Document 06yVeLzOe5aQw9YyqJyg1ny8M

DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE December 2003 NAS Review Draft w w w .e p a .g o v /n c e a /d io x in Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds Part I: Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds Volume 2: Properties, Environmental Levels, and Background Exposures Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization Group National Center for Environmental Assessment - Washington Office O ffice of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency W ashington, DC DISCLAIMER This document is a draft. It has not been formally released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-i December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0. BACKGROUND AND SUM M ARY............................................................................. 1-1 1.1. BACKGROUND............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2. DEFINITION OF DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS ............................................ 1-3 1.3. TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS ............................................................. 1-5 1.4. CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME .................................................................. 1-8 1.5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS IN THIS VOLUME ......................................... 1-11 1.5.1. Physical and Chemical Properties andFate ............................... 1-11 1.5.2. Environmental Media and Food Concentrations ...................... 1-12 1.5.3. Background Exposures............................................................... 1-14 1.5.4. Potentially Highly Exposed Populations or Developmental S tages.......................................................................................... 1-17 1.5.5. Temporal Trends Information ................................................... 1-21 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................... 1-23 2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND F A T E ........................................... 2-1 2.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.2. GENERAL INFORMATION............................................................................ 2-2 2.3. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTY EVALUATION METHODOLOGY . . . . 2-4 2.4. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS . . . 2-6 2.4.1. Water Solubility ............................................................................ 2-6 2.4.2. Vapor Pressure.............................................................................. 2-7 2.4.3. Henry's Law C o n s ta n t.................................................................. 2-9 2.4.4. Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient ......................................... 2-10 2.4.5. Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient ....................................... 2-12 2.4.6. Photo Quantum Y ie ld s.................................................................. 2-13 2.5. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - BROMINATED COMPOUNDS . . 2-14 2.6. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE - CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS ................... 2-14 2.6.1. Environmental Fate of CDDs and C D Fs...................................... 2-15 2.6.1.1. Summ ary.................................................................... 2-15 2.6.1.2. Transport Mechanisms in Air .................................. 2-16 2.6.1.2.1. Vapor/Particle (V/P) P artitioning.......... 2-18 2.6.1.2.2. Dry Deposition .................................... 2-20 2.6.1.2.3. Wet D ep osition..................................... 2-24 2.6.1.2.4. Mechanisms for Entry of CDD/CDFs into the Terrestrial Food C h a in ................... 2-25 2.6.1.3. Transport Mechanisms in S o il.................................. 2-33 2.6.1.4. Transport Mechanisms in W a te r ............................. 2-36 2.6.1.4.1. Sorption to Particulates and Sedim entation....................................... 2-37 2.6.1.4.2. Bioaccumulation .................................. 2-38 2.6.1.4.3. Mechanisms for Entry of CDD/CDFs Into the Aquatic Food C h a in ............................. 2-41 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-ii December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 2.6.1.5. Transformation Processes........................................ 2-44 2.6.1.5.1. Photolysis.............................................. 2-44 2.6.1.5.2. Photooxidation........................................ 2-53 2.6.1.5.3. Hydrolysis............................................... 2-55 2.6.1.5.4. Biotransformation andBiodegradation. 2-55 2.6.2. Environmental Fate of Dioxin-Like P C B s .................................... 2-58 2.6.2.1. Summ ary.................................................................... 2-58 2.6.2.2. Transport Mechanisms ............................................ 2-59 2.6.2.3. Transformation Processes ....................................... 2-60 2.6.2.3.1. Photolysis.............................................. 2-60 2.6.2.3.2. O x id a tio n .............................................. 2-62 2.6.2.3.3. Hydrolysis ............................................ 2-63 2.6.2.3.4. Biotransformation andBiodegradation . 2-63 2.7. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE - BROMINATED COMPOUNDS ....................... 2-67 2.7.1. S um m ary..................................................................................... 2-67 2.7.2. Transport Mechanisms............................................................... 2-68 2.7.3. Transformation Processes ........................................................ 2-68 2.7.3.1. P h o to lysis.................................................................. 