Document 07qOd60Y7M4n5xGxjnLqrRMO

FILE NAME Armco ARM DATE 1940 Apr DOC ARM011 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Proceedings of All Ohio Safety Congress 7 PROCEEDINGS All Ohio Safety Congress Held Under Auspices Auspices of THE Under COMMISSION OHIO OHIO INDUSTRIAL the direct management of THE the OF SAFETY AND HYGIENE Published under the authority of The Industrial Commission of Ohio Deshler Hotel Columbus Ohio April 16-17-18 1940 ous, _ nbus, _ I Corp., Chairman: Carl L. Program Smith, Program Program Cleveland Council Council Chairman :-Buell W. Cleveland Ohio, Nutt, Exhibits ExhibitsExhibits Equipment Company Cleveland Cleveland Chairman: H, G. Entertainment Ehret, Safety Entertainment Entertainment of Fa Chairman Ehret Safety Director Division Division and Building Inspection Inspection Chairman: Harry M. Paul, Ohio Chairman Harry PaulPubSluipceirtvyisPubliocityrPuPbrintlingicaintydPublications Publications Division Safety Safety Chairman: Harry L. Sain, Assistant Reception Chairman Sain Assistant Assistant Superintendent Division Safety and Hygiene Hygiene Chairman: . C. Registration Beasor, Statistician Division Safety Chairman Beasor Beasor Safety Hygiene Hygiene Industrial BUREAU OF INFORMATION ON COMPENSATION AND SAFETY CLAIMS SAFETY Chairman George P. Meehan Mechanical Engineer HP. Heyes Staff Staff the Division of Industrial CommSiafsestiyonanodf OHhyigoiene the the Fenn nee e ssSafy ety .Safety T. 000 C. Barth 000000 T. H. P.Heyne eoeeeeeeenee lL Safety Engineer Fennessy Safety Safety Engineer 00 Mackin Mackin trenne Safety Engineer P. Martens . orreeeeeee Safety Safety Engineer 770 Sidney Smith cone Tes'... Safety Engineer OM. Merritt Scanion tseee S is a lefety Safety Engineer L. Morrow .Safety .Safety Engineer George M Me Mo eee hr ah nr a IIo Sn tw sStructural Engineer Special W. George Structural Engineer George Lewis Mechanical Mechanical Engineer D. D. M. eeecccccoccg Mining Engineer A, A. .. gis Mining W. W. Caddell W. Caddell Obetz Naan Medical Medical . Representative - _ Tee, teeeee Special Flaker Godfrey eee, e ran Arnold ees cee ee esses, Tt ee ee eee eee, Pr a re i ee are wae ve ema wy Sy Te A AEoR S ete DopeI= P ane Tt, Hehe pes)wh eos t tS haged UE t at *. : wud, . 2 es, rr te : jp r _ + : apte anm ef. : Pete |e Ua A210 q : a2 +: t$: 132 T- . ako. ri S42 vs ee? 3 > Lae 7 JUNTAUNZI JUNTAUNZI JUNTAUNZI JUNTAUNZI JUNTAUNZI JUNTAUNZI pi HNUS Se. HNUS 5 VVVILII HNUS t HNUS - VVVILII HNUS ! 3 \ # wre Bors Qen 7 2% 7 oF fo ee. -e ^'lt. Ylikk 2 Ylikk - -. upon upon Ylikk upon oa Ylikk af tos foli sri Et foli LIST OF HONORARY VICE PRESIDENTS Geo A. Strain Director Department of Industrial Relations State of Ohio Frank A. Livingston President Columbus Chamber of Commerce Columbus Ohio Don K. Martin Secretary Ohio Manufacturers Association Columbus Ohio Thos J. Donnelly Secretary Ohio Federation of Labor Columbus Ohio Thos J. Duffy former Chairman Industrial Commission of Ohio Columbus Ohio Judge Lee E. Skeel President Cleveland Safety Council Cleveland Ohio Frank A. Purnell President The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company Youngs town Ohio Charles R. Hook President The American Rolling Mill Company Middletown Ohio E. E. Grover President Columbus Safety Council Columbus Ohio Ben W Marr President and General Manager Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Company Columbus Ohio S. P. Bush Columbus Ohio C. C. Slusser Vice President Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Akron Ohio Lewis M. Crosley Vice President and General Manager Crosley Radio Corporation Cincinnati Ohio H. Blackwell Union Gas and Electric Company Cincinnati Ohio Charles L. Keller Vice President The Richardson Company Lockland Ohio J. A. Vons Vice Presidentin Charge of Personnel Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Ohio Company Peter E. Rentschler President Hamilton Foundry and Machine Ohio * Hamilton L. W. Robinson President Zanesville Industrial Safety Council Zanesville Ohio George W. Smith Jr. Vice President White Motor Company Cleveland Ohio C. E. Torrey General Manager Ohio Power Company Canton Ohio A.Timken Jr., Vice President Timken Roller Bearing Company Canton Ohio Relations Cincinnati Milling Dr. O. P. Geler Director ofEmployee Relations Company Cincinnati_ The a Machine wees eee. _. Lo. James R. Byrum President Middletown Safety CoCuncil ouncil Middletown Ohio . C. R. Steiner President Lancaster Safety Council Lancaster Ohio D. S. Lunts President Scrap Iron and Steel Institute Cant^nOhio H. Hoffman President Newark Safety Council Newark Ohio -- | ee Nold The Ohio Ceramic Industries Association Columbus Ohio - + M. Tharp Vice M. President Manager bus Ohio and General = Ohio Fuel CComopamnypany Colum- : ; ; _. NO Chairman trial C P. A. Alber Campbell A John C. Asi Ernest Aug C. F. Batem Claude Ban Fred G. Bei Edgar M. B John Bower John Breide Ohio A. Clark Sa A. C. Cook S town O. O. R. Corne H. E. Crain William J. C J. R. Cuthbe Robert O. D _ Thos J. Don Kenneth L. E H. G. Ehret Relations E. A. Ellis Di I. M. Emery ; Larry L. Evert John A. Ey Ji C. A. Felker " R. Fenner . R. H. Ferguso D. K. Finley S. Obio H. D. Fishbaug A. C. Germain E. E. Grant Pr E.GroverC H. H. Henry Si H. L. Hershey Don C. Hunter Ohio Ralph I. Huston John W. Jockel Ohio J. Harrison Kell . Victor L. Keys { e of Ohio Columbus Ohio .mbus Ohio .s Ohio Columbus Ohio and Ohio Company Youngs . Middletown Ohio hio athern Ohio Electric Company Akron Ohio - Radio Corporation - Company Lockland el Corporation Cleve- Company Hamilton cil Zanesville Ohio , Cleveland Ohio on Ohio ipany Canton Ohio Innafi Milling Machine- = .ddletown Ohio --Ohio n Ohio k Obio ibus Ohio 1 Gas Company Colum COMMITTEES Breidenbach Arrangements Chairman | Thos P. Kearns Superintendent Division of trial Commission of Ohio Columbus Ohio Safety and Hygiene Indus P. A. Alberty Secretary Ohio Fuel Gas Co. Campbell John C. Allen American Rolling Mill Co. Columbus Ohio Middletown Askam Ohio Oil Co. Findlay Ohio Ohio Ernest Augustus Safety Director Mead C. F. Bateman West High School Corp. Chillicothe Ohio Claude Bawden Underwriters Columbus Laboratories Ohio Fred G. Bennett Safety Director Buckeye Youngstown Steel Ohio Edgar M. Bland Zanesville Rapid Transit Castings Co. Columbus Ohio John Bowen Jr. American Co. Zanesville Ohio John Vitrified Products Co. Uhrichsville Ohio Ohio Third Vice President Ohio State Federation of Labor Dayton A. Clark Safety Clothing Co. Cleveland Ohio A. C. Cook Superintendent Safety Welfare town Ohio and Claims Carnegie Steel Co. Youngs- O. R. Cornelius Southwestern Portland Cement H. E. Crain Safety Director Ohio Co. Osborn Ohio Power Co. Canton Ohio . William J. Curn Jr. Wheeling Steel Corp. Steubenville Ohio J. R. Cuthbert Standard Oil Co. Lima Ohio Robert O. Dale President Ohio State Thos J. Donnelly Secretary Ohio Conference B.M. & P.I.U. Euclid Ohio Federation of Labor Columbus Ohio Kenneth L. Ede Ohio Public Service Co. Cleveland Ohio H. G. Ehret Division of Factory & Building Relations Columbus Ohio Inspection Department of Industrial E. A. Ellis Director of Welfare Wheeling Steel I. M. Emery Massillon Steel Corp. Wheeling W. Va Casting Co. Massillon Ohio Larry L. Evert Ohio Bell Telephone Co. Cleveland Ohio John A. Ey Jr. Columbus & Southern Ohio C. A. Felker Marion Steam Shovel Co. MariEolnectOrhicioCo. Columbus Ohio G. R. Fenner Pure Oil Co. Toledo Ohio R. H. Ferguson Manager of Safety Republic Steel Finley D. Corp. Cleveland Ohio Secretary Columbus Safety Council Chamber of Ohio Commerce Columbus H. D. Flahbaugh Fairfield Paper Co. Baltimore Ohio A. C. Germain American Steel & Wire E. E. Grant President Crystal Tissue CoC.o.MiCdldelveetloawnnd OOhhiioo E. & Grover Columbus Southern Ohio Electric Co. Columbus Ohio H. Henry Safety Director Otis Steel _ , H. Hershey East Ohio Gas Co. ClevCeloa.ndClOehvieoland Ohio Den C. Hunter Personnel Department Oxford Ohio . Miami Paper West : -~ ee Sm Carrollton Ralph John L. Huston Central Ohio Light & Power Co. Findlay Ohio _ . W. Jockel Ohio Conference of Ohio Bricklayers Masons & P. I. U. East Cleveland J. Harrison Keller Limoges China Co. Victor L. Keys Ohio State Sebring Ohio Assn of Dyers & Cleaners Columbus . Ohio my ot i * i o> in : . b 4 IRSURANDE IRSURANDE INV EULINVIENUL IIRSRUSRUARNADNEDE QUVILSAPILY | "atesn Aas J. T. Kidney Manager Employees Service Division Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron Ohio R. H. Krone Safety Director Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co. Cincinnati Ohio George Lerch Cincinnati & Suburban Bell Telephone Co. Cincinnati Ohio J. D. Lyle Personnel Director Fisher Body Cleveland Division Cleveland Ohio Geo H. McConahy American Steel Foundries Alliance Ohio Don K. Martin Secretary Ohio Manufacturers Association Columbus Ohio Howard Massman Parker High School Dayton Ohio Ray S. Metzger Director of Claims & Safety Toledo Edison Co. Toledo Ohio Urban L. Moler Inland Manufacturing Co. Dayton Ohio Ralph Z. Moore Sorg Paper Co. Middletown Ohio H. E. Nold Ohio Ceramic Industries Assn Columbus Ohio Buell W. Nutt Safety Equipment Service Co. Cleveland Ohio Ray O'Connell Safety Director Ohio Steel Foundry Co. Lima Ohio D. A. O'Neill Corning Fibreglass Corp. Newark Ohio John Owens President District No. 6 United Mine Workers of America Columbus Ohio Clarence Palmer Robt H. Evans Co. Columbus Ohio Thos Price United Mine Workers of America Midvale Ohio C. M. Rankin Ohio Bell Telephone Co. Columbus Ohio L. E. Reinwald Crowell Publishing Co. Springfield Ohio Kathryn B. Reynolds American Education Press Columbus Ohio John Richards Hanna Coal Co. St. Clairsville Ohio Chairm Chairma Ohi Chairma Dep Chairma and Chairmar Indu Chairman Com H. N. Rider Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of America Youngstown Ohio W. L. Schneider Safety Engineer B. F. Goodrich Co. Akron Ohio J. D. Shanman Capitol Dry Cleaning Co. Cincinnati Ohio J. L. Sivard Safety Director Wheeling Steel Corp. Steubenville Ohio Carl L. Smith Managing Director Cleveland Safety Council Cleveland Ohio Frank G. Smith Asst General Supt Sunday Creek Coal Co. Nelsonville Ohio Dr. Robert E. Smith Ohio State University Columbus Ohio Irvin R. Snyder Globe Laundry Co. Dayton Ohio William Spanton American Hard Rubber Co. Akron Ohio Russell D. Squibb Y & O Coal Co. Martins Ferry Ohio J. P. Sutton Manager of Industrial Relations Ohio Oil Co. Findlay Ohio B. H. Taylor Personnel Director Diamond Alkali Co. Painesville Ohio W. S. TaOhiyo lor American Laundry & Zoric Dry Cleaning Co. Columbus C. G. Barth H. P. Heyr T. E. Fenn Mackin Ke P. B. Marte Sidney Smi James P. S Fred Toy Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co. Cincinnati Ohio --ATuccinardi Boxboard Co., Rittman - C. W. Ufford Ohio Rubber Co. Willoughby Ohio === L. M. Mert W. M. Mor George .. Lewis C. Le R. Reid Vance Secretary Graphic Arts Federation Columbus Ohio D. M. Ryan Corp. A. Voss Presidentiinn Charge of Industrial Relations Republic Steel -- Cleveland Ohio oem ieee _ ==} F. W. Weber Standard Lime & Stone Co. Woodville Ohio ==" & Wire Homer J. Weeks Manager Safety Sanitation & Welfare American Steel Co. Cleveland Ohio R. M. Weimer Dayton Rubber Maacturing Maacturing Co. Dayton Ohio A. -D Cac W. E. Obet }4Geo Calhou R. C. Jones James Fluke Ben T. Godf Arnold Bill Roy L. Wesler Ohio Bell Telephono Columbus Ohio Secretary O. W. Wiswell Executive Ohio Coal Conference Inc. Columbus Ohio _ - A. R. Taubm Zucker aler Joseph H. Cleveland Plain ~ Cleveland Ohio -: . ~- - ._, .. , ' 6 ot Robi LIST OF EXHIBITORS Acme Safety Products Co., Akron Ohio Products American LaFrance Ohio Milburn cago Ill Co., Cleveland, Ohio American American Optical Optical Co. Cleveland Cleveland Ohio Best New York Y. Boyer Campbell Campbell Co. Detroit Mich Brown Brown Shoe St. Louis Mo. BullBurarougrhsdWellC come o Wellc. ome &Chicago CoI.ll S. ) Inc. New York Columbus Ohio Carob Carob Products Products Co. Pittsburgh Pa Childs & Co. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ClerSite ClerSite New York Pittsburgh Pa M. Cunningham Equipment New York Emergency Milburn Detroit Mich Mich, Milburn Appliances Appliances Pittsburgh Safety Pittsburgh F. Murdock Murdock Akron Ohio Ohio National Bronze Aluminum Cleveland Aluminum Aluminum Co., National Production Detroit Mich Mick, H. Packwood Packwood Co. St. Louis Mo. Mo, Panco Rubber Chelsea Mass W. Peters Peters Columbus Columbus Pitts- Portable Lamp Equipment Equipment Pitts- Pitts- burgh Pa, PositOibvieo Safety Co. Cleveland Cleveland C. H. Y. Co. Detroit Mich C. Dockson Mfg Co. Cleveland Ohio The Ericson Co. Buffalo N. Y. Flohr Mfg Co. Dayton Ohio The Mfg Co. Goshen Ind Proportioneers Providence Providence R. 1. Pyrene Mfg Chicago Cincinnati Cincinnati Grip Device Cleveland Ohio Ohio Safety Clothing Service Co. Cleve- Safety Equipment Service land Ohio Co., Cleve. Huntington Laboratories Inc. HuntingHuntington Huntington Industrial Boots Boots Shoes Co. Lima Ohio IndusIntdurstiriaall Commission Commission Ohio Columbus Safety First Supply Co. Pittsburgh Pa Safety First Scaffold of Fostoria Pa. SafwOahyioSteel Scaffold of Obio, Ill Industrial Gloves Co. Danville Ill Insto Corp. Detroit Mich International International Co. St. Louis Mo. Shepherd Son Inc. Philadelphia Philadelphia It, A. Smith Safety Safety Equipment Equipment CleveStandard Ohio Equipment Saginaw Mich ~~ Kimball Ohio Products Junkin Safety Appliance Co. Inc. Louisville Louisville Keystone Keystone View Meadville Pa Products Cleveland > Ohio Surty Mfg Chicago Chicago Il Mich. Universal Universal Shoe Co. Lynchburg Wiesman Mfg Co. Dayton Ohio ---- Williams Cleveland Ohio - Lehigh Lehigh Safety Shoe Allentown Ohio Lima Lima Cord Sole & Heal Cleveland Ohio Martindale Martindale Electric Cleveland N. Thom Thom McAn Shoe Co. Akron Ohio Melflex Products Products Akron Ohio Williams Williams Co. Inc. Pittsburgh Williams Jewelry Jewelry & Chicago Co. Ill .