine Dept., Xcw York, v R_ X. K elly-, Tide Water Associated Oil Co, Xew York, N. Y. ' ' A. M. McKean, Pan-American Petroleum : Transport Co., Xcw York, X y '-I H enry Gilbert, Oil Transter Corp., Xew York, N. Y. ' Frank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. ,i`; J. A. Rumsey, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond, Calif. A. 0 . W oll, General Petroleum Corp. of Cali:'., Terminal Island, Calif. Educational (Harina)--J. M. T omb, Xew York State Merchant Marine Academv ^ York, X. Y. _ 5," $ H. L. S eward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn............... .......... vX Stevedores--J o h n W . M cG r a t h (Chairman), John W . McGrath Corp., Xew York. V y W illiam H. C .'.yrk, John T. Clark & Son, Xcw York, X. Y. ' The Jarka Corp., Xew York, X. Y. y Shifhuildinti and Ship Repair Companies--H. C. H ouc.iit o n (Chairman), Hethleliem Sli* building Co., Redlichem, Pa. ..v^i J. H . L ove, Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dork Co., Kearny, X. J. i J. M. G riser, Alabama Dry Dock Shipbuilding Co., Mobile. Ala. Ay; L. R. S o ren so n , Xewport Xews Shipbuilding ik Dry Dock Co., Xcwport Xcws, Vi'. Marine Insurance--A. J. S m ith . Marine Office of America, Xew York. X. Y. .'gjgj Railroads--F ran r H. Cik:a>: (Chairman), The Delaware. Lackawanna & Western K. ", Co., Hoboken. X. J. ..j~ C. F. Blackton. Eric Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. Aw L. R ei.yea, X c.v York Central Lines, Xew York, X. Y. Ship Classificati u Society--J. L. Luckknt.auh, American llureau of Filippine, Xew Wit. X. Y. . Employers' ,1s.'. dations--F. C. G regory, Waterfront lmplovers1 Assn., San Franow Calif. ' -'-l (/. S. Employees' Compensation Commission--E. P. H eroes, U. S. Employees' Compre! tion Commis.':tn. Washington, D. C. I '. S . Etu/ ineer: -- M ajor 1!. li. V a u g h a n , Jit., Corps of Engineers. War Dept.. Wa- ineton. D. C. ! .eintl-- Cari. F. '.Ander C u it e . A d m i r a l t y .'.tio r n e y , X .-w Y o rk . X . Y. O fficers 1939-1940 "Marine bajc an Francisco, p - n,r,i A tla n tic i ^ . . C h a i r m a n , Allan `jjirfftdif, P a c i f i c 0 an Pho, Cali t. '/-Chairman, P a c \ f . (Isirman, Gulf Distr ; f^Chairman, Gulf . (Xiiftuan, Great LaL Ofcio. . f(Chairman, Great land, Ohio, i'Juimtfn, River Dis "frt-Choirman, River : Pa. Orirwitfii, All Inland ; DcpU Washington. (hjirmaji, Shifhuihlii Corp., Bethlehem, P: (iAman, Committee ress, New York, X. ('airman, Committee cation of the Port o Ciiinttan, Committee F-S.N. (Retired), P flwiriiKW, Committee Office of America, X Ajjri/tan, Statistics ( York, j\ . Y. `tdrmaii. Marine /; Conn. ^-'{Chairman. Me.rii .Association of San 1 -`jirtnaH, Industrial Francisco, Calif iniio, Stcz'edorin. mission, Washington Generili Chuininn -- P.vkoN O . pK'KAKi. Waterfront llm p in y e r d Association ol iho ' Coast. San f;ni: >co, Calif. Advisory Comm:: F.. C. Hoi.okn', .Ik., l/nited Sta to P. X: I. Agency. Inc.. Xc X. v . ` E. W. I7i?kk. . SncunyA'acuum Oil Co., Ine., Xcw York, N. Y. I'kAN'K H. C \.v, The iJelawurc. Lackawanna X: Western R. K. t c : lli*noke". ' J ohn S. H i::" .-.a, Tlte Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. AkTtIL'R M. 7 :.z, Consulting M arine line.. Xew York, X. Y. Gtcc-Gcncral CA . (C xeattive) --R. f. akkr, American Mercliant Marine I|l: Inc., Xcw York*. y . Flee'General C! xmnn v . va --T. II. Hl'CHanav, Tito Texas Co.. Xew X. Y. yiee-Gencnil Cl-i rtnait (Coordir.atiun)--TIi:nky J. 1 kjiohn, Mandaid Oil (o., o f ;' Xcw \o rk , X. *: i'icc'dcncral ('A: Vi( I ' w f i r u m s ) --Caki. K. I 1"1.mi^^13S'sIi .v .vHirtrinrah>1*" York, X. Y. yiee-Generut CA.; numi (Constai Renions) --Rear A d n j^ ftiJ j'.l 1. W u .f.aitii> 1 ' (*oa<t ( iuarcl, V'. _.iiitietou, D" . C". l'V,v 000221) j r \ ; f i i . A ^rst sessicn u Qll'd to order | ..'Oil 0. Pickard, C * *i<arront Employer Coast, San macll: a 'uig i V.ws0 Ihc Section i n n5 the advance t i\!- ^ S S t e t .... Murine Section .: 4 1 hur Navigation Co., New yt.. :11c Dept., Ncw> York, X. y k, N. Y. '.jort Co., New' York, X. y Venezuela. alif. ual Island, Calif. Merchant Marine Academy, yy "Marine Safety" Metes Letter--Henry Bi-ackstone, Unilcil Slates P. & ]. Agox.-y. SSaa nn r r a n c i s c o , L a h r . X^.Trtery_- P. Biggs, U. S. Navy Dept., Washington, D. C. i'c--n'mull. Atlantic District--J. P. Roney, The Texas Co., New Y'ork, N. Y. (Retired' [^ ru irir.a n . Atlantic District--\\'u.t.Atin P. Jones, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. 'Xmaii, Pacific D istrict--Francis .1. McGowen, Outer Harbor Dock & Wharf G-. '" In Pedro- Calif. , . , ' Chairman, Pacific District--George W. Align, Ames Terminal Co., Seattle, Wash, vjcirmai1' Gulf D istrict--F rank E. A mes, Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., New Orleans, La. ( , nmirir.an. Gulf District--L. B. Pate, Mississippi Shipping Co., Inc., New Orleans. YjiVikiW, Great Lakes District--W. C. Garbutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland. McGrath Curt)., New York, X.' } airmen. Great Lakes District--George Martinson, Pickands Mather S: Co., Clevv X. Y. find, Ohio. ''Liman, P ite r Districts--G. 0 . Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Fa. os- /Chairman). Bcthlc'irra X: tsvCfcairinen, River Districts--Joseph E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pittsburgh. rny, N. .1. Mobile. Ala. Dock Co* Newport '.H >. ( k ir n te n . All Inland IPater-wnys--M a j o r H . B . V a u g h a n , J r ., Corps o f E n g i n e e r s , W a r J ; epta W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. Re V, Shirouildiiw and S h it fair Division--H. C. H o u g h t o n , B e t h l e h e m Steel New York" N Y . ./.fcJN erp., B e th le h e m , P a . T-i-kawamia fc Western R.VSMTM* Committee on Publicity and Publications-- Harouj J. H arding, Marine Prog- U " York, N. Y. ` titm n , Committee on Maritime Associations--C. H. Ca u -aghan, The Maritime A.sso- fiition o the Port of New York, New York, X. Y. Bureau of Shipping, X V 'iirman, Committer on United States Government Bureaus--Commander R. S. Field. iCS.N. (Retired), Bureau a! Marine Inspection and Navigation, Washington, D. C. tnpP r$' Assn., San - Ffssiei tijm3SSirtaii, Committee on Engineering mid Minimum Standards--A. J. Siinrit, Marine J&jstffitt of America, New York, N. Y. tus, S. Employees' Con?- Statistics Committee--B e n j a m in H. S ki.e, The Travelers Insurance G>., New I. .E.ng. ineers,,. w\ \ _arP ni.,K.opfu \Xs'-'' Jjy&fwsrnit.tn, Marine Education Committee--H. L. S kwako, Vale Univendtv, New Hawn. X'orl;. N. Y E `I^.?C,Viirin(:;:, Marine Education Committee--h. C. G r e g o r y , Waterfront Ernplojer^ iWVtorhtioit n: San Francisco, Sait Francisco, Caiif. _ .... JE-j Cv u m u , Industrial Relations Committee-- R . E . D o n o v a n , Standard Oil Co. of Calii- !?.?** Francisco. Calif. JP-teW,, Stevedoring Committee--R. P. H eroes. L. S. Employees' Compensation Com- \ '{ Washington, D. C. ,.rU Association o'i il-Y I. Agency, lue., eN. k, N. Y. nt R. R. C;>,, HolR.Ln Pa. Y. n Merchant Marine i yJx'd- ji . ' ii. . Y-Y. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 16, 1939 Flic Texas Co- Sc- Standard Oil C1'-. Il x MeU'.'iun:- H . UMi.y ' ' '**" ttn scsicn ot the Marine Section : ^ to orctr by General Chairman ' Pickard. Chief Safety Ensmeer, * . "*J ^ E m p '^ver.! Association ot the Francisco. Chairman 3 ^-^thy report ot the ne* -fc J ` w <iring the past >lf':*r; n|- fnc Swmm, ami especially emphasizing the good work ui various committee chairmen and other group?. Each ot the suh-committee chairnur. li.aJ provided a special report, After receivin'.! the report ot ih e^ m m aiin g ComirKUt-r ;u;d formal clecnj ^ ^ ^ ^ T i o - r ^ ,::i tcakcr. 0 0 0 ;. VJ . j. LK. i*- till , L^LiV (> \ J * JU. ~ t/'V .- - , . *1' . .t ..; l Metals Section - r. Officers 1938-1939 r.-ifnt Chairman--Meli. E. T rammell, Republic Steel Corp., Alabama City, Ala. fu-Ckairinau--H- .1. Gkikhth, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. tertiary and Vetes te lle r Editor--I rvin A. B rinkman, Mackintosh.-Hcmphill Co., Pitts- burgh, Pa. (fui/ Committee Chairman--H. J. S i'OERER, The Youngstown Sheet S: Tube Co., East . Chicago, Ind. "ftahteering Committee Chairman--R. H. F erguson, Republic Steel Ccrp, Cleveland, Ohio. } ratify Committee Chairman--J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. : Health'Commillee Chairman--Dk. A. G. K ammer, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. 'tir.bershif Committee Chairman--H. H. H enry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. . totter Committee Chairman--Fred E. W are, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Carp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Trvgnn'i Committee Chairman-- Iohn P, O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Mi ' fihtieily Committee Chairman--Earl Fyler, Camcgic-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, II!. iJMijl Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Co, Pullman, Chicago. 111. 'tUli'lies Committee Chairman--N, B. MacH ose, Bethlehem Steel Co.. Lackawanna, N. Y. J({!cbers at Large-- (TL-JCM. Auen, The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio. .jjSjF. 0. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings C o, Columbus, Ohio. : '.S(.:R.A. Beyer, Centra! Tube Co, Ambridgc, Pa. 7.VC. A. B ianchi, H. K. Robertson Co, Ambridgc, Pa. '-JE- P- Blank, Joncs L Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, ! 'a. j'`S-A, Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp, Kokomo, Ind. :La.'.H- M. Croohan. Inland Steel Co, East Chicago, Ind. j.. I E. Cuujney, Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem, Pa. i 'H. \V. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown, Pa. i M. \V. Dundohe, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. S . |*-T- Dye, Republic Steel Corp, Warren, Ohio, i .CRNp. Eie, American Steel Wire C o, Chicago. 111. I , r A- E l u s, Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. ! `Ni?" 11 T- Fonda, Yv'eirton Steel Co,.\Veirton,"W. Va. . , r' F. G atherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp, Ecorse, Mich. v-'-r *ES5CE> Titnker. Roller Bearing Co, Canton, Ohio. """'Hn ^ MVKES' Macv. h-. tc Co, Renosit, Wis. r,: Hensel, The Your.gstown Sheet S: Tube Co, Chicago, 111. V a ^ 0nFf;' Gliase Brass & Copper Co, Cleveland, Ohio. ; >g'y Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Co, Watcrbury, Conn. 7''; b'ERMAN, Rcpui'.ic Steel Corp, Chicago, III. ' b V, y Leonard, Ela-.v-Knox Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. "r s ' \ , ' n v interlace Iron Ore Corp, Chicago, III. i 'JCMahon, Superior Steel Corp, Carnegie, Pa, *'" ., ('J0aR-.T1|wr--,op, BcthR-hcm Steel Co, Sparrows Point, M.l. 'Rtfj, Carnegie-ihhnois Sleel Corp, Pittsburgh. Pa. [ j'lt-t.ins, Revere Copper & Brass, Ine, Rome, X. V. ; r b`k:f-r?. Sbellici! .v.cel Corp.. Kansas Citv, Mo. '<riin.isuiui. \y; ; Sieri Corp, Wiveling, W. Vr, -107 -IOS 2S/h tValtnual Sn f Cl V (. ' i i n r c . i S *Koukrt L. S chmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, ^ H. S. Caterpillar Tractor Co.* Peoria. III. V- A. Voss. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. 'Past General Chairman V,: g. :drM- i. A- N' kTH" ` .i V OakT'--- C- i L WU * L- KiVNrL. -'CHS Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones Sc Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, pj Vice-Chairman-- Irvjx A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. t f t a E - W ' ,: V Voss. PeP' fuo E. Wa u . 1 ,(ul Ornerai L.-.avr 4;v. ; Secretary and .Veter Letter Editor--H. J. S poerer. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co ft* Chicago, Ind. 1/ Contest Committee--.V. B. MacH ose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co.. Lackawanna j; T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric Sc Mfg., Co., Springfield, Mass. ' v P. J. Conroy, Union Carbide Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Engineering Committee-- R. A. Beyer (Chairman), Central Tube Co., Ambridge, Pa. B. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, Ohio ' '.V. A. J arvis. Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterburv, Conn. f. foundry Committee--J. H. H oi.zbog (Chairman), Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. The first scssiun ailed <3 rder gril E. Trammell, Health Committee--Dr. A. G. Kammer (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, !< -tie Steel Corno Dr. J. H. Cmvr.gs, The Crane Co., Chicago, ID. Natania, who presi Dr. T. L yle H.taurrr. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee--E. A. E llis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W.'jr' C. A. Bianchi, H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. J. M. Brodes, Miehle Printing Press & Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. * ' Co Poster Committee--J. P. Gatherum (Chairman), Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorso, Mi': C. D. Dorworth, Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohocken. Pa. -J John P. L eonard, Eiaw-Kuo.x Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. P rore;>n Committee--Earl I'yi.er (Chairman), Carncgic-illinois Steel Corp., Chicago,' District Chie ;. E. Cl'lli.vey, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem. Pa. a ?.n;tmccnng Linda J. H oofs. Chase Brass S: Copper Co., Cleveland, Ohio. h --atbs o; x-.ater V. Mkda;.:e, inter lake Iron Ore Corp., Chicago, 111. ml that i. ;u;\r Pnhiitity Committee--H. H. H enry (Chairman), Otis Stcei Co., Cleveland, Ohio. : -rrtaitt ana:;. :i? .'tee "1. F.. Greene, Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canion, Ohio. A. Coi.trin. Ti:e National Radiator Co., Johnstown, ?u. Audi; :y Car Bui'.dcrs Committee--P. J. Brand (Chainin',;;), 1'itllman-Si.milard Car > -*1 of certain nxc rifases, the ` ad 'Mry decrease; Co.. Pullman, Chicago, III. tg.incering '-day, Statistics Committee-- John P. O'Rockk (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Spam l'- et sciente. T! Point. Md. r' whatsoever. Fa C, .S. Pini.Ui'i. Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Ruine, X. Y. '-I't with discretion Is. L. Rogers. Shclcid Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. 'ruble. Mem 1ers at Large-- *C. M. Allen. The Aisserican Rolling Mil! Co., Middletown, Ohio. "F. C. Bennett. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. ' F. F. Blank, /.m es 0 l.aughlln Steel Corp.. Pittsburgh. Pa. Tt. A. C.'iIa)'|-'!C o n tin en tal Steel Corp., Kokemtu, Ind. Vter streng::,s of _~hlv proved and .'ch;r would upp. y-rr-'l, by hitter e.\p ninugfi. ". hong ... If. M. Cma(a n , Iisland Steel Co., Mast Chicago. t:id. ;lJe,l the . m', "If. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. -'.V. 1IVNtR.xr. Belr.it Irmi Works, Beloit, Wis. 'J ' ;i.v P, lent, American Steel Sc Wire Co., Chicago, 111. ,"*01 for a '.csigu 'p failed. Thi P"!v ttigiiittr R. if. h'Eitr.u.v: N. Republie Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. ' C-".Rr,F. T. Fontia, W eirton Steel Co., Weirton, M Va. S, F.. I fwvKEs, Macv. itvte Co.. Kenosha, Wis. *lf. f!. IIensei . The Youngstown Sheet it Tithe Ci'.Hfej&Ki SF. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. J ';,s of at: : 'lividi : ^: ll't basic MVS o 'Tfi' "diti-, i dev. j'fofessiun the .. t-,A __ A '. Mtcls Spillali I.u u isv : sburgh, F; rgh, Pa. t & Tube A M ] R McM v' x. Superior Stiri Corp.. Carnegie, l 'a. Xoi<Ti`v'non, ielhlchcm Steel Co., Sparrows Foint, M '[ \ 0 \ kt;;i~ Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh,-Pa. ] L KKnk.\ssn:i(, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. Ucou L. KiniNCF.it, Inland Steel Co., Hast Chicago, Ind. *Kor.KT L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, K*y Mfx' E- T fammku,, Republic Steel Corp., Alabama City, Ala. *1 \ Voss. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Vuro E. W>KR. Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. pjji General Chairman . Lackaw.;`- a , j Mais. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 16, 1939 Ambridge, ? i { 1 Tlie first session of ihc Metals Section .iwaukec, * | >< called to order by General Chairman L> 1 E. Trammell, Safety Supervisor, Rc- ^ . I- tUk Steel Corporation, Alabama City, Indiana K "r 1' <.|,Vjbma, who presided. Chairman Tram- mell made a report of Sectional activities during the past year, especially mentioning the work of the various committees, and then proceeded with the schedule of forma! papers, as follows: t'lttsburgh. a vp,, WUtetir.; AVA T . Co cc- el Con., r T- ml, Ohio. Standar1'. > Coordination of Engineering and Safety ' r - :- By J. M. H ASSLER X 1; District Chief Engineer, Republic Steel Corporation, Birmingham, Ala. t . } L-iiweering fundamentally is based t .) of materials. Engineers have famous "Factor of Five." 'Phis >impl> means that if a load is 1,000 pounds, an : :Vfvo that 4. square inch cross-section ci for the span needed will require a 10 pound analysis steel will support a definit-: section steel member, then it should be built of certain fixed spans. As the span five time? a* strong or as big, to lake can dlc '0:i^ that the member w:L nf the fools that will come along and plae. * *-h fl-.Treasc*. five limes the load limit on it. ;>day, other than research, L You have seen bridges that have sign- S teel r; -y J7*? lienee. There is no guess-work <*n them "Safe Load Limit Five Tons." z&i ?,"i lsy vcr- . Facts arc known and i: .Stand hv that same bridge for a while and "*Scr**n will keep one out c; watch. Soon a thoughtless, don't can*, ignorant individual comes along with a load 0i" ,11:Uer'al;i were thor'`L-K0V7i and 1|`C exact load (hat a support was known, it w:.< r . . VUtter ^<AX|K`TrKiettiee. that this ; *>> *FbfUhlle: ^ *i {(p V loads were m: s .',A.s .v-uK-f*5 `"MI,;R.Ued dead load ami ^ Nv;i< !( bc-auM: . ^ htU hveauM* <i{ tiiwuei; '* - _ 'dual that was tunamil; * ' of onghvering. .' .',''v,,lopu| ||,,. ,.,gin< of probably 15 tons and runs over the bridge. As a rule lie gets safely across. The "Factor of Five" has saved his hide. basically engineering IS correlated with afely. The very foundation and breadt!. hi engineering siiivcs* based on uletv. Kugineers guard agam.-t failure with their knowledge--not by gue"*work. *1Ley knuv. positively what loail>_\\ill he -mpported what wind loads wil .vb.citiev wha! shock !.. will do Til il-cir 'in vito .0 . ic& tice k ' 4 .^ 1 ,< required when ;' ; t uld lie. thoroughly M Mining Section water. H a drinking c iiohl the eye e-.n Then urc a 2 , ntuum rltlnridc as a ri;. at hall hour inter'.;.'., iotn* hum's. Officers 1938-1939 -re/Chairman--L. C. Cami'iieu., The Hoppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. T" ^;,aln(i-- A n g u s D. C.uiTniiLi, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Out., mid lie immediak:.. ; fjaada. .-ji-CWtrmcitt--W D. H aseltox, Pickands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. m experienced physica-1 | (Ttfary and N ews Letter Editor--Da.viei. Karrinctok, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash- velopmcnt of corns:r;r -v f - afton, D. C. t lime has made it r-jur and Slide Committee Chairman--]. J. Fokues, U. S. Bureau o f Mines, Pittsburgh, hand unloading oi tb ver the amount oi lira.* large enough quam::.. at containers be usv. fvyi'ci/v Committee Chairman--M. K. Buuo. The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. i ;a;i,nVi Coimntil.v Chairman--W. W. A d a m s . U. S. Bureau of Mines. Washington, IX C. } V-tiers at Large-- V J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. . Tuouas Au.ex, State Inspector of Coal Mir.es, Denver, Coio. ' `J. W. Alt, Caiumet Si Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Caiumet, Mich. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tem ., Mascot, Tenn. Xy FutoE. Bedale, Consolidated Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W . V. SXJoim L Boardmax, Anaconda Copper Mir.ir.-j Co., Butte, Mont. ;.X\Y. H. Comins, National Lead Co., Potos, Mo. X-.iLL. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. CM. Feluiax, Montreal Mining Co.,-Montreal, Wis. ; i&C-yf. Gibbs, Harwich Coal St Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. - ti*E`DAtvsoN Hall, "Coal Age," McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., i-'v llT . Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. 1 ..T.'lt'C Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbcc. -aria. I N. Host.ER. Pennsylvania Compensation Insurance Eating S: Inspertinn Bureau, I .Harrisburg, Pa. * - CT. Keck, Jamison Coal & Coke Co., Latrete, Pa. i E. Lichteoot, The Hoppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. 5 Martixsox. Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland. Ohio, i G . M e t z g e r , Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. i T*. Mptfat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. ; Murrav, Tiie Union-Pacific Coal Co., F.ock Springs, V.-. - I,' ^Yas. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. I . y'.y ^hixehart, West Virginia State Dept, c i Mines, Charie ?C fl& n af, The New Jersey Line Co.. Frank:ul X. J. { '.ItsV05*' ^ J**Ph Lead Co., Bonne Terre. Mo. i- ' i,*_'~,',Wos'i Alabama By-Products Corp., Fiat Creek, Ala. > 'Vi; * Hemestake Mining Co., Lead. 5. D. ; I<u^ Uouxo. American Zinc Lead bb Sm iting Co., St. Louis, M-v Chairman Officers 1939-1940 --Angus D. Cl.\mI'lu't.i. Mclttt; re Porcupine Mines, Ltd.. S.-lmmachc '-i,* -. i ii iiii'u rrt i .- 'P i n . c ..*,1 i Tr.:v. "i. 1 1 H i-u'i.vns, lv.-kai-.,i- Mai: - bb Co . Duiv M . -',40 .t>y pt 0 0 OB,'! +50 ."'A'/// Maltenuti Safely Coniress 'ec'Clhurittiut -*.Y. 1'. iwiiVKHAUT, West Virginia State Dein. ui Ni W. Va. CliarU^. . Sa Secretary and Xes< Letter E d ito r-- D a .v ik i. H a k r i n i '.t o n , l . S . b u r e a u o f M in es \y ir.aton, D. C. Enaineerina Cunt miller {airman--Jolt.v T r e w k k k , Homestakc Mininy Co.. Leaadd. <S^.v HeMalathscotC, aTmcimmi.llrc Chairman-- P. M. A r t h u r , American Zinc Comp,in} of TTri-t.aAti Membership Committee Chairman-- H e a t i i C l a r k , Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Pr SeCO^y' ,, point diana, Pa. / `aster and Slide Committee Chairman--J_. J. 1-oriies, U. S. lUtrcan of Mines. Pituia sr& coal i- Pa. ----- -- ' s.^ .bs to StaDt.isCtics Co nunitI,' Chairman-- \V. \V. A d a m s , U. S. bureau of Mines. Washii'rt Zre'situ- piinvoi Entertainment Committee Chairman- -J. T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Corei Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- xet :H a * vih ~yji from thi T homas Au .f.n, State Inspector o i Coal Mines, Denver, Colo. *.f. \ \ \ A t.T , Calumet & Hecta Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Midi. "i-sr 'it tty o *Cr. J. D a k r e t t , Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. A: ;st !U*cus< Fkki>f. ItaOAf.K, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Uoakoman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Puttc, Mont. *?&" ; t-.SS!iY. It ii t ih oot war *L. C. C-ati'mci.t., Tlie Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *VV. H. C u m i n s , National Lead Co., Potosi, Mo. :4 '-> 'ibis Sful c I whole, b M. L. C o w .t k r , Clearfield bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. C. M. Ffi.i.man, Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. *C. W. Ginns, Harwich Coni & Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 's" r ' ,| l upecti " -un 'p tr it in v try as in * R . D a w s o n H a m ., "Coal Age." McGraw-Hill Publishing C o ., I n c ., New Vo.-*-, M L * . vrTetirdy no H. T. H a k I'K, Tennessee Copper Co., Copper!!!, Ten. *H. C. Hknuio. I'helps I)odec Corn., f'Lbcc, Ariz. C. l;. Keck, Jamison Coal vc Coke Co.. I-atrobc, Pa. .- Tvic I l l u m i n o :r.-luuty. Jl: :e o i c o a l T h o m a s K. Liuim-mor, The Knppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. * G e o . M a r t i n s o n , Pickand- Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. % filing number V-, :\-,\< wav C. H. M cK night, Lake SV .rc (old Mines, Ltd,, Kirkland Lake, Out., CauFa'.a. ^ tvtt.-. One e-, W t u .t A M G. M k t z o k k , Hud*'n Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. aiggn' is to D. D. Moi f-AT, Ctah Copj ..r Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. -! f ir tic u la r h V'. O. Ml'kkav, The L'nion Pacific Coal Co.. Rock Springs, Wyoming. ^ny, to the t R. H. Skh*. The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, K. J. `iy in the b L. T. S icka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Conne Terre, Mo. ': r - d . that m o 0 , \ . SiMi'.sii.v, Koppers Coal Co., Pittshurgh, Pa. *;iMc s.r.d th. How.viiu I. \ OfNc, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co.. St. LnuC. Mo. `Pent tlvr.eval f.'linirnian ' dvctexl not : -it aad loss w a y s *. * '*'? 