Document 06myBm66qazEkyL7Rx4DYm8bM

ARMY FIELD RANGE TESTS J fb ^ ^ b !. hbPOhT OH Potential Health Vazard from the l-se of headed : xwl in & Cclmmtt -Aodtil Hi old hanre Fire Unit I. Purpose (a) To determine the msupnltudo of the health hazard arising from trie use of leaded gasoil no for fool In the flro unit; and secondarily, (b) To dotern!no the effective length of life of the filter disofiPuseo to remove the load. II. conclusions .t 1. do-health hazard exists from the breathing of load In air w:.on the atovo is operated in rooms or encluauroe under norn&l conditions of ventilation, oraall amounts of lead escape througft the ; urner. u small portion of this load will be deposited on tha surface of cool cooking receptacles while the rowulnaer will escape into the air, 2. There is no danger that food prepared in receptacles will bo contaminated, but the uni t should not he used to prepare food which comes into direct contact with the fl'an ibroiling or ;r 111 inf,). J. svifch u rated fuel of 1.7? cc. of tetraethyl lead par alien, satisfactory operation v,!. fch a tsinl&um of cleansing wun obtained for hours with a single filter unit. V T Procedure and liscusslon "r order to ascertain the fate of all the lead and thereby Kg' 0009469 ' M to establish the ^agnitud of tho health 'hazard, the amount of lead present la the quantity of gasoline consumed in the. atovo was determined by analysis and balanced, against the amount found In the flue gases, plus that retained In the burner ifcaelf. "ho unit was placed in the cabinet designed to enclose tho burner, and a suitable hood and stack were provided in order to measure tho quantity of flue gas produced and to determine Its lead content. The equipment employed for this purpose was similar to that described in a report dated Juno 1., except that a larger exhaust fan was installed. tho us of which effectively prevented back drafts on windy days, an orifice disc for measuring flu volumes was also installed in the flue pipe. The volumes of flu gas as measured by this means .wsro employed to cheek the values obtained indirectly by analysis of the carbon dioxide content of the flu gas. {findings based on the latter values h&v been Included in this report as in previous reports.) 'That this method was rut!sfactory la demonstrated in Table h. In which, astong other data, tho total load content of tho flue gas has teon calculated from the volumes arrived at by the two methods of neu surewenfc. In Table 1 arc listed the results on the five aeries of testa, I>, h, v, G, -p-, .made with the present Coleman model, Tories G was the one employed for the. balance study roported in Table U. The other data listed in Tables 2 and J wore also obtained from this series. .`ill runs except those of series cl wore macio with-.fuel containing 2.C2 cc. of tetraethyl lead per gallon. 'This type of fuel was no longer available, however, and. sine it was convenient to use a type which was on tho market, all runs in series 0 wore toad 0009470 with gasoline containing 1.?? cc. of tetraethyl lead pz gallon* orlee > This series was originally plannee to serve us the balance tct cause of operational tilfClcuittee, however, very high values were .obtained for the effluent load and it became evident that the lead removal was Inadequate. This Inefficiency was attributed to lack of sufficient heat at the generator to cause pyrolysis of the tetraethyl load. Operation of the burner a continued* however, until a Jd-pound pressure failed to ive satlgfactcu*y perfnuance at tho end of 22 hours. During this run the