& Inc Reading Chicago Pa Wolverine Shoe Tanning Corp. Rock- ford Mich . Tanning Corp., Rocke ford, Mich, . thot NSA? arE i ar ge 5. 7 as%MetE a| Y ReaLan += aT he SEE> ats Yme EUS SROro. ar. fal) work nt aed it. efES FS , ye - ne t i , =H ate i 9 3 ear ndestbp ~ aMPReRA Seamster bee PRS Sem u ee =P _ -~_- OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE HAZARDS - THEIR CAUSE AND CONTROL ~ Wednesday Afternoon Session April 17 1940 This Section of the All Ohio Safety Congress Disease Hazards Cause and Control devoted to Occupational by Dr. Sidney McCurdy Director was called Medical to order at 2 o'clock of Ohio Columbus Ohio Chairman Division Industrial Commission : Chairman McCurdy Our discuss a subject that is meeting will now come to order We have to we have entered really momentous In the state of Ohio a new phase of taking care of recently burden upon industry for people We have placed the industry in which a man wporrakcsticaanlldy wahlil chdisheeases that are peculiar to the and would not be subjected to elsewhere customarily The would not meet disease law up to this point has been history of our occupational specific diseases easily capable of that we have carefully selected were applicable to proof and named them and no compensation I think that others was in 1921. In 1929 we added six or seven in the same 1928 or and we went on rather slowly and manner by making them specific when we took somewhat discouragedly our place with others who had been ahead of us in until 1937 specifically silicosis Apparently with recognizing we because stuck around that law some fear and trembling we did that some safeguards to limit what might | with those safeguards that in some instances I seemed to protect fairness and merit had to be a fear we were a bit unfair to the claimant But and discretion starting point and we made it in 1937. In 1939 there to the winds burned our we threw all diseases not classified bridges behind us and took on all hithertofore by name and which of modern day and age is a step in advance It course in this Commission very definitely in Ohio also introduces the Industrial into the business of preventing diseases casesof mbeatter Commission =~ as good to choose but one of whom had not final but the had to could allow disallow disalow the is made I believe three to be a roentgenologist Their opinion was submitted to them before the fact that silicotic board oo men as we could get in Ohio who have beenso recognized in the and believe from working with them communities that in which they practice I the and honestly but upon a scientific they are dealing with cases fairly course turn down some but it basis That Board has been obliged of has been I believe fairly liberal in those cas that had merit Remember that Board passing we took the additional number of was not final But when we up.again new principle in twenty Ohio and other diseases set up.again think a new principle everywhere 2 _ _ + ~ ; _ in that each c upon medical fact and upc They were fir had occasion special field that we Toledo or Da disease contro made it nece forty I wrote to the telling them : could pay the the list of the most of them in behalf of : so labelled he public health their terminol arise out of now have I word occupa going to discu the word occ Our first he has been v head of their moment but I is through I stand upon his if he represe He must do t caretso discu is up because limited I will very soon Wi first speaker Applause _- THE OC Smith medical aspec asked me to It was their certain topics seldom seen 7. present status HEIR upational 2 o'clock mmission ' have to recently laced the ' to the not meet upational selected 2 i or 3 IC .1 1937 ognizing ognizingthat I might silicosis rit and | ut there rew all on all in this dustrial diseases peculiar_ St^' CY hen wo referees . special - - desired ==: was ion = ~- mission . e board .ctice and fairly --ged of passing = t when " , mM oO a ~ 559 principle opportunimtIay nbeBlooifaevred how muscehrvaincde perhaps in that each claimant who was dissatisfed with the ruling of the Commission upon medical facts had a right to appeal to a medical fact and upon the judgment of that Board the case woul,dupobnea dmeecdiidceadl They were final on medical fact That is as it stands today Now we haven't had occasion to use that new Board I have attempted to set it up on this specialists in each of the larger cities covering practically field that we can expect to meet so that if in Cleveland or Cincinnateiveorr y Toledo or Dayton or Columbus we want to pick a special Board for a skin disease controversary we can do it without going out those cities That made it necessary to select a great many men the number is forty I think one of the proudest moments in our lives was when I wrote to these men requesting that they serve upon this new Board telling them frankly that I couldn't tell them at that time we could pay them but telling them what I wanted them to do and the list of those that I giving them was asking and not one turned us down most of them wrote thanking us for the to render their in behalf of this new We speak of this whole problem and it so labelled here as Occupational Disease Hazards When is public health matters it is spoken of as industrial diseases I tyhoiunk get into their terminology is better than ours because after all these cases must arise out of or in the course of employment With the liberality that we f now have I think the word industrial could well take the place of the word occupational At the beginning of this symposium today we are going to discuss first occupational diseases occuring in Ohio Let the word occupational to industrial diseases us change occuring in Ohio Our first speaker has had a tremendous amount of experience in that he has been with the State Board of Health for a number of years at the head of their Occupational Disease Division I will introduce him moment but I want to state first the rules of the game After each speiankera is through I will throw it open to discussion I wish each discussant would isftahnde upon his feet and announce his name and where he comes from and 4 He represents anybody I wish he would introduce who he represents must do that as many times as he speaks I shall allow cares to discuss five minutes and I shall be rough when the fainvye omnienuwtheos F ; i : j 3 ' ; . toe. te i J 44 - io ; 4 -bIecraa p uthse tae ble otralikndticoaoteand tisimgnehiesmmuorse otr less -|-}4 limited upoupn on by _ -- off . - Health Columbus Dr. very soon With those preliminary remarks I wish to first KenneKet nneh th D. Smith present to you our . pational Diseases State Department formerly director DiviosfiOoccnu- of ( Applause Lotte Se ee - - Sq 2] =a a =f= tee . THE OCCURRENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN OHIO ; By Kenneth D. Smith M. D. F7 fee ae a Dr Smith When Mr. Kearns and Dr. Obetz asked nedical aspects of Occupational me to speak on the 7 asked me give an informal Diseases_ this Safety Congress om Bes It was their discussion rather than read a formal paper : vid opinion with which I heartily agreed that I should review 73 ff curtain topics which color the picture of these diseases but which - are % seldom seen in print and which we quite often 14 in neglect appraising of present status these diseases Therefore this discussion will be +-}-- } ps more or - | ~ 7 TO e ~ Te we - -. a - - - - 27 = . - . -t. ot ee : = ie oat we t 560 Health less a podge of miscellaneous information I many statistics If there shall not burden you with figures they can are any of these data that you desire in actual readily be or the Ohio Department of obtained from either the Industrial Commission Whenever it has fallen to my lot to discuss . consulted the dictionaries for two a subject I have usually what my subject meant reasons I wanted to be sure that I knew to me after I had read the definition given who were experts and qualified to tell me but by those desire not to give an entire discussion more important has been my had erred in which would be erroneous because I my understanding of the words I made title of this paper was given to me no exception when the tions of occurrence I found However when I read the many defini- Obviously this definition among although them this The act of occurring where we find first to correct takes us to the word occur befall to happen to take place Again a definition but inadequate here because we do not know the correct workers who suffer from occupational diseases because exact number of and the spread lack of reliable of faulty diagnoses more to my liking for it statistics The next definition was stated To exist as to being able to be found or seen to be found to come under thing to sink observation . " Here was my teeth in for we can discuss only those some- found or come under our observation things which are Definitions which adequately and tional diseases are have been the accurately tell us just what occupa- hygienists than the diseases cause of more headaches to the industrial themselves and I have finally come to the conclusion that these headaches are the most prevalent of occupational If we consider occupational diseases from tion would appear to be obvious a medical standpoint a defini- Unfortunately specifically occupational illnesses such however except for those as certain poisonings the pneumo- conioses and some infections such as anthrax we encounter reasoning bases on a priori reasoning Diseases erroneous occupational industrial illnesses and other now classified as partly such terms must be clarified Weyl insists on the inclusion as illnesses generally caused by the occupational diseases not only those frequent manifestation of personal activity of the worker but any This definition follows symptoms affecting a given occupational class occupational diseases closely that of Van den Borght who believes that are the consequences of long continued harmful effects in the exercise of a exposures to with calling and that they arise exclusively or industry ss! Gilbert believes that ~ " amongst atrieo-nopaelwnhes-nchriotiuciltsmhdoTshee diinscelausseisonwhiccahllappearCertaiinlyn any giventhcealleixnpgoswurei_ t__h- J an incidence exceeding the normal as well as those considered obviously due to occupa- occupationalCertainly these definitions must of of the statement that necessity be over a long period of time renders those fallacious one considers considers wool sorter's disease We definitions ~_ that time is relative and whether we afflictions must which remember short_ exposures accidents or acute specific follow is none the less dangerous and the occupational diseases the pathology occupational etiology remains unchanged I can't agree with those previously reasons One is that I saw a case of lead mentioned definitions for two .