2-68 2.7.3.2. Oxidation .................................................................. 2-72 2.7.3.3. H ydro lysis.................................................................. 2-73 2.7.3.4. Biotransformation and Biodegradation ................... 2-73 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................... 2-74 3. LEVELS OF CDD, CDF, AND PCB CONGENERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA AND FOOD .............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 3-1 3.2. CONCENTRATIONS IN A IR ......................................................................... 3-4 3.2.1. U.S. D a ta ........................................................................................ 3-5 3.2.2. European Data ............................................................................ 3-14 3.2.3. Air Observations and T rend s...................................................... 3-18 3.2.4. Air CDD/CDF Profiles and Background TEQ Concentrations . . 3-18 3.3. CONCENTRATIONS IN S O IL .................................................................... 3-20 3.3.1. North American D a ta .................................................................. 3-20 3.3.2. European Data ............................................................................ 3-28 3.3.3. Soil Observations and T re n d s ................................................... 3-30 3.3.4. Soil CDD/CDF Profiles and Background TEQ Concentrations . 3-31 3.4. CONCENTRATIONS IN W A T E R ............................................................... 3-33 3.4.1. North American D a ta .................................................................. 3-33 3.4.2. European and Japanese Data ................................................... 3-34 3.4.3. Water Observations and Trends .............................................. 3-34 3.4.4. Water CDD/CDF Profiles and BackgroundTEQ Concentrations 3-35 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-iii December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 3.5. CONCENTRATIONS IN SEDIMENT.......................................................... 3-35 3.5.1. North American D a ta .................................................................. 3-36 3.5.2. European Data ............................................................................ 3-42 3.5.3. Vietnamese and Japanese D a ta ................................................. 3-45 3.5.4. Sediment Observations and Trends ......................................... 3-45 3.5.5. Sediment CDD/CDF Profiles and Background TEQ C oncentrations............................................................................ 3-46 3.6. CONCENTRATIONS IN FISH AND SHELLFISH .................................... 3-46 3.6.1. North American D a ta .................................................................. 3-47 3.6.2. European Data ............................................................................ 3-54 3.6.3. Fish Observations and T re n d s ................................................... 3-58 3.6.4. Fish CDD/CDF Profiles and BackgroundTEQConcentrations . 3-58 3.7. CONCENTRATIONS IN FOOD PRODUCTS.............................................. 3-61 3.7.1. Migration of CDD/CDF from Paper Packaging IntoFood . . . . 3-62 3.7.2. North American F o od.................................................................. 3-63 3.7.3. European Food ............................................................................ 3-88 3.7.4. Eastern European and Asian Food ............................................ 3-95 3.7.5. Effects of Cooking and Trimming, or Processing on Residue Levels in F oods............................................................................ 3-96 3.7.6. Food Observations and Trends .............................................. 3-102 3.7.7. Food CDD/CDF Congener Profiles and Background TEQ C oncentrations......................................................................... 3-103 3.8. SUMMARY OF CDD/CDF AND PCB LEVELS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA AND FOOD ................................................................................ 3-103 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................... 3-105 4. HUMAN EXPOSURES TO CDD, CDF, AND PCB CONGENERS ........................... 4-1 4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 4-1 4.2. LEVELS OF DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN HUMANTISSUE..................... 4-2 4.2.1. Adipose Tissue and Blood Studies from the 1980s and Early 1 9 9 0 s ................................................................................................4-2 4.2.2. Breast Milk Studies from the 1980s andEarly1 9 9 0 s ..................... 4-9 4.2.3. The Blood Studies of the CDC Collaboration(1995-1997) . . . 4-17 4.2.4. Additional Recent Tissue S tudies.............................................. 4-23 4.2.5. Summary of Human Tissue L e ve ls............................................ 4-24 4.2.6. Body Burden P ro file s .................................................................. 4-26 4.3. INTAKE ESTIMATES BASED ON TISSUE LEVELS AND PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING............................................................. 4-27 4.3.1. Steady State Approach ............................................................. 4-27 4.3.2. Non-Steady State A p p ro a c h ...................................................... 4-31 4.4. INTAKE ESTIMATES BASED ON EXPOSURE MODELING...................... 4-32 4.4.1. Previous Assessments of BackgroundExposures..................... 4-32 4.4.2. Updated Assessment of Background Exposures on the Basis of Media Levels and Contact Rates .............................................. 4-42 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-iv December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 4.4.3. Assessment of Background Exposures Among Children . . . . 