'iisirabih)r. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 16, 1939 '(|b ile i t is li 'J's*nin biuim to tin j'^ n tco .l l o w O s n ll t! T*:f Produce "d o -iej. a n d The first espion ot' the Mining Section uns called to order by (encrai Chairman L. C. Campbell, Assistant to die VicePresident, The Koppers Coal C o m p a n y , Pitt-im rgh. Pa., who presided. { 'h a i r m a n (. ampiieil. in his opening mark* i r ie t iv v iew e d so m e ot' th e n c u v ilie s o t t a n d its c o m m itte e s d u rin g tb c ! J.. ^ a n d t h e n i n t r o d u c e d ( h e > c h c d u le e * U n l i s t e d i n t h e p r o g r a m . 'I lie S c " fc ' ;>L. *r- *"* s c u s - u `U r e ,i i i ..i i w w a s rim M e e m \ariu u s i v e V `^ r ip ; ' 9# r- n^t d i h i c u /Vg.es only t 'r'* P rin c ip le s ir.eehani ':.hU t'M Me* ot th is 0 0 0 2 3 :; T v C -w ^ y -^ A .-- - - J - ottr oa-the-joh acciij... Petroleum Section iicmaii m y this inorni-- 1 .- inr a large corpora,?. i in uvemy-tlircc ;iiK' ic'ii was .Vi falaliticj r, . ; among some 90,000 /S i A ;ho--job accidents, w|,trjr I Officers 1938-1939 ..ccideiits they had 'Oj ' '-fol C7hrw<tu--J. H. Luow.v, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., .New York, X. Y. ;VT Letter Editor-- K. S. H ithman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Company. Tulsa, Okla. .05 fatalities cost tin cc?_ fiihvrmp C'/iii/rmiitt-- G. 11. Cakpkxtf.k, Hum ble Oil & Kenning Co,, H ouston, ney. . . iher at the same trii^ tancc where a man wj, -.(I no in m o an ne y off-the-jol) to pay his atrcyt,., :id his company took id it. Many of the re-t r 'ave done the same thir, :r Section might well ;.- In-tween this mcctiue irSiii Committee tV;.u>wH--I.)k. Jamw \Y. Long, Gulf Oil Corp., Port Arthur, Texas. -striai Oitta S h e e r C o n n a tu r i' Chairman--H. E. Disciiixcck, Shell Oil Co.. Im\. . \( Louis, Mo. "ipiifaw C o m m itte e Chairman--li. \\*. Coggess, Sinclair Prairie Gii Co.. Tulsa, Okb. .factitious Committee Chairman--J. C. YncXG, Tide Water Associated Oil Or, TuUa, Vflkb. Colics Committee e hairmitn--Uaui.kv H. Mveks, Sinclair Prairie Od Co., lu lsa. Okla. r fo li Education Committee L'hmrman--E. D. McKJ'titiv, Mid-Comino,-:: Petroleum Curp., f'CTdsa, Okla. NvCisiir Division Chee.rman--A. M. McKkan, Pan American Petroleum & Transport Co., proper committee for ;!a *Seff York, X. Y 'il Lakes Division Chairman--J C. Hek.\D, Sinclair Refining Co., East Chicago, Ind. light try to collect data a-: itti.Division Chairmen--T. S. Mafkitt, JkM Hotiston Oil Co. of Texas. Houston. Texas. what our off-time accidtsa Divisi :i Chairman--H. T. Makkef, Phillips Petroleum Co., Hnrtlesville, and what we can da a. lint on a program of ti- r jMa. Coast Divist a: t hatrman--A. !.. AxoKksox, Standard Oil Co. <i Calit.. San bran* hose lines, so that our etw Calif. :;r ily practice safety r. Divisi'iit Chairman'-- ])oyd V. Osmok.v. Standard O:' Co. (Ind.), Camper, n. e job as well. vyjfjfbming. .vs have records, check Xtt Centrai Chairme .-- ce what those accidents;'! j&X. W. Buck. Standard Oil Co. of X. J., Elizabeth, X. J. i`";r H.W. Coggkss. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. .V CH A N T: That is a C`* - "tS. Bonsib. Star, iard Oil Co. of X. J., New York, X. Y. :ie of my own group !) | #v A. \V. BttKEi.AM). Cone Star (as Co.. 1lallas. Texas. iic off-thc-job accidents ' 1;> y* Currie. The Texa^ Co.. Houston. Texas. :k tenders, a third liarrda-"|, r k . E Doxovan. Standard Oil Co. of Calif.. San Prancisco, Calif, iianic. They "ere ccr.:r t Hightowki:. Vaitcd Gas Pipe Line Co., Houston. Texas. liity miles down the [ .0. Lockwood. Contincmal Casualty Co.. Tulsa, Okla. driving through a fdi- ' | : bii*. [\ Pm;s>iNG. ; ':iion Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif, had a fatality in j B. ko.M*r.ii, Hurr/alc Oi: <!y defining Co.. Houston. Texas. hut you can hgure ce. / Sr.xxE, Sncor.y-\*acuum f)iLCo.. Inc., New York, X. Y. that accident cost >hc _ I , t Srr.i: iard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. .ainly cost plenty to / ^ * AI.LACE, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. i it cost plenty to rCt H. X. Hj..\-:Ksu-:n, American Petroleum institute, New York. X. Y. ,'F.R: Before we adjot-" be in order for w * .g vote of thniiKi u' . ,:i o/ the fine 'V`W '? . ;* :r Chairman. ha? ^ essiuns on Midi 1 ` ; vca nmneron?l> ;f . . . . . . i r . - i rtctl U'M-*'1- Officers 1939-1940 t ON/iriinn:--C ; X"!:.ma.vn. Sh.ell Oil Co.. Inc.. San I*ranci.'.- Calif. -siri.(} / ;r . z u t ' t n j r --11. T. M akkfk. Phillips Petroleum C Bartlesville. J i - v waH h*r PP ' . j,.r C. A. Mu i.i'.u. The Texas Co.. 1 I. H-mWKn Mvr.ks. The m 531 o o o ; )* ^ n s o o J o r mm mm :!= : : ? t e ' hi r>t 552 J o l l i X i t i i . iitii S i i i r l v i ' i i i u w i'.' * f-'i'cc-Clmirman ;jr Marketing--F. R. McLf-ax, White Star Diw, S<-eutiv-Want !nc., iMrniu Mu-i'.. ' m AYr-w /. rfrr LVf.vr--H. P. Wiu .jams. i'an-Aiiicrirau Refining Grp., Te\\is q v AVI'T liih/iih\r;ni/ C^mmiass ClunruttM --f. 1'. SrTTnx, Ohio Oil Co., Findlay, 0)ij,M if s u h l t C`WiwiUss Chairman--Hu. J. \Y. Lono, Gulf Oil Curp., Hon Arthur, Tcxa'i/iSi Industrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--H. E. Disohnokk. Shell Oil r (S \ Ksty) U r n s Mo. ' ,r itiHiulJf"'- . V ^ . Pelro1 ^ wr' J T g r^Sc"' ^rk L :,r Marketing .--Am". Pctrolc Program Committee Chairman--J. H. IMywx, Tide Water Associated Oil Co. Y-L X, V. Publication Committee Chairman--J. C. Voexe, Tide Water Associateci Oil Co, ftgjtg Okla. . ..... . Educ Statistic* Committee Chairman--Mmouz'i H. Mvcits. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa. I'isual Education C .' > i m i / / r c Chairman-- T . S. M a k f it t . J r ., H o u s t o n Oil Co. of T u '^ Houston. Texas ' Atlantic Division Chairman---J, W. L ord, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, ft;-'*1 Great Lakes Division Chairman--Frank Harrison*, Pure Oil Co,, Chicago, 111. Gulf Division Chairman--W. I. Kent. Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas. Texas Mid-Continent '{vision Chairman--F. X. Dai.kvmw.k, Title Water Associated ^ V:x tx lu c a tio n a i \.. ^ d c s tn a y b e 5 H ow to- tr a in a b o u t t h e i r j' Tulsa, Okla. A era England Division Chairman-- to n s W. Wki.ch, Cities Service Oil Co.. East RrfA tree. Mass. Pacific Const Division Chairman--A. J. Martinson:, California Petroleum Safety IVI-.li/a*i'G. i Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. Past General Chainven-- t How to teach j^iwss and its d: rvkrstand things h) Why tlicy d they do it. L, Eiizaheth. X. 1. H. W. P o u o k s s , Sinclair Prairie Oil C Tulsa, Okla. ' !\. S. Uoxsn;. Standard Oil Co. of X. j., Xew York, X. Y. A. \V. I.kkklantv Lone Star Lias Co.. Dallas, Texas Oil Co., Xew York, X, Y. V. K. CfKKIf ' uston. Texas K. E. r>oNiv Calif.. San Francisco, (huif. C. L. Huant United Gas Pipe Li ::e CM, Houston, Tesa* Co.. TuFa. Okla. Gko. r. Hrcs.~<X'*. Lmou Oil Co. of C:.*if.. Loi Anuclc.-. Calif. U. il. !\*ia1'i:k, Haathic Oil Oc Retini:;-.': <M, Houston. Trxa< E. J. .'`t-t.VNK, Soc',::y-Vacuum Oil Co... lac., Xew York, X. Y. -C. \V\ S m it h . Standard Oil Co. (Ind.) . Chicago, 111, 1). J. W .vi.i.acT.. Sinclair Prairie Oil C Tulsa. Okla. Secretary--If. X. p!..\Kf:5i.F.r,, America;; Petroleum Infinite, Xew Yftrk, X. Y ' sS /i y r yi- .>.!; C ;i lb) Why they jaiil, belli for runsidcring the a whole. i<) H o w t h e y c; tions in t h e i r o r Cl 'ml in w a g e s p a 'M W h y t h e v a i i itcred to th e m . t How to d e a rly . .1I *:s to tlic cmplo the b e st u s e o f Tl-is b r i e f s t a t e n w i t '* obvious, p ro b le m b s ut do n w h n 3 " V `: r n a n a l l y s t \ ' save o iu cih in g -c h a s t a u g h t u s > 1 lT a b le to TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION `t 1 hut we . v / ^ h if o u r c o m i October 17, 1939 _ t lai> or force: | , y a l!e t o l i v e The opening sen ot the Petrok-jm Section '.va- c V) order hy General Chairman j. 11. Fire Protection En gineer. Tide Water A-ociatcd Oil 0**:::- jeuty, Xew York City, who presided. .c hr<t feature wa* a.-tries of Triet reports of sectional cominiitt-c chairmen. as follow*: Sectional .letivitieby Genera! Chair::*..;:; 1.11. Proven. Vor } `( chuc c.aas A. Miller, c,-.- . " 'H r a t h e r tit a n '* i n d u s t r i e s i n : C :airm;ui, lYtrcjlcunt Section, and A-;; /;pYiil largely di to Manager, 'The Texas C o m p a n y . - i *, 011r capiialistit t '`M. 'Texas. ;.iny types nt pr /or r , ; , t l i n l i m >, i J . Xobman"' X / f < w ith d ie lii CterpySit^lV-imJetini Section, and ^ 1 > io <rain nur ' Oil ** * ' their j. 11 rane -heally. {.-ruul I#- G0W- O LiRj1 * 4 H U T S .< it. JO NES: Complcii guardii.nj h presses is ell very we!; ;or t]"' Public Utilities Section tv of people Here v re have u?' - with good supervising. and <"> service. Hut I slmuid like you''" t . my shoes ami take enr; of our'lOn',' ?, where they can't .-d l the ty." Sec tvhat you can <-. i0 gct (j ' Officers 1938-1939 v.s guarded! I don't care whether ir" mile guard or what. Those fellc1* know anything about The oat * sets his own guard. Those are i> . s that I am trying to lick * AIRM AN GERMAN: Vm 4ftj;. gentlemen do not attend Natiorl. Congresses. ... .fji ................ R. S. M k t z c e k , Toledo Edison Co., Toledo, Ohio. : ^aSeuerat Chairman--H. A. P t o l e m y , Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chi- n aso. IU:'ieerttery--G iaw.es S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance, Ohio. `i^-ineeriiig Committee--E. J. H a.vi.ox (Chairman), The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.. v&Jago. m. C. B o o k m a n , Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond, Va. ; r j. F. McCabe, Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. BORAKS: Mr. Jones really (0;/ ' j . 0 . S p e e d , Alabama Power Co., Birmingham, Ala. story that is absolutely true.. ! j|' .%f. E. S t o t t , Georgia Power Co., Atlanta, Ga. iccl that when I come to National Sheet Sub-Committee--Paci. R. Kuhn (Chairman), Pennsylvania Edison Co., Al- Congress meetings the bigget: Oyeona. Pa. I get is the contact with safety [*,. tyhj. D. Hau., Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J. ut you fellows have beautiful plant!.' .TJ.: Jqav P. McCavv, New England Power Service Co., Boston, Mass. . Jones said. You are the last wore J. McVav, Stone & Webster Service Corp., New York, N. Y. ty. I tell you something ought to l< J/rfy Instruction Card Sub-Committee--W. H. B r o w n , Northern States Power Co., Min- :bout the small plants that haver.'; *h"popoli*. Minn. ans or the inclination. Once I made pi,-M. T. Caster, Lincoln Telephone V Telegraph Co., Lincoln, Nebr. -cstiou that every member of (hii 'fhibit Committee--E. S. Miner (Chairman), American Telephone & Telegraph Co.. 11tec bring with him somebody free: BXtw York, N. Y. .1 plant as a guest. It would bet!' ?:} M. Buswei.i., San Joaquin Light & Power Co., Fresno, Calif. A thing we ever did with, this sectica 'iJk.E. A. R u s t , Eric County Electric Co., Eric, Pa. ;ii tpany would bring an unlit- tin Strip Committee--A." A. Munte (Chairman), Public Service Co. of Colorado. Ucn- to section in Chicago next ye, 5tttr, Colo. >y tr. jones would make a lot of bun j-'E. L. D o v a , Central New York Power Corp., Syracuse, N. Y. id the insurance companies woitP V.V. L. S m it h , L o s Angeles Dept, of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. little business. -VV G c o r c e G. W a l d r o p , City Light fit Water Utilities, Fort Wayne, Ind. JO N ES: I was in a plan: last wcA Tirtti Committee--Da. H a r t E. F is h e r (Chairman), Chicago Rapid Transit C > .. ChiConnecticut and the sunirintendev I ^ago, IB. it girls come in there ::: work at: . `txbcrship Committee--1). C. Duncan (Chairman), Appalachian Electric Power Co.. rly refuse to go to work on a pro'- \ . HlueSeid. W. Va. ; two sweep guards on it. He 1. ' A1. H. Kussmau!., Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond. lini. nut on the handcuff eea.'C. U : J - B. P o r c h e r , Ohio Edison Co.. A k r o n . Ohio, j '' R- Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co.. Newark, N. J. , 'res Letter Committee--Wit. !.. Cone fChairman), Utah Power A Light Co., Sah Lake ? .