___ case of silicosis in a hog sorter Birch poisoning in a dairyman and a diagnoses The dairyman had of these were proved to be correct - been soldering milk cans holding face ' a. + over the cans worked in a were coverec an extremely years Obvio But of cour Mr. Bloomfi silicosis whe Mr. Bloc Dr Smit breathing th he danced I routine enta Because which insist manifestatio a particular more correc necessarily Dr Hay . affliction w and I read definition ... that is true Certain It is univer natural fur defective o violence wi tion of the forest for disease tha have occur tered in no and all incl It may what disea good for i appreciate and well as The n cause occu the difficu relation be would aris workers a and how 7 the questic We kr a half mil whom wer you burden with desirein actual rial Commission I have usually are that I knew given by those nt has been my neous because I ption when the je many defini- of occurring : word occur Again a correct xact number of aulty diagnoses definition was le to be found ere was some- ings which are what occupa' the industrial come to the of occupational pe a defini- C or those pneumo- Inter erroneous ied as partly st be clarified not only those orker but any pational class believes that 1 exposures to ise exclusively ven industry n calling with esefue to occupa- definitions - the exposure ~ ose definitions - ust remember = - follow short = the patholog=y= ns unchanged ions for two iryman and a | to be correct ding his face 7 ; : 561 over the cans and had been at this work for quite some time The hog sorter worked in a stock yard situated on the lake front The ground and floors were covered with sand and the constant milling of the stock had created an extremely dusty atmosphere This worker had been employed for many years Obviously the man incurred his silicosis as the result of his job But of course hog sorters usually don't develop silicosis Mr. Bloomfield that we were shown a case of a tap dancer silicosis when we were in Washington in 1936 Am who I correct developed Mr. Bloomfield Perhaps so I don't recall Doctor Dr Smith If I recall correctly this chap had incurred his silicosis by breathing the dust from the sand that was sprinkled on the stage when he danced He had been a dancer for several years and the exertion of his routine entailed deep breathing Because of these facts I again repeat that I cannot accept definitions frequent which insist that an occupational disease must be one which is a manifestation of a certain calling or that it must arise exclusively or with a particular frequency within a certain industry Wool sorters disease or more correctly Pulmonary Anthrax proves that the exposure need not necessarily be of long duration Dr Hayhurst has long since stated that an occupational disease is any affliction which is the result of exposure to an industrial health hazard and I read a paper which had been given by an attorney stating that this definition was too loose From the standpoint of the legal mind perhaps that is true I don't know As a medical man it is not too loose to me Certainly we have no quarrels over the definition of the word disease It is universally accepted to mean any state of the living body in which the natural functions of the organs are interrupted or disturbed either by defective or preternatural action without a disruption of the parts by violence which is called a wound I often wonder if we are not in the position of those if I must use a hackneyed expression who cannot see the forest for the trees I believe that an occupational disease after all is a disease that can be proved after the exclusion of any reasonable doubts to have occured as a result of hazardous exposures which the worker encoun- tered in no other place but his place of employment To me that is adequate : and all inclusive It may seem that I have taken an undue amount of time to discuss Sre, what diseases we can blame on the working environment alone but it is good for us to take the time occasionally for such thought in order to appreciate the problems that confront our compensation boards and courts 6 and well as the worker and his employer cause The question obviouslwhy ich = __ to cause occupational diseases I shall skip that until later in order to discuss the .difficultifaecse us when we attemptto determine the exact - relation between cause effect and pass thenext questionsthat would excepti we own ant to know two facts How many workers are exposed hazards that might produce occupational diseases and how many cases of occupational_ diseases occur No less important is the question What specifically are these diseases - = =t--- | aunt told cand _. We know from the last census that there were approximately two and a half million gainfully employed people in this state almost a million of whom were employed in the manufacturing and mechanical industries and aed - wwe - dernscunsa "a delet a) Poe Seidel [a Jer4 This This almost almost the same would obviously accurrence reporting any be solved Theory disease disease believed and occupation occupation to occupation Ohio What . inadequate facil: dic cases dic exposure to denied t: the the raeproret MaryepoMratyed In Ohio 2,575 cases were reported compensation 1921 or 1913 to the date when year compensation average average 322 cases date that began began January January years 23,409 average average 1939 17.4 years 23,409 increase the cases year paid further further number sis reported reported immediately immediately prior that disease Ohio law which placed silicosis the list pensable pensable diseases effective July , 1937. 1936 became effective 1937 forty cases and nineteen of reports reports nineteen and silicosis were 1938 1938 hundred hundred and forty one analyze these cases If analyze figures several facts are impressive cases reporretpionrgtedanbdecoatuhseer of incorrect diagnosesmust lack extremely extremely concerning concerning reporting actual health reasons or there must great great of small number of state It hazards in proportion influence influence number da of workers workers number of cannot be denied that the valueof compen- sation sation them Actual cases reported decreases but v field studies have shown statistics statistics of based cases ee of reported In spite of these disadvantages reporting disadvantages importance and should be studies just men- men- utmost prove that many cases continued The although work done tioned companies exist unrecognized in although would expect expect Oprnovoetsherthhatantdhe actual incidence is great as in diseases which which many illnesses proved investigation the the place When can be silicosis silicosis paid paid compensation for silicosis and have Silicosi th No No awc in N: consequenc awc unfort The unfor: by p: environmen by individu to ex organs to ex; natio if t. natio | certain natio The sub work ix. of nec i: welfare eiti eiti the o nec eigh eiti haza haza o engages eigh: curric curric our in enco worker spe cor moderate moderate where spe unusua acute mani scien- == -of of the history oc upational occupational portance portance here mention Hippocrates interesting Hippocrates father father tiffe medicine medicinecalled attention them almost years B. C. as and and many physicians have described described from hundred time some some ~~~ which result from work time Although silicosis recent processes was Although discussed by recent discovery outbreak acute person's person's pattern pattern Other - tional breat breat usually occupati importance occupati importance wher knew that increase an whe: knew that an incresse ? . / 4 t 4 . 563 n as the - reported oblem of not the the State | 26 years compen ect since re cases the first ; ugust 4 ensation ' : orted or , of cases ' of silico- ensation of com- reports red and ntly all owledge tremely tions This momentous report appeared not within the but almost two and half centuries ago past few decades What factors have been responsible for the tional facilities and informative apparent neglect of educa- material lack of interest and our inadequate amount of statistics It has often been relatively diseases did not touch public appeal because of stated that occupational of cases they usually manifested the fact that in the majority themselves only after a long period of ebexpodseunrieedtoThthee shuadzdaerndesss Acocfidents possess a dramatic quality that cannot gather the immediate and occurrence the excitement the crowds that obvious damage are all impressive However the Silicosis Disaster that occurred at Gauley Bridge and the radium ings in New Jersey because of widespread publicity given them poison- presa awoke public consciousness that by the consequences occurred Misconceptions occupational diseases of tragic are rampant rule unfortunately concerning all phases of and misconceptions the The physical and these diseases entirely by those mental health of every man is influenced almost environment two important factors his innate characteristics and his Inheritance can play an important part in the an individual against occupational diseases For resistance of wise to expose a worker to substance which example it is probably not organs if there is a family history showing may an damage his blood forming disorders Other innate factors which excessive occurrence of blood race national enter the individual's resistance are certain substanceexstraction complexion sex and individual idiosyncrasies to T r | i | j : oS - tistics . portion of the t men- i lone in , ar as we ational tion to ises of _ reports grain if * form _ | been ~~ not unusual glycameoruintn addicts health amount _ . ussion evident therefore that of his weave im- scien -_- bES}- B. ra of development licosis licosis arn d by eamceultye applies i4h zingly L cup3- - The importance of environment can the most important factor which certainly not be denied as probably controls everyone's health Certainly then mifusttheofworker spends a third of each day in his work place this environment welfare necessity exert a most important influence on his physical and either for better or for worse The question mental about the other thirds of the day As a naturally arises what about eight hours and it is general rule most workers sleep great hazards That leaves generally considered that sleep presents no engages in all kinds of us with eight hours during which the worker curricular curricular pursuits The importance of these in activities has not been given the prominence that it deserves our consideration of an individual's resistance to might encounter at work As a a hazard that he worker spends much of his concrete example time I might state that if this in the corner beer parlor and does even a moderate amount of elbow bending he has no business job where he may be exposed to many substances used in iwnodruksitnrgy oItn ias ' | vot a . ar acuto mania among one glass of precipitate ae It is ~ [ tpheersopna'tstewronrkofing ehnevailrtohnment and his spare time have combined to a time Other factors which play important roles in the -.- -- tional diseases are age long hours of of occupa deep breathing uncomfortable fatiguing work hard work entailing - postures and all those factors which we tuosually place in our safety considerations but which one seldom hears occupational diseases The previous medical history of importance .also for instance we would a worker is of a job where he would have the not want to place an employee in knew that he has slightest amount of lead exposure if we - recurrent gastric ulcers The individual's an increased sensitiveness to even small susceptibility or_ amounts of a certain substance - . - - 7 om - --~- E _ _. p tsa + Pe - ; vt: Fl p Fears + 564 thiatsiesbeaemnonregspwoonrsikbelres on occasions for poiso,nings and particularly for derma-derma- I realize that many of you possibly expected me to devote with of this discussion to various specific occupational diseases detailed account of their symptoms and the occupations and industries wherein occurred the I know that a few of you have expected me to interrelatethey dis specific occupational diseases with the called partly occupational eases quote industrial complaints and conditions and the relation of loiirnmddiuitsnatatrriiioelnsys certain diverge and occupations to increased incidents of certain diseases not considered as of occupational origin However because of the of time and the title of my paper it is impossible for discuss anything but specific occupational diseases If me to we were to into the subject of the entire field of industrial health we could hold sessions and have as many meetings as the program of this as many Safety Congress contains and then we would have merely scratched the surface We have previously stated that the requirement of reporting of tional diseases is of great assistance in solving the problem of their occupa- tion even though these reports are inadequate and the diagnosespreovfetnen- questionable It is natural to ask why we do not study these industries and e the workmen therein thus giving us a complete picture of not hazards but also their effects upon the employees only specific This is dream of probably the every person interested in industrial health However the magni- tude of such a procedure renders it impossible for such a study to give authentic results unless we had the services of hundreds of scientists It would be necessary to take specific and detailed scientific analyses of the work places for all the hazards that might possibly exist there It would be necessary for the physician to examine each individual worker to take & complete medical history and to do the necessary labratory and ray examination In addition when we realize that these examinations of both the worker and his work place must be checked not once but many times at specified intervals to determine an average we begin to see the impossibility of such a procedure These repeated checks are necessary in the face of the fact that both the working environment and the resistance of the earner varies from hour to hour day to day week to week and seasownagteo season re health observations However we can measure the potentialities of our health taking a cross section of industry and by what one might learn the processes where one might expect the possibility hazards of hazardous exposur Theis procedure must be done by a scientific sampling process to " secure balance act the opinions formed from those establishments which did not have health- ful eOnhvioironments of the It was my privilege to participate in such a survey when Department Health made a which