4-47 4.4.4. Variability in Intake E stim ates................................................... 4-48 4.4.5. Comparison of Previous North American Studies to This Study .......................................................................................... 4-52 4.4.6. Relative Contribution of Exposure Pathways to Total Intake . 4-53 4.4.7. Geographical Contributions to Dietary Exposure...................... 4-54 4.4.8. Contribution of CDD/CDF Congeners to Background Dose and Body Tissue Concentration........................................................ 4-57 4.4.8.1. Background D o s e ...................................................... 4-60 4.4.8.2. Background Tissue Concentrations ........................ 4-62 4.5. Comparison of Assessment Approaches and Best Estimates of Intake . 4-63 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................... 4-66 5.0. POTENTIALLY ELEVATED EXPOSURES............................................................... 5-1 5.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 5-1 5.2. NURSING IN FA N TS ..................................................................................... 5-1 5.2.1. The Impact of Breast Feeding on Infant Body B u rd e n .............. 5-2 5.2.2. Calculation of an Average Daily Dose from Breast-Feeding . . . 5-4 5.2.3. Modeling the Impact of Breast-Feeding on Infant Body Burden . 5-7 5.2.3.1. Description of the M o d e l............................................. 5-8 5.2.3.2. Validation of the M o d e l............................................ 5-11 5.2.3.3. Scenario Evaluation.................................................... 5-14 5.2.3.4. Sensitivity A nalysis.................................................... 5-16 5.3. SPORT AND SUBSISTENCE FISHERS...................................................... 5-19 5.4. LOCALIZED IMPACTS .............................................................................. 5-25 5.5. CIGARETTE SMOKERS.............................................................................. 5-41 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................... 5-43 6. TEMPORAL TRENDS............................................................................................... 6-1 6.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 6-1 6.2. SEDIMENT CORE STUDIES OF TEMPORAL TRENDS ............................. 6-1 6.3. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN SOIL, VEGETATION, AND A IR ........................... 6-7 6.4. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN W ILDLIFE............................................................. 6-9 6.5. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN FOOD PRODUCTS............................................ 6-10 6.6. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN HUMAN EXPOSURE......................................... 6-12 6.7. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN HUMAN BODY BURDENS OF DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE UNITED STATES ................................................. 6-13 6.8. ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE OF TEMPORAL TRENDS IN BODY BURDENS ................................................................................................. 6-22 6.9. A MODELING EFFORT TO RECONSTRUCT PAST DOSES OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD 6-24 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6 ........................................................................... 6-30 APPENDIX A - Environmental Chemistry APPENDIX B - Environmental Concentrations APPENDIX C - Bioavailability of Dioxin DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-v December 2003 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Table 1-2. Table 1-3. Table 1-4. Table 1-5. Table 1-6. Table 1-7. Table 1-8. Table 2-1. Table 2-2. Table 2-3. Table 2-4. Table 2-5. Table 2-6. Table 2-7. Table 2-8. Table 2-9. Table 2-10. Table 2-11. Table 2-12. Table 2-13. Table 2-14. Table 3-1. Table 3-2. Table 3-3. Table 3-4. The TEF Scheme for I-TEQDF .................................................................. 1-28 The TEF Scheme for dioxin-like coplanar PCBs, as determined by the World Health Organization in1994 .......................................................... 1-29 The TEF Scheme for TEQDFP-WHO9 8 ......................................................... 1-30 Summary of North American CDD/CDF and PCB TEQ-WHO98 Levels in Environmental Media and F o od............................................................... 1-31 Background Serum Levels in the United States 1995 - 1997 ............... 1-32 Adult Contact Rates and Background Intakes of Dioxin-like Compounds 1-33 Variability in Average Daily TEQ Intake as a Function of A g e ............... 1-34 Summary of Findings with Regard to Trends in Dioxin Levels in the Environment and in H u m a n s.................................................................... 1-35 Possible Number of Positional CDD (or BDD) and CDF (or BDF) C ongeners................................................................................................. 2-94 Ranking Scheme for P-Chem Property Evaluation................................... 2-95 Selected Physical-Chemical Property Values for the "Dioxin-Like" CDD, CDF, and PCB Congeners......................................................................... 2-96 Summary of Selected Deposition Measurements Reported in the Lite ratu re................................................................................................. 2-100 Percentages of CDD/CDFs in Particulate Phase Measured in Air Monitoring Studies ................................................................................ 