Document 06oYkbpvEw9EqVYJ3NVdbYEXb

FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 1935 Feb DOC BRK002 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION London Home Office Silicosis and Asbestosis / HOME OFFICE | Feb. 1935 MEMORANDUM Use of ft, . : KYad 2, i"wewt 6/6/79 Dep Castleman KAY 6/6/79 E7162 Dep E7162 : ON THE INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF rh ertey owe OTe FORAY i a ! A :. j wen LONDON Ner: STATIONERY MAJESTY'S Adastral STATIONERY George PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS STATIONERY OFFICE eeny To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses Oe wg House Kingsway London W.C.2 120 et. York Street Manchester Andrew's George Street Edinburgh 2 te, ae Manchester ; 1 Andrew's Crescent Crescent Cardiff; St. ate at 80 Chichester Street Belfast gt or through any Bookseller NG e ARI 1935 se One rt Pric 4 Net SEIT 1/4/821/4/82 1/4/82 1/4/82 11 1/4/82 by 1/4/82 AAC wo . ey ae ae ok Dans tie ernk Sa , OP a : arti DAU Sr nag: Shera De 5a con: VORDINT & LTE oa 5 IRD EDSe. ? yee Ste : Me t oe ~ oo tert. RP [Sx Oe ee WF : G7857m . . at . sas 1. Introduction see oe eee eee eee eee soe oor PAGE 2. The origin and development of silicosis eee fF teen A ooo aoe 3. Industries and processes in which silicosis occurs 5 7 4. Means of prevention ( dust suppression ii exhaust ventilation iii iv initial and periodic medical examinations other methods ... one 9 5. Provision for compensation 6. Medical arrangements for examination and certification of cases ... 7~. Note on asbestosis eos oor cory eee eee eee 12 APPENDICES 1. Bibliography ... oe ere eee eee ome eos eee II List of Compensation Schemes and processes to which they apply III List of Panels of Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Board IV Fees payable for examinations and certificates by Medical Board eee 14 : 15 16 17 The dise in this co thosewho 3 niasons wi p*hthisis a metals.ormetals.or appeared called , p gold mines indicate th re tuberculos :processes of the wor . The iinc nc D: uring th 5 certified 5 and silica i from the the 2 premises s inent and - ablement ment and . death the : Asbesto in many . of asbesto : processes of a consiconsi | years 193 a and 5 dea i - The obj "3 can be tak and the a tion of wo Research the knowl diseases di aa Silicosis dust whic particles r where son process wh - 28128 Pete 143 NAT SEP : . ty? ie : POT 23 Sa SD BST CLES TRS O3 S BLY nvSvs na y Me a disease of the lungs now PE ee EE silicosis known in this country in very early times as a was recognised disease trade those who worked on certain kinds of stone It affecting masons working with sandstone and was called ocsctuorrneed ammaosnognsst phthisis " in later times metals sandstone it was found in those employed in grinding on appeared too in wheels and was called " grinders rot it " potters who worked with ground flint arid was called potters asthma and amongst miners in lead tin and it ignodlidcamteinthee ssawmaes known as " miners phthisis All these terms disease tuberculosis It has silicosis which may be accompanied by been found occur in many industries and processes all of which have one characteristic in of the workers to the inhalation of silica dustexposure " The incidence of silicosis continues to be serious and widespread During the three years 1932-4 the Silicosis Medical widespread Oe certified 52 cases of disablement and 17 deaths from Board have id and silica brick works 252 cases of ganister mines ee from the getting and manipulation disablement of and 79 deaths SN sandstone at quarries or AIS pmreenmtisaensd w9o2rkdeedatihns conjunction therewith 289 caseosf disable VANE ablement and 105 from the pottery industry 532 cases of dis- deaths from coal mines 319 cases of disable- ae ment and 142 deaths from other industries In OE death the workmen had previously been certified some as of cases * Asbestosis is a disease of the disabled + lungs which resembles silicosis in many ways It is produced as a result of the inhalation of of asbestos and the increased use of this mineral in dust processes during recent years has been followed by manufacturing the - of a considerable number of cases of the disease occurrence ome years 1932-4 the Medical Board During the three ote and 5 certified 60 cases of Tae disablement deaths anong workers in the asbestos industry vere The object of this Memorandum is to set out briefly what thestheese Sbee diseases are how and where they are produced the SA can be taken to prevent them the provision made formecaosmupreenssawthiiocnh Prone ee and the arrangements for the medical examination tion of workmen and certifica- fe ser Research is going on under the direction of ; pointed by the Medical Research a Committee ap- Council with a view to extending the knowledge and understanding of silicosis and other diseases due to the inhalation of dusts pulmonary pulmonary 2.The origin and development of Silicosis > Silicosis is produced by the action of minute dust which have been inhaled in the particles of silica particles make their act of breathing These e where some way them into the deepest recesses of the lungs ee process which remain and produce a slow inflammatory OEP WT eventually destroys the lungs 8 ROTE 28128 cae A PORT we ' CERT ernt NE FORE ed ee DdTg & Ngee Os: Fine Si MEEDre Silica is almost the sole constituent of rocks such as quartz flint and chert and forms a considerable proportion of others such as sandstones and granite In order to produce silicosis the dust must be in the form of minute particles so small as to be invisible to the eye except that in a beam of sunlight they may appear as a cloud like smoke This dust is produced when any of these rocks are broken crushed ground or cut with a chisel or drill _ or when any ground silica is manipulated in the dry stute unless . special means are taken to suppress the dust a .u:,,These minute particles of silica dust float in the air and when - + inhaled pass through the nose and throat and along the bronchial ;tubes to the smallest branches which end in the expanded balloon- of .. like sacs of which the respiratory tissue the lungs is coin- posed The nasal passages have an important function in helping to cleanse the air from dust before it reaches the lungs and although the value of this function varies very widely in different individuals and under different conditions it is always better to take advantage of the protection afforded by breathing through the . nose Many of the dust particles do not come into contact with the walls of the bronchial tubes or sacs but are breathed out again in the returning air stream Some of the particles are caught on the moist lining of the bronchial tubes and are readily removed with the mucous secretion A certain proportion of the particles which find