burner slots became clogged, with a yellowish deposit and had to To cleaned several titles. Tien tho run was finished, the vapor tube was almost completely filled with a grayish deposit, which bad practically closed its two .screens 'crios K ;>1 of this series was carried out to do torn! no whether the high' results obtained in series J> worn duo to variability in the porosity of the Individual filters* In this run tho burner was not cleaned, but a clean vapor tube a;;u a^flame valve were employed The result was in agreement with that reported for series D. '>2 was made with the sane disc that bad been employed in K-l, but more heat was applied to the generator heaters by removing all but the Inner circle of closures In tire heater outlets of the generator, thoreby increasing the number of openings from 22 to J7* In this tost the humor slots were cleaned before tho unit was 'lighted, a s may be soon from Table 1 there was u slight improvement in performance. cries r "'he two toata in this socles were ."ado for. tho purpose of 0009411 '.Tb./b<V,-s T' v.-f' 4 comparing the variability of filters made of Johna-^aosvill asbestos a?xi another werdly designated as ''Lorlco.'* The results are in agree ment y*1th those obtained ir series fy Indicating, that the variations in filter material are not significant* findings were obtained in. h-2, F-l, and r-2 in spits of the Increased heat of the generator, 'lost likely they were due to gradual volatilization of lead deposited In the burner following the tests in series D. hxcept for occasionally scraping the burner Slots, f no attempt had been made to clean the burner itself since the start of series b. fcries 0 ."ofore series 1 to a in wore started, the burner, vapor tube, and rlame valve wore cleaned as thoroughly as possible by scraping away uli deposited scale, followlag this by treatment of tho contam inated surfaces \i * th `not dilute nitric acid and a hot 20' solution of ammonium acetate, "'he cabinet, hood, and piping equipment wore also dismantled and the surfaces were thoroughly cleaned first-by scraping with a wire brush and then by wiping down the surfaces with clean rags, for this tost, as we have stated above, the only fuel available was that containing 1.77 cc. of tetraethyl load per gallon, a s in tho previous testa, each period of operation extended over hours, the unit being allowed to cool to room temperature before the noxt test was started. In order to operate the unit as consistently as possible, the fine aa temperature was observed by Keans of a pyrometer and tho fcomperatur was kept practically constant by manipulating the air pressure and flame valve* The temperature control was chosen so as to give a constant consumption of 0.L0 gallon of fool per hoar. i'ne unit operated satisfactorily for a period of 1 ll>.7& hours at air K OOttftK&sa*.- pro as nr at or halos* ^0 pounds. It was intended to terminate to tost at the end of UO*66 hours and therefor the cabinet and hood were dismantled and. cleaned deposits and scrapings were reserved for analysis* Meanwhile a request was reo3vd that the test toe continued until a pressure of 50 pounds was required Tor operation. (The unit had still been operating at pressures below cjQ pounds} The cabinet and hood were therefore reassembled and the period of the test was extended to 11?;.76 hours. was done with the uncloanod burner and disc, the only clean parts installed being, a vapor tube and fl&rr.o valve* .it the efiQ of this period* the stove and hood equipment wore Again dismantled and thoroughly cleaned, "'ho burner, vapor