covered - than 3,000 environ ==. establishments in the heavy industries and analyzed the working ment of 300,000 jobs for potential health hazards This study also included -~ the recording of control measure when present welfare facilities such as -- full time or part time physicians plant hospital nursing service safety directors shop committees insurance service and others : The advantages of such a survey are that we to able evaluate danger- potential hazards by listing them as exposures and a ous exposures may occur The greatest value is in the fact that one who hasbeen warned concerning a danger is much more apt to be on guard Please keep in mind ti encounter trouble in a The disadvantage o often forget that no a sure to any material only that the worker is are used or created C cise medical engineerin the worker can one eva worker Thus far I have di of occupational diseas amount of actual haza of the inadequacy of of information obtaina eases occur from day ported each year and by five or ten times epidemiological stand half million workers i Although these : because of comparati severe or fatal nature great importance of an opening for better disaster and the Ne the same manner po health of workers axiomatic that health that a healthy work profits there is less ways great in an u expense entailed in workmen have spent paid for themselves | programs that we ca tional diseases and o favorable influences Because I have discussitnhge facto cupational diseases almost nothing conc there is much to be - that we must have - we discuss these dis which sometimes clc of the difficulties th the true relationshi In discussing th and effect it is na which are responsit an acceptable defin 565 ly for derma a great deal th a detailed wherein they nterrelate the pational dis Tom of certain diseases not cause of the le for me to re to diverge as many fety Congress ig of occupa their preven gnomes often ndustries and only specific probably the , the magni- tudy to give scientists It a of the - would ker to take y and ray tions of both any times at impossibility the face of of the wage nd season to ; hazards by observations of hazardous g_process_to have health- survey survey when re 8,000 ==... ~~~ ing environ also includedincluded ties such as rvice safety ; - evaluate the a here danger- - hat one who . on guard on a ~ Please keep in mind the word potential for without that word we could encounter trouble in a great number of ways The disadvantage of such a study should it be published is that readers often forget that no attempt was made to evaluate the extent of the exposure to any material listed and the potential hazards or exposures indicate only that the worker is employed in an environment in which such substances are used or created One should keep in mind at all times that only by pre cise medical engineering and chemical examinations of the workplace and the worker can one evaluate the extent of the exposure or its effect upon the worker Thus far I have discussed only the factors which bear on the appearance of occupational diseases and methods of approaching an evaluation of the amount of actual hazard that might be present in Ohio industries Because of the inadequacy of occupational disease reports received and the paucity of information obtainable no one knows how many specific occupational diseases occur from day to day However if we take the number that is re- ported each year and never more than 2000 a year is reported and multiply by five or ten times it is at once obvious that their importance from a epidemiological standpoint is not great in comparison to the two and one- half million workers in the state Although these specific occupational diseases may not be important because of comparative rarity we must not forget that every case of a severe or fatal nature is a tragedy to that worker and his dependents The great importance of occupational disease is that it is a wedge that makes an opening for better industrial health programs It took the Gauley Bridge disaster and the New Jersey radium poisoningtso awake the public In the same manner poisoning is often followed by programs to improve the health of workers The benefits of such programs are manifold It is axiomatic that healthy workmen do more and better work We also know that a healthy worker is less accident the employer makes better profits there is less chance of litigation and claims Labor turnover is al ways great in an unhealthy environment Certainly industry realizes the expense entailed in training new men particularly in trades where expert workmen have spent years in training Better health programs have always paid for themselves both in money and happiness and it is only through such programs that we can hope to increase our knowledge of the partly occupa- ' tional diseases and of those adverse environmental conditions which exert un- favorable influences on health great Becausetaken such a portion of the time allotted to me in discussing the factors are important inthe occurrence of specific oc _.. nothing cupational diseases I hope I have not given you the opinionthat know -- almost -concerning them This field is no exception however for learned all the medical sciences It is certainly logical that we must have clear understanding of the difficulties facing before- before- we discuss tthheessee diseases Another reason for dwelling on the difficulties Z which sometimes cloud the picture is that we are all agreed on the enormity of the difficulties that face the compensation boards and courts in evaluating the true relationship between cause and effect discussing In the specific occupational diseases from a standint of cause and effect it is natural that one should properly classify vellous hazards which are responsible An acceptable classification is in the sale class with an acceptable definition the term occupational diseases ithout excep- -- - - mi TIT | rl eon be _. => 566 tion classifications have in which make up the hazard general followed the physical characteristics ; f t & + e - _- _ . ~ divisions the first of which we might call the we find the poisons irritants and living substances Here vapors dusts liquids and solids asphyxiants such as gases fumes mists when they have been absorbed Some into the of these may body Various act as true poisons types of gases good examples of the difference in actions are hydrogen sulfide is For instance one gas such chemical asphyxiant ian dtihsattinictt dtiisspsluaecepsotihseon another carbon monoxide is aas red blood cells A third methane would oxygen be ordinarily carried by the asphyxiant if it replaced the classed as a simple mechanical supply was not high oxygen in the air to the point where the enough to sustain life Material oxygen cause occupational diseases because of substances can also case of pressure prepatellar pressure and friction causing in the bursitis or housemaid's knee The encountered which may cause occupational diseases belong to material substances and exist in poisons group of probably timely to mention one of the forms mentioned above It is that we should discuss at that this there are two very important considerations time Industrial poisonings occur chiefly as the result of entrance of the toxic the substance responsible into the respiratory system Poisoning resulting from body through skin is probably next frequent and those absorbtion through the of toxic compounds are least poisonings resulting from ingestions frequently is the fact that the clinical encountered The other consideration poisoning are usually symptoms almost displayed in most cases of industrial poisonings where large doses entirely unlike those symptoms seen in acute with suicide intent A have been swallowed or breathed for good example of this can be example . symptoms which follow the ingestion of seen by comparing the pound such as bichloride of a large amount of a mercury com- mediately the picture of mercury Our patient here presents almost im- and clammy skin which ips ropfaoluendThsehopcaktiweintth isa fast and thready pulse cold and apathetic mental reactions In Hatters usually in collapse with dull mercury poisoning seen in the Shakes a chronic form of manufacture of felt we see an symptom complex Symptoms do not entirely different of exposure and are characterized by usually appear until within five years - tremors psychic or emotional changes muscular OE inflammation of mouth - tees to == - is of silicosis which as = =-- Webemay further State SS = ee believe it pertinent mention at this -.. _ know the result long exposure to time that we dust clascs lae ssd ed as the free silica in the form of a fine group result of exposure to a hazard - that all evidence seems to shobweltohnagtintghein this -- lar response to silica is probably due to a chemical cellu- = rather than- - ~ because of the sharp edges of the dust reaction = by the fact that diamond dust particles Evidence of this can be seen and the dust of the harder artificial do not cause the formation of pathology such abrasives Other harmful as seen in silicosis are the bacteria funegxipoasnurdespatrhaastitaesre classed as living material substances - The next agent in our classification of diseases is thermal in character Here potential causes of occupational treme temperature change and we find extremes in temperature ex- possibly temperature and humidity ee ee Another largi to radiant energy infra rays Xmight also includ Abnormal atn workers and rela encountered by av eases Fatigue part many cases of te operators is alleg It is only nat might be respons we have actually use a summary of Department of H. trial Commission compensable disea reports of compe leged to be due - most outstanding comprises about we have reached frequency of a d trial Commission that there has be the other hand to be incurable a expense Lead p cases and in turi mately the same Chromo ulce with the small to that during that or radium poisor pensable disease in Ohio due to . . of thisdisease the reports that ported in Ohio period Not one from 68 cases al down to 2 cases that for many when two cases ... in numbers mos that these report list of diseases r face of our new Since we ha want me to say al characteristics em includes any In other words to two main sub- ubstances Here es fumes mists as true poisons es of gases are ne gas such as in monoxide is a y carried by the mple mechanical here the oxygen stances can also ... causing in the " The poisons to a group of ned above It is nt considerations ur chiefly as the e body through on through the from ingestions -- sideration ' industrial seen in acute ed for example -comparing the a mercury com- sents almost im- eady pulse cold llapse with dull hronic form of entirely different within five years langes muscular sis which as we form of the elonging in this that the cellu_ ion rather this can be seen - tificial abrasives cosis ' terial substances of occupational temperature ex umidity 567 Another large group of exposures is that one which includes exposure to radiant energy In this we can include visible spectrum violet rays infra rays rays radium and active substances and possibly one might also include noise Abnormal atmospheric pressure such as encountered by divers and caisson workers and relatively frequent changes in atmospheric pressure such as encountered by aviators may be responsible also for specific occupational dis- eases Fatigue particularly from rapidly repetitive many cases of tenosynovitis A disease affecting operators is alleged to be due to vibration motions is the elbows responsible for of air hammer It is only natural that it would follow our discussion of exposures which might be responsible for specific occupational diseases with what diseases we have actually had reported in Ohio As a basis for the frequency I shall use a summary of reports received during the decade 1928 to 1937 by the Ohio Department of Health These were chosen rather than data from the Indus trial Commission in view of the fact that both the compensable and noncompensable diseases are included This group is comprised of almost 13,000 reports of compensable diseases together with several hundred diseases alleged to be due to occupation although not compensable at that time The most outstanding feature in our review of these cases is that dermatitis comprises about thirds of all cases reported I believe that at this point we have reached the best time to call attention to the difference betwen the frequency of a disease and the severity of it I am informed by the Industrial Commission that nearly all cases of dermatitis reported to it indicate that there has been no time lost by nearly all of the workers afflicted On the other hand a patient suffering from manganese poisoning is conceded to be incurable and may remain an invalid for many years incurring much expense Lead poisoning was next in frequency with almost fifteen hundred cases and in turn was followed by tenosynovitis of the wrist with approximately the same number of cases Chromo ulcerations headed the remaining compensable diseases reported with the small total of less than 400 or about three percent It is pertinent that during that period no cases of glanders manganese dioxide poisoning or radium poisoning were reported although they were on the list of compensable diseases No evaluation can be made of the occurence of silicosis in Ohio due to the enormous increase in reports following compensability of this disease as well as the erroneous agents blamed for this disease in the reports that were received Of the remaining occupational diseases re- portedin Ohio poisonings comprise total of less than 900 for the ten year period Not oneof these agents hundred cases 7They ranged - from 68 cases alleged to be due to benzol or its amino or nitro- derivatives down to cases allegeddue to phosporus It is interesting to note that for many years no reportswere received on anthrax until recently when two cases were reported Among the infections tularemia is increasing in numbers most of the cases being found butchers - Please bear in mind that these reports were received during the period when Ohio had a scheduled ae -- -. | | at 1 gw bh FS list of diseases which were compensable What the future will bring in the fare of our new inclusive Act is not known : TT Se Since we have a little time left Dr. want me to say anything about silicosis McCurdy I think a I am wondering if you great many of the men ' ope - 2 here. * wees at . * -. . * - ot: yy, se Loos L s Par Pid 7 . 