their way to the sacs come to rest on the walls and these are attacked by living cells from the lung tissues and are conveyed either outward to the bronchial tubes or towards the drainage channels and spaces of the lung If the quantity of ' dust is small the cells will be able to deal with it successfully but if it be excessive they will be unable to remove it and the dust laden cells will accumulate and give rise to an inflaminatory process Once this process has commenced it continues more or less slowly to produce a kind of scar tissue fibrosis which ultimately replaces the lung substance at first in small spots or nodules which may become joined up to form larger areas The extent of lung tissue involved will depend on the concentration of silica dust in the atmosphere and the period of time over which the worker has been exposed to it '* When silica dust is inhaled even in injurious amount it produces no immediate effects because it does not irritate the nose or throat Sooner or later however the effects begin to be felt When the fibrosis of the lung has advanced to a certain extent shortness of breath appears and increases it may be to such a degree as to render the worker incapable of continuing at work Morcover chest trouble arising from infections such as tuberculosis influenza and common colds is liable to be much more serious . in persons affected with silicosis than in those with healthy lungs and at any time in the course of its development silicosis may be- come complicated organs It is possible to in the atmospher several kinds particles counted : examinations of { dustrial processes dust varies withi than 10,000 parti remembered that 500 cubic centime a minute it will reach the lungs di It has not yet limit within which Attempts have be dustries carried States granite ind in tunnelling in ee dards may be of methods used for be wrong ado safety under di Before standards be obtained of the the lungs and me the concentration Much progress ba ordinated resea being carried on: Indusa Silica widely widely stituent of many stone sandstone c it is present in ma chief areas where shire . Lancashire Cheshire and Nort shire and parts of shire Fifeshire Granite and other and Devon parts District and in the s such as quartz rtion of others such de silicosis the dust all to be invisible t they may appear when any of these ha chisel or drill ne dry state unless the air and when along the brouchial 3 expanded balloonthe lungs is comfunction in helping es the lungs and widely in different | is always better to bihing through the into contact with it are breathed out @ the particles are Des and are readily Yrproportion of the ome to rest on the in the lung tissues il tubes or towards If the quantity of it successfully but 7 and the dust laden 7 amatory process nore or less slowly ultimately replaces iodules which may tent of lung tissue silica dust in the ie worker has been is amount it proirritate the nose or . begin to be felt 6. certain extent quay be to such a Sntinuing at work ach as tuberculosis nuch more serious with healthy lungs it silicosis may be- 5 come complicated by these or other infections of the respiratory organs It is possible to determine the concentration of particles of dust in the atmosphere of any workplace by means of instruments of several kinds Samples of the dust can be collected and the particles counted and measured by microscopic examination Such examinations of the atmosphere have been made in many in- dustrial processes and it has been found that the concentration of dust varies within wide limits of less than 100 particles to more than 10,000 particles in a cubic centimetre of air When it is remembered that a man during ordinary quiet breathing inhales 500 cubic centimetres of air with each breath and breathes 16 times a minute it will be seen that the number of particles which can reach the lungs during a working day is enormous It has not yet been possible to determine for all industries the limit within which a concentration of dust may be considered safe Attempts have been made to determine the limit for special in- dustries carried on under uniform conditions as in the United States granite industry the South Africa gold mining industry and in tunnelling in sandstone at Sydney Australia Such standards may be of value in estimating the relative efficiency of the methods used for suppressing dust in a single industry but it would be wrong to adopt any of these standards as the measure of safety under different conditions and in other industries Before standards of safety can be set up moro knowledge must be obtained of the factors which influence the action of dusts on the lungs and methods of precision must be devised for measuring the concentration and character of dust clouds which cause disease Much progress has been made in these directions as result of ordinated research and more is hoped for from work at present being carried on censiad Industries and processes in which silicosis cccurs - Silica is widely distributed in nature and occurs as the chief con- stituent of many rocks such as quartz quartzite ganister grit- ers stone sandstone chert flint and in the natural quartzose sands and on it is present in many of the igneous rocks including granite The want chief areas where sedimentary silica rocks are found are in York- man shire Lancashire Northumberland and Durham Derbyshire Cheshire and North Wales South Wales Somerset and Gloucester- shire and parts of Scotland including Angus Ayrshire Dumfriesshire Fifeshire Lanark Midlothian Morayshire and Stirling Granite and other igneous rocks are found principally in Cornwall and Devon parts of Leicestershire and North Wales the Lake District and in the West and North of Scotland , 28128 A3 6 Certain natural deposits of silica occur as the remains of animal and vegetable life the best known of these deposits being perhaps kieselguhr kieselguhr All processes which involve the manipulation of any of these materials in the dry state in such a way that the up into minute particles and inhaled are liable silicosis Chief among these are - silica is to give broken rise to _ ;mining or quarrying of quartz quartzite ganister sandstone gritstone or chert Loe se oe , us |; drilling and blasting these rocks 0+ ges E) +l possible and ing sufficie vent escape - where the ge are require It also n entering are workin ~ ventilation +. breaking crushing and grinding rocks or of dried of quartzose sand or dry deposits or dry residues silica and the manipulation of the crushed or ground material in the dry state Oe mason's work on sandstone or granite ; -: largely ties of fine gives the w of these dr ATA manufacture of ganister or silica bricks and other refractory materials Coe ae TY dressing by the Home ( SRT pottery breaking crushing or grinding of flint and processes in the In this A pottery industry involving the use of powdered flint materials _ containing flint; nn Se refract | "., grinding of metals by means of grindstones composed of ~ the natural or artificial sandstone; graphs oft and refract refract quired as as silica . -. . dust dust ; fettling of steel castings and cod *. tent the +s.graphs of th eles .