2-101 Predicted Fractions of CDD/CDF Congeners in Particulate Phase at 20C in Four A irshe ds............................................................................ 2-102 Factors Influencing the Dry Deposition Removal Rate in the A tm osp he re............................................................................................. 2-103 Rain Scavenging Ratios (W) and Percent Washout Due to Particulates (%P) for CDDs and CDFs in Bloomington and Indianapolis Ambient Air ........................................................................................................... 2-104 Log BCF Values for CDD/CDFs in Fish .................................................. 2-105 CDD/CDF BSAFs and BEFs for Lake Ontario Lake Trout .................... 2-106 Photolysis Rates of CDDs/CDFs in Water and Water:Acetonitrile Mixtures ................................................................................................. 2-107 Estimated Tropospheric Half-Lives of CDDs/CDFs with Respect to Gas-Phase Reaction with the OH Radical ............................................ 2-108 BAFs, BCFs, and BSAFs for Dioxin-Like PCBs .................................... 2-109 Estimated Tropospheric Half-Lives of Dioxin-Like PCBs with Respect to Gas-Phase Reaction with the OH Radical ....................................... 2-110 Mean CDD/CDF Ambient Air Concentrations from Sites Located Upwind and Downwind of an Industrial Site ....................................... 3-124 Congener-Specific, Homologue, Total, and TEQ Concentrations for the Four Clusters of Air Samples (pg/m3) ....................................... 3-125 Background Air Concentrations of CDD/CDFs at Mohawk Mountain, C o n n e cticu t............................................................................................. 3-126 Ambient Air Concentrations Near a Roadway in Phoenix, Arizona . . . 3-127 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-vi December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 3-5. Table 3-6. Table 3-7. Table 3-8. Table 3-9. Table 3-9. Table 3-10. Table 3-11. Table 3-12. Table 3-13. Table 3-14. Table 3-15. Table 3-16. Table 3-17. Table 3-18. Table 3-19. Table 3-20. Table 3-21. Table 3-22. Table 3-23. Table 3-24. Table 3-25. Table 3-26. Table 3-27. Table 3-28. Table 3-29. Average Dioxin/Furan/PCB Concentrations at Nine NDAMN Sites, Collected for Six Sampling Moments (n = 53) .................................... 3-128 Annual Mean PCB Concentrations in Ambient Air, Ontario, Canada (pg/m3) .................................................................................................... 3-129 Annual Average Dioxin-Like PCB Concentrations inAmbient Air in Germany (pg/m3) ..................................................................................... 3-130 Mean Background CDD/CDF Profiles for Air ........................................ 3-131 TEQDF-WHO98 Concentrations of CDD/CDFs in Air in the UnitedStates (pg/m3) .................................................................................................... 3-132 TEQDF-WHO98 Concentrations of CDD/CDFs in Air in the UnitedStates (pg/m3) .................................................................................................... 3-133 Mean PCDD and PCDF Concentrations in Canadian Soil from 1987 (ppt) ......................................................................................................... 3-134 Dioxin/Furan Levels in Four Background Soil Samples from Elk River, Minnesota (ppt) ..................................................................................... 3-135 Dioxin/Furan Levels in British Columbia S o ils ........................................ 3-136 Number of Positive Soil Samples and CDD/CDF Concentrations in Background, Urban, and Impacted Sites Near a Waste-to-Energy Facility in Ohio ........................................................................................ 3-137 Mean Background CDD/CDF Profiles for S o il........................................ 3-138 TEQDF-WHO98 Concentrations of CDD/CDFs in North American Soil (ppt) ......................................................................................................... 3-139 CDD/CDF Levels in British Columbia S edim ents................................... 3-141 TEQDF Concentrations (ppt) and Ratios of 2,3,7,8-Substituted CDD/CDF Concentrations to Total CDD/CDF Concentrations for the Most Recent Sediment Core Sampling Periods for 11 U.S. Lakes . . . 3-142 CDD/CDF and PCB Concentrations and Flux for 11 U.S. Lakes/Reservoirs..................................................................................... 3-143 Average Total Concentrations of CDD/CDFs forSediments (pg/g) . . 3-144 Mean Background Profiles for S e d im e n t............................................... 3-145 TEQDF-WHO98 Concentrations of CDD/CDFs in North American Sediment (ppt) ........................................................................................ 3-146 Background Data for Fish from the National Bioaccumulation Study . 3-147 Levels of CDD and CDF I-TEQDFs in Fish From the Southern Mississippi R egion...................................................................................................... 3-148 Summary of CDD, CDF, and PCB Analyses in Farm Raised Catfish from the Southeastern United S ta te s ................................................... 3-149 FDA Fish and Shellfish Data for 1995-1999 C om bined....................... 3-150 Levels of PCBs in Fish Tissue, Bivalves, and Sediment at a Site Near a Pulp and Paper M i l l .............................................................................. 3-151 TEQDFP-WHO98 Concentrations in Marine Fish ..................................... 3-152 Mean CDD/CDF Profiles for Fish ........................................................... 3-153 Background CDD/CDF TEQs in Fish and Shellfish, Consumption Rates, and Intakes ................................................................................ 