&V, Utah. j . H. K. B e r m a n , Consolidated Gas Electric Light S; Power Co., Baltimore, Md. I R. Kxopp, Union Electric Co. of Missouri, St. Louis, Mo. vAA- A. Ra u , Kansas City Power 8: Light Co., Kansas City, Mo. j i , W o o d s , Central Power & Light Co.. Curptts Christi, Texas. { SiT and Safely Kinles Committee--If. W. [.UHCK (Chairman}. Commonwealth F.diom G.icago, III. ii w P- Noyes, Central Maine Power Co, Augusta. Maine. * Ji; Committee--P. !.. G. I( w-k.u i . 1Chairman). Pcimsi Ivauia Ih Lie!.: T -town. Pa. R. B. t jv n f , Florida Power & Light Co.. Miami. Fla. " R- Rvan, Northern Indiana I'om.-r ~o., Indianapolis. Ind. J 581 5S2 2Slh ,\ attoniti Surety Congress H. E. Sheuu, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Eluelield. \V. \'a. \V. B r il e y U ' u ig h t . Eastern Shore Public Service Co., Salisbury, Mel. Publicity Committee--J. M. Orts `Chairmen i . Public Service Corp., Newark x . T. S. Shinn. Carolina Power & Light Co.. Raleigh, X. C. , b P. K. S t il e s , Electric Bond & Share Co.. New York, X. Y. j. L. W e e k s , South Carolina Electric & Ga$ Co., Columbia, 5. C. Statistics and Contest Committee-- .1. C. M a r t in (Chairman), Bureau ot' Saiciy, Q.: E. M . C h a s e , Central Vermont Public Service Corp., Rutland. Vt. If* J. D. Ellis, Northwestern Electric Co., Portland, Oregon. is- D. F. Mc.Murchy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tenn. Members at Large-- ... H. J. B u r t o n , Consumers Power Co., Jackson, Mich. C. H. D a v is , Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago, III. C. H. D ixsmore, Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Madison, Wis. E. P. D u r k e e , Consolidated Edison Co. oi Xew York, Inc.. Xew York, X. y. C. X. R a k e s t r a w , Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Councilors (Past General Chairmen) John*J. B a Ra d a , The Laclede Gas Light Co.. St. Louis, Mo. E. S. Beaumont, The Peoples.('as Light & Coke Co.. Chicago. 111. C. B . B o u l e t , Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. G. A. D o e l i.e b , Dayton Power & Light Co.. Dayton, Ohio. Jamils B. D o u g l a s , The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. W. P. E l s t u x . American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Xew York, X. Y. ; R o y M. G o d w in ", Philadelphia Electric Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. E. J. K h e h , Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. W i l l s M a c l a c h l a n , Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont., Canada. B . B. M c C u l l o c h , Bureau of Safety, Chicago, III. Gkouci: Ol'H, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. F. M. Pltpkk, Illinois Bell Telephone Co.. Chicago, III. C. .! R u t l a n d , Texas Power & Light Co.. Dallas, Texas. C. B. S c o t t , Bureau of Safety, Chicago. III. II. F. Wnnn, West Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa. St-eeinl Rcfrese-Uatiz-cs--C. I. CiKFVUT. Const Minted Edison Co. of X. Y., hie., Xew 1 X. Y. f A.G.A.) _ ' W. R. S m it h . Puidic Service Electric & has Co., Xewark, X. J. (E.E.i.) Officers 1939-1940 Generiti C intirm nn--FC A. Ptoi.kmv. 1`uMic Service Co. oi Xortheru Illinois, Chienuu.1 Giee-C luiirm au-- C m a k i.ks S. liowni-.x. Ohio Pu:,lie Service Co., Alliance, Ohio Secretary-- P. L. G. H a s s k a k i., Pennsylvania i'owcr & Licht Co., AIIeni(v\n. `allitf/ineerinff Committee-- E. . H a n i.o x (C hairum ii), The Peoples Gas Lijilu & Cuki ^ Chicago. III. E. R. Kuoim\ Cnion Electric Co. of Mo., S 1.. Louis, Mo. Paix R. Kuhn, Pennsylvania EilLun Co., Altoona, Pa. A. A. Ram., Kansas City Power L Litilu O.. Kansas City, Mo. Ihila Sheet Sub-Committee--\f. T. C .stv.u (Chairman), Lineoh^Tylej^honc & Co., Lincoln, Xchr. *" IC C . PooKAi.w. Virginia Electric A: Power Pichtnoiul, Va. W if. P.aoux. Vorthvrti Siair> I'/v;vr C* Mimcajioiis. Ai inn. M / / V / v / a tntetien C ord Snh 'C tin u n ift-e - VV. ;',.:li.KV W u n a i T (C h a irm a n ), !*uiiI'k* Service Co.. SalKhiny, .\M. Y. S. S h i n n . Carolina Power X- C o ., PAcijili, X. C. I ' . x h ! i l)h. t ! ' C. Wom'umu ui tst , e eC--enLtra(l '. Power' M cC a & h i : l . i e M Co., Corpus i^fcA ix m esn c T c n :u L i s l t t Co., P illM j* 11" n ,,, I. I). FF.m l, Ailantie City KlwiriV 1 o.. J7? J o i i x P . M c C a n n , Xew E n f i a m i p o w e r S e i ' I..'.i\ Commute1' A lintstan. ' *g**SHEUU, ApPGt . [jmininec--Ci's ,,rW n > Commute, OtT. b'Bh L. P. H o fO lA N , M e uner Commuto, V,.* York. X. Y. U A. K u n c e , P u h li B. Pokuher. Olile ! 0. St't.f.t.>. Alahau !. E S t o t t . G e o r g i : - .vr and Snfety Kit PsH ic Service Cu., H \V. L S m it h . L u s (rr/mm Committee--! .ni W. Va. . E M. Chase Cemr George: G . \ V a i .m in I. L . W eeks, S o u t h (fiPn. tKe. Committee-- S tk .e s , E h a s t - 'iiulus and Contesi V. J . j. D. E l u s , X o rtlv !>. F. .UcMdkuhv, .l 'tre rr al Laruc-- ; H. I. Burton. Ci.n ! H. D.u is, Ct.tin 1 C H. Dinshokk, \' E P. DcKfEE, Con H. \v. Lueck. Coi C X. Raki-lstkaw. J- M . S t i i i k i :, S t . Jneilnrs (Pesi Gene lHS J . lA tiA U A , 1 E S. Blaumont, ". B. Bnut.iT, Wi- 9- A. DiiKt.t.r.H, D: ! U. Ihitici,as, Tl :yiv ,\[. Gnpwt.v. Isklh. Phil.n 'G u _ s M a c l a c iii p- B. McCullocii '( S. Mtrr/.r.Kk. T. O r,., l'e t r V M. PumiK. Ili; I. kvn.Axn. T IL S a i T v , I ' etre :l- P. Wkhii, W, - 'lll-inl lie[rreselituiir E 'N J lt . ! . S t . ni-e u uiii,iti.* C n . \ \ . Va. ^:ih>1m*r\-, Aid. Curi.., K, X , V. : "a. s, e. `I>. l'.iircau ,,I ,s-|i,.ly r , . ilaml. Vi. *1 u. . ; "\iia, '1 uim. .. Wir. I">' Xcw York, X. y invelami, Oliio. lo. cayo. 111. T, \Yis. .lauclpliia, Pa. "a York, X. Y. Pa. Canada. I 'llhIU- Ulililes See. l'Ut 5SJ 'Jb- .rii' Cumin:.tee--l. A. Kt.vr tCInnrnmn), lrir Crnmly LLclnc Or. Prie l'a. Jr.KVIa . e.'oiiM.liilaii:(| iia.:. piccine Libili X Puwc'. cu.. Iktltmiutr. .V'I . n |. U|ii;ou, :'aku'l.ian Klcciric l'uwcr C.. liluclk'lrl. \Y. \'.i. 1 ,,n i n n i l e ,'--Da. H akt E. I'i.-ii.k f C h a i r m a n ) . t liicac-u k.v.iii Trau.ul Cu.. Ciilcacu. ; M C a n i n ::::,-,---\\'si. !.. CV\'i: / C h a i r m a n ) . Liai) Power X l.ielil Co.. Sali Lake i i .i* . y lloKi-'MAN. rlorula Power X; I.ieht Co., Miami, I'lori.la " '' / /H e r Cnmn'-itlee--E. S. Mini.ii (C h a ir m a n ), American Telephone X Tclc:^ra|'ii Co.. 'T & ? V York. X . Y . ................................. . a - :' */ <\ Ku .nt.ic, i ::i>1c Service Cu. of Colurado, Denver, Colo. V. V J'ohchkk. '.Lao Edison Co., Akron, Ohio i} y.i'KK. A !:` .nna Power Co.. Birmingham. Ala. r i o r r , Georgia Power Co.. Atlanta, Georgia n n d S a f e t y K i n k x C o m m i t t e e -- \ \ \ H. Kussmaci. ( C h t i i r u u m ) , Nurthevn Indiana Service Co.. Hammond, Iiul. - K. S mith. Los Anseles Department ot W ater & Power. Los Anavies. Calii. titv V " '" 1 C o m m itte e --0 . C; D uncan* (C h a ir m a n ) , Appalachian Electric Power Co.. Ulue- m . 1 *L-. 7/. *'* m . O ia.sk, Cvmral \*crmom Public Service Curp.. Kutlaml. Yt. : ,t; C. City Pittiti & W ater Utilities. Fort Way:;-, lad, 7 / kkks, South Carolina Electric & Gas Co., Columbus, S. C. I t C o n t a n t i V--L- C. Mahti.v ( C h a i r m a n ) , Pureau o Safety. Chicago, K. S'Jii.us. Ela.sco Services, Inc., Xcw York, X. Y. V- : d C o n t e . '! C o m m i t t e e --J. M. O mts ( C h a i r m a n ) , Public Service Corp., Newark. P*. rh .u s, X'or:h western Electric Co.. Portlam i, Oregon - l.;. s > . .. .ta s .-'.'1'- !:< .urne-- 5. . *j* i;kto.\\ l ; Co. ot XL Y., Inc., New Y, L a - X-;.L ark, X. J. (E.E..) .Davis, Ce: Wisconsin Power Ce Light Co., Madi>on, \Yi*. vi.'kXKi:. C msohdnted Edison Co. of N. Y., Inc.. New Y;r .V.'KCK, '.mmonwenhh Edison Co., Chicago. Ml. X. Y. L" ti. . '.-.KKSTK-... Cleveland Electric illuminating Co., Clove!:::'. :. Ohio .*rTUIKK. r*:. Joseph Railway. Light. Heat & Power C '.. Si. Jo>epIt, Mo. Northern Illinois. Chican, 1 .. Alliance, Ohio e:ht Co.. Allentown. Pa. opio* Gas Light & k <.ke ' l `asl C: rat Chairmen)-- L i AUAL1' . The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis. Mo. f ' 3?V- ` "*" - . 'L/.AkMONT. , aa.ut. .. The Peoples Gas Light *consin Public Service & Coke Co.. Chicago. ! Corp., Milwaukee. \Y> ?, ; . .avton Power & Light Co., Dayton. Ohio - .coin Telephone & Die* Va. i inn. (('airman), l1.:***1-! Texa* ! igi-.t Co., Piiid-ur^'- Ma.*.*. V $:C` |vsi V. V 1 . -, .- L i'ijuwi:- Ph:i .Maciac:-: :McCl-u .'. ?:. Bureau of Safety. Chicago, HI. '.U.ry.nvM, `'ledo Edison Co.. Toledo. Ohio : Uf f . J 'r*#it Ellison Cu.. Del ridi. Mieli, l'W.U, i. ino* PHI Telephone Co.. Chicago. 111. :>;as Power Light Co.. Dallas Texas >n\ IV.:- :m t Safety, Chicago. 111. ' IU!, Y. Penn Sy-stem. >::t*hnrgh, Pa. '-:entn:.~. \ rwr. n*ohdateil Edi*-':: t o. ui XL ^ "In.. Nc'1-:11J(, ; . <: Service E lectr:: N Ga* Co., Newark, XL i. G'StrY. LV.^irV-L.... ' ; JSth X tilionul I'mtnwi.t curauly c<imr<,)lmg tune. u*m]tvraiuro anti !<rc'*urc*. Surnciem mercury thvrmnmeter' a* well a> recording thermometers arc correctiy placed and cM*;;nntlv checked nn-'itrc the ma nire-. Karl i of the pmcc'Sincr Mpcranons re* quire: unti-mai re. extreme accuracy combined \sith a lunic supervision and in spection to assure quality and safety of the product. In spite of the utmost care, detects in uurkmanship and material Jo occur in any manufactured article. These defects must lie found before the article leaves the fac tory, therefore, it is necessary to minutely in>pec't each article, diligently searching for and rejecting defective merchandise. These injectors, well trained, are paid a bonus for rinding defects; however, as an added precaution, their workmanship in turn is checked by product quality inspectors to .T*>ure accuracy ami efficiency. The modem tire is only one important accessory lor the car oi today The painstaking cart* m mamiracmre. rher ?amc high recard for quality, die >amc precau tion* to assure the consumer'' -a tm U a major part of every piece m equipment that is manufactured into each car, Tire? arc safe and automobiles arc -ate--if the per. *on behind the wheel ami ? control ,-ooperates he thinking and driving .at civ. Quality control work in any manufacturing industry involves two mator safety func tions. The first consideration is the safety of the employee, to see chat the operator is performing his job with the maximum degree of.safety to himjcli. that the material> he works with, his tuols or machines have no apparent functional defects that may be hazardous to safety. The second consideration, safeguarding the safety of the consumer by seeing that each operation is being performed correctly, being con>tantlv alert to in.-ure the observance nf specifications in order that uniformly high quality, safe merchandise i> produced. Dusts in the Rubber Industry By P. A. D A V IS , M.D., F.A.P.H.A. Goodyear T ire & Rubber Co., Akron, 0 . ( Justs may he clarified in two main groups: 1. Harmful; 2. Xot harmful or nuisance. When we think of this classification, we undoubtedly think of some type of pneumonocomosis. However, l believe we must not base our conception of dusts on this basis, but assume that all dusts are detri mental to the human system as a whole when the concentrations are high enough. Whether the disability is due to a toxic condition or to a mechanical one, of course, depends entirely upon the nature of the dust. The conditions usually referred to as being of mechanical origin fall under that condition known as jmcumonoconiosis with its various sub-division? o f : The method of contracting jmeumonoconiosis is by inhalation of the dust; however, all dusts do not cause p:;eumouocomo?i$. The higher the silica content of a dust the greater the possibility of developing a fibro sis and the higher the percentage of crystal content the greater the irritation. The diagnosis of the type of pneumonoconiosis is based upon the following; 1. Past history and occupation. 2. Physical examination. 3. Clinical examination of -puiuni. 