Document 06ja311bXyML72BpjQ2w5rVx

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1932 Oct DOC#: NSC157 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Transactions m vVE I II bs3 k i } NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. M l KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER-11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium S>? CepriijM, 1937, Ntioncl Safety Council, Inc. V. T l III Transactions of the Tweiity-sixth National Nafi.lv t (ingress, 19.17, arc published by the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child education, Home Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial Ve hicle and Transit Sections. Alb industrial members of the Council automaticallv receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chielly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers. however, may obtain it`upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who mav make practical use of them for reference'purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume 1), $2 each; 11 copies or more. SI.75 each; copies of the smaller volume ("Volume 111, 75 cents each. T ill". Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have \>een edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and loNnbbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injur)- to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Ihireau of Informa tion, where they arc available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussionbased iijvon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, In c . 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago aaosiaas C o u n c il Officers and D i r e c t o r s .............................................................. 4 C o u n c il P u r p o s e s and P o l i c i e s .............................................................. 9 A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f M e m b e r s ................................................................ 11 A n n u a l I t a n q u e t .......................................................................................... 31 Subject Sessions-- A f t e r W o r k A c c i d e n t s .................................................................... 33 A g r i c u l t u r a l S a f e t y .......................................................................... 41 C o m m u n i t y S a f e t y O r g a n i z a t i o n ................................................ 51 F i r e P r e v e n t i o n ............................................................... 59 H e a l t h S e r v i c e in I n d u s t r y ............................................................ 71 I n d u s t r i a l D u s ts ................................................................................ 85 I n d u s t r i a l F u m e s , G ases and V a p o r s ....................................... 99 I n d u s t r i a l S a f e t y L e c t u r e s ............................................................. 109 M a i n t a i n i n g I n t e r e s t in S a f e t y ..................................................... 141 P r e s s u r e V e sse ls ............................................................................... 157 S a f e t y F u n d a m e n t a ls ....................................................................... 173 S a f e t y I n s p e c t o r s ............................................................................. 183 S a f e t y T r a i n i n g .. _...........................................................................193 S a fe U s e of A c i d s .....................................................i ...................... 201 A e r o n a u t i c a l S e c t i o n .................................................................................211 A .S .S .E .-- E n g i n e e r i n g S e c t i o n .............................................................221 A u t o m o t i v e an d M a c h in e S h o p -- P o w e r P r e s s S e c t i o n s ............225 C e m e n t and Q u a r r y S e c t i o n s .................... 249 C h e m ic a l S e c ti o n .................................... j ............................................... 271 C o n s t r u c t i o n S e c t i o n ........ ........................................................................ 285 F o o d S e c t i o n ................................................................................................. 