1 { \ opyetetas compoundssToedcihunsihmoculapdmlolteyansisnticouirmroectnlytoPonetuhmoactoniosis eieee that Th can.be here are vitally interested in this and ceptions concerning this disease there are a great number of miscon- will not cause Chairman McCurdy I think all the silica you will speak up good and loud men would be interested in it if The size o Doctor Smith I believe that we should ete ticles of less t of reactions are produced by the different mention first that various kinds types inch are of ir diseases may follow the inhalation of of dusts Toxic systemic those of less and arsenic Allergic symptoms poisonous dusts such as lead cadmium t ticles A good example of this may follow the inhalation of certain dusts are the in workers who reaction may be found in the occurrence of concentration o tume fever inhale cotton dust Although some writers includeasthma or founders shakes as the result of metal million particle the upper safe fumes and class fumes as a dust I have the inhalation of zine a part of the ee dust perhaps that is never liked fumes being classed as co of silica tent them in industry are true To me the dusts as we think is decr generated mechanically and fumes of the composition are the subjecting the metals to heat Any dust if the result of of the dust wh . comes great enough may cause irritation concentration in the air be- the action of th adlenl and bronchitis of We are not concerned with the upper respiratory system Shr shall not mention them except here any of these dusts however and Let us tak sion on silicosis They are of no importance in nature has giv The first except and to call attention to them in passing foremost thing that we should a discus- sistance Both may act as that it can only be produced by free silica the chemical formula SiO or in remember about silicosis is Silica or silicon dioxide has tra pipe responds : united with other words two atoms of those microscop to the one atom of silicon When we speak of silicosis oxygen have up so that it is chronic form that follows we usually refer foundry workers for many years of exposure to the dust In enters the nose example until the worker has been the disease does not usually manifest If the part or thirty years exposed to a harmful concentration fifteen twietnsetlyf tack upon it b The words Pneumoconiosis and through the wa changably although S^>licosishave often been used inter- pendent motion disease of the lungs caused by breathing dust means a dusted lung or a foreign body cosis as one of the pneumoconioses Therefore it includes sili- way through th You are all familiar with the Asbestos is also a pneumoconiosis lymphatic syste law Silicosis shall definition of silicosis that is given in mean a disease of the lungs caused by our dust cell procee of such system dust silicon dioxide producing fibrous breathing silica lungs and demonstrated by nodules and distributed through the ray body One syst Obviously only dust examinations or by autopsy from material composed in whole or in the lungs The of the lung or silica can cause the disease part of free is almost one hundred the bronchial tu amounts percent silica Sandstone and granite contain enter the lung free silica mixed vary killed by the ac free silicon with dioxide the other constituents and not joined chemically When ~ point ar ing with or silica joins and forms When a chemical compound by unit- aluminum and the other this area result _markings since and combinations as silicates At the bases we know these > - reaction -cate is known to present time only one sili- - can.be lungs gypsum asbestos and the cause a disabling fibrosis of the This disease resulting is called asbestosis It silicate is- -.- -note that silica enters into the is interesting to composition of many rocks and that about sixty percent of the crust of the earth is I believe that it is composed of these which we have had reporcteerdtationluys oofn importance to name a few substances which have never been known to occupational disease report forms and limestone carborundum and othercause the disease Among these are marble artificial abrasives rock wool glass wool bituminous sement coke and soapstone Coal either anthracite or and occurs whe tissue or scar however The which under th an onion has t - cells die in the the flow is block ing the lympha _ the fibrous nodi -due to their ove ee Sent . oe Mn ee \ 5 miscon nme er of miscon ested in it ~ various types Toxic systemic whe: ead cadmium ~ ame certain dusta nce of asthma include meta lation of zine ng classed a s we think of the result of in the air be- ratory system however and le in a discus- out silicosis is dioxide has oxygen have | e usually refer the dust In manifest itself if twenty 1. ed inter- ed lung or a : includes sili noconiosis s given in our reathing silica d through the - in part of free silica Sand contain vary is present as nicWa hel n ly sound by unit we know these only one siliThis silicate ig----- | = interestitnog 7 and about ew substances ort forms and se are marble | - ol glass wool or bituminous 569 will not cause silicosis without an admixture of hard rock which contains silica The size of the dust particles is of great importance Only those particles of less than ten microns a micron equals approximately 25,000th inch those ticles are of importance and it has been stated recently that probably only of less than three microns are of importance The smaller these par- are the greater is the hazard increased Of equal importance is the concentration of these particles in the air It is generally conceded that five million particles of a diameter not to exceed 10 microns per cubic foot is the upper safe limit in the case of pure silica However if the silica is but a part of the composition of the dust this limit is increased as the percentage of silica is decreased as a general rule We do not yet know what effect that the composition of the non siliceous dust or rather I should say that portion of the dust which is not free silica has in the acceleration or inhibition of the action of the free silica Let us take a look at just what happens when dust is breathed First nature has given us other protective devices in addition to our natural re- sistance Both the shape of the nose and the mucous in the nose and throat may act as traps In addition the ciliated mucous membrane of the wind- pipe responds automatically those microscopic finger up so that it is coughed up when the smallest foreign body touches it and cilia contract rhythmically to force the particle It is believed that only about half the dust that enters the nose reaches the lung If the particle is small enough to enter the air sac it stimulates the at- tack upon it by the dust cells or wandering cells which pass from or through the wall of the air sac These phagocytic cells are capable of inde- pendent motion and their function is to ingest or surround any microscopic foreign body After the cell has ingested the silica particle it makes its way through the wall of the air sac and enters the lymph channel The lymphatic system has been called the sewage system of the body and dust cell proceeds along with the flow of the lymph The lung possesses of such systems which are often called the third circulatory system of the two the body One system drains to the pleural surface this membrane which covers the lungs The other system following the blood vessels drains to the hilum of the lung or that structure near the heart in the center of the chest where the bronchial tube divides into smaller tubes and where the large blood vessels enter the lung After the dust cell has proceeded along this channel it is killed by the action of the silica and the formation of scar tissue begins at that point The irritation which has been set up causes a tissue increase in this area resulting in what is known as an exaggeration of the peribronchial markings lymphatics surround these these tube vessels This. reaction can be seen in the ray but is not limited tothe silicotic process and occurs whenever there is an irritation or infection in tissue The fibrous tissue or scar tissue forms where dust cell dies is characteristic however The scar tissue cells form in circular appethae r apa pen arc ane ce of which under the microscope is not unlike layer formation one sees when an onion has been cut through As more dust is breathed and more dust cells die in the lymph channels the flow of the lymph is disturbed until when the flow is blocked no more dust cells can enter the channel Instead of enter- ing the lymphatic channels the dust cells die on the walls of the air sacs and the fibrous nodule forms there All these nodules tend to grow and in time due to their overlapping or fusing we find massive areas scar tissue Due --_ -___. 570 to the encroachment of this scar tissue sacs we find a condition on the tubes which lead to the air normal air sacs between called emphysema which is due to the otherwise takes the scar tissue expanding in size All this many years to reach the stage where we find the large process areas of scar tissue Death is usually due to conglomerate intercurrent the lungs such as tuberculosis or pneumonia an infection in In fact death from uncompli- cated silicosis is so rare that it is considered declare that it an oddity and some investigators large does not occur Other investigators have claimed that masses do not form unless there is infection although the tion does not show this to be the case general observa- developing sil seen in pneum than many ye tuberculosis Most aut culous infecti us are convin appraised car used Silicat~- There are no characteristic complaints or in the same [ tion that are not found in findings on physical examina- many other diseases The patient must show an silicosis occur is free of exposure to silica for several years and an to be the most important factor in ray examination is considered sil There ha examination of the lungs clinches establishing the a diagnosis diagnosis of course Post mortem in the susce underIfstoanned utnhdeerstands the underlying changes that take place he can pneumonia is the changes seen in rays taken at various intervals of readily is independen ray film we note the hilum which I time . In the lymphatic part of the chest near the upper previously mentioned in the central of any tissue can understand the changes that part of the shadow cast by the heart We of the disease if we compare the appearance occur as the disease begins and progresses of the films to the changes which . with the resu bushes or trees when spring comes In the healthy chest occur in the expanded giving the appearance of the trunk of the we see the hilum tree where the large branches To estim been the natt en taipspseuearuntiTlhese branches in turn divide as they pass outward into the lung they fade entirely before they reach the pleural lung In early or first stage silicosis we find portion of the resistance of examinations a generalized irregular exaggeration an increase in the trunk and to repeated e branches together with the of the linear markings of the smaller What size and evenly appearance distributed of tiny discrete nodules of uniform protect functioning These nodules are throughout not unlike the central portions of the lungs the appearance of tiny buds on the tree In e tories dust c the typical cases the extreme the lower top or apex of the lung the outer ful physical e portion or base areas and the ray ex characteristically (Ue disease progresses the nodules increase in show few nodules As the _ In conclu intensified by contrast When the size and the linear markings are to the victim when conglomerate masses are nodules exceed 6 millimeters in size and seen we