tube, and fl&rr.e valve wero cloanovi as before at the start of the test, while the hood, cabinet, and piping were wiped down with strips of filter paper. --.11 deposits and solutions wore reserved for loud analyses, tho rosulto of which are recorded In Table h Two sets of values' ;r given to enable comparison of the adequacy of iho methods employed in determining the volume of flu gases* In this table correction ia mao for the lead present in the s-raull quantity of fuel drained at the start of each run after fch genoi'&tor had attained proper operating tempera ture. rorreofcion of the amount of lead in the fluo gas had also been mad for the amount deposited on the walls of the cabinet, hood, and piping up to the locus of the precipitator tube. In Table 2 are listed the values for lead found in the flue gas for the individual periods of operation. These values have not been corrected for the amount of lead lost aa deposit on the 0009473 4 walls of hood, cabinet, or piping, or for tho Eit'hkk X -i ;t of load present in the. average amount 110 grass ) of fuol drained from the burner ut the start of each run. As car; be soon frost. the data, the performance of the filter gradually improved until It bad teen operated for 63 hours, probably because of the filling-up of the pores of the filter by the load salts. Longer operation caused a slight increase In the lead passed by the burner, ibis slight decrease in efficiency nay bo due to a number of causes: 1, The ...radual filling-up of the lower portion of tho generator, plus the heat, way cause tho filter case gradually to expand, until it practically seats itself over the generator boater outlets. This causes a drop in tho heat output at tho heater outlets, and Impairs the pyrolytic efficiency of the generator. This condition can ho remedied by installing a pin over each heater outlet to keep the generator Iron seating itself over tho .heater outlets.. d. Tho load deposited on the lower surface of the generator acts as a heat insulator and thus prevents the attainment. of the necessary pyrolytic temperature, 'This mi Jit be remedied by increasing the si of the generator unit or by providing the generator with a baffle plate which would keep too deposit off the lower wall. The us of the latter would also tend to prevent wetting of the filter disc by tho boiling gasoline. .Tt rsay very well bo that tho latter condition causes tho passage of a small amount of liquid fuol through the filter, thus tending to increase slightly the quantity of lead passed into the uir. In Table J are recorded tho average figures for the passu;: of loud into the flu gas during successive periods of u 5*5 hour run. The averuges for comparable periods in $Z completed 3,5 hour runs were employed in compiling those data, Tho table also records the K H 00 hourly land output and It shows that the largest Amount of la ad Is pas sod during the first Itour of operation, while almost half of this amount la' paa-eed during' the first 1E) minutes- of' operation* "ho quan tities of load found during the various Intervale of time have ulao '-eon. calculated on the has la of 'the cor* tent of 10 cubic motsrs of flue gas and the dilution required to reduce these quantities to tho accepted .maximum safe limit of 1*5 mg*. per 10 cubic meters Is also indicated. Thus it may be seen that whenever ventilation Is necessary {when the unit is operated In enclosed spaces) considerably more ven tilation will be required during the first hour than during any sub sequent period* in interpreting the dilution data, it should