307 I n d u s t r i a l N u r s i n g .....................................................................................323 M a r in e S e c t i o n ........................................... 341 M e a t P a c k i n g , T a n n i n g and L e a t h e r I n d u s t r i e s S e c t i o n ........ 371 M e t a ls S e c t i o n .................. 381 M i n in g S e c t i o n .............................................................................................401 P a p e r a n d P u l p S e c t i o n .............................................................................429 P e t r o l e u m S e c t i o n .....................................................................................489 P o w e r P r e s s S e c t i o n ................................................................................... 535 P u b l i c U t i l i t i e s S e c t i o n .............................. ' t 537 Q u a r r y S e c ti o n ............................................................................................. 557 R e f r i g e r a t i o n S e c ti o n ...............................................................................559 R u b b e r Section- ........................................................................................... 577 S a f e t y E q u i p m e n t S e c t i o n ............................................................................. 581-- S t e a m R a i l r o a d M e e t i n g ................ 587 T e x t i l e S e c t i o n ...........................................................................................001 W o o d P r o d u c t s S e c t i o n ...........................................................................611 I n d e x ..................................................................................................................621 l f i e i Y C M ra<nEl, Esa . HONORARY M EM BERS Assort uion <>r Ikon ani> S i i :i.i . Kxmxr.r.Ks l\om nr \Y G \ mchi.i i I. 1. I\. J'.tl.MI.K OFFICERS (1937-1938) P. P . F kxnki.i, President C. W. IJi .mi'Ks y . Vice-President i't r Fin an ce ami T re a su re r H arry Gi.'II.iii.kt, Vic e-Pre-id ent fo r M em bership F rank H. Harrison, V ice-President fo r Industrial Safety IIox. H arou) G. H offman, V ice-President for Public Safety W ai. itr S. P aini:, V ice-Presid ent for Engin eerin g A. V. I\uUv.'i.t>t.K. V icv -P red d en t for I.oeal S afety Councils A. \V. WiiiTNKV, Vice-President fo r Education \ \ \ H. Cami.Hi>N, Secretary and M a naging Director EXECU TIVE COM M ITTEE (193 H. W. A xuuksox, General Motors Corporation .f. [. Hanasii, l ';'t President C. W. P.rRra.n.isT, Past President I I inrv W. I'oiaa.ss, Petr<dcum Section C. H. llo( l.i:r, A S S E -K n ginecniig Section If. W. Uota.TOS, Automotive and Macbiite Sln>|> Section II. Mini.i) S. Ilt'riKNHi.I.M. T b e A m erican City Maga/inc W. II. Camkkun, .Vatioiial S a fe ty Council, Inc. K oim.kt \V. C.\.ui-tii:i.i., P.i't I 're 'i d e n t Komair I. C.mi.in, Aetna Casualty sV S urety Company U. A. CiiAi t is, Metals Section f.Kvvts A. D kI'i.Oi.s, Past J'resident C. \V. D kmitisy, T h e Eitjuid Carbonic C orporation M arcus A. Dove, Past President I). D. I't.xxKl.t., Consulting Engineer J ohn H. Gipson, Western Electric Company H akrv Guit.iii ter, T h e Pullman Company F rank II. H arrison, International H a r v e s t e r Company P. I.. G. H asskari., l.ebiglt Valley S a fe ty Council I Ion. H ak o i.i j G . H o f f m a n , G ov ern o r, S ta te o f N'cw Jersey S. H. floRttra.i., Food Section W.m.tfr G. K i.nv., I 'nst President I O FFIC ER S A N D D IRECTO RS, Continued W m. K noii.k, Milwaukee S afety C om m i'siuu J i m s E. I.onu, Past President Tll<s. II. M.u. P onaui, U. S. D epartment o( .V; ienl111ro W ai. uk 1$. M aim IS, P eo ria Associatimi of Commerce Safety Council I. \V. M ii.i Aim, ltulustrial (d o v e s Coini'any I I akiiI.u !.. Mtsur. If. I. du Pont de N em ours A (io. P hot. Kooi.k L. Morrison, S tr e e t tv H ighw ay Tiali'u: Section. K. / . O 'liiiiKN, J h., Louisville S afety Council W ai.it.k S. P aini:, A etna L if e & Affiliated Cos. I.MV R. I'ai.mur, Past P re s id e n t C. if. Pin riiiosi:. Past President Ai.mixr S. Kwan.A, industrial Relations Counselor.