4. X-rays of lung?. Since we have been studying die hmg> industrial workers by x-rays, there has de veloped an entity winch -houid be termed the "Industrial Lung." This condition. I believe, should not he "termed a pneumonoooniosis because it reaches a certain stage, docs not progress any further and alter several months to a year improves. Tcere arc no symptoms nVftirifrLVa?cd capacit} ot the lungs. It is dis|ll3^i^ii!y of x-rays taken ovd^^^f'l'iod of ;A The other con j,i soluble du>u .Hen. and metnlh :;flder a -pccinc vn-oning is verrtbalation oi lea inroat irritation0f insoluble dumechanical. We juits as; 1. V pneumonoconiotii Some of rhe [ used in `imhistr; classifications arc Pneumonoconio 1. Silicosis (>am earth, tough rotten stone, than Vi of \ r 2 Sidcrosis--iro iron sulphides i. Anthracoso--* 4 Asbestosis--1 ore. 5. Chalcosis--cof 6. Chalicosi.'-->u ffon-Pneumono< H arm fu l: 1. Lead dusts. 2. Arsenic dust; L Chromium di 4 Cadmium dm 5.' Antimony du 0. Radium com] 7. Alkali dusts. Sulphur dust 9. Tellurium a 10. Various cub ultra marine chromate, etc. Non-harmful but nuisance dusts: 1. Soapstone will 2. Zinc oxide aiui L Barium sulpha 4 Plaster of Par 3- Paris white--v ^ Talc. /. \(ica--ma>- ca 8- Oxide of magi 4 Titanium diox As we can sei nccessarily mut Ossification ot 1 in4rH^a?K3t:onvu' nfc:.;'o( *o.Ui pred J, >. ,rf ircss r ilic car oi to>la\. The 5^ care in manufacture, the same . or quality, ilie >jme l'rccaulire Ihc consumer-" safety j5 , of every piece <>( equipment i})at iurcrl--into cadi car. Tires lrt nomobilcs arc safe--if the pr. the wheel ami in control coihinkins and driving safely. jntrol work in any manufacturing solves two major safety fun, first consideration is the safety ioyee, to sec that the operator 115 his job with the maximum afety to himself, that the materks with, his tools or machines pparent functional defects that tardous to safety. The second safeguarding the safety of :r by seeing that each operation .r formed correctly, being con-t to insure the observance oi > in order that uniformly high merchandise is produced. jstry .P .H .A . kron, 0 . od of comractiug pucumonoconiitalation of th duci; however. 1 not causo puetmtunucoiiiosis. ;;:C silica coment nf a dust tite yossihilitv of dvveloping a nbro"bener th perecntage of crysta: greater th irritatimi. The lite type of pneinnottoconirxis is .ite following: .story ami occupatimi, ai vxamination. vxamination ni" sputimi. o i lune.-. i.ave hwn .-itidyltiu th lungi m rkvr* iy x * r a y > . t!i rrc ha s dc* v. i ii v i i - . m i M 1m; tc rn w v i ::i: L;in?." This 4. kn. I ,ti !Vl iw U T t n r d :i p tic i: mono- 11 r r a c h c * 1 uo r t a i n t a s i . ; cr e * * any i i i r t l h r a n d a : w r ;> ; . a y e a r i m r .r r .iVV. Theri !-j T decrca-ul c a p a c j;y ' i i ' >'ov/re<i <,r.iy i.y a it*rie1ver a period of years. l \a i `l<cr S e e lio n C,00 The other conditions caused by inhalations , oiubie dusts, insoluble, but free from tilica. and metallic dusts have to be discussed imder a specific condition; for example, lead pcisenin? is very frequently caused by the inhalation of lead dust; and many nose and throat irritations arc caused by inhalation 0f insoluble dust whose action is strictly mechanical. Wc therefore may also classify dusts a s : I. Pnetmioiioconiotic; 2. Xonpneumonoconiotic. Some of the principal dusts or materials used in industry which fall under these classifications are as follows: P neum onoconiotic: 1. Silicosis (sandstone, slate Hour, fuiier's earth, Stoughton earth, infusional earth, rotten stone, any other clay with more than '/i of 1% silica, ground glass). 1. Stderosis--iron ores, iron oxides 'cat.), iron sulphides (nat.). 3. Anthracosis--coal and carbon dusts. 4. Asbcstosis--powdered aslxstos, asbestos ore. 3, Chalcosis--copper ore and copper dusts. 6. Chaiicosis--stone dusts. Non-Pneumonoconiotic ' H arm fu l: 1. Lead dusts. 2. Arsenic dusts. 3. Chromium dusts. 4. Cadmium dusts. 5. Antimony dusts. b. Radium compounds. 7. Alkali dusts. S. Sulphur dusts. 9. Teimrium compounds. In. Various colored compmmds as ultra marine bine, IV.:--iati blue. .cad chromate, etc. Non-harmful but nuisance dusts: I Soapstone with x/ i c/c or less of free -:iica. 2- Zinc oxide and sulphide. Barium sulphate. A Plaster of Paris. Paris white--whiting. T sw' Mica--mav cause a ineeitanieal ir-:-:.ti->n. f'x: ie of magnesia. 1 Titanium dioxide. As .vc can see by liti- classifica:: r. wc r"-'cessar;!y raust go hack our '- .in a i iAsstr.ration oi harmful, and not l:ar:u:nl : "s:,,l I ,.:n convinced that .itile -nie', its is A .. 11r pre'ionnrianl -.dilimi- :c to silica, there are many other conditions which arc produced in the respiratory tract which are harmful to the individual. The following arc the most important materials used in the rubber industry which are in the form of a dust or powder and to which the individual is exposed. They are marked by the following letters--H. harmful; XH . not harmful; HT, harmful and toxic: HP, harmful and pneumonoco niotic; X H X , not harmful but a nuisance dust. 1. Talc soapstone with V: oi 1% r.r less SiO r-X H X . 2. Starch and potato flour--XHX. J. Zinc oxide--XH X--see client x-ray. 4. Lead oxide, metallic lead dusts, lead chromate, and the various powdered lead compounds-- HT. 5. Carbon black--X H X . 6. Rubber dust--finely divided dust from hutting process--XH X. 7. Sulphur--H, sometimes irritates nose ami throat and occasionally produces a dermatitis. 8. Whiting--XH. 9. Barytes--XH. 10. Asbestine--HP. H. MgO. and MgCO,--XH. 12. Ltthopone--XHX. U. Red lead--HT. 14. High grade clay--HF ii over : j m" 1% silica and dust count is over S.iKKl.H'u). 15. Corn starch--XH X. lo. English vermilion--HT. 17. Graphite--XH X. IS. Chromium oxide--HT. 19. Ultramarine blue--llT . 20. Tilanox--XT. 21. Thermatonic blue--XTX. 22. Zinc stearate--XH X. 23. Aluminum--XH X, occasionally causes a mechanical dermatitis ami irritation m" mucous membranes of nose ant! throat. 24. Hard rubber dust--XHX. 23. Lime-- H caustic. Produces dcrtv.atiti-. 2o. Various aikaii dusts-- H caustic. 27. Various chromium and cadmium. u'1s -- HT. 2d. Mica -- XH -- sometimes causm eitattical dermatitis. 29. W .lcw oxide (F;0>), XHX. 30. Black oxide (FcXbL X H X. Oyr-sum-XHX. }2. t. \H . .\h WVs nour--KH. *A * X&' *' M AX iBIri. kti* feir- \ tt<;oij*!.i;s;. i 1- 1;j isMM'.'i a k ii ;i l f,.'1 :i ;. ; U t:i; *>_/ T i i i - ;| . l 1. I #T ! i A'// A <flii'i:(/l Stn \'!v <.*';/./. >oap powdc' -- irrr.am N il. Sonic* cau>e* derma: ::. Captax--XH. Thcnv l--IVia Xapthylnnv.-- HT. cauM' --mtiti. ><np hark--X H . <*<'nutimc< cau-e* a IlU'.* --nryza awl cor.;imciiviti> ( niton lint dut--XHN. 4A UrAu/.c powder---HT--ac to copper ami Tad content. *1. Zinc sulphide--XH X. 42. Sand--HP. 4.\ Various clays having more than JA ot \<} oi tree silica--HP. 44. Antimony oxide--HT. 45. Titanium oxide--XH. 4`*. Various inorganic and organic chem ical compounds in jK>vvdered form often produce dusts during their use and manu facturing. These must be considered in dividually as to their industrial hazard and toxicity and are not in the scope of this paper. 47. Wheat and potato Hour--X H X . The following procedure will be helpful in >oiving your problem of dust. 1. Make repeated dust counts of the working area at various levels. 2. Obtain some of the dust and send it w> i:.e laboratory for complete analysis in- eluding the determination of free SiOj. 3. Examine the workers, x-rays of the die.*: for those working in pneumouoeomotic dusts. 4. "heck the ventilation and increase it to ; r .duce non-liazardotis atmospheres. 5. Jirtcrentiatc between conditions caused by dntile substances and solvents, and tho-v caused by dusts. Protect the workers with proper cloth ing -::d protective respirators ami masks. 7. Study the particular dusts from the mechanical and chemical nature and if the dice: arc unknown, resort to animal experi mentation. *. If dusts arc toxic and harmful consider the : visibility of a substitution for a non harrr. 9. arc * cd on jobs where there is a dust hazard. They should be examined lHiri- U). erne. and in case of silicotic dusts, keep the com.* * below 5 Xf. per cu. ft., if the free SiO: more than 19c. H. >c!ect employees free from TB, c h r o m e 'T s -iic iu li* . i'u t i n m u n z x i m iT c tio r ; ;-i'*t Ku'.uv.iMue condition-. A *h.r*.;un';,n,j per*"M * w :iii m y o c a r d ia l m dnMv 'pvration*. \ ( m e m ; f, r of ! haw lu h c rc 'omul u in M * *a*cs but o nly th in a t a i ihvvi *m t ; 2i*p xtr r a c y en e t vi r d f e n i ce |,c o f 1 p e r re n t a ctiv e and o f a p e r m a n e n t d i s a b i l i t y , (.`n c o n i p j i c j u v d p n v u n i( n i* c (.n io s i* o f a m o d e r a t e d e g r e e is n o t d h a h lin g to a p o in t o f p e rm a n e n t d isa b ility . I want to present to you a case which \ think is a rare one. This employee has ncu-r worked in any dust before his employ ment on his present job. He has worked for 12 \i years in zinc oxide dust and dur ing our periodic examinations in 1938 the x-ray picture proved very interesting. He does not have a definite pucumonoconiosis hut he siiows evidence of glandular fibrosis. What will develop in a tew more years will be shown by x-ray examination only. He has no symptoms. It this man had been working in lead or similar toxic dusts, symptoms of that particular substance would have been present. The dust counts on toxic dusts must be kept at a minimum, and much lower than that for silicotic dusts. In silicotic dusts the particles of 10 micron size or larger are of very little concern, but with toxic dusts the size of the particles is not so important as is the number of particles. The smaller the particles of dust the less the rate of settling and the greater the time of exposure, and this i> the important item in toxic dusts. For example, the permissible amount of lead dust is approximately 15 mgs. per day of eight hours. There would be very little ciiancc of any one ever developing a pneumonoconiouc condition with this dust count, but if it is increased very little there is a chance for lead poisoning, and so it is with the various toxic dusts. The question in most of your minds is. "What arc you going to do about these conditions?'* The answer is simple. Aou are going to correct them. It has been proved many times that it pays big financia returns, creates better working condition, and the employees have a more emcient nd appreciative attitude for the employer. It is unnecessary for me to consider tbe methods of correcting the dust problemtor this JaMa j Iic realm of the ventilatio enginec.the ,:si n <ii ;<\- u that pun \ >'ll dll . I' .pci* w o n <i*( >i !. end ; .1 rt i;c dliu ,'cw war* ' .-lulling x*ra\ - | Xon-sihcioii' !:oxic dusts- \crv war . Toxic dost;-- fur exat ursenic, antimony, pi- IJust*, and alkali and *month. | Xui>aiice i:u.*u --vvcr It-rav* oulv if unhealed, i ' | li you nun am cvhu j!<-ilcr to correct the cn ] :he employee e:.-eu he (causes dissatisfaction j ?uch conditions can lie ( moperatinu bet ween th ing and managing dot -tales at present aJ! o lust are compcnsahlc. | employer m cornet In* ;o a point at u Inch thcr ! Conclus It i< imtu>*ihlc to givi :;on 'I all the dusts Trainir Employment Ma: As wo scan the his movement, we tind tin ttnphasis has been place tsponsibilitv in accider Authorities seem to a l (and by foremen is m j'ision) arc very large | :*Se prevention of accid j How do these author j Conclusions? Why mu* | >ume the responsibility i tons under their stipend \ When we tell our mi j ^ust accept the respc JJBfrits occurring in thei y-i occ ;::o m ma Rubber Sedioli 641 post influenzal infection* ;oiuiiiiou>, asthmatics, an^ '>tvarrlial involvements for . that there U x-ray evidence in afmut Z per rent of ti:c 1 of 1 per cent active and mi Usability. I'ncomplicaietf <i< of a moderate degree is :o a point of permanent disa* .resent to you a case which rare one. This employee hat ` in any dust before his emplov. present job. He has worked i in zinc oxide dust and dur- .lie examinations in 1938 the proved very interesting. He c a definite pneumonoconiosis evidence of glandular fibrosis, .vclop in a few more years will ; x-ray examination only. 