be borne In h mind that a forced draft was employed in those teats and teat under normal operating conditions there will .be a smaller volume of flue gas with a censeq*nently higher lead concentration. Ventilation under those conditions nos l. be several times that Indicated In tho table* hum J following i ho tost in series 0, a 5*5 hour test was made with the thoroughly cleaned unit and a new Johns-'fansv 11 Xo filter* In this case fuel containing 2#o2 eo* of tetraethyl lead per gallon was used and tho conditions of operation wore the sacse as la the 0 series* Those data offer additional proof that the poor performance in tho case of 'series b, K, and P was due to Insufficient beat at tho generator heaters and to volatilisation of lead which bad deposited in the burner during tests in series D, On the basis of the results of series .) {T'abl 2) and tost J, it my bo predicted that porfornanc would improve with length of operation of the astro disc and that the turner would be as effective with fuel of higher load content as with tr-r.- 'lower* KE 0009475 0&- Operational hi fried tie In all these testa very few r,cch*nlcal difficnltioB tmre encountered, and the unit operated with a ml hitman of ' attention except that required to maintain comparable condition In the success ive runs* In norieg V>, It was necessary to clean the burner slots at least after every 7 hours of operation* After a test of 21 hours duration. It was necessary to Insert a clean vapor tube and flame valve. In series & and P, no cloaning were required and. operations were satisfactory* In series d, operation was very satisfactory* "umor slots did not clog. Tho vapor tube and flars valve wore changed after .,0*66 hours, but inspection showed tliat the vapor tube was still open as were the filter screens* At this time* for reasons described a* ove, the filter disc was removed from the unit. ..hen the request vtaa rec-'. ived to continue the test* the disc was replaced but could not bo tightened In place because of galling of the holt provided for this purpose* On this account, a new bolt had to be nade. In series no operational difficulties were encountered except at the start when the now disc was inserted. This did not .fit properly Into Its copper seat and a sisal! leak developed. On inspection* it was seen that t'm seating laid occurred at an angle which gouged out sufficient -material to cause the leak, a now copper seat was inserted and the teat was satisfactorily concluded* In order to avoid this difficulty in the field* it might be advisable to incorporate 5.nto the burner casting & series of pins so placed that the filter disc would just fit inside then* 'ffcio would provent 000947G tho positioning of the disc at *t\ angle. Lroro the Letterin Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Col logo of odio ino, ivsraifcy of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Reported by* f. Cholak f\. >.ok/ary v* Younker Tu"koy approved* Kobort A. del-joe, 8*D, director hate: '*ay 2l, 19^3 0009477 * OU sx P o v3 O J\ 4 f*4 H i% <8 * J ,a 4 {) \a aj '-i V-4 o 43 *M4 t* <* a o 43 Q o 03 U ry 43 J> Q 4O '\i o > 54 r-i 43 4 bJ *-4 as >* 4 > ft;j*> . -A w i"** 4 i~i 43 4 21 -3 43 a (~i *.> r*< ?>* ?'! f ! O bb b c? 4 H cd -C*i (8 b c s? v;1) OH. f~J*tV a ^4 rH co 03 ,<S> o 'O *""* >./ o o-v c'4 ^o .-4 &* W ^ 1-4 > 4^ 4 *r4 -3 Ko 3 C * */ ^ -55 rw 3? a G> J-> r*4 O 23 (4 * "4 Ow o *3 a oo O *<S>* rO-4**4 by. a 4> C O r- *ri w"l *3 b Xi > r*< 54 r-4 O 54 O +3 O > 4b4 r-l 43 O O A OO b J4 *ha *> S3 0 54 X3 g O 440 P 54 Ct rH *U( O 2 fcitj iH4 <O4 O43 > -3 b r-f *4 o 3 O vi 0 C r-4 .C 4 4 OS 1 - 54 O 4 A *-< * "'ost >A '' M i.?