-., Inc. I. T. Cot.. H unky A. Rf.xixc.kr, P ast President A. V. Rouwt Di.K, Dulutli, Missalie iv Iron Ratine K'aihvay Co. (doiii.i: If. S ankokii, Cieneral Kleftrie Co. t'li.Mii.i.s It. Scott, Past P res id en t Gkn. John 11. Siinniunxr, M assaclm setts Safety Council Ji.iiei: l.n: If. S ki:ki., Cleveland S afety Council C. W. Suini. S tan d ard Oil C ompany (Imi.) W ai.tiir Di:.vr S mith, D ela w are S afety Council K. T. SoixnsTKN, Elliott Service Company C. P. T oi.man, Past President G kokok G. T raviik, G reater ( I d e a v o S afety Conned, Ttic. Du. C. H. W atson, Past P resident A. \V. W hitney, National Con-crvatim i Bureau T. A. W ilson, T extile Section W. If. W orth. International H a rv e s te r Co. A rtiii; H. Yot;sv., Past President DIRECTORS (1937-1938) ( ii.oKot: J. A n \ ms, Paper and Pulp Section II. W. A ntikiison, General M o to rs Corp. A. L. A rmstuost., Eastm an K o d ak Company H. H. B a h .tv, Chattanooga Safety Council J. f. Banasii, Consulting Ifngiucer Cari. Baiikmk, St. Louis S afety Council G. J. Jakkktt, Mining Section E rnest W. Beck, Ifni ted Stales R n h l u r Pruduets, Inc. ('. W. lir.ueoiasT, Western Ifleetrie Co. If. P. Hi ank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Ill sue W. Iloixiss, Petroleum Section II. If. Hoir, South Bend Civic S a fe ty Council a r Fl CERS A N D D IR EC TO R S, Continued C. I*, l m i i r, A S S F .-E n g incerin g Suction II. W. I'm a /m x . A utom otive Jv Machine Shop Section h'. S. Blancs'. S im u la n t Acculent Insurance Co. \V. A. Ikown, S a f e ty 1V partm ent, X'ashville Chainlicr o f Comm erce \V. T . lil t Ki.utnc.i., Ktn|iloyccs` I'ulilicalion Section S. W. li m i t i m i . Safety IJepaitmeiit. Automohilc Clul) o f Rhode Isla ll.Miol.lt S. I!(: 1 1 i.Mii lM, The American City Magazine U. .1. C m I .vat \ N. Contra Costa C ounty Safety Council W. II. (.'ami mis. .Valloni! S a fe ty (Council, Inc. Ray C ausi V. K e n o sh a S afety Council Emu i:r I. C vii in. Aetna Casualty 's- S u rely t o. E. A. Ciia iiis, Metals Section K in n khi li. (.'iii.max, Seattle Traffic & S afety Council .1. 1C ClU.I.lNi'.V. r.ethlelieni Steel Co. I. t.tvis A. Di.lii.ois, Consulting Engineer J \V E. I>i.i ki.ii. Mason City S a fe t y Council C. \V. l>i:tm:sv. T h e Eupiid Carbonic (inrp. J amis 1!. Doiaa.AS. T h e Philadelphia Gas W orks Co. !>n. Colts I. D i.tii.ix. Metropolitan L ife Insurance Co. O. M. h.iHe.MiOs. JK., S afety Div., Syracuse Chamber o f Commerce W. I'. Ki.sti.'.v, I'uhlii Utilities Section ( I). I >. h`l:XNl.i.l.. Consultin.v; E n gin eer ',l II. I.. F k n n p.i.. K a n sa s City S a fe ty Council Donai.n A. I'inkui.ini.k, Tole<lo S a fe ty Council I >k. H akt F.. F ismi k, Chicago Rapili T ran sit (io. Ciiisri'ii C. F isk, I 'erkeley T rallie S a fe ty Commission Howakii 1!. I'oNtie, liu ir o u g h s Wellcome X: Co. (C .S .A.) Inc. Ai.i:NANni:ii l'osna:. .Ik. ,'Q uarry Section J ohn l. Ginsox, W estern Electric Co. H owaki) F. Gu.itr.icr, Elizabeth S a fe ty Council O n to M. G k.wks, T h e General C rushed Stone Co. W. A. G kiittx, A m erican Telephone & Telegraph Co. 1Iakky Giai.in.m', T h e Pullm an Co. Isaiah ll.u.r.. T h e Atchison, T o p ek a & S anta I'e Ky. Co. G. If. H akitti, R e frig e ra tio n Section D. T. I I ai.kincciov, l i . S. 1'iurrati o f M im s F rank II. I Iakuisox. International H arvester l o . 1'. I.. G. 11ASSk'AKi. I.i'hieh Valley S afely Council U. li. 11w i n , t.`umiiHTcial Vehicle Section (i. '1'. lIli.i.MUTH. Chicago, .Volili S h o re X' Milwaukee RE. Co. Chas. IC H im , Xew- Y o rk Central Eines I Ion. H akim.d G. H oitman, Governor, State of X'ew Jersey hi. C. Hot ni x. lu.. M arin e Section 6 O FFICERS A N D D IRECTO RS, Continued Kum.1T I Inni, Militisi ill l'minty Sillily Council S. It. 1loitiuT.L, hood S ii linn 11. C. lloWSAM, Power Press Section l''m:ii It. 1111n't. ( cmcut Section Major Norman A. Imkil, ( 'i>IiiiiIhi s S illily Council K. I). J lui it, S|>riit" l'ulil Safety Council T homas 1'. Kt.akns, Industrial Commission ui Ohio Tims. I.. Kllli.v, Paterson Safely Council I. M. K i:kri<;\n, kuhlicr Section W.M. ('. Knoij.K, Milwaukee Sitlrly (.'"lumi.umi Wu. S. K.NLTlSIN, Detroit lllilllsl rial Safely Council (.'. 1- l..\I'iiL'M.ai.n't:, (in-.it Northern kailway Co. Millard C. I.t'.tli.u, CliiUI Kduealiou Section 1'iAUNT.Y l.Kvv, J it., Rochester Safety Council A. A uc.ustus Low, llmoklyu Safety Council Tims. II. MacD onald, U. S. Department of Ayiiculum: W ai.tlk It. Main i.v, I'coriii Association of Comuicrcc S afely Coliseli I'. W . M atson, Minnesota Safely Council K. A. McAiniu.ii, Transit Section Mu.