'He ptom?. If this man had bee w'"' or similar toxic dusts. : :i rticular substance would 'CS.'ln. counts un toxic dusts must be :::nimum, and much lower tiisn cotic dusts. In silicotic dusts the 10 micron size or larger are o: vneem, but with toxic dusts the *-.rticlcs is not so important vr u: particles. The smaller tr: hi-t the less the rate of settle .v.vr the time oi exposure. important item in toxic du;'- v. the permissible amount of U; r .x:rnau*iy 15 mg>. per da? --. There would be very b'..r.;- one ever developing a jr.r::c condition with litis dust o.-c- increased very Hale there t? - r !*?.{ poisoning, and so it is vv" * dusts. y.\ in most of your nun* Ml {OIIIP do about irt* The *> siir.plc- correct them. Jt ha? - t l u u it. p a > ? bL)it:g r.r.-- ' .- t i e r 'A o r k i n g ' h a v e a m o r e ei y rut:'.'.vi!v t'.-.r l- c .m r* . :v-ary t o v ir e t o c o c tin e ' du -t veaku o; m u -: : `. h e t ili jjlation be smiiciem to retluce tlie dust count 0 a certain point and have it maintained ,i that point. You -hmild |ieriodu*nlly examine your cm* lovccs according to die type ot dusts exJosed r<> and a> a suggestion the following . a -rheduir which I have used for a iev year?. 5<hV<''i' nr silicone dost*--six months in cluding x-rays. Xon-silicious and nou-silicolic or nonoxic dusts--every year, with x-rays. Toxic dusts--for example lead, chromium, irsenic, antimony, phosphorus, chemical dusts, and alkali and caustic dusts--every rotuli. Xuisancc dusts--every 1 to 1*4 years-- i-rays only if indicated. If you find any evidence of trouble it is better to correct the cause than to transfer the employee elsewhere, for this often nuses dissatisfaction and suspicion. All *uch conditions can be controlled if there is fooperatioti between the medical, engineerms and managing departments, fit most cates at present all conditions caused bv fast are compensable, so it behooves the employer to correct hi- working conditions Jo a point at wide:', there arc no hazards. Conclusion It H impo-H ic to give a detailed dcscrip5i"U *'t all ll: iiu-ts uwd in the rubber industry, for the- silicone dusts alone would require a volume to do them justice, but I want you to remember that there arc just as many serious conditions which may de velop from the. inhalation of various toxic dusts. Thc-ic conditions arc often mon* serions than pneumonneonin-i- and develop much faster and in a shorter period of time. For instance, a |>orson may develop a lead poison ing in two mouths from inhalation of lead compounds and it might take five to ten years tor a silicosis to develop in the same environment of silica dust. There are on the market today many fine and erticient protective devices such as chemical protective masks, dust respirators, positive pressure masks, clothing and gloves which if used will give good results. Instruction to the employees by the super vision in regard to their personal habits, their instruction concerning the type of dust they are exposed to. and why they have to use tlie protective appliances, will reduce the possibility of any trouble to a minimum. All laboratory work must he done by a technician who has been trained in the vari ous toxicological laboratory techniques and the interpretations must he made in con junction with the past history of the in dividual. May I say in conclusion that it is much more profitable to correct a dutv operation than to declare it a hazard. Training Supervision in Accident Prevention B y JO H N J. LOGE Employment Manager. The General Tire & Rubber Company. Akron. Ohio Ai we scan the history of the safety dement, we dud that a great deal ot WiisU has ;>ctn placed on the foreman's ' ponsihility in accident prevention work. "'uaKitdh'.o1r.iuvisMr5evtrr.ec::n: tiso mageraenet tdhiartectforseumpeern"Ai are very largely responsible for y-a-ventior. accidents in industry, y'.' o the:* authorities arrive at their ` ' " must the foremen a- :*. tiity tor injuries :n per dervi-ion : :r -upervi-or- thru they r*-pousiiiiiiiy :V-r acci- t-i'-ir lienarur.vnts. we must be prepared :o state a few reasons. We ask a forema:: for a report following an accident, and i:e has a right to a clear understanding as to the reason win* he is called upon to explain when one of his workers is injured. There is nothing mysterious about :;:e placing of respon sibility for accidents. It isn't the case of - management imposing a burden upon supervision that should belong elsewhere. As soon as a rx-r-tn is placed in a super visory capacity, a position where he has hnrev of the *- y ! _ / others, he becomes directly 11 : ^ n ::11 CCOi'-H **22^ * .V fm v . iifjrcss i timi it \wuS IO Ilic neh-anta^ .one lo O'ii'ii io- Il ''r(,n' "i poin, y nul only ; con ^icraliou o( . . r i i m i in c v ( ry e-`Unlition wii}( t*>irai. Steam Railroad Section Officers 1939-1940 !::\'T , ., rC! Chairman--E. I- Hknky, Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Chicago, II). ''.'`Chairman--0 . G. Pmu-it'S, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. 'vTi/ir.v ""d ^ Lr/ior Editor--P. F. Bl'Ckle, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad 1(o, Chicago. III. hnjratn Chairman, J. R. Tenney, Western Maryland Railway Co., Hagerstown, Mil. tnaicrshif Chairman. Rorert Scott, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Wilmington, N. C. jitithes Chairman. T. H. C.tHROtv, Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. t(st Chairman, C. L. La Fountains, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn, rjiirr Chairman. L. J. Henson, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Cbirago. <i`t Practices Pamfhh-t Chairman, \V. J. W eil, Delaware, Lackawanna S; Hudson Ka.il. roai Scranton. I'a. Uir-inations & Elantijns Chairman, W. C. S h e l t e r , Uuiori Pacific Railroad Co.. Omaha. Nth !!/jlth Chairman. Da. Iuvt.-.o S. Cutter, Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Chicago. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 17.1939 { The opening session <;' Steam Railroad i tgitts was called to order by E. !.. i-wy, Assistant to t::c Gvncral Manager, { Ciinjo & North Western Railway Com- panv, Chicago, who presided. Chairman Henry welcomed the delegates, sketched the program of sessions brictly, and then in troduced the first speaker. Safety Today and Tomorrow on American Railroads By CARL R. CRAY, JR. rf- Executive Vice Pres-.t ent, Chicago, St. Paul. M inneapolis & Omaha Railway Company, St. Paul, Minn.* .Tiare is one tiring m Rich I will not i t hack seat ior anyone and that i? the 1 have in "Safety.' Perhaps it is fn% from inheritance that I gather my inRra in this work--perita' from the cnnuuncat and a-sociation ! have had with f ho believe in saicty. who preach it, '1 ho practice il consta: ::iy. Perhaps it horn Jhc standpoint <' realization that Phv.ie of the greater', tt .'.ors in the soI'imt of the tran-portat:*' : problem. But it is ,,ue i.r the </.: or a part of y . ' te w tv t h a t I a m d e f i r . h .ly, completely i / ' y ^ a o i t h e t i r t i a i l y t l e v o t t n : a considerable T - '- 'en o f w iy Viic- t o t h e : '.yrovemem--by -afety--of the lives of all of our people, Naturally I should be most interested in the safety performance of the Omaha Rail- road; but one cannot be safety-minded and fail to recognize and be interested in and a art of safety as it is understood in the business world today. One has but to look at the program of this Congress to realize what a tremendous place safety has taken ii: the live- of tlie America:: people, for ii permeates the very -utils of to many of ii- it is. and has liven, a complete sucre.-?, I rent! all I can concerning early American railroading. Here is a C lip p in g from an F.r rii-h newspaper - ** 1W<. nt'.ol- K GGG2- ) Textile Section Officers 1938-1939 tuerai C hairm an-- E. A. R o b e r t s , American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Atlanta, Ga. \ t-Chairn:an-- E. M. S a l l e y , American Enka Corp., Enka, N. C. j `Mercian `";a Ceres Letter Editor--F r a z e r P a t t e r s o n , W. C. Bradley Interests, Colum- J (ms, Ga. i itpwccrinn Com mittee Chairman--N o r m a n F. H i n e s , Ludlow Manufacturing &: Sales ! Co., Ludlow. Mass. | ih Committee Chairman--Fred \Y. Sew, Aetna Life Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. 1 imbership and Publicity Committee Chairman--J e t t M. P o t t s , West Point Manufactur! in? Co., W est Point, Ga. j )fogrom Com mittee Chairman--W. R. M cCallum, South Carolina Industrial Commission, j Columbia, S. C. t utistics Committee Chairman--W. L. P o w e l l , North Carolina Industrial Commission, j Raleigh, N. C. t ftntai Education Committee Chairman--C . C. C a m p b e l l , Marshall Field & Co., Sprav, { K.C j Umbers at Large-- J. E. B e s g e r t , Johns-Manville Corp., Mar.ville, N. J. -- B. R. B r o w n , Columbia Mills, Inc., Chicago, 111. H. R. C o r y , Beacon Manufacturing Co., Swannanoa, N. C. C h a r l e s H. E a m e s , Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. R u s s e l l T. F i s h e r , National Assn, of Cotton Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. ! A. S. J o h n s o n , American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. | H. McK elvie, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Huntsville, Ala. | G il b e r t R. M e r r i l l , Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. I ` F r a n k E. M o r r is . Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. I B. G. S tumiiero, Tallassec Mills, Tallassce. Ala. j J. T. T rounoer, North American Rayon Corp., Elizabethton, Tenu. R. B. W ickham, West Point Manufacturing Co., West Point, Ga. *T. A. W il s o n . North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N. C. I 'Past General Chairman Officers 1939-1940 tncrai Cksinnan--E. A. Roiuikts. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.f Atlanta, Ga. ] Vtie-Chainr.cn--E. M. S ali.ey, American Er.ka Corp., Enka, N. C. \ Secretary cud L'etos Letter Editor--F rances Bethune, R. N,, Firestone Cotton Mills, j Gastonia, X . C. j'jiiiferinc Commiiltv Chairman-- U . IV W ic k h a m . W e s t Point Manufacturing Co., W e s t ` -^Point, Ga. >"talth Committee Chairman--M. F. T rick. North Carolina Board of Health, Raleiah, \ , X. C. '-lanbersliie and Publicity Committee C h a i r m a n --W. R. M cC allum. South Carolina tn- .'iustrial C. ntntissic n. Columliin. S. C rr0gram C lomittcc Chairman--W. 1.. L ia i:i.i,, North Carolina Industrial Commission. ..^Wgh. X. C. Practises Pamchlet Cmnmittee Chnin>:su--X-:?man F. Hines, ' ec Salts Co.. Ludlow, Mass. 077 A lg i! KV* 694 28th National Safety Congress Publicity Committee Chairman--F . A . P o l l o c k , Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago, 111. Safety instruction Card Committee Chairman--T h o m a s S h e r r y , Potlatch Forests, Inc., Lewiston, Idaho. Statistics Committee Chairman--W i l l D. J e n k i n s , British Columbia Lumber & Shingle Manufacturers Assn., Vancouver, B. C., Canada. Trade Association Cooperation Committee Chairman--D. J . M u r r a y , The Huber Manu facturing Co., Marion, Ohio. Members at Large-- *R. C B a r r , Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., San Francisco, Calft. *F. \V . B r a u n , Employers Mutuals, Wausau, W ist" R. F. C a l d w e l l , Moore' S'Merklein, Inc., Shreveport, La. *E. Ross F a r r a , Grand Rapids Safety Council, Grand Rapids, Mich. H arry Guilbekt, The Pullman Co., Chicago, III. R o l a n d J o n e s , The Surty Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. H a r r y J; K e l l e y , American Seating Co., Grand Rapids, Midi. J. H. Lee, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Rockford, 111. W a l t e r S. P a i n e , Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. J. A. Purdy, Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit. Mich. G. E. S antoro, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N'. V. *H. E. S e e l y , The Brunswick-Balkc Collendcr Co., Chicago, 111. Past Gtr.eral Chairman MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 16, 1939 The fir-: session of the Wood Products Section - as called to order by General Chairman J. H. Lee, Safety Engineer, Lib-' erty Mutual Insurance Company, Rockford, 111., who : resided. In his opening remarks. Chairman Lee sketched some of the activi ties of the Section during the past year, paid tribute to the Sectional Committees tor their work, and then introduced the first speaker. Health Hazards in the Woodworking Industry By R. R. SAYERS Senior Surgeon, Division of Industrial H ygiene, National Institute of Health, U . S. Public Health Service, Washington, D, C. In 1935 there were 579,012 workers in the United States employed in industries n_which.