* sandblasting done by means of compressed air with use of ~ in these ini oe quartzose sand or crushed silica rock or flint Ave iii Oth yte . consisting oe Means of Prevention 7 an air supp sag an The most important means for prevention include i suppression protection ope of dust ii ventilation iii other methods of of preventing the in- dust and is am, halation of dust iv medical examinations | occasionally ems ( Suppression of dust includes all measures which *)Respirato OF prevent haust ventil CA the dust from being produced It is sometimes successfully of such veni Colm accomplished by the use of water but to be effective the supply of water must be sufficient to keep all surfaces of the material _- tors at pres ete .; wet during whole process In some cases as in grinding - tissue affor AT -, of metals effectual dust suppression is only attained by the _ vestigations complete immersion of the metal being ground and Industr FOF Lola :- factory type ii Exhaust Ventilation One of the most widely applied ~ hoped that Sor . means of prevention is by localised exhaust ventilation which | properties w to be effective should be applied at or as near as possible to _. The effect Rt the point of origin of the dust and so arranged with reference . workers em to the air inlets and general ventilation of the room as to >exposure to APOE. prevent dust from entering the atmosphere of the work- : is required em place Where the dust is produced over a large surface as in ing of Cutle he ;crushing machinery conveyors or mechanical sieves it is * usually necessary enclose the machine as completely as At 97 Hersel 10 a.m. p.m. + Wee ge eee ante ct er ~ ST ERT ey of animal g g perhapsperhaps isof these is broken 2ofdried and the dry state oo ; refractory . ippression | rethe in- h prevent iccessfully he supply e material i grinding ed by the ly applied applied ion which ossible to reference om asto the work- ace in ves it is pletely as awe 7 . possible and to apply exhaust draught to the inside of the hous ing sufficient to maintain a slight negative pressure and pre vent escape of dust from apertures In the case of silica dust where the particles are minute considerable care and experience are in designing the plant for the removal of dust required prevent It also necessary to the dust from the exhaust plant working entering theatmosphere of any room or place where persons are and for this reason systems of localised exhaust ventilation must be provided with dust collecting appliances The percussive drills worked by compressed air which are largely used at mines and quarries and produce large quanti- trap ties of fine dust can now be provided with a " dust " which gives the workman workman efficient protection of these dust traps are now in use A considerable number The principle in these drills has been adapted to pneumatic tools for stone dressing by a device the working of which is demonstrated at the Home Office IndustrialIndustrial Museum In this Museum there are also exhibited a series of photographs of the chief processes in the pottery metal grinding and refractories industries and the protective measures re- quired as well as specimens of the materials giving rise to silica dust microphotographs and dust counts of the dust con- tent of the atmosphere of the places and ray photographs of the lungs of workers affected by silicosis due to work in these industries iii Other preventive measures breathing apparatus a consisting of a helmet or closely fitting facepiece provided with an air supply drawn through a tube from a pure source affords protection for workmen employed in processes giving rise to dust and is most useful in industries which are carried on occasionally only or for short periods Respirators can never be regarded as a substitute for exhaust ventilation but for processes which are outside the range of such ventilation an efficient respirator is desirable Respira- tors at present available with a filtering medium of fibre or tissue afford insufficient protection against fine dusts but in- vestigations are being made by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research with a view to the provision of a satis factory type Considerable progress has been made and it is hoped that before long a respirator possessing the necessary properties will be produced The effectual segregation of dusty processes so as to protect workers employed in dusty processes from unnecessary exposure to dust should be adopted wherever practicable unecsary It example Grind- iinsgreoqfuCiurtelderfyorand Edge ToionlsraRceignuglgartiinodnsstones by the * At 97 Horseferry Road Westminster S.W.1 10 a.m. p.m. Admission free Open on every week epOv aad oe te mas e Een ee we es em mba em te oe WN OTe ld Ve mtg Wek. Soe aR RT CMe ae IME Pater meh wt UTA Bit e l! ne't meni ted bona in meen epee share avery eyo et ws Atha vale seman sed Mt 6: tae ret ete ete o> atte ee Ce tan Be ve Oh Ste Cabdsene ee e ended ante e ne treme pecae [oN ewe a Fe i e eesan pe oma mre cone saass i mee bo e cee nema eneae 8 The success of preventive measures depends not only on the satisfactory design and installation of the exhaust ventilation system but to an even greater extent on the proper maintenance of the apparatus or plant provided In this connection there is a responsibility on the workman as well as on the management and the undermentioned codes of Regulatious make it obligatory on the workmen employed to make full and proper use of the appliances provided and to report forthwith to the management any defect in the same Regulations to safeguard the workman against the inhalation of silica dust are now in force for the grinding of metals and cleaning of castings the manufacture of cutlery and edge tools handling moving breaking crushing grinding or sieving of refractory material and the manufacture of silica bricks and certain processes in the manufacture of pottery For the detailed requirements regarding each industry reference . should be made to the particular code of Regulations but broadly they consist of the effective enclosure of the apparatus with provision of efficient localised exhaust ventilation and an approved system of mechanical general ventilation the provision of a steam or water spray the segregation of the dusty processes and general measures for securing greater cleanliness of the premises and appliances In factories and workshops to which special