> 1-C ,-D J-F ,-0 0-H A-J O-A d-l. OF a -:; 00 o-P i-ft -s -U ,:-V A-X -Y -> -A '** A A A-AF occ T l *? A-AH -JJ Table 2 Load Focovery (as per cort) froar Flue (Jaa In Individual ^.ThouT Tesls of Series Q "Tours of ?Qt 3.5 5.5 3*5 5.5 3*5 3*4 3*0 3*5 5*5 3*5 5*57 3*5 // .2 F% OJ 5*5 3*5 3*5 >5 3*5 3*5 3*5 5*5 ; *> 3*5 >7** * f; v3yv**5r-> 3*i> *5*' ;-o 30 5*5 3.6 n r: Cumulative Ours r^ 7.0 10.5 14.0 17.5 20.9 24*5 2y * 0 31.5 35*0 38.5? 4 2.0? ;,5.57 52.66 $b.l6 55.66 65.16 s> .tc> 70.16 7c .6b 77*16 ',.0,66 U6 * lb 67.66 91.16 94*66yd. 16 101.66 105.16 108,66 112.26 114.76 f of Total Pb In luo Aas 5*43 5*90 7*05 5.6? fcz? 5*33 5*3o 4.63 4*45 4*30 4 *o4 3*y? 4.17 4.20 4.22 3.6s 5.36 /?*5-797 7` *^V`,S' 4 *50 5.05 6.05 5.65 5*47 f*T ' * '** i 6.4 b 7.10 6.3-0 7.OB 4*60 operatinf* Pressure 20-21 lb. 20-22 lb. ' 20-24 lb-. .20-24 lb 23-30 lb. 25-2& lb. 25-35 lb. 26-33 lb. 30-35 lb. JO-36 lb. 26-35 lb. 26-34 lb. 26-34 lb. 26-36 lb. 28-38 lb. 26-35 lb. 26-36 lb. 26-37 lb. 26-40 lb. 30-41 lb. 30-62 lb. 55-43 lb. 3--43 lb* . 30-39 lb. 30-6I lb. 35-44 lb. 35-66 lb. 36-44 lb. 36-45 lb. 36-67 lb. 35-50 lb. 50^0 lb. - 60-50 lb. Avg. 5.07 'At this point it was originally tieolded to end tost* Bood and piping wore cleaned, but teat was continued to 50 lb. pressure on request of the :fflee of tbo Quartermaster General 0009479 S>ca-ftvuj?vAA-' -* a , *'. 3 0 0 O O * w $3 tj aO O O 0 c3 r-< 'm * ,'N! O iJdix Coe 0uo -a 3 Q 3 a*u r-t U*' nj V0 r-4 * SO 04: :\j <M t-- r-i * <-.N *4 o ft a :/; '"'t ft I o} 3 ;-W iJj wit* Q OS `r-| O >T\ .V\ * a; tr\ CO 3 <7\ V r-t O' ?N KN KN KS r- N. i-- < f3' ^33 * H vO 04 H> 9) \k-'' .*-1* fa a ft -p u~4 .]+j K'-t O r-t 2? , C-.JO oo f-tl M s :|k \ o -at I ~ it, o <--! j CJ ,& 53 3 03 M <H 2] - 0} *-4 --a i C^ O- { c-4 tA o l T\ "4 UNON o T> -" J U5 AJ ~o 05 * . 4-3 w '> i\ u\ ay - 4-3 c o d 4 4-4 a a -aa H S5 A O. Vi A r-t C; a UN 0\ 'Is '>o Al 0 0\ O -d O 3 ,, -< t~< NJ C\ at a\ . > % fA A ~} U "' OC aH o o o o t~i. oVS -4 'O 'J : --nJ O H3 tt <9 ft fa 4a 3 o 5 v-4 0 r~5 0 d4 rS e> t ft a. X 4ft! r-< or Ctl 44-3 to 4 d 4 4o-> 3 3-> H d '3 <u ft A tA C4- ><N ni S3 r- UN (W o O A ..: !> VO ta>W r- VO r- iso ft ft <.o 4 * 0 -14 0 tj* CO 3 ' )r-i LT\ --* at r~i r-t rj M r*3 coco K`VCO (H KN d JJ +> c od 33 o O ft o o o i--. o --- 04 a >o! aq S:< ft ** >t 3 r4 LTV u*\ o o o r-4 r- KN VO vO Q 11 O r~t 1I at d 4 ft > y* v.^fs ** A^vV-^-L '- 'f JSO'Zx *'. C > h5, '> pH iH K\ --O o> vTN 0 CO I1 CN trv *' * 1 "**' ' ^' 0N 0 *** \ o\ r-i >O--f% rH to GOT SmJ 11 w> *.<a V-0 J.2 1t ^ l T\ |H ( 0 1 a's -W O- H rH f\J H fH jf \7N t#sw- r~ : ;'0 based on a so u n t o f flu e gas as c a lc u la te d fro m o r ific e reading OO *?2j< 03 O o o w 3C v?< ' < ' >; K% fA <93 O O 5T- -t C7\ CN OS C*'. H O H iCO c.-J a s> 1 o o Jk J n r-i 4 4> 4-.A pH sH U"S fH ?o r- rH 0 H Uv ' `-O t 11.,1-v '-T ir\ <-T\ -ii H iTv sr\ CO S3 K) h cl r^Ei a ?5 3 93 *5 re -!O- H v o Jj *3 O H * * ** 3 *3 3W o n3 O JU xl o w -t* . S3 3tJ <3 3 3 O' O3 O 3 TJ *ri >-4. 3, 'H ^ * <8 3 O *ct 3! 3 4 S *-< H S rH 0<f"~*T v< 3 r-t n 0 > HH /H 3 2J u cH 0 O rrj H <-4 3 3 > Xf O t4 ts L.J 33 O S3 3 O 3 0 <3 S3 0 4.5 O * 4-t OH r-4 O GCi ^ t* TS CJ H '"* 3 $s ** X Ct a: h O O "CC 0 t-4 O 4 A. ^; .: * H 35 a r-* m 3 3* H 43 XI X3- **r . i 5 4$ +J O XS s 3a AJ fc. u a c J* -W H 5 3 .O H <u h xt XS XX <s 1,4 4 ' I, f3 O 4* <P s *4* o o o a "3 * O' 0O * 0 0 CN H ty Ij N H - <7\ -3 'O t3 > c .-9 58 C IK. H 3 X 'T o I?; O Vi O -tJ s8 HI 3 O o 59 y* 3 H <4 o o S c *0 ! 43 I t *4