3-154 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-vii December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 3-30. Table 3-31. Table 3-32. Table 3-33. Table 3-34. Table 3-35. Table 3-36. Table 3-37. Table 3-38. Table 3-39. Table 3-40. Table 3-41. Table 3-42. Table 3-43. Table 3-44. Table 3-45. Table 3-46. Table 3-47. Table 3-48. Table 3-49. Table 3-50. Table 3-51. Table 3-52. Table 3-53. Table 3-54. Table 3-55. Table 3-56. Table 3-57. Table 3-58. FDA Dairy Data for 1995-1999 Combined .......................................... 3-156 I-TEQDFs in Foods From Southern M ississippi....................................... 3-157 Summary of Dioxin/Furan Food Data Collected in the California State Air Resources Board S tu d y .......................................................... 3-158 Summary of U.S. Food Data from NCASI S tu d y .................................. 3-160 Summary of Schecter et al. (1993a) Data on U.S. Foods .................. 3-161 CDD/CDFs and PCBs in Foods from Five Regions of the United S ta te s ...................................................................................................... 3-162 I-TEQDF Levels in Cow's Milk and Infant Formula from the United States and Thailand................................................................................ 3-163 Maximum CDD/CDF Levels in Foods Collected in Canada (pg/g fresh weight) as Reported by Birmingham et al. (1989) ................... 3-164 Summary of TEQ Levels in Toronto (1992) and Montreal(1993) . . . 3-165 Example of Method for Estimating Fat Content (percent) of Beef . . . 3-166 Summary of Coplanar PCBs in a Statistical Sample of Beef Fat in the United S ta te s .......................................................................................... 3-167 Concentration Levels of CDD/CDF Congeners in Back Fat and Ratios of Muscle Fat/Back Fat inCattle .......................................................... 3-168 TEQDFP-WHO98 Summary of Nationally Extrapolated Pork Results on a Lipid Basis Assuming Nondetects (ND) Equal / Detection Limit . . 3-169 TEQDFP-WHO98 Summary of Nationally Exptrapolated Results From U.S. Poultry Fat on a Lipid Basis Assuming Nondetects (ND) Equal / Detection Limit (Results are in ppt, or pg/g; ND = 0 results are in parenthesis)............................................................................................. 3-170 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Eggs and TEQDF-WHO98s ......................... 3-171 Weighted Milk Fat Percent ..................................................................... 3-172 Average Congener Concentrations of 8 Composite Milk Samples (pg/g lipid; ND = 0 in parenthesis) ........................................................ 3-173 Calculation of Fractional Fat Content of Dairy Products Category . . . 3-174 CDD/CDF Levels in German F ood........................................................... 3-175 CDD/CDF Background Levels in Some European, Canadian, and New Zealand Food .......................................................................................... 3-176 CDD/CDF Levels in German Food (1993-1996) ................................... 3-177 I-TEQDF Levels in Dairy Products in France........................................... 3-178 I-TEQDF Concentrations inFood from the Netherlands......................... 3-179 I-TEQDF Concentrations inFood from S p a in .......................................... 3-180 I-TEQDF Concentrations inUK Foods....................................................... 3-181 I-TEQDF Concentrations inBottled Cow's Milk fromthe United Kingdom ................................................................................................. 3-182 Concentrations and Concentration Ranges (pg/g fresh weight) of Four Dioxin-Like PCBs in Foods from F inland....................................... 3-183 I-TEQDFs (ppt wet weight) in Foods From the Former Soviet Union . . 3-184 Percentage Reduction of Total 2,3,7,8-TCDD Residues in Restructured Carp Fillets from C o o k in g ....................................................................... 3-185 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-viii December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 3-59. Table 3-60. Table 3-61. Table 3-62. Table 3-63. Table 3-64. Table 3-65. Table 4-1. Table 4-2. Table 4-3. Table 4-4. Table 4-5. Table 4-6. Table 4-7. Table 4-8. Table 4-9. Table 4-10. Table 4-11. Table 4-12. Table 4-13. Table 4-14. Table 4-15. Table 4-16. Table 4-17. Table 4-18. Table 4-19. Table 4-20. Effects of Cooking and Trimming on PCB Levels in Lake Ontario Fish 3-186 Means and Standard Deviations of PCB Cooking Losses (%) of Stewed and Pressure Cooked Chicken Pieces .................................... 3-187 Weighted Mean CDD/CDF Profiles for F o o d s ....................................... 3-188 Summary of CDD/CDF Levels in U.S. Food (pg/g fresh weight) . . . . 3-189 Summary of TEQP-WHO98 Levels in North American Food (pg/g fresh weight) .......................................................................................... 3-190 Summary of North American CDD/CDF and PCB TEQ-WHO98 Levels in Environmental Media and Food (whole weight basis)...................... 3-191 CDD/CDF Congeners that Contribute the Highest Percentage of TEQDF-WHO98 to the Total TEQDF-WHO98 for All Congeners Combined ............................................................................................... 3-193 NHATS Mean Adipose Tissue Data (ppt, lipid adjusted) ...................... 4-79 Estimated Mean I-TEQDF Concentrations (ppt) in Adipose Tissue for U.S. Subpopulations from the 1987 N H A T S ........................................ 4-80 Human Adipose Tissue Data (ppt, lipid a d ju s te d )................................... 4-81 Mean Levels in Human Serum (ppt, whole weight b a sis)...................... 4-82 Mean TEQ Levels in Pooled Serum Samples .......................................... 4-83 CDD/CDF Levels in Human Blood from Various Countries .................... 4-84 CDD/CDF Levels in Human Adipose Tissues from Various Countries . . 