have advanced or third stage sili- the cause of cosis with some loss in the appearance of the lateral most of the i we can say that the buds have burst forth into markings In our tree Chairman the leaves have obscured the leaves and the clusters of we should ke branches _ can in some areas I might state too conglomerate -areas assume almost any area of the almost shape control of th appear lung They can extend outwards from the will_clear_up will_clear_up will_clear_up be wedge shaped and extend in pleura or they hilum or | I wish to masses tumor deep in the lung tissue All these can appear of arranging changes described can 722: was present during uninfected or properly Infection during any stage and I shall not attempt to discuss can occur quite often misled by the many forms and it for the experts are shall I discuss differential diagnosis patterns that can occur Neither as miliary tuberculosis certain except to say that many diseases such nodules of healed fungus infections cancer multiple calcified tuberculosis and others Simple or uninfected may simulate the appearance . . silicosis does not produce fever however We have been speaking the chronic 7 cosis unless specified otherwise In silicosis which we designate sili- Gauley - had what is the Bridge tunneling cases we usually called acute silicosis although call prefetro we it rapidlyfl.fl the occupatio Donnelly Se Mr. Doru participated : floor from 19 proper silico compensation Now of t beginning wi forcing the e 4 ' _ 571 ad to the air the otherwise I this process conglomerate it infection in com uncompli | investigators med that the neral observa- sical examina- must show an is considered : Post mortem 1 ne can readily s of time In in the central he heart We . nd progresses hich occur in see the hilum arge branches into the lung < of the | | ' ink and , the smaller s of uniform ( of the lungs the tree In | er areas and .les As the markings are 5 in size and rd stage sili- In our tree e clusters of | ht state too { nd appear in hilum or the _ appear as described can,_ i on canoccur e experts are cur Neither- diseases such tiple calcified - ... ... ... - appearance Resignate sili- 3 cases ng we-- -" all it rapidly . - know developing silicosis Here the appearance of the lungs was more like that seen in pneumonias and these cases developed in the period of months rather than many years Some men have expressed the opinion that they were all tuberculosis How correct they were I do not Most authorities state that the silicotic is more susceptible to tuber- culous infection and that most deaths in silicotics are due to it Not all of us are convinced of this however when all the evidence is brought out and appraised carefully I might mention that there are two terms often misused Silicotuberculosis means that the tuberculosis and silicosis are in the same portion of tissue Silicosis with tuberculosis is that stateprwehseernet silicosis occurs in the lungs with the tuberculosis affecting lung tissue that is free of silicosis and the silicotic tissue is free of infection There has been much argument concerning the role that silicosis in the susceptibility to pneumonia Our plays greatest factor in resistance to pneumonia is considered usually to be the antibody content of the blood which is independent of silicosis or lung tissue However whether the the lymphatic channels which are so important in the blockage of resistance to infection of any tissue plays any great part I cannot say of the disease is influenced by the scar tissue Also whether the outcome with the resultant loss of that replacing normal lung tissue lung tissue and the compensation because of the expanded air sacs that remain is a moot question To estimate the disability one should know several things What has been the nature and extent of the exposure What has been the individual resistance of the particular worker to that exposure as shown by repeated examinations and particularly when these examinations have been tc repeated examinations of other workers who have had compared What protective devices the same exposure were used and were these maintained properly and functioning efficiently The answer to these questions entail precise his- tories dust counts and much other study In addition there must be a care ful physical examination and an ray or several rays The technique of the ray exposure must be flawless or misleading factors enter In conclusion we can say with assurance that silicosis is of importance to the victim and I do not care how far it has advanced only when it is the cause of change in his ordinary way of living I believe that covers most of the important medical aspects Is the picture clear Chairman McCurdy I think in discussing this if there is we should keep away from discussing at this time anything taonydodiwsictuhsstihoen control of the occupation disease hazard because Dr. Bloomfield probably will clear up those points that are troubling you an occupational disease H ontlhye issired as it d of i arrs angic ng u forssion sired whole business but was present at its birth I would like to hear first upon the evolution of ... the occupational disease law stands today My good friend Mr. Tom DonnellyFedertheaOhtio i Fedo eratn Labor - =. ion friend Mr. Donnelly I didn't expect to participate in a discussion because I so participated many before the General Assembly I was on the floor from 1921 until 1989 before we finally what we thought was the proper silicosis and occupational disease law in connection with workmen's compensation . for that Now of course we have had a great many battles about silicosis At the beginning were that if we compensated for silicosis we would be forcing the employer into compensating diseases really had no rela- - ~ . an ome - . =. ~ $ _ - _ | L 7eges: H ee mbt"iitf... - OL 1 _ i ; i t |. we thought thought required required the application workmen's workmen's workmen's compensation compensation rather say disabilities disabilities a and deaths passion loss what more bring except have had over number the represen- represen- industry and labor together years question question legislation we legislation xcept ease Dr. Hayharg; anything anything Smith Dr. Smith points speci Points, is occupation The Speci whe occupation insta insta whe: are for insta AS P are fro so it, AS p age begi get it, so t to say age begi: mentionin us to say must mentionin; control bat must have problem bat , the Benedict exposure but exposure the Chairman McC t Smith The upon the industrial diseases 3188 because industrial accidents accidents alaborin ng pdeople Naturally industrial working in industrial industrial not be those places and contract those man be w Assembly Assembly is McC hundr hundr The respiratory respiratory it is the field in a hundr of electri reported tha fleld in fooled the exp electri deposit pigmen tha these cases in exp: answ accident accident an Does that Benedict Mr. Benedict McCu The an i; Chairman the answ. and Henry 3 the effec similar nodulation nodulation nodulation the susceptible susceptible to 01 deposit deposit probably probably effec 4 Chairman McCur last jai! which thewhich te lungs words the Board Health - you call open discussion ask quicken the J . Opening opening openingopening talkopenoepdened that care to care care care you the . the With : questions Board Health our with our for discussion discussion man only although although must must want know know Dr. will Health perhaps perhaps perhaps Will open anybody scientific discussion limited to that You should HbayehursHtayhurst was many years discussion discussion . should ask discussion was so the man yeay rs ------- - - -- seem quicken Bloomfield Bloomfield Bloomfield 1 Dr. Bloomfield Blomfield e no aluminum aluminum oxide whic have made lungs associated } as aluminum oxide e: discussion, - have been made the"luhgs associawtehdic 2s -~ ~ 72 573 consumption and out the time the profession discovered lungs and from ing from silicosis irse I presume in ng and before we to many different occupational disease of the Ohio State have the compensation situations which } isation principles re to say except ing the representation on of legislation v we got in 1921 well have agreed if you have ob- ; If this state you } opposition speak- se side of Labor nd getting killed ly the man who " s can't be iD { Assembly Js in many " } methods out this time all registered since | governmental com- show that much can be to large industry will not that are caused I said before I nd of the roadhe statute books al disease work- rhaps something astry and labor | Dr. Hayhurst Dr. McCurdy and those present I haven't had time to prepare anything or see the thing through from the very large coverage that Dr. Smith gave to his subject My general experience if I of his points is that occupational diseases are not as frequentfrequent as hgeot indoicnateed cated The specific occupational diseases are rather rare Those that are partly occupational are pretty extensive I doubt taking it all through and through whether more than twenty or twenty per cent of all workers for instance exposed to silica will develop silicosissilicosis which means that there are from 70 to 75 per cent of those equally exposed who will not develop it As persons get older particularly with silica they are more apt to get it so that we find as many as half of those who years of age beginning to work with silica who develop it are over forty I wish you had allowed us to say a word about the controlling feature without mentioning something which I think is I can't sit down very essential and that is that we must have employment and periodic health examinations before we can control the health problem in industry not only the occupational dis- ease problem but the health problem Mr. Benedict the Aluminum Company of America I just wondered whether exposure to large volumes of dust as for instance iron oxide have any effect upon the respiratory system Chairman McCurdy Dr. Smith can you answer that at this time Dr. Smith There have been various limits set for any dust dust whether it is health hazardous or not as a nuisance When we get in the nuisance dust up to a hundred million particles per cubic foot we run the danger of upper respiratory irritation and of bronchitis However iron oxide has entered the field in another way There have been pictures ray pictures of chest of electric welders electric welders using bare electrodes Dr. Ensler reported that the pictures were perfect pictures of silicosis in fact they fooled the experts The nodules are not due to scar tissue but due to a deposit of pigmentation of the iron No disablement has everever followed of these cases The case I am thinking of was autopsied because of I any think an accident or an intercurrent disease of some kind Does that answer your question Mr. Benedict Yes Chairman McCurdy Come forth with any questions of things you want to learn and ask them a little clumsily H. H. Henry Otis Steel Co. Cleveland Does the nodulationnodulation caused a deposit or the effect on the lung understand as you stated it results biyn asimilar nodulation to the silica condition that throw the one affected -- susceptible a infection as understand deposit I probably worded that - == ss :Te eee . and work it out there is not one - trying tosolve _ nelly Now the ing to call upon iscussion if you You should ask _ so many years c*. . = the last the upon dust I think I can say if everybody me article subje subcjet ct seemed to indicate this arc appeared appeared welder's the lungs appeared silicosis other words it did not seem seem to quicken the action Dr. Bloomfield silicosis In --.~ to be a cause of death or incapacity and did not other sicknesses.