Regulations do not apply the powers given in section 74 of the Factory and Workshop Act to require the provision of localised exhaust ventilation . or other mechanical means for removing dust for any process in which dust is generated to an injurious extent are exercised to prevent exposure to silica dust Section 78 of the Coal Mines Act 1911 requires generally that mechanical drills used for drilling in highly siliceous rocks shall be provided and used with an effieficient cient means to prevent the escape of dust into the air - Under the same Act general Regulations have been made for ganister mines and under the Metalliferous Mines and Quarries Acts special rules have been established in tin mines and in many quarries where ganister sandstone and other silica rocks are worked iv Initial and periodic medical examinations in _ certain processes are required to be examined medically when * The Grinding of Metals Miscellaneous Industries Regulations 1925 S.R. & O. 1925 No. 904 The Grinding of Cutlery and Edge Tools Regulations 1925 S.R. & 0 1925 No. 1089 a { The Refractory Materials Regulations 1931 S.R. & O. 1931 No. 359. The Pottery Silicosis Regulations 1932 S R. & O. 1932 No. 393 } S.R. & O. 1920 No. 873 On een Tae not m if sili theros theros theros cert of cert ' 2 indicat o. and m . x sary p aes one Compens Compens silicosis or emplo mer - risk of the _ special con visions of t Special Coi under the which and given in A applications actual Com larly the d Schemes I ! Medical z PY wor have a , paragraphs apply to '.which are se s - These art Committee s be made for published by PN TE TNT E ORII TOY wy : a el En ee eee eee on thesatis lation system enance of the is a responnent and the gatory on the the appliances nt any defect cae , inhalation of yand cleaning tools hand,hand- of refractory t certain pro- stry reference + butbroadly is with pro- an approved ,,of.a. steam and general remises and ations and Work- . tventilation y process in to exercised eneralyenerallythat shall be - he escape of| ~ made for indind QuarriesQuarries ind in many are worked -Workers in lically when ulations 1925 25S.R. & O. 359. No. No. 392 9 { first employed ind also at intervals during their employ- inent The object of the initial examination is to prevent who workinen whose respiratory physique is defective and if not more liable to contract silicosis run much greater danger periodic if silicosis develops from entering the industry The medical examinations which are carried outat the works should be of great value as a preventive measure They enable cases of silicosis to be detected at an early stage and if the workman is then excluded from or voluntarily gives up further employment in the dusty processes the development of the disease may be arrested They also enable persons found to be suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis who not only expose themselves to additional risk by remaining in the dusty ind^"striesbut are also a possible source of infection to their fellow workers to be eliminated and they provide cumulative evidence as to the changes in the workman's condition which is of the greatest assistance in diagnosis when the question arises - of certification for purposes of compensation Further they indicate where the conditions are still giving rise to the disease and may thus be of material assistance in enabling the necessary precautions to be taken : Provision for compensation Compensation in cases where death or disablementis causedby silicosis or silicosis accompanied by tuberculosis contracted during employment is now payable in all the industries where a serious risk of the disease exists Owing to the nature of the disease a special compensation procedure different from the ordinary pro- visions of the Workmen's Compensation Acts has had to be devised Special Compensation Schemes have been made by the Home Of^,,ce under the powersgiven by Parliament for the purpose a list of Certificates compensation which and an indication of the processes to which they apply is given in Appendix II Before making claims to or applications to the Medical Boardfor see below the particu- actual Compensation Schemes should be carefully studied larly the definitions of the processes given in paragraph2 of the Schemes Medical Arrangements for examination and certification of : cases.f Any workman desiring to make a claim to compensation aust have a certificate from the Medical Board appointed by the Home * See the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Arrangements Scheme 19311931 paragraphs 12 and 13 as amended by the Scheme of 1931. The requirements Industries apply to the processes in the Refractories Sandstone and Pottery which are set out in the Schedule to the Scheme of 1931 These arrangements are based on the recommendations of a Departmental Committee appointed to advise as to the medical arrangements which could published the bo mado for the diagnosis of silicosis The Report of by II.M. Stationery Officein 1921 Price 6d Committee was an : Nears, at 2 One ek Be ab let esleets Ne Bi die alte abte treed roe Tne SM ae ae Pe we hale eet ye 5 eet el Jee Sole he Bee y TET pee s WSi emcmne renam ve ae rr at Seit, mee mae cee Met a we ^' Heanor toe tee ene Lk ey ole em eteae mies Re ane feat neg ee 2 mene eta fy 4 ? 4 4 10 2 Office unless his employer agrees that he is liable to pay compen- Before issu sation without such certificate to the employ This Medical Board consisting of a Chief Medical Officer and " " eight Medical Officers is divided up into four panels of two lished nuder 1 made or subn Medical Officers each with centres at Bristol Manchester Sheffield a ployeror the and Trent The Chief Medical Officer is stationed at panels Sheffield A list of the given in Appendix III and the area assigned to each is 3 The remuneration andexpensesof the Medical Board are paid out of a general Medical Expenses Fund whichis maintained out of fees payable by the employersand workers or their dependants These fees and the directions as to when and how they are to be , Exceptin required to is PAT sufferingfron LT, such degree TOR the industry examinationiexaminationi Appendix workm ey paid are set out in IV If Expenses He The Medical Fund administered by five Trustees ination is as re consisting of two employers and two workers representa- nient on acco acco we , 4 tives and one official representative The present address of the Board ississ Home work the Secretary of the Fundis the Office Whitehall London this the provisio? ns of co . Certificates of disablement or suspension workman desiring - Certificates Certificates to apply to the Medical Board for a certificate is advised in his own - tion out interests to consult in the first instance his Approved Society Board Save ek who will arranged for him to be