4-85 Levels of CDDs and CDFs 2,3,7,8-Substituted Found in Spanish Human Adipose Tissue on Fat Weight Basis in pg/g (ppt). (17 samples) ............................................................................................. 4-86 Concentration of CDDs, CDFs, and PCBs in Human Milk on a Fat Basis (pg/g) ............................................................................................... 4-87 CDD/CDF Concentrations and I-TEQDF Levels in Human Milk .............. 4-88 CDD/CDF and PCB TEQ Concentrations in Breastmilk from Various Countries and Regions Based on 1992/93 Sam pling............................. 4-89 Comparison of Results from the First and Second Round of WHO- Coordinated Human Milk S tu d y ............................................................... 4-90 PCB Concentrations in Cow's Milk and Human Milk from The Netherlands (ppt, lipid ba sis).................................................................... 4-91 I-TEQDFs in Mother's Milk and Blood, and Infant's Blood (ppt) ............ 4-92 Mean Concentrations of CDD/CDFs and Coplanar PCB Congeners from the Times Beach Exposure S tu d y ................................................... 4-93 Results of Blood Sampling for the Comparison Population at Vertac in Jacksonville, A K ........................................................................................ 4-94 Congener-specific Average Concentrations for 29 North Carolina A d u lts ......................................................................................................... 4-95 Results of CDC Compilation of Blood Data from Six Study Sites . . . . 4-96 CDD/CDF Levels in Human Tissues in North America (ppt TEQDF-WHO98, lipid basis) (late 1980s to early 1990s) 4-97 CDD/CDF Levels in Human Tissues in Europe and Japan (ppt TEQdf-WHO98, lipid basis) (ate 1980s to early 1990s) ........................ 4-98 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-ix December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 4-21. Table 4-22. Table 4-23. Table 4-24. Table 4-25. Table 4-26. Table 4-27. Table 4-28. Table 4-29. Table 4-30. Table 4-31. Table 4-32. Table 4-33. Table 4-34. Table 4-35. Table 4-36. Table 4-37. Table 4-38. Table 4-39. Table 4-40. Table 4-41. Table 4-42. PCB Levels in Human Tissues in North America (ppt TEQP-WHO98, lipid basis) (late1980s to early 1 9 9 0 s )................................................. 4-100 PCB Levels in Human Tissues in Europe (ppt TEQP-WHO98, lipid basis, using WHO TEFs) (late 1980s to early 1 9 9 0 s ).................................... 4-102 Weighted Mean CDD/CDF Profiles for Human Tissues from Studies in the 1980s and Early 1990s .................................................................. 4-103 Estimated Dose Based on Congener-Specific Half-Lives and Adipose Tissue TEQDF-WHO98 Concentrations, and Pharmocokinetic Modeling 4-104 Predicted Average Daily Intake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by the General Population of the United S ta te s ............................................................. 4-105 Predicted Average Daily Intake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from Foods by the General Population of the United S ta te s .............................................. 4-106 Daily Exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and I-TEQDF from Air, Soil, Food, and Nonfood in The N etherlands.................................................................. 4-107 Estimated Lifetime Average Daily Exposure of Canadians to Dioxin I-TEQ ...................................................................................................... 4-108 Estimated Upper Bound Dietary Intakes of CDD/CDFs by the Average UK Consumer in 1982 and 1992 ......................................... 4-109 Estimated CDD/CDF Mean Background Exposures for Adults in the United S ta te s .......................................................................................... 4-110 Estimated Dioxin-Like PCB Mean Background Exposures for Adults in the United States ................................................................................... 4-111 Comparison of Adult Contact Rates, TEQDF Concentrations, and Background Exposure Estimates from the 1994 Draft and Current Version of This Document .................................................................... 4-112 Background Exposures via Consumption of German F o o d ................. 4-113 Comparison of Contact Rates and Background TEQDF-WHO98 Exposures for Three Age Groups of Children to Adults ....................................... 4-114 Comparison of Contact Rates and Background TEQP-WHO98 Exposures for Three Age Groups of Children to Adults ....................................... 4-115 Percentage TEQDFP-WHO98 Contribution of Each Media to Total Dose by Age G ro u p .......................................................................................... 4-116 Variability in Fat Intake from the Bogalusa Heart S tu d y ...................... 4-117 Fat Intake (g/day) Among the Adult U.S. Population, Based on Data from the 1987 NHIS .............................................................................. 4-118 Estimated CDD/CDF Upper Percentile Background Exposures for Adults in the United S ta te s .................................................................... 4-119 Estimated Dioxin-Like PCB Upper Percentile Background Exposures for Adults in the United States ............................................................. 4-120 Comparisons of Predicted Average Daily Intake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Total TEQDFs ............................................................................................. 