- Will agree with that Dr. Bloomfield I don't know so much about the are welderswelders but as far as aluminum oxide exposure which the gentleman also asked about studies have been which indicate there made is the indicate apparently no disabling fibrosis of - lungs associated with aluminum oxide exposure . -= SA. 574 Chairman McCurdy; Ontario, I McCurdy Recently 5 Rece7 ntly 4 in in talking with the Director Director of Chairman Chairman McCurdy McCurdy talking Medical Director en- Ontario Ontario they are experimenting experimenting with en- en. discovered the activity activity silica dioxide aluminum in right but bute deavor to diminish state our That might be right pursue the present present state knowledge probably probably will be wiser then yopuursue Gardner recommends recommends rid the dust you and the course that something something overcome overcome possible the dust dust, we other questions questions general general Have Dr. Smith Dr. McCurdy McCurdy subject subject explosive hazard in the way isn't quite an explosive way that dust protective protective feature feature not Chairman McCurdy Chairman McCurdy McCurdy That can't tell you your name please Philip Philip McCurdy Will wondering your had any experience Carey Carey just wondering if experience pneu- pneu- monia from from sudden sudden dust you explosion explosion where might condition such as explosion might dust for Dr. Smith minute minute two possibly such thing thing dust dust believe believe is such pneumonia I J mentioned the acute acute silicosis cases probably that don't don't except cadmium salt but know many irritating fumes gases gases except that many irritating pneu- pneu- monia We for instance person who had been overcome developed carbon monoxide which instance part that smoke quite often recovery Does that by pneumonia ? answer your question Mr. Carey Richardson Can if the Gordon Gordon Richardson Richardson the cases of laden silicosis be permanently stopped the patient is taken know that atmosphere tend Dr. you could say Smith probably from the In general they probably tend to progress start Dr. Hayhurst could probably answer that Yes for two years Dr. Hayhurst Shaffer Dayton The is the occupational dermatitis thing that is given the greatest an is the occupational occupational would classify Iasthainnk if Dr. Smith would just how we we can differentiate that from other skin occupational dermatitis contact with it can diferentiate be differentiate help . few ailments we faith in the test it would would I am told by years ago we put great skin faith trouble trouble of going Now through What specialists it isn't worth something something diagnosed What are going going believe You have diagnosed a8 through There There is such as dermatitis . I thing thing eczema industry occupaIn industry know how how going going am at loss being in this occupational occupational occupational are to come to conclusion conclusion what what skin disease as such is --- Smith imagine imagine would remove person person Smith thing procedure from from that job i tm oag seeiinfe tehe ing disappears him and then it first to me on to Se ; employe s group group employees of company developed everywhere everywhere couldn't couldn't in plant getting developed from these these men had started find community garden garden and they were getting community easy to misled will materials materials used in misled grant you Dermatitis Dermatitis garden . It is easy to misled I will Dermatitis headachesmall Are grant you, Chairman McCurdy like Mr. Donnelly Donely but might ask one question dermatitis {t is It well known but might be well bring Isn't it machipe ra might might well to bring Tt out. Ian tit true machine - ew4ee r: _ - +. . - ; a -- and other . pl. through McCu McCu MeCu think there are are use study over over trying study time Study that with bu time start particularly those those bi industries t"hose those were kep \ what fe ker cutting cutting . all f cutting Smith oils. dermatitis dermatitis As the greatest a. compounds compounds compounds they had and men ch an waste or t ct has been steriliz or t. of If you ste spit in the oil ste: Mr. Gongiver Gongiver sp oil from dust Chairman Chairman McCu sp have to present subject a tc taminating subject the a } connection in handling Now the Smith Smith has in anyone couple Now have remember remember in chap had promis promis tuberculosis chap We in tuberculosis tuberculosis fever and fever symptoms time he any o would would appreciate appreciate appreciate . This first man in car it from Sodium silicate ir Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman McCu introduce introduce you Control Control to Bloomfield Bloomfield Bloomfield vice Washington Washington o: J. J. Bloomfield vice, Washington, D \ al Director of ium in an en all right but ser to pursue and then you is of the dust rd in the way ence of pneu^re you might imonia As I recall except es cause pneu- overcome by ed pneumonia tion 1 ently stopped 1 they usually " obably test attention st give us an and how we Intact with it he patch test able of going - ing diagnosed is all occupahow you are sease as such ve the person back er e Ia am mre- saan) r hicha whole They looked . _: > It developed - tting it from- - Il grant you to dermatitis _ true machine 575 shops and other places are the prime causes of this dermatitis industrial dermatitis through the use of cutting oils Chairman McCurdy I don't know whether I should answer that or not I think there which use oils are incidents in which it is true particularly those plants over and over I remember some years ago I ran into that in trying to study the thing out and get my mind straight upon it It appeared at that time most of the firms were giving you a practically sterile oil to start with but whether it remained sterile or not was another thing particularly in those industries which used it more than once and particularly in those industries where perhaps in the use of it neither workmen nor the machinery were kept in a good clean manner I think there is no question but what we all feel that there are industrial dermatoses which do come from cutting oils There is no question about it Dr. Smith As a matter of fact I know in the year 1937 and some other years dermatitis as I said before led all occupational diseases As we know the greatest cause of dermatitis far above the others was oils and cutting compounds I have quite often been amused going into factories where they had an outbreak of dermatitis from cutting oils cutting compounds and men chewing and spitting in the oil and they had a common piece of waste or towel oil has been sterilized the oil If you sterilize don't spit in the oil and I have seen several of these clear up after this We know unquestionably that there is bacteria in the oil you stop the outbreak providing the men don't use common waste Mr. Gongiver I wonder if there is any record of a case of silicosis resulting from dust spice Chairman McCurdy I think I can answer that There should not be because you have to have silica present There certainly should not be silica present in a pure spice unless it has been in contact with some caonnytaminating subject I can't rule out contamination It might happen in connection with the spice if you have a foreman along the line in the handling of spice introduce silicon dioxide Dr. Smith Now it is my turn to ask a question I would like to know if anyone here has had much experience in the use of sodium silicate I have seen a couple of cases of pulmonary disease blamed on it The first case I remember in particular I believe Dr. Kistler saw it with me but this chap had prominent lesions that were almost typical of a very advanced tuberculosis We made the remark at the time it was unusual he didn't red at have any fever and that it wasn't a picture of advanced tuberculosis also from the symptoms I saw another one later I asked Dr. Gardner at the time he had any experience with sodium silicate and he said yes as soon as it he injected any knocby ked by ~ them right away and { he would appreciate any information anyone has here who has been using This first incurred his lesions chipping sodium silicate in a tank wa^flfrom car if sodium silicate 7 7 proof think was Dr. certainly extremely Sodium silicate according to Gardner is ~ toxic Chairman McCurdy It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to introduce to you another authority upon this subject who has selected as his topic Control of Occupational Disease Hazards J. J. Bloomfield Sanitary Engineer United States Public Health Ser- vice Washington D. C. - -- _ - Mee. : 586 : actual cash benefits that industry gained through a program of this am reminded of the excellent striking examples that Mr. sort I the Air Hygiene Foundation Fletcher gave at thousands of meeting last fall where he showed hundreds of dollars his company saved in a program of industrial health prevention They have decreased their labor turnover from hundreds of cent down to three or four percent They have saved all kinds of per- It you want figures of that sort I will be glad to give them to money you Applause Chairman McCurdy I am sure his presentation of a subject that is questions or discuss it with him we are vital to grateful to Mr. Bloomfield for us all You may now ask him } clinical study in the numbe studied the h sand blasting silica Most particles per | tolerate some foundry dust exceed a cert the same all c Mr. Lisch You spoke about infection from cutting compounds and ten million pa nothing was said about the means of eliminating that Will } soon as you that just a minute you speak on to say ten or the a Cleveland Mr. Bloomfield Well of course in a way that is a medical , that I would like to have one of my medical question the fact that I have had colleagues answer In spite of an honorary degree conferred upon me this after- noon by your esteemed Dr. McCurdy I am an engineer and not a doctor There are various solutions One of course is to use oils that don't have some of these acids in them cutting compounds or For you can use protective clothing gloves protective ointsmeennstitiavnedinsdoivo idnualsI would prefer however that someone like Dr. Hayhurst or Dr. Smith Dr. McCurdy any one of these gentlemen answer that question or Dr. Hayhurst I could say that in 1916 or 1917 Dr. R. P. Albol who is the medical director of Fuller Corporations and interests in while he was then with the State Health Department made a considerable study on the subject of these oils and cutting cormeppoorutndas vaenrdy came to the conclusion the best way to control the external environment . one to heat those oils so that idea is nothing new at all the infections get started in the workmen was The trouble is that through connections if you want to call it that contact with rags towels and whatnot from one to an- other About ten years ago Dr. Sietz of the White Motors in Cleveland discovered he could control a large part of that sort of spread by the use of towels giving every man an individual towel a small towel larger than a napkin whenever he wanted to use it There slightly are some par- ticularly those containing sulphur that have a high percentage of preventa- tive elements In those controls all said and done I think there is not of us that have entered into them and that an epidemic which is presoennet should medical ~ __ supervision eee which Mr. Lisch Several to disinfectant companies attempt sell liquids _ which you put in your tank in very small quantities which are supposed to disease transferred - eliminate any Is such thing possible in a small quan- =: - would sugges report which report which them by writ to get them Mr. Hen Mr. Bloo They have s now they are Mr. Hent Mr. Bloc foundries I they only ma clinical side a Mr. Ben there any fig Mr. Bloc you an exact gentlemen of write the Un studies made them For i and we get ,, then we get in the past- very thoroug and Lomb two is enor On various Chairman McCurdy I can't answer that question We found Dr. Hayhurst that practically all are substances the substances that of added if they are effective are too strong and will produce dermatitairse ~ ~ whether they produce infection or not Mr. Bloomfield I hope the next question is an engineering question Mr. Henry Would you give the upper safe limits of -. foundries dust in foundries and the silicosis silicosis content concentration of : . =, . Mr. Bloomfield There have been several studies made in foundries.- There . is aNew York study which was shaped entirely on ray interpretation no although I teen years situation in Mr. Her Mr.Mr. Blo samplseasmples frofro which there settled dust separate th \ - m} If this sort [ | -tcher gave at ; d hundreds of ! dustrial health ndreds of pernds of money you | Bloomfield for now ask him 1 | impounds and you speak on dical question >. In spite of me this after- not a doctor compounds or ve individuals and so on I Dr. Smith or j ion * I who is . eveland $, 4, a very mpounds and ' vironment was Trouble is that ections if you om one to an- in Cleveland ad by the use - towel slightly are some pare of preventaere is not one ich is present re supposed to ances that ar~ ~ ice dermatitis ng question incentration of undries There erpretation no- i | 587 clinical study There is a North Carolina study which is rather limited in the number of people covered The public health service itself hasn't studied the health of foundry workers foundry conditions with reference to sand blasting and so on Those standards vary of course with the amount of silica Most of them I think have a low limit of around ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot for certain operations In other operations they tolerate some higher amount It depends on the actual composition of that foundry dust It is difficult to say in all foundry operations some won't exceed a certain limit and some will For instance granite is pretty much the same all over We know from our clinical studies and engineering studies ten million particles is as much as anyone should inhale per cubic foot As soon as you get over that you are going to get in trouble It is difficult to say ten or fifteen or twenty million particles because conditions vary I would suggest that you consult the New York report and the North Carolina report which are the only ones I know of and possibly the Massachusetts report which have attempted to set standards of that type You them by writing to the Industrial Hygiene Division If