(.l it Me'Ct iNTocK, Harvard University I. W. Mill.mid. Industrial ( lim es Co. J aiir.s K. Mililk, Grand Rapids Safety Council II. Mtoi.li L. Minkk, K. I. tilt Pont de Nemoiirs *Sc Co. k. 1!. Moki lv, Industrial Accident Prevention Assus. Pitor. kiuiLit !.. Mdkkison, Street X: Highway Traliic Section Kknlst Mtutpiiv. Allianv Safety Council K. J. O'Ciuln, Jit., Louisville Safely Council Gi-anuu: C. A. Oi'P, The Detroit Edison Co. W alter S. P aint:. Aetna Life C Alliliated Cos. Line k. P almiti, The Kipiitahle Life Assurance Society o f the U. S. Davi A. P atton, Newark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. P li.ton, Kvanslon Safely Council Charles W. P lniiock, Safety Piv. Milwaukee Association of Com merce C. 1. pL'nniONL, American Mutual l.iahilily Insurance Co. Gi.n. Dianna: II. Pn.i.siuTtv. L'nitcd Slalcs Kiie.incer ( ll'licc A in itLit P ottlkton, Hudson County Safety Council A i.iilut S. kiaa.T.A, Imluslrial kclations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Cot.. IIlnuv A. Reninoli!, l.chiph Pm (laud Ciiiicnt Co. UltSTOit kotUN'SUN, Kasthay Safety Council A. \ . kiMiwr.nr.H, Duluth, Missahc N iron Ratine k'y. t o. W alter kosLNTLMlM, Western Pennsylvania Safelv Council G. E. S antoro, General Kleetiic Co. \ / OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued 11i:\iiY (1. Sni.MTNMK, ]ric Safety Council K.u;i. G. SciioKm.KK. Kaliway Safety Council H akky A. S chultz, luiitcd States Steel Corp. II. L. Siaa.Y, Wood Products Section Kaki. S. S haktzfk, L'tica Safety Council Gkn-. John II. S iikuiiiihni:, Massachusetts Safety Council Pi;. L. A. S iiouiiy, Pcthlehem Steel Co. P-knlst 1.. S imoniis, New Haven Safety Council A. E. S inclair, Meat Packing, Tannin" <S: Leather Industries Section Jumcr. I.ta: E. S ki:i-:l, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company (hid.) E dwin C. S mith. Pdackstone Valley Safety Council W alter 1)i:nt S mith, Delaware Safety Council \ \ . A. S now, Construction Section K. 1 . Soi.r.NSTFN, Elliott Service Co. E. C. Seaino, J.ansdale, l 'a. Gkokc.k R. S tli'Iiens, Safety Hureau, Pul'falo Cliamher of Commerce John STli.wr.ia.. Greater Xew York Safety Council . A rthur M. 1om:, Consulting Marine Engineer tiFOROK G. T ravel. Greater Chicago Safety Council. Inc. , Major K. 1). T himiii.i:, Richmond Safely Council P rank E. \ itz, Superior Safety Council Or. C. PI. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Marry M. W lp.iikr, Wilmette, III. I >k. David E. W'kc.lfin, Itallimore Safety Council S. E. WiirriNt;, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W . \ \ hitnky, Xational Conservation Pureau Howard R. W iiit.niiy, Worcester Safety Council T. A. W ilson, Textile Section W. II. W lN A N S , Ihiion Carhide iC Carhon Corp. P. 1!. W inslow, Safety Div., Pirmingham Cliamher of Commerce W . E. Worth, International Harvester Co. P,. J. /.al'I'T, Safety Pureau, Duluth Chamher of Commerce 11. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council i[ purpn Tin 111ro 11. prcvei flics t direct' lation. r Ree condii discas- acculo tivc in The profit, tion. It ha sentili of tin -ino fo- hershi indiva hers lions, reni., the oil the ' ' and < Tin tile fu tinder Iron ... waukt. Cene.. orgau memlu hersl.'u TI,e grani mine, deve! make . Tlu cxpai. nessco a co< Industrial Dust W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 . m V ' s :,!"K T r " C(1 IO n,0r Chair- luctr'i-ii ' I' J':li a '1,1,vc Secretary, l n - lri`U `^-laiiotK Counselors. Inc., ' X r w - ine kV-!r ' '"V* c 'ic> " Prcsidenl or Engineer" '* Nat,onal ^ i e t y Council. who introtlncctl the speakers. luubuiai Jousts Are iAnilllluir By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS turies tlla w L u ! ! " r ?_COgn, d. ro<cdZ 1 J. ,umiber ot pcrso,ls - o f iho ccl,Pations comprises one n ^ i o n a l ' d h ^ s o / t o r ke0,'PS- T,''C CCUmosphcrts I ve becn found t ^ b c ^ f ie "to iion hv ' " ,, p i" , , thc V TM h - iniialathruouuuuh, tllii,ecCsuk-iinn,0 lli'y i'ryri.tadtii.roenct ofabtlsiocrpstkiionn * :i <:omb",ao" of the foregoing. ' ' l ur si'-paKjons ,,f particulate matter in Chllicult to establish a comprehensive definition for lo.nc dusts. Sollmann * after felt d a , -V- Van v . <,cfinltions for poison 1 , u V S VCry dl,Tlcult 10 Rive a definition Inch uill not be ambiguous in some cases but believed that the following c o 7 r S moll cChlassssiinnngraa0MsultbtSst'aVnl"cCehasnUsu,Scth b; c c0' " ;d^ e d in . "A poison is any substance which act- r,!r,oSpc(rlltri!e:c^t.'