examined by the Regional Medical entitled to we te San M tion Officer appointed under the National Flealth Insurance Acts This life and the od examination will be free of cost to the workman If the Regional is unnec eat Medical Officer is satisfied that there is reasonable cause for sus- mortem exan artaa pecting the existence of silicosis he will certify accordingly On desired cla production of this certificate the workman will be entitled to tion should b examination by the Medical Board at a reduced fee He should send the certificate together with the prescribed fee either to the arrange for Coroner order chief officer of the Medical Board or to the senior meniber of the senior panel for his area see Appendix III stating Scheme under which the claim is made stating thethe Compensation the name and address of employed the works of the empemplloyer oyer who last employed himin a proces process in- cluded in the Scheme the nature and duration of the employment and the date when he left the employment The Medical Board panied by the and informati man's emplo Coroners have to the arrang the Board an notify will then fix a time and place for the examination and will the workman accordingly notify Thereis no appeal from the Medical Board's decision and hence it is important that all material information and especially the employraent history should be given to the Board at the examin uJ IndusDtriies Isnpduostsraiels of J ASLO, workers have Medical Boar If the workman fails to obtain the certificate from the Regional application Medical Officer he may still decide to proceed with his for examination by the Medical Board but in that case he will be required to deposit a fee based on the full cost of the examina- tion of which will however be refunded to him if the Medical part certificate Board issue a certificate and the liability of the has employer been established _ MPS appropriate JoJo SUL man man or his de ' In cases ar to the workin comm claim to Cate for these oothth EL :, employer wh Dare ay Fa ean s a to pay compon- ical Officer and " Danels of two hester Sheffield is stationed at ned to each is ard are paid out intained out of eir dependants they are to be five Trustees F representant address of ehall London kman desiring sed in his own roved Society gional Medical Acts This f the Regional cause for sus- ordingly On e entitled to x He should Heither to the embeorf the Compensation nd address of a process inemployment edical Board id will notify n and hence specially the the Regional s application case he will the examina the Medical mployer has 5d Sapa 11 Before issuing any certificate the Medical Board send a notice to the employer or where a Compensation Fund has been estab- lished under the Scheme to the Fund and consider any statement made or submitted to them in writing by or on behalf of the em- ployer or the Fund oe, ' Except in cases of death below Medical Board are not ATS to QU required to issue a certificate unless the workman is found to be suffering from silicosis or silicosis accompanied by tuberculosis such a degree as to make it dangerous for him to continue work in We aa the industry or process but an intimation of the result of the examination is sent to the workman in every caso obi oat If workman who is subject to initial or periodic medical exam- examination employ- ination is as the result of such excluded from of ment on account silicosis or silicosis accompanied by tuberculosis the Board issue a certificate for which no fee is payable and on this the workman can base a claim to compensation subject to the provisions of the appropriate Compensation Scheme an be a rears Certificates of death cases of death from silicosis compensa- tion can only claimed on certificate given by the Medical Board Save in exceptional cases where the deceased workman was entitled to weekly payments under a Compensation Scheme during life and the Medical Board are satisfied that a post mortem examination is unnecessary this certificate will only be given after a post mortem examination It is important therefore that when it is desired to claim compensation for the death of a workman application should be made without delay to the Medical Board who will arrange for the post mortem examination except where H.M. Coroner orders one to be made The application shoulbde accompanied by the fee prescribed bythe Regulations see Appendix IV and information as to the nature and duration of the deceased workb 32a man's employment In cases where inquests are held H.M. SRG Coroners have been invited to consult with the Medical Board as to the arrangements for the post mortem examination and to give the Board an opportunity either of making or of being represented at the examination : ; .. Disposal of certificate as in the Refractories and Sandstone Industries Joint Committees representing both employers and workers have been appointed for the settlement of claims the Medical Board will forward the certificate to the Secretary of the appropriate Joint Committee who will cominunicate with the work- man or his dependants as the case may be in regartdo the claim In cases arising in other industries the certificate will be sent to the workman or his dependants who should then notify the claim to compensation direct to the employer Under the Schemes for these other industries compensation is recoverable from the employer who last employed the workman in one or more of the p ee Rtad ted Ratan hihee bit aehet iat cdaat a ee Harem Mets ey Tire ee e ncaa, we oe ie te Ree te a t ee, Mca INA PAEYU ciate tao ., as ~ we smeys Ute NAeT BME Tet mS EAR Lt eek Lhe aS hot tes wg Treks WE? Ye, WV pov oy 12 processes and the procedure for recovering compensation is sub- stantially the same as that laid down in the Act for compensation for accidents or scheduled diseases * recovering Asbestosis Asbestosis is a disease of the lungs produced as a result of the inhalation of asbestos dust usually over a period of several and occurs in workers in occupations associated with producyteiaorns of asbestos dust in a fine state of division It is characterised by a special type of fibrosis of the lung tissue which resembles in its general features of causation and silicosis from it in some of its clinical and development but differs pathological manifestations | The characteristics of the dust which gives rise to the * differ in some ways from the silica particles which cause sidliicsoesaisse In the case of asbestos owing to the fibrous character of the mthiinneral many of the free particles are elongated and extremely ; The change fibrosis produced in the lungs is a gradually developing in the form of a network throughout the lungs | The nodular distribution of the fibrosis so characteristic of Tuberculosis may exist but silicosis silicosis is not