4-121 Example of the Calculation of the Picograms of TEQDF-WHO98 Contributed by Individual CDD/CDF Congeners for the Beef Consumption P a th w a y............................................................................ 4-122 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-x December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 4-43. Table 4-44. Table 4-45. Table 4-46. Table 4-47. Table 4-48. Table 5-1. Table 5-2. Table 5-3. Table 5-4. Table 5-5. Table 5-6. Table 5-7. Table 5-8. Table 5-9. Table 5-10. Table 5-11. Table 5.12. Table 5-13. Table 6-1. Table 6-2. Average Concentrations (not on a TEQDF-WHO98 basis) and the Fraction of TEQDF-WHO98 Contributed by Each CDD/CDF Congener for the Various Food G ro ups.................................................................. 4-123 The Average Concentrations (not on a TEQP-WHO98 basis) and the Fraction of TEQP-WHO98 Contributed by Each Dioxin-Like PCB Congener for the Various Food G roups................................................. 4-124 TEQDF-WHO98 Contribution of Each CDD/F Congener to the Daily Dose for Each Group and Overall (pg/day)..................................................... 4-125 TEQP-WHO98 Contribution of Each Coplanar PCB Congener to the Daily Dose for Each Group and Overall (pg/day)............................................ 4-126 Average CDD/CDF Concentrations in Human Tissue and Fractional Contribution of CDD/CDF Congeners to Total TEQDF-WHO98 Tissue, Based on CDC Blood D a ta ........................................................ 4-127 Average Coplanar PCB Concentrations in Human Tissue and Percentage Contribution of CDD/F Congeners to Total TEQP-WHO98 Tissue, Based on CDC Blood D a ta ........................................................ 4-128 Concentrations of CDDs, CDFs, and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Blood (lipid based) of a Breast-Fed and a Formula-Fed Infant at the Age of 11 and 25 M o n th s .......................................................................................... 5-51 Concentrations of CDDs and CDFs in Adipose Tissue (lipid based) of Stillborn, Formula-Fed, and Breast-Fed In fa n ts ....................................... 5-52 Parameters Used for Modeling the Impact of Nursing on Body Burden and Body Lipid Concentrations of TEQs from Infancy to Adulthood . . 5-53 Model Validation Data and Results (all concentrations in ppt TEQdf-WHO98 lipid basis) ......................................................................... 5-54 Results of PK Modeling for Formula Feeding and 4 Breast Feeding Scenarios.................................................................................................... 5-55 Sensitivity Analysis Testing of PK Model for Breast-Milk Impacts . . . . 5-56 Estimated CDD/CDF/PCB Exposures for Adult Subsistence Fishermen . 5-57 Levels of Different PCB Congeners in Blood Samples from Three Groups of Men with Different Fish Consumption Habits ...................... 5-58 Mean TEQ Levels in Pooled Serum Samples .......................................... 5-59 Mean CDD/CDF Levels in Serum of Consumers of Great Lakes Sport Fish (ppt, lipid adjusted)........................................................................... 5-60 Mean PCB Levels in Serum of Consumers of Great Lakes Sport Fish (ppt, lipid a d ju s te d )................................................................................... 5-61 Average PCB and CDD/F TEQ-WHO98 Concentrations (all concentrations in pg/g whole weight) .............................................................................. 5-62 Comparison Between Mean PCB Levels in Fish-eating Populations and C ontrols...................................................................................................... 5-63 Lipid Based Concentrations of CDD/CDFs and PCBs in Samples of Pooled Retail Milk Purchased in the United Kingdom ............................. 6-38 CDD/F and PCB TEQ Concentrations and Percent Differences from Current TEQ L e v e ls ................................................................................... 6-39 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-xi December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 6-3. Table 6-4. Table 6-5. Table 6-6. Table 6-7. Table 6-8. Table 6-9. Table 6-10. Estimated Upper Bound Dietary Intakes of CDD/CDFs and PCBs by the Average UK Consumer in 1982 and 1992 .................................. 6-40 Summary of Studies with Body Burden Data of Dioxins and Furans . . 6-41 Average Congener Concentrations for Body Burden Studies of Dioxins and Furans................................................................................................. 6-42 Comparison of the 15-44 Age Group Average Concentration of Selected Congeners from NHATS FY82 and NHATS FY87 ................. 6-44 Trends in Blood CDD/CDF Levels in a German Population, 1991-1996 6-45 Comparison of Results from the First and Second Round of WHOCoordinated HumanMilk S tu d y ............................................................... 6-46 Comparison of CDD/CDF Concentrations in Human Milk from Finland in 1987 and1992-1994 ........................................................................... 6-47 Mean Human Lipid TCDD Concentrations Reported in Various U.S. Studies ...................................................................................................... 6-48 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-xii December 2003 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Chemical Structure of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Related Compounds............ 1-36 Figure 1-2. Lipid (a) and Body Burden (b) Concentrations in a Hypothethical Female Until Age 70 Under Four Nursing Scenarios: Formula Only, and 6-week, 6-month, and 1 year Nursing ................... 1-37 Figure 2-1. Pathways for Entry of Dioxin-like Compounds into the Terrestrial and Aquatic Food C h a in s ....................................................................... 2-111 Figure 2-2. Intermedia Movement of CDD/CDFs and PCBs Among Major Environmental M e d ia .............................................................................. 