-'-:ilul'robuygihts itosrdiinnhaerrvent cl'icm c apaid c ot destroying life, or of seriously - d a n g e r m g health, when it is applied to o ^ or in moderate doses (to dU (.ini.) internally." . il'f iluet lii.iTcntiation is based on , | i ; Zl. He I V d i h ' S 1"'- 1" vo<ll, ' ati&n5 by Hie I'ub- , ' .rV'a ' 1,1 ,lus'y Industries' ,c- e tnat anout lO per amt of thc ^ particles ( summed were hetween I r imcroiK ,,, si7e. only about 20 per rent were Cf nia,i 1 "'''roil, ami the media,, 7 7 7 7 a microns. Industrial .lusts arc mainly css dusts n I ' V ^ O'VCUT. fihroils lu-tyn the .or. sud, as asbestos, L*vc iicen 440JU0"nn,-,,-'c<ornCs"m':"nth)ePagrrleica,tcesstasdi1a:mircecter 200- Ulide generally speaking, according to rciliccimrmi'-alI "compaorsC,t,o"n'rdCiffiner!s,Irfioroms atshattheoifr w h i l e ' o t h c r s iS,ar0, lo b>' poisonous, o'lnrs, ni me concentrations usually 'countered, are comparatively d ,"|l " m '.l " ,av he Slatcd la: breathing ,1UKh conccmranon is not desirable fro , 7 u n V , F airh`'1"' thC <la'" a^ r i s i n g e 'her Lent l, n ` ,oxic dl,st be v hether r rCm tC' a,ld `^Pends upon 7 d ' 7 n'n(t0nal is a Protoplasmic poi . h u lie r it is caustic in reaction or ' ',Ct lcr !l ' s absorbed into the blood str'eatr inn, S i 0 `hCr -- v b ic irin H is now v eil established that exposure certain kinds of dusts, such as those con- a ",,ng considerable quantities of free silica whhiicchh .thhne-, b|bodlyy'1-S0 rnoirrm0mallyli,Ccoem,cpno,scendt,s* oift rraattee ' firroonm, 5Cr<esp`i-hrCatomry0 rbd`idsieta-vseasn;d wmhiolertamlitey tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds 85 i n i j i i i .'i.t /i/ .K iiih'ihil ,'n i jc l y have lieen associated with general systemic poisoning.* Dusts may he swallowcd with saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning has been traced to absorption by this method; other dusts may act as irritants and produce alTcctiotts of the skin, irritate m u cous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory di-eases of these organs.* Some inorganic dusts arc aide to pene trate the deep lung tissues ami are -utiicivtitly insoluble to he retained there. Some of these may he active in the hitman tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury. while others are inert and may he retained for years, apparently without seri ous damage; some arc gradually ab-orhed without causing pathological changes.' All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation results. At the same time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent lihro-is. T h e nature as well a- the solubility of the solute is an important fac tor, hut of two sub-tances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form causes the greater damage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.* Kettle has stilted that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion nr a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a h a rm less dust arc inhaled, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, hut such fibrosis is never sufficient to iiiloiIcie with the function of the lung." Some writers slate that while the iullucnee of iioiipoisoiunis dusts on health is a debatable subject, almoi in.illv high death rale- from bronchitis and pnrmnoitia are sometimes attiilmted to chrome expo-tire to fontoxir dusts. I.arge amounts of dust are oeeasionally found in supposedly inniiial lungs, at autopsy.' According to Drinker, there are four d if ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation o f dust. The first and most important arc the pneumoconioses, such as silicosis and ashestosis, which cau-e specific lung pathology and often arc followed by pulmonary tuberculosis. .The second type of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like lead, cadmium, and radium. A third type of mal ady follows the inhalation of finely divided metallic fume particles such as zinc oxide, and is known as metal fume fever. The fourth reaction, allergic in character, is caused hv breathing organic dusts such as pollen and certain types of pulverized wood and flour. In all four rases the sole cause of the disability may he d u d inhalation, but the veaetions from loxie dusts result from swallowing as well as from inhalation." F o r various reasons it it difficult to set up an absolute classification for dusts. Opinion is rapidly changing regarding socalled inert or hatmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have both a toxic and an irritant action; while on the Other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex posure to a dust may lie the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. I. Organic Dusts \ O rganic du-*U arc. those which contain carbon, and were originally s u p p le d come from on*anixcd substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dusts come under tliis classification, and are thought to !