~v.-ood ir.-so-me form is the princi pal material. Of this number 283,309 were employed in the basic industries and 133,772 in the furniture and related in dustries. The remainder were in woodreworking industries, wooden-container industries, and other allied industries. Only limited data as to absenteeism due to all liness or to occupational diseases arc available. However, in a survey of t,487,22-1 workers employed in 16 Indus try groups in 16 states the data given in the accompanying table showing exposures were obtained for the lumber and furniture industry. The table shows that dusts and tb* chemicals involved in finishing and pf*` serving wood constitute the major expo sures which may cause illness of toward symptoms. Dust Many fcEssi in tft^Wobtl 'snclstst' _ (sawing, boriftj^Vdrillhig, be occ; Number 1. Org 2. Side .3. Derr 4. Petr. 5. Lace 6. Orga 7. Othc 8. Silica 9. Carb10. Paint Smith, relations!disease, s to condit trade of increased Althouc to whethe: tor an inc among u agreement enough co irritation The possi that this t;. of the tub tory tract, is no concl dust is the dence of t tory infect: more extern lion than ha to be warra The ocev inhalation c mentioned, carried out oratory stu> in the Uppe symptoms i matte. The they came maple logs The dust p iungus idci xicale E. an she conduit IWJRAIW.RH" 1 JK,.W Products Section 695 ' Mutual Casually Cu,, Cli| ukv, I'ollaich Forests, | 1)t 'nhmibia Lumber & Siting M u r r a y , T I ic H u b e r \fa nu. co, Cali t. Midi. 111. ION kcl sonic o! the actiri- >ioi. .ring the past year, the Sectional Committees mi then introduecd the first Industry Institute of Health, D. C. states the data given in table showing exposures the lumber and furniture vs that dusts and the d in finishing and prestitute the major expo- cause illness or un- Dust in the wood industry boring, drilling, belt- percent of Workers in the Lumber and Furniture Industries Exposed to Specified Materials Materials Workers Exposed Xumber of workers surveyed 93,375 1. Organic dust ................................. 51.S 2. Silica dust ....................................... 5.7 j. Dermatitis producers .................. 5.3 4. petroleum products .................... 5.0 5. Lacquer and varnish ..................... 3.7 6. Organic solvents ........................... 3.6 7. Other metals ................................. 32 8. Silicate dust ................................... 2.8 9. Carbon monoxide ......................... 2.2 0. Paints and enamels ....................... 2.1 sanding, removal and utilization of waste) give rise to wood dust. Smith, in reviewing the literature on the relationship of wood dust to respiratory disease, states that on the whole exposure to conditions of work incidental to the trade of woodworking carries with it an increased risk from respiratory disease. Although there may be disagreement as to whether wood dust per se is responsible for an increased incidence of tuberculosis among woodworkers there is general agreement that organic dust in high enough concentrations may produce some irritation of the upper respiratory tract. The possibility has also been suggested that this type of dust may act as a carrier of the tubercle bacillus into the respira tory tract. In view of the fact that there is no conclusive evidence that pure wood dust is the cause of the increased inci dence of tuberculosis and other respira tory infections among wood workers a more extensive investigation of the ques tion than itas yet been made would appear to be warranted. The occurrence of asthma due to the inhalation of fungus spores should also be " mentioned.' Towey, Sweany and Huron carried out a clinical, roentgen and lab oratory study on a series of 35 patients in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The symptoms were acute and typically asth matic. These men were working where they came into contact with dust from maple logs cut for more than a year. The dust proved to be the spores of a fungus identified as Coniosporum corticale E _ a a d- ErrTn the authors' opinion'," '.he condition was due to a local toxic effect and foreign body reaction, combined with a delayed effect resembling protein sensitization in its clinical and certain immunologic effects. The authors recom mended preventive measures which in clude the removal of affected patients from the environment of the spores as soon as they are detected, or exhaust ven tilation of the saws during the working process. Poisonous Woods. The fact that con tact with certain woods and their dusts may produce an irritation of the skin, mu cous membranes or symptoms of general poisoning is well recognized. The major ity of cases of dermatitis and toxic symtoms from wood occur in those whose work brings them in contact with the dust and sawdust derived from these woods. However, eruptions have occurred from other types of contact such as proximity to the tree alone or while handling the wood in any way. W oods of tropical origin are the more common offenders. However, the wood of numerous trees native to temperate climates has also been found to produce irritation. Am ong them are: birch, Cali fornia sequoia, chestnut, hemlock spruce. Norway spruce, Japanese Tagavasan, cocobolo, Brazilian walnut, blackwood, satinwood, sablcii, mahogany, teakwood, ebony, boxwood, yew wood, red cedar, oak, and beech. Few figures arc available as to the in cidence of dermatitis from contact with woods. Schwartz found dermatitis re sulting from the dust of Brazilian walnut in 11 of 100 workers in a cabinet-making plant. He communicated with other firms using the wood, and 9 of 10 reported in stances of eruptions apparently attribu table to the Brazilian walnut, the number of workers affected in the different fac tories varying from one or two to a ma jority. One firm reported that it had discontinued the use of the wood because of the large number of workers affected. It is obvious, however, from the relative frequency of reports dealing with such woods as satinwood. that sensitivity oc curs frequently with some, while the infrequent or single mention of other woods indicates that reactions to them are exceptions The p r e c is e w is fe p f th etoxic effect of M s .M i, O CC^; ; ^i I ffl ' :VA I 696 28th National Safety Congress woods has not been accurately deter mined. Some authorities believe that the toxic agents are free unsaturated acids: others, that they are resinous oils and alkaloids. Other types of chemicals are responsible in some cases. The toxicity frequently varies with the habitat and in many varieties of wood, from one tret to another. Thus, it is re ported that cocobolo wood from Panama can produce dermatitis, while that from Nicaragua appears to be harmless. The variation in toxicity irom one tree to another is particularly marked in the. ease of satinwood. _ - -- ' " The majority of woods are m ost toxic when freshly cut but a few become in creasingly harmful as they age. Thus cases of dermatitis have been reported in persons who had sat on branches of the rengas which had been cut and dried for months. The use of this wood for the manufacture of furniture has practically ceased because of the production of sym p toms by furniture which has been in use for years. Local or general symptoms of poison ing usually appear within a few hours, days, or weeks following contact with an irritant wood. However, cases have been reported in which workers after years of immunity to a toxic wood have become susceptible to irritation by the material. In the case of some woods, tolerance may be established, but as a rule, sensitivity once established is persistent. In general, the eruptions present the usual picture of dermatitis venenata although a number of variations occur. Perspiration and seborrhea apparently increase the noxious action of practically all woods. The af fection is considered by most observers to be allergic. Patch tests with moist sawdust are usually sufficient to establish the diag nosis in cases of suspected wood der matitis. Paints, Lacquers, Varnishes The paints, . lacquers, varnishes and " stains employed in the finishing of furni ture and other wooden articles constitute a second major health hazard. Chromates and bichromates which are used for staining and in polishing wooden articles favor the development of ulcers on the hands and feet, of conjunctivitis, and dermatitis. Although perforation of the nasal septum has been reported, it is infrequent. Prolonged work with stains containing methyl alcohol may cause optic neuritis. "Polishers' itch", an eczematous condition of the hands and arms, is common among wood polishers, the causative agent being either petroleum, shellac dissolved in wood alcohol, or in alcohol denatured with pyridine bases. The use of the spray gun and dip tank for the application of paints and lacquers has largely replaced the hand brush in industry in painting operations. The adoption of these methods has resulted in a change in working conditions with re sultant hazards of two types: those relat ing to toxicity and those relating-to flammability. The substitution of harmless pigments for toxic pigments has rendered many paints much less poisonous. Turpentine and benzol have been displaced by other solvents in many paints during the past 15 years. A few years ago lacquers displaced paints in many finishing operations. The ordinary lacquer contains several basic ingredients such as nitrocellulose, solvents and diluents, gums or resins, softeners or plasticisers, and pigments. The volatile ingredients constitute about 75 percent by weight of an average lacquer. The evaporation of the volatile fraction constitutes the major occupational disease hazard in the use of lacquer, although the vehicle, pigment and resinous compounds cannot be entirely eliminated front con sideration as possible offenders inasmuch as the toxic properties of many of them are unknown. Among the pigments which may be toxic are those yellows, greens and oranges which contain lead chromate, the aniline derivatives and possibly those con taining cadmium, antimony and barium- Over 100 solvents arc used in the lac quer industry alone. (15). Some of the more important solvents are the esters, such as the acetic acid esters of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and amyl alcohol, and the ethers which include the alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol. The effect of alcohol, ether and massive doses fin excess of 1.000 narco irritat of the ester solvents is mainty on. SomCTif-rhem arc " e skiztiand mucous mem- J'HJMHiW)".... crforaUon 0f sported, it is is containing -ptic neuritis, ous condition nmon among : agent being dissolved n -matured with and dip tank and lacquers nd brush in rations. The ss resulted in ions with re: those rclatrelating 'to css pigments idered . many Turpentine ced by other -ing the past -rs displaced orations. The sever ' basic dost vents soivwiers or 'he volatile j percent by ntilc fraction tionnl disease although the ; compounds d from conms inasmuch any of them m eats which s, greens and :hromate, the ly those conand barium. 1 in the laciome of the : the esters, s of methyl, alcohol, and alkyl ethers :t of alcohol, n excess of nts is mainly hem are also ucous mem- fft- V b ra n e s . There v determine the .ijure and the tio n for many Wood Products Section 697 is need of investigation to effects of prolonged expomaximum safe concentra of these compounds. the chemicals employed. Eczema of the skin and catarrhal conditions of the mu cous membranes of the head arc fairly common. The important diluents (thinners) are the t hydrocarbons which include benzol, toluol, .yxylol, naphtha, and the alcohols (methyl, Vethyl, propyl, butyl and amyl alcohols and ,` cyclohexanol). Air concentrations of greater than S0-7S p.p.m. of benzol and ? 