you like I to get them for you Does that answer the question can will get try Mr. Henry I understood certain standards were set up in those states Mr. Bloomfield Yes New York State attempted to set up standards They have set them up for rock drilling and certain other excavations but now they are doing one on foundries Mr. Henry Are you Mr. Bloomfield No foundries It is a rather they only made Roentgen clinical side at all familiar with the standards in steel foundries but they study steel and brass and all types of comprehensive report As I said a moment ago Ray studies ray studies and didn't go into the Mr. Benedict These dust conditions you have been talking about are there any figures available concerning them Mr. Bloomfield Yes there are figures available I can't offhand give you an exact reference In Ohio you might ask Dr. Kistler or some of the gentlemen of the Industrial Commission for that information or you can write the United States Public Health Service There have been comparative studies made but I can tell you right now there is no consistency about them For instance we have made a comparative study of the konimeter and we get consistent results until we get into very high concentration and then we get inconsistent results From other comparisons we have made in the past have gone into a comparative dust and sand business very very thoroughly we can't seem to get consistent results with Bausch and particles two is enormous If you get down to coarser particlesthe ratioflfldropsratioflfldrops- -- On various types of dust we haven't been using Bausch and Lomb We have vast amounts of findings onGreenburg Smith ~~ It may be awkward all I for some seven- although I think awkward myself of the teen years It has proved to be a valuable index of the hazard ~~ s~ situation in respect to dust cere ee Mr. Na samp which settle separmeseparme Mr. Henry How do you determine your amount of silica Bloomfield We determine it in this way We first get several from a vacuum cleaner which is for hours in an atmosphere in here is as much dust as we can get in the air We also take dust on rafters and beams bring into the laboratory and w the various sized fractions of dust of air flotation We get me oeoe A . 588 fraction, say, from zero up to an and fifteen from up amount you can t fraction an amount you can't measure microns Now we take up and fifteen pegrographically examine each each fraction examine and pegrographically minerologist minerologist will use examine minerologically minerologically minerologically for amount amount otitonhchemeically rchemically michnemeicarllay ls calcite calcite , opal or whatever whatever it apapmeaorusnstkilled quartz That is the the is job that way something that very highly highly skilled services f ' third have have fi industrial one ; one industrial and h: service ar and dise you ar something that you feel Mr. injurious particles under under Henry Mr. Bloomfield Bloomfield feel injurious injurious particles particles are directionmicrons microns Mr. It settle because because of seems point in that direction think the air they they something something oF settle recall gravity You You Mr. Henry recall Mr. Cleveland when spoke spoke spoke Cleveland few years ago specific gravities showed showed recall for for various various gravities of dust might maybe maybe don't that a particle of about ten ten microns settlesrecall very rapidly think the specific a specific a gravity gravity silica is very will settle the rate the a foot thereabouts thereabouts thereabouts of I think minute minute something like that air our studies studies somewhere neighborhood up somewhere one one and half half thereabouts microns the bulk them are one probably the reason you these particles autopsy autopsy don't find at ~ Mr. Henry do find not in the point of origin ce Mr. Bloomfield Blomfield Bloomfield bringing these P} that Mr. Henry am bringing points out more less less from _ aoe : that have been asked like to know what questions ne Dr. your opinion of the the thous electrostatic precipitator precipitator For what re Mr. Bloomfield Bloomfield purpose an. samples ^' Dr. Smith collection of dust 1929 four S tion tion We use the electrostatic M4 because Mr. Bloomfield We apparatus precipitator very fine matter matter tion tion fumes is not very efficient for fumes . magnesium fumes or arsenic where we analyze such chemically . collecting the fumes comparative comparative dust samples samples samples impinger apparatus dust we have to instrument It is instrument these 2 If UF You tests fortunate enough enough to a pretty good instrument , you you paper paper by Case able to get subject to Detroit this fall, you will words ~ hear Case that very subject you will year The Shaffer Shafer would like like ask Mr. be n = been Dr. Bloomfield would 2 troublesome troublesome to We We especially those medical medical cost more = profession profession examinations examinations agree ideal thing I was wonder- , | ing profession whether or not every contact contact in various various surveys surveys _costs more he Nad his various the ing had come contact =. eo __variforuosmstattehs iwsith employers to instituted tthheegegenenralehrealawlortthh ____ gram Toit improvedimproved housi oe == | = - arte several things pppeosesrirbliieooddicicaddition = surveys them theofmicialcome aigenncies r-: while my employees have todaymmuuninzhedizeedmdun.ized Te / , thtato examine cent examination without without obliged them them being insignificant insignificant occupational occupational occupational investigation you you little insignificant investigation After After - can point that out check periodic - TheTyhey just say not examine everybody unless examinations reason reason for Oh and yes we will usually little insignificant.^ccupational insignificant.^ccupational insignificant.^ccupational * . disease disease thing ball rolling rolling little that starts the you insignifcant.^cupational insignificant.^ccupational - - Mr. Bloomfield Bloomfield a several To To begin with we established established industrial hygiene hygiene you, you you in 29 established recently completed practices 7 that that 30 states plants states covering analysis of surveys work- type on 17,000 things we found one million information what i,, - - ers. ers One One now doing in practice was that information information information prevention prevention - dustries dustries are this doing Only practice of industrial hygiene have full time something something like about per this Only 18 15 cent of the time . employees have full-time afterno dise at all afternc later on ti all. tl ae something r average average Mr. Phil ip Phillip Phillip ( advantage advantage working hours hours tend he t Mr. Bloomf to he but th is conne conne th: storage batter batter i telling you i per case per put an They outside the four because the because then four Now about of thesethese th employed employed 2 other words 2 this would cent to emplo emplo today today t: were improved itself itself in possible where it if sma where munized where an munized sma ($0 .. mun += where an evere - . seye . . . ry up to five ten tion chemically nine each frac- rtz amount of That is the erson It isn't . specialists to | fF} f microns ? . the air they ' when I spoke io for various don't that a | nk the specific ite of I think t exist in the | three or four outs That is from questions f trostatic for the collecby fine matter e we analyze parative dust nt to use If _ fall you will tion that has in the medical was wonder eys all the health ~ was worth to ation After ..- examinations -. here is some occupational -~ sting things ike I showed of surveys of | a half work on what in- prevention in ave time. 589 medical services only 29 per cent have time safety practices only about one third have time nursing services and so on down the list The little plant is the one that can't have them That is why we are trying to establish industrial hygiene services in official agencies to impartially give them that service and help them control these conditions Now you are quite right in saying that the opening wedge is through occupational disease control For goodness sakes don't get the idea in my talk this afternoon that I was trying to minimize occupational disease con- trol not at all We use that as a means of getting into a plant and selling them later on this whole program of adult hygiene which is so important You are quite right there that the only way you can get in is when they have something wrong such as silicosis because the average industrialist and the average worker still thinks industrial hygiene means accidents alone Mr. Phillip Carey Can you tell me whether any of these companies also find it advantageous to try to carry out some constructive program in after working hours to keep these people say out in the open or something that would tend to help the conditions Mr. Bloomfield Let me give you some figures I didn't want to take the time but these are just two examples that might answer your question One is in connection with a company that had a lead poisoning accident in a storage battery plant These figures haven't been proved because as I was telling you it is all new They used to pay three hundred to a thousand dollars per case compensation for lead poisoning In 1920 they had twenty cases per hundred in their plant In other words it cost them six thousand to twenty thousand dollars at that time for compensation for lead poisoning They put in an industrial hygiene program a complete program both inside and outside the home outside the work place and their rate dropped down in 1929 to four cases per hundred From 1934 on they haven't had a single case because of good engineering and medical control programs Now then here is this example that was reported by Mr. Fletcher I told you about You will find it described in Occupational Hazards I will cite you these figures because it answers your question specifically The firm employed 2500 people and had a labor turnover of 250 per cent a year In other words in order to maintain that 2500 they had to hire 6,250 men a year The cost for such replacement was estimated at 250,000 Today this cost would be five times as great At that time even as far back as 1920 it cost a great deal Today it would be about four or five times as high It costs more to train a man today than it did in those days By a good pro- _gram employes to 40 - turnover was reduced 1926 per __ cent and today it stands at 3.6 per cent Amongconditions were - -..-.- . improved were the construction of a good water supply better schools and - improved housing including a control of thethe working environment in the wae. = factory itself Later physical examinations both employment and - - periodic -were instituted thus correcting any physical defects . In addition proper milk sanitation was also initiated Of course that is possible where you have a industry town It is also possible to a certain . _ fra la . extent even if it isn't a industry town That one of the things your official agencies can help you on for example your health department Let them come in there and give you a program of immunization Every once in a while smallpox will break out in a plant I was citing a case at lunch . today where an epidemic of smallpox broke out in a shoe factory They im-munized worker there Or let them give you something in connection =- : ~ a: 590 with the degenerative diseases nephritis heart course syphilis is not an occupational pneumonia syphilis Of disease except for certain types of occupations that I don't need to go into doctors and You would be surprised how nurses report syphilis as a result of many wasn't thinking of the same thing you were occupation You see I both to industry and labor As to After all it is very important from our studies between three the syphilis rating in industry it runs more accident more and four per cent Because that man is partment is in a position prone to all kinds of conditions your health de- industry to give you a good program of Principles have been enunciated syhpilis control in whereby a man should charged unless he is a care he menace to his worker Under not be dis- can be made infective after a a physician's certain number of treatments If atbhoiuntgsthbaectause it is darn good business to do them Let us not kid ourselves Chairman McCurdy I certainly think and you have gotten a great deal of we have enjoyed our afternoon The Industrial Commission is good knowledge from these two talks for their illuminating very discussions grateful and to Dr. Smith and Mr. Bloomfield for coming I think it is I am sure we are grateful to them The Occupational time now that we adjourn Safety Congress then aDdijsoeuarsneedHazards Section of the Eleventh All Ohio The Wednesday Aid teams represen trained by the Sta the American Red The contest wa Association Colum Bradley assisted by gineer D. M. Ryan dorf of the Americ Six teams were The mine teams we and Dock Co. Bla teams were from : ton and the Ohio S A tie existed a problem the conte winners and the St cessfully defended , way boys Hi