seen frequently as in silicosis apparently does not supervenes supervenes supervenes Once the fibrous tissue change is established in the disease becomes progressive The first lungs the usually shortness of breath and it remainpsrotmhienemnotstsypmrpotmoinmenits + one throughout Bronchitis bronchiectasis and are complications frequently met with pneumonia dy, vist Industries and processes in which asbestosis Processes involving exposure to asbestos dust which are known to to asbestosis or in which the give rise conditions are such as to be liable to porpoednuicneg tahned dgirsienadsiengareof thaesbebsrteosakianngd ctrhueshing disintegrating of asbestos or any admixture of asbestos the manumfiaxcitnugre o ofr assbieesvtionsg tale textiles the making of insulating slabs or sections and the tae or repairing of insulting mattresses making ooff aasrtbiecslteos s and the sawing grinding acnodmptuorsneidngwihnoltlhye odrrypasrttaltey composed wholly or partly of asbestos such . car brake and clutch linings jointings electric as motor Tee and some types of electrodes insulating materials Means of prevention in the case of silicosis control of the dust is the chief means , suppression or means of preventing the disease The Asbestos Industry Regulationst Regulationst require the adoption of wet methods effective enclosure of producing machines adoption adoption ** See Home Office Memorandum on the Workmen's Workmen's 1925-1931 H.M. Stationery Office price Bd Compensation Acts S.R. & 1831 No. 1140 oa PE i sand vata nas ns opeetee Cae PER RW h 5 compensation is sub- the Act for recovering Mases luced as a result of the period several years ociated with production It is characterised by which resembles silicosis levelopment but differs gical manifestations ives rise to the disease es which cause silicosis ibrous character of the longated and extremely rey. a gradually developing the lungs The nodular of silicosis is not seen does not supervene so ae lished in the lungs the prominent symptom is ins the most prominent ; and pneumonia Stosis -Processes are known to give rise ce such as to be liable to crushing disintegrating the mixing or sieving e manufacture of asbestos sections and the making mposed wholly or partly turning in the dry state asbestos such as motor ctric insulating materials of silicosis suppression or fpreventing the disease uire the adoption of wet ucing machines adoption orkmen's Compensation Acts Speeyen ve nah measey tet HA. perth tee ed ot 2 tes Marine eer fom ot on se wines ee let: | 1919 of enclosed mechanical methods instead of dusty hand work generally and application producing points hand conveyance and of exhaust draught at As in the silica industries initial and periodic medical examina- tions may be of great value as a means of preventing or arresting the development of asbestosis and these are obligatory for workmen employed in the processes of breaking crushing disintegrating opening or grinding of asbestos and the mixing or sieving of asbestos or any admixture of asbestos and in the making of asbestos , textiles and insulating mattresses Provision for Compensation.- Compensation is provided for under a special Scheme in cases of death or disablement caused by asbestosis or asbestosis accompanied by tuberculosis This Scheme applies to workmen employed in the processes a list of which is given in Appendix II at any time on or after 1st May 1931. The compensation is recoverable from the last employer who employed the workman in the processes and the procedure for recovering compensation is substantially the same as that laid down in the Act for recovering compensation for accidents or scheduled diseases Medical arrangements for examination and certification of cases medical arrangements for the examination and certi- fication of cases are similar to those described in the earlier pages of this Memorandum for silicosis * Silicosis and and 13 S.R. & O. O. 1934 No. 889 Asbestosis 1931 No. Medical Arrangements Scheme 1931 pars 12 Arrangements 341 as amended by the Scheme of 1934 S.R. & ht fed etfave LENE ny ry eT bhatones: TeRiatnhecdis ECATNeo.p nt a eneaTreene re d Sen YN re mer fe far evoran ~ crenvt Fake est CAT & baa AN 98 ee dy oe ALE LP ane OME -> le TBFete pe TEES i a 14 - APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY :' we 1 Industrial Pneumonoconioses with Special Reference to Dust i } LIST OF Phthisis By Dr. E. L. COLLIS H.M. t Stationery Office 1919 Journal A Study of Pulmonary Silicosis i 1. Re soe Journal of Industrial Hygiene March 1921 By Dr. E. L. MIDDLETON i Refract ee 3 " Manufacture of Silica Bricks sts . -_ siliceous Refractory oe in : Furnaces with special referenco and Other Materials used facture the Workers By - W. to the effects of Dust Inhalation upon e COLLIS H.M. Stationery Office SYDNEY 1917 ST--and Dr. E. L. . the gat ae -4 " Report the Fa Dts 2 ae sale or special on reference Grinding the effects of Metals and Cleaning yf of Castings with with a eth By E. L. MACKLIN of - Dust Inhalation upon the - Workers and Dr. E. L. MIDDLETON H.M. s. 3. Mer tae Stationery : : with the ar Fa By 5 Report on theSUTHERLAND Occurrence of Silicosis | sandston ot By Drs C. . SUTHERLAND and S. among Sandstone Workers | Workers ale BRYSON H.M. Stationery 1.4 Var . Scheme me eh 6 Report on the Incidence of Silicosis in mining & By Drs C. L. SUTHERLAND and S. the Pottery Industry _ by the R Pe BRYSON H.M. Stationery Office drillinmignerais ve 7 Report on the Occurrence of Silicosis at By Drs C. I. SUTHERLAND S. BRYSON anadmoNn.g Granite Workers <. minerais mines ;:31 in so far Stationery Office 1930 cone KEATING H.M. ing grin ie ( First Reporotf the Departmental Committee Compensation for Silicosis dealing with the on Refractories he 1919. H.M. Stationery Office 1921 Industries Silicosis Scheme | Silicosis highly sil certain sp , - to the ma Ret AR . 9 Report of the Departmental Committee S1i9l2ic3osis dealing with the Pottery Industry on H.M. 10 " Report of the Arrangements which could Stationery Office 1929 Departmental Committee as be made for the Diagnosis of Compensation Compensation for Stationery Office to the Medical Silicosis H.M. " 11 Silicosis of the International ; nesburg in August 1930. International Conference held at Johan- Labour Office Geneva 1930 12 Report on the International Conference Johannesburg in August 1930. By Dr. E. on Silicosis held at Stationery Office 1931 L. MIDDLETON H.M. electrical "+" sandblasti -- 7 with the * undergrou 5. Asbes the followi ing crushi siering of - asbestos te - composed r . on in the machinery As 13 Physical Methods for the Estimation of the Dust Hazard in appliances and turnin ate Industry with special reference to the " F. L. GREEN and H. Occupation of the Stonemason asbestos e Research Council H. WATSON Special Report No. 190 of the By impregnate of the Privy Council H.M. Medical 14 Report on Effects of Stationery Office 1935 Suppression in the Asbestos Asbestos Dust on the Lungs and Dust S.R. & - and Mr. C. W. PRICE Industry H.M. By Dr. E. R. MEREWETHER Industries S * Stationery Office 1930 15 The Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis tions in Asbestos Workers and Other Pulmonary Affec- By Dr. E. Scheme 192 AsAs R. As Industrial Hygiene May and June 1930 MEREWETHER Journal of AAss 16 A Memorandum on Scheme 192 AsAs Tubercl"e November and DecemAbseberst1o93s3isandByJaDnru.arE y 1. 