100 p.p.m. of toluol or xylol may produce jserious damage to the blood-forming or gans of the body. The International . Labour Office regards a concentration of \ 100 p.p.m. of methyl alcohol as the Vlhreshhold of toxicity. However, concen trations of 200 p.p.m. in a New York fac tory were observed to give rise to com paratively slight intoxication in the per sonnel. Butyl, alcohol in concentrations of 100 p.p.m. is reported to cause dam age to the blood, liver and kidneys of ex perimental animals. The other alcohols are probably not very toxic in ordinary usage. The most important route of absorption of volatile substances is through the lungs and consequently it is essential to keep the concentration of vapors in the atmos phere to be breathed at a minimum. A l though some of the vapors have but little toxic action, any volatile material may produce narcosis or asphyxia if present in sufficiently high concentrations. The practice of some lacquer workers of in discriminately using solvents to cleanse their hands should be discouraged since absorption through the skin may produce serious systemic damage and since the cracking of the skin which results from the removal of the fats and oils from the skin of the hands and forearms provides openings through which infection may-be established. The volatile materials present in lacquer constitute the principal fire hazard as well as the major health hazard although nitrocellulose adds another inflammable element. Wood Preservatives Persons engaged in tile impregnation of wood -far *4e purpose of rendering it weather-proof, water-proof, fire-repellent, and resistant to fungi may suffer from vesicular and other skin eruptions due to Creosote which is used for the preserva tion of wood to be used for outdoor con struction purposes is a primary skin irritant and may also result in the develop ment of occupational coal tar photosen sitivity. Although the creosoting process has largely replaced the use of chromated zinc chloride in the preservation of wood to be used outdoors, the latter is stilt used for wood intended for indoor construction. McCord and Kilker examined 17 workers employed in a wood preserving industry and found that of the four types of skin lesions presented, three were well known as incident to work in tar. Zinc chloride burns were the fourth type of lesion and were present in all patients, occurring on the fingers, hands, forearms, and occasion ally on the legs and thighs. In determining the causes of the lesions it was. found that the strength of the zinc chloride solution in the treatment fluids was too dilute to produce skin lesions. However, during the period when the ties were left in the open air, following their removal from the treatment cylinder, evaporation of the water from the zinc chloride solution occurred so that the ties when handled in loading were sometimes covered with treating fluid in which the zinc chloride approximated saturation. Additional factors to be considered with respect to zinc chloride burns arc: ( 1 ) antecedent injury to the skin appears to he necessary: (2) after the initial lesion, re peated exposure to the zinc chloride solu tion and irritation from the tar fraction of the treating solution are factors in the severity and progress of the lesion. Experimental studies have shown that approximately one percent mixtures of phenyldichlorarsine in medium or heavy petroleum distillates are efficient wood -- preservatives. Although these mixtures have not yet received commercial use it should be kept in mind that tests have shown that marked initial vesiculation may occur in certain persons exposed to the action of phenjddk^.rars>ne.___ PentachlorphcnolSjgAJitetrachlorphenol arc also used as ''fwigBj^crvativgs. In addition to being skin irritants f f c 0002-18 698 2Sth National Safety Cunaras they may also be absorbed through the skin in sufficient amounts to cause sys temic poisoning. clothing, gloves, goggles and aprons, as well as protective salves, ointments' or other compounds to delay or diminish the Other chemicals which are used for im irritant action. General rules for hygieni pregnating wood include dinitrophenol, and good housekeeping should also be ob aniline, potassium bichromate, fluorine served. compounds and mercuric compounds. A c Safety education and the proper main cording to the literature, each of these tenance of equipment and safety devices chemicals possesses toxic properties when are the important factors. , absorbed in sufficient quantity into the Medical Control.- Medical control, through body. Ultimately, only careful medical -- preemployment and periodic physical exam examination in conjunction with the study ination, is one of the most important factors of types and amounts of exposure will es in the prevention of industrial injuries and tablish their importance as health hazards. illness. Eiiginccrutg Control. The basic prin ciple in dealing with a dust, gas or fume hazard is control at the point of origin, thus preventing dissemination into the at mosphere. Sometimes a process can he enclosed or isolated completely in a sealed room or compartment, but frequently the. exhaust ventilation method is preferable. Water may be used to prevent the dis persal of dust and under certain condi tions it may be advisable to combine the use of water with exhaust ventilation. Proper design, installation and mainte nance of any mechanical device is essential if protection is to be adequate. Individual types of respiratory protec tive devices such as masks or respirators should he used only where exposure is in termittent or brief, or where some unusual condition makes a more adequate control method impracticable. The preemployment examination serves to determine the employee's physical and mental fitness for work. The purpose of such examinations is not to eliminate or exclude an employee, but rather to direct his placement in work for which he is physically suited. The practice of preem ployment examinations should also be ex tended to include executives and officials. The purpose of periodic examinations is to secure and maintain physical fitness. Defects and disabilities which were not observed at the time of employment may be discovered on reexamination. In such cases, an occupational adjustment should be made to provide continued employment and remove the risk of permanent injury. Reexamination of employees also serves as a check on the efficacy of the engineer ing control methods already instituted, or as a measure of the need for new pro Ill the case of materials producing ex tective devices. The frequency of exami ternal irritation, auxiliary protective meas nations should be determined by the medi ures may include the use of protective cal director unless specified by law. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 18,1939 Use and Abuse of Circular Saws and Their Relation to Safety By ALBER T L. UHL Sales Engineer, H enry Disston & Sons, Inc., Tacony, Philadelphia, Pa. Circular wood-cutting saws are divided into four classes, namely: cross-cut, rip, combination, and grooving. Each of these saws has its own use in the wood-working industry. Circular cross-cut saws are manufactured in several patterns of teeth and on man) sp**iuj5 of teeth. Each one has certain pcjffiij^fhffprk ta..do, but in all classes tj'c .-/sfCj.iCin, j ^ bcy&'filcd to best save the 000; raeasa 2& s Safety Exposition Exhibition Hall--A. C. Auditorium i Alphabetical List of Exhibitors of Industrial Safety Equipment t Acme Protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, P i. > 1 Gas Masks. I American Book Co., New York, N. Y. , t ! School Book Publishers. 'i American Chain & Cable Co., Inc., Bridgeport, Conn. i Manufacturers of Wire Rope, Chains and Chain Products. l Am erican-LaFrance-Foam ite Corp., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment. iI American Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass. Head and Eve Protection Products, Safety Clothing. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., R ochester, N. Y. Safety Goggles and Safety Lenses. Bear M anufacturing Co., R ock Island, 111. Vehicle Inspection and Correction Equipment. Bendix Products D ivision o f B endix A viation Corp., South Bend, Ind. Automotive Equipment. Steering Stabilizer, Brake Testing Equipment. Brown Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Men and Women's Safety Shoes. Stewart R. Browne M anufacturing Co., N ew York, N. Y. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. R. H. Buhrke Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. Burroughs W ellcom e & Co., (U .S .A .) Inc., N ew York, N. Y. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Carbisulphoil Co., Dallas, T exas. Foillc tor Burns and Industrial Wounds. H. Childs & Co., Inc., P ittsburgh, Pa. Industrial Safety Shoes. The Cleveland Overall Co., C leveland. Ohio. Safe Industrial Work-Clothing and Uniforms. Coiling H oist Co., Danville, 111. Cofiing Hand and Electric Hoists. r Columbus M cKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. j H. S. Cover, South Bend, Ind. i Respirators and Rubber Safety Goggles. Craddock-Terry Shoe Corp., Lynchburg, Va. Industrial Safely Shoes. ! Davis Em ergency Equipment Co., Inc., N ew York, N. Y., First Aid am! Fuda-iirinl Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., D etroit, Mich. Head and Eve Fr'-tcction Equipment. Dugas Engineering Corp., Chicago, 111. Fire Extingui.'!:;;:? Equipment. 715 -\V//i S a f e l y Cui:yn\<.< E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., W ilmington, Delaware,. Manufacturer* oi Neoprene Synthetic Rubber and Prn-Tuk Hand Cream, E agle-G lob e-R oyal Indemnity Companies, New York, N. Y. Safety Engineering. Automotive. Coder and Machinery Service, Casualty E agle Signal Corp., Moline, 111. Traitic Signal* and Controllers. E llio tt S ervice Co., New York, N. Y. Promotion oi Efficiency and Saieiy. C harles K. Ernst, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Sat'ety Barrel and Drum Handling Equipment. Insurance F airw ay Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis. Mo. Salt Tablets and Dispensers. ..... -- ' F innell System , Inc., Elkhart. Ind. ----- Electric Floor Maintenance Equipment and Compounds. F ranklin Research Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Floor Maintenance Materials. H arley-D avid son Motor Co., Milwaukee, W is. Police Motorcycles. Scrvi-Cars and Accessories. H o o f P rod ucts Co., Chicago, 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors and Brake Eyes. H ynson, W estcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Merctirochromc First Aid Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. Indian M otocycle Col, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. In du strial G loves Corp., Danville, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. In du strial P roducts Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Industrial Safety Equipment. Insto-G as Corp., Detroit, Mich. Gas Operated Torches and Furnaces. International Chain & Manufacturing Co., York, Pa. Lug-Reinforced Tire Chains. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Hv-Test Safety Shoes. Juvenile W ood Products, Inc., Fort Wayne, Ind. Automobile Safety Scats for Children. K ar-T ell S p o t-0 Parking M eter Co., Portland, O regon. Automatic. Car-Mounted Parking Meters. K en t Co.. Inc., Rome, N. Y. Electric Floor Scrubbing and Cleaning Equipment. K eystone V iew Co., Meadville, Pa. Visual Safetv T ots. W a lter Kldde 4 Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment. T he K im ball Safety Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Safely Clothing and Industrial CoggY;. b| The Lima Co: : Non-Shp ^ j lu m b e r m e n 's I Automobil Lyon M etal F I Showerwa The Martinda Stretcher ( Masury-Youn Materials I Thom M cAn : Thom M e/ Medical Spec-. The Harge Metropolitan Liic, Hcalt Milburn Co., ' Protective Mine Safety i Safety Apt The M orse M Watchman The National Safety Edt. National Proc Wire Rope National Safe Posters, Bi i Oakite Produ Industrial ' i Occupational ! Trade Mac j G. H. P ackw c i Safety Ha. j Panther-Pane i Safety Soi j The P aten t S. Safety L:n j Prismo Safet; ) Luminous | Protectoseal Safety Dt ! Pulmosan Sa -industrial ' Pyrene Manu Fire Protc