2-112 Figure 3-1. CDD/CDF Profiles for Rural Background A i r ......................................... 3-194 Figure 3-2. CDD/CDF Profiles for Urban Background Air ....................................... 3-195 Figure 3-3. CDD/CDF Profiles for Rural S o ils .......................................................... 3-196 Figure 3-4. CDD/CDF Profiles for Urban Background S o il....................................... 3-197 Figure 3-5. CDD/CDF Profiles for S edim ent............................................................. 3-198 Figure 3-6. CDD/CDF Congener Profiles for Fish and Shellfish .............................. 3-199 Figure 3-7. CDD/CDF Congener Profile for B e e f...................................................... 3-200 Figure 3-8. CDD/CDF Congener Profile for P o r k ...................................................... 3-201 Figure 3-9. CDD/CDF Congener Profiles for Poultry and E ggs................................ 3-202 Figure 3-10. CDD/CDF Congener Profiles for Milk and Dairy P rod ucts.................... 3-203 Figure 3-11. CDD/CDF and PCB Mean Background Environmental Levels in TEQ-WHO98 ............................................................................................. 3-204 Figure 4-1. TEQ (I-TEQ for CDD/CDF + WHO94 for a Subset of Four Dioxin-Like PCBs) Lipid Concentrations for a Comparison Population and the Population of Mossville, Louisiana, as a Function of A g e ................... 4-129 Figure 4-2. CDD/CDF Profiles for Adipose Tissue, Blood and Human Milk Based on Literature Studies from the1980s to the Early 1990s . . . . 4-130 Figure 4-3. Congener Profile for the CDC Blood Data Set (1 9 9 5 -1 9 9 7 )................ 4-131 Figure 4-4. Background TEQDF-WHO98 Exposure for North America, by Pathway . 4-132 Figure 4-5. Percent Contribution of Various Media to TEQDF-WHO98 Dose, By Age Group ...................................................................................................... 4-133 Figure 4-6. Contribution of Various Media to 2,3,7,8-TCDD Exposure in North A m e rica .................................................................................................... 4-134 Figure 4-7. Comparison of North American and European Background CDD/CDF TEQ Exposures........................................................................................ 4-135 Figure 4-8. TEQDF-WHO98 Derived from Pork Production D a ta ................................. 4-136 Figure 4-9. TEQDF-WHO98 Derived from Dairy Products Production Data ............. 4-137 Figure 4-10. Comparison of Food Contributions to TEQDF-WHO98 Production Data and D o s e ................................................................................................. 4-138 Figure 4-11. Total TEQ Production in Five Food Categories, Categorized by Q u a rtile .................................................................................................... 4-139 Figure 4-12. Fractions of the Background TEQ Dose and TEQ Tissue Concentration Contributed by Each CDD/CDF Congener ............................................ 4-140 Figure 4-13. Fractions of the Background TEQ Dose and TEQ Tissue Concentration Contributed by Each PCB C ongener...................................................... 4-141 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-xiii December 2003 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure 5.1. Figure 5-2. Figure 5-3. Figure 5-4. Figure 5-5. Figure 6-1. Figure 6-2. Figure 6-3. Figure 6-4. Figure 6-5. Figure 6-6. Figure 6-7. Assumptions used to model the lifetime impacts of breast-feeding, including the assumptions for body lipid fraction (A and B) and full body weight (C and D) for the first 10 years of life (A and C) and for over the entire lifetime (B and D ) ............................................................. Comparison of the selected half-life of TEQs in the body with two options that were available in the literature for 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 -T C D D ............ Demonstration of the model for evaluating impacts on lipid concentrations (A) and body burdens (B) of infants resulting from various nursing scenarios during a lifetime ............................................ Demonstration of the model for evaluating impacts on lipid concentrations (A) and body burdens (B) of infants resulting from various nursing scenarios during the first 10 years of life ................... Results of sensitivity analysis showing the difference when making modeling assumptions that lead to a high impact to the infant (high impact scenario) and to a low impact to the infant (low impact scenario) as compared to the baseline scenario for a 6-month breast-feeding scenario (6-month scenario)............................................ CDD/CDF Levels in Sediment, Beaver Lake, W ashington...................... I-TEQDF Concentrations of Historical Food Samples from the U.S. (results calculated at ND = / LOD) ..................................................... TEQP-WHO94 Concentrations of Historical Food Samples from the U.S. (results calculated at ND = / LOD) ..................................................... Average Adult Population TEQDF -WHO98 Concentrations as a Function of Year (all results in ppt lip id ).................................................................. Age Trend Relationships for Three Studies ............................................ Examples of Temporal Exposure Curves for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, e(t) in Units of pg/kg-day...................................................................................... Predicted Mean TCDD Lipid Concentrations (pg/g) in Males by Birth Year and Specimen Year Derived Using e(t) Curve Labeled A in Figure 6-6 ................................................................................................. 5-64 5-65 5-66 5-67 5-68 6-49 6-50 6-50 6-51 6-52 6-53 6-54 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2-xiv December 2003