931A. MEREWETHER - S.P. As 17 ing Report on Conferences between As ing Methods for EmployEmployeers rs and Inspectors . Scheme supe Suppressing Dust in Inspectors concern- Stationery Supresing Office 1931 |. Asbestos Textile Factories HM _ No. No. 975 as No. 1095 COMET ~ f S.R. & ny om 4 and Sistasinas Sistans Sandals nee OTT Fn tnt ees stp ey ieee TELLS Cee Po ake: was Toate EE OP RE - yk ens : 15 APPENDIX H. LIST OF COMPENSATION SCHEMES AND THE PROCESSES TO WHICH THEY APPLY siliceous materials 1. Refractories Industries Silicosis Scheme 1931 Scheme for the Refractories Industries that is the getting of ganister and other highly and the manipulation of such materials in the manu- facture of silica bricks and other articles for lining furnaces ET ET HENR 2. Sandstone Industry Silicosis Scheme This Scheme covers the getting and manipulation of sandstono with view to manufacture or S sale or use at mines or quarries on premises worked in conjunction or an worked conjunction with a mine or quarry IMO 3. Metal Grinding Industries Silicosis Scheme 1931. Scheme deals with the grinding of metals on grindstones composed of natural or artificial TMT sandstone and certain incidental processes general os GA ' 4. Various Industries Silicosis Schemes 1931 1931 and 1935general Scheme embracing a variety of processes in different industries industries including ete of silica rock except in so far as this is covered mining and quarrying Sandstone Industry Schemes see above Neda by the Refractories Industries and of other drilling and blasting in silica rock in or incidental to the getting NTE minerals any operations underground in coalmines and haematite iron ore ; : stone mason's work on silica rock or granite or other igneous rock .mines Sandstone Industry breaking crush- - ; in so far as it is not included in the of silica rock and certain other Sen ing grinding sieving mixing or packing admixtures containing such materials highly siliceous materials or dry to silica dust in or incidental certain specified processes involving exposure , ten to the manufacture of china or earthenware including sanitary carthenware crt electrical carthenware and earthenware tiles fettling of steel castings ; snes of ` air sandblasting metal or articles of metal by means of compressed with the use of quartzose sand or crushed silica rock or fl, int and all a, underground and certain surface operations at tin mines 1931 sete 5. Asbestos Industry Asbestosis Scheme This Scheme covers in which asbestosis is liable to occur namely break- tt the following processes crushing disintegrating opening and grinding of asbestos mixing or en ing of asbestos the manufacture of sieving of asbestos or any admixture vaspe asbestos textiles the making of insulation slabs or sections or mattresses composed wholly or partly of asbestos other manufacturing processes carried on in the same room as any of the foregoing processes the cleaning of machinery and plant used in the processes and of chambers fixtures and cant appliances apliances the collection of asbestos dust and the sawing grinding and turning in the dry state of articles composed wholly or partly of of asbestos except articles composed wholly or partly woven asbestos impregnated with bitumen or other bond of an adhesive nature erNena No. * S.R. & O. 1931 No. 315. This Scheme superseded the Refractories Industries Schemes 1919 S.R. & O. 1919 12 and 1925 S.R. & O. 1925 SEN + S.R. & O. 1931 No. 346. This Scheme superseded the Sandstone Industry Scheme 1929 S.R. & O. 1920 No. 171 . * woe Scheme S.R. & O. 1931 No. 313. This Scheme superseded the Metal Grinding Scheme 1927 S.R. & O. 1927 No. 390 as amended by the Order of 1930 . S.R. & O. 1930 No. 118 S.R. & O. 1931 No. 342 1934 No. 1155 and 1935 No. 69. The 1931 oe Scheme superseded the Various Industries Scheme 1928 S.R. & O. 1928 No. 975 as amended by the Order of 23rd December 1930 S.R. & O. 1930, No. 1095 | S.R. & O 1931 No. 314 Seed oP e e ae he a Fee TT TT Ne eng epg RET Ses eremen e pc mse oo b > 54 g e me eteriner :fear eqn t 7a TS LOI BOATTL OE I At APRNn AN Set on ad en y Radek eta ete ed fay Par ed Se tSed Seats CONE 23 ol eetse Ke DGiVadS gt eos eG 4 . ae MNFADe j Sfeg : elet spat Det on ;. EMITN wa : tbe Aa * ey Petar mot Bae Tote! 16 APPENDIX III ; . SILICOSIS AND ASBESTOS MEDICAL BOARD Officer The Chief Medical Street Shefield 2 iis s C. L. Sutherland M.D. M.D. D.P.H. 37 D.P.H. Exchange panels of the The centres at which have been set up the members and the areas assigned to the panels are as follows - panels Centre and Members of Panel a Area Sheffield 37 Exchange Street S. Bryson M.B. Ch.B. Senior Member H. Blyth M.B. Ch.B. The Counties of York East and West Ridings Nottingham and Lincoln part of the County of Derby viz the Boroughs of ; Buxton ChesterfieldChesterfield and Glossop the Urban Districts of Bolsover Brampton and Walton Clay Cross Dronfield and New Mills and the Rural Districts of Chapel Chesterfield Clown Glossop Dale Hayfield and Norton Manchester 14a Blackfriars Street J. M. Tyrrell M.B. Ch.B. Senior Member J. C. McVittio M.B. Ch.B. Bristol Atlas Buildings - Clare Street N. Keating L.R.C.P. L.R.C.S. Senior Member R. W. Thomas M.D. The Counties of Northumberland Durham York North Riding Cumberland Westmorland and Lancaster and Scotland The Counties of Cornwall Dovon Dorset Cloucester Hereford Monmouth Salop Somerset Warwick Wilts and Worcester and Wales Trent Lonsdale House Street Lonsdale Senior Member Member M.D. Senior N. R. Price M.B. Ch.B. The Counties of Chester and Stafford and the County asigned of except Derby except the portion assigned to the the SheSfhefffieildeld PPaanneel l For any area not assigned to any Board arrangements will bo made by necessary of the mentioned panels of the the Chief Medical Officer as and when . - No. Descr of . in res | mown wipe k rsThroughout Asbestosis Medi as amended by t ment Scheme 19 it Paragraph's Paragraph's as payable by or Compensation S Fund the empl provided be the is recoverable a 7 Exchange the pavels Fay 1. and inghiangmham and County of Boroughs of and Glossop of Bolsover alton = Clay New Mills of Chesterfield Hayfield and humberland th Riding th Riding rland and | and Do, ester > and 7 County . of on assigned Pw ey uels of the s and when % .1.7 APPENDIX IV FEES PAYABLE FOR EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATES BY MEDICAL BOARD Frescribed by the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Fees Regulations S.R.O. 1931 No. 412 and 1934 No. 1063 No. of Fee Description of examination or certificate in respect of which fee is payable and directions as to payment Amount of Fee Cases of death see paragraph 7 of Scheme | 1] On application for certificate ... - 2s This fee less This fee is payable by or on behalf 12s is returnable to of the applicant through the Medical Bonru the applicant if the Medical Board issue a certificate that the death was due to the disease and Fee No. 2 referred to below has been paid over to the Fund Fund 2 | On issue of a certificate that the death was due to the disease ... This fee is payable ... by or ae . | 10 on behalf of the employer on demand from the Secretary to the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Expenses Fund - oo Cases of Total Disablement or of Suspension see paragraph & of Scheme 3 | On application for examination- i where there is produced a certificate of the Regional Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health that there is reasonable cause for suspecting the disease ... oe oe vee | : 10s This fee less 10 is returnable to the applicant if the Medical Board issno a certificate of total disablement or 5115- pension on account of the disease and fee No. 4 referred to below has been paid over to the Fund * Throughout these Regulations Scheme means the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Arrangements Scheme 1931 S.R. O. 1931 No. 311 03 amended by the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Arrangements Amend- ment Scheme 1931 S.R. & O. 1931 No. 889 Paragraph 21 2 of the Scheme provides that where a fee is prescribed as payable by or on behalf of an employer and no provision is made in the Compensation Scheme for the payment of such fees from a Compensation Fund the employer liable to pay the said fee shall except as otherwise provided be the employer from whom the compensation due to the workman is recoverable LY So eSie re Con a a ke we? . aa ema ates em eat tne ve en AY aaa e te SO rahe deee wer te TO oN wer em ey Te epee tet . t i Ra | .} : fe a4 tel atte Shred me ree S . { 4 ae 4 4 3 4 | 4 4 4 4 4 yh 3 : x ; i to. MAD si _ z , h & 3 3 4 oy 3 a y Ae 4 o BY % ca a ae ce bee cee cee meen eevee eee tn te ces yet sane eee No. of For Description of examination or certificate in respect of which fee is payable and directions as to payment o _ o nt ne ee ee Amount of Fee Ls ee ee ee Se ee: By ; 4 . . ~ ii where no such certificate is produced | This fee less 10s * This fee is payable in either case by is returnable to the applicant through or on behalf of the the Board Medical Teen. oe Cet be Lot if applicant the Mcd- ical Board issue a certificate of total a disablement or sus- pension on account of the disease and nn a Fee No. referred to below has been paid over to the Fund _4| On issue of a certificate of total disable- suspension ment or of disease : on account of the , wee 0 - Lo : a This fee is payable by or on behalf of the employer on demand from the Secretary to the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Expenses Fund . examinations of workmen see paragraph 9 of Scheme m 5 | On application for any such examination This fee is payable by or on behalf of the applicant through the Medical Board . ; : ce ot : a Pe a re 10s And any case where radiographic examination is - directed by the Medical Board an additional fee of 11s 6d Initial examinations Initial examinations of newly engaged work- 1 - . o , men see paragraph 12 of Scheme | 6 For every such examination - 6s of This is payable by or on : fee behalf the employer responsible for arranging for the examination through the member of the Board or other medical practitioner making the examination or demand where not so paid on from the Secretary to the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical Expenses Fund . : Periodic Examinations see paragraph 13 of . ; Scheme . a 7 ForFor every such examination of a workman , . including the issue of any certificate as ; ta, any the result of such examination ... 19s And in case re i behalf of This fee is payable by or on _ wherea radiographic - the employer by whom the workman is | examination is ;, | ; employed at the time of the examina directed by the ^' -4 tion on demand from the Secretary to Medical Board an 3: the Silicosis and Asbestosis Medical additional fea of 5 Fund Expenses Expenses ee a . rs wel 11s 6d a ot Pe : * : . ~ : 2 n ; ss eu ed Bi ~ 4 4 8 z * Jf ' $ rm) 4 a i ~ tie sainneni abe imeeeakaramesaeeanteaaaieey edie naiteaiaieia tatiana Tole a ree be eee ee ee Ferg 2 etter wae = . ae KOMINNAN KOMINNAN KOMINNAN Sn Be RSA BE DOR ASA O 8 Bik SARA + & * ot ard Description of examination or certificate in respect of which fee is payable and directions as to payment Amount of Fee Arbitrations or other Proceedings in the : County Court : And -t Where a reference is made to the Medical in any Board for a certificate under section 19 of case where the Workmen's Compensation Act 1925- i if the workman has previously been examined by the Medical Board ii if the workman has not previously been examined by the Medical Board vee wee tee tee a radio- graphicex- amination is directed 3 by the Modical This fee is payable in either case by the applicant for the reference as and when directed by the County Court 7 Board an additional fee of Registrar Where the Medical Board make a report L 11s 6d on a case under section 23 or paragraph 11 of the First Schedule of the Act- i if the workman has previously been And in any { case where . a radio- examined by the Medical Board ii if the workman has not previously been examined by the Medical Board vee vee oe eee This fee is payable in either case by the employer or workman as and when 10s 4 10s graphic examination is directed by the Modical directed by the County Court Judge or other arbitrator or the County Court Registrar Board 201 additional fov of 11s Gd 10 Where in the case of a workman desiring to receive his compensation abroad in pur- suance of section 16 of the Act a refer- ence is made to the Medical Board for a certificate as to the permanent nature of incapacity the ne wee wee wee wee This fee is payable by the workman 10s on application to the County Court for the reference Miscellaneous 11 For a copy of any certificate issued by the Medical Board under the Scheme one This fee is payable by the applicant for the certificate at the time of the application 25128-34 Wt 3131-1974 1250 5/35 P. St. G. 378 $ ~ ee. ote enypaermenseBC POD rnaninene etal s Starens To x. TET et ere, ree ree penne pee as i noted