>c of the same o rder of size a-* industrial dusts, with which they arc fre quently associated. Bacteria arc usually be tween 0.5 an d .V m ic ro n s except jn a few eases, such as the anthrax hacilhi-'. which ranges from 1 to 1.25 micron in breadth and *1.5 to 10 microti* it leue.th and 10 or 12 mirmn* in diameter. However, il is pos**i' hie that (lie laiy*r and li\i\iri \aiielie-., til;? the Jaij'rr and heavier diM patlielr-, settle tine to pravilv, and do iml teniniu suspended in the air. Many thousands ol organic substance**, carhon conlainin;;, are made synthetical! hy chemical pn.re>M*st sn-h as de*-iufi-, explosives, etc. i. a y )A*/.//vay; o a y ; . - / \ 7 c; n r x r s . a < the name implies, these are comprised of nonviahle particles, which may nt may not he. inherently to\ic. or irritant, hut which nevertheless produce untoward effects in the human organism. "Allergic" dn.ls, or those to which only certain person arc m max / in !iisin a l l.'itsu become hypersensitive, with resulting asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. a. Toxic tvut/or Irritant. Toxic or irritant dusts are all organic dusts which produce untoward symptoms, cither systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms arc usually desrrihed as irritant; those produc in'.: .general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may he both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or death fol lowing inhalation of dust from organic com pounds, among the chief offenders are parauilraniline, the dinitrobenzenes, chlorodinitrohenzencs, trinit rophcnol, and nitronaphthalcnc. Kyc damage due to intlammalion of the cornea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust from paraphenylcnc diamine derivatives is particularly irritating and dangerous, causing not only a severe form of derma titis where the dust comes in contact with the 'kin, hut also producing acute inflamma tion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages.* Toxic, dusts mav he generated during the handling o f powdered lyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where parlieleSj.arc disseminated in all di rections." Coal' tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. Cases o f amblyopia have been reported from exposure to inhalation of tobacco dit-t." It has been found that inhaled to bacco du-t exerts a nicotine action on the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same quantity of smoked Inluceo with an equal nicotine content.n Severe dermatitis is experienced hv many winkers handling powder containing T.N.T., which is used in making high explosives. I'irric arid, which is also used for this purpo.r. requires lining, and in this latter state lias hern found to produce a dermatitis. I'iciic arid is ap.ii the oldest synthetic o r ganic dvrslnfi." Iletmat it is occurs among handlers o f silk with varying frequency. Sails determined that a rash occurring among workers in a silk factory was due to dii't from silk cocoons imported from A 11 ira." Persons engaged in the manufacture of quinine and quinine preparations sutler from skin phenomena, which occur for the most part on exposed parts of the body, and may he caused by ingestion or by quinine dust, or powder form of the pret aratic erting a direct irritating clfo t on the Dermatitis due to other vegetable stub as vanilla, powdered arnica, thrum, etc., have been reported." Dental lesions, of occupational r have been reported among workers in s The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is si find as purely mechanical, with developing caries. Digestive disc respiratory conditions, and cutaneous litmus (especially o f the face) were found." Dock workers, transporters of t workers in grain and flour mills, etc exposed to dusts during their work. I trnni cereals may contain many inqmr which may cause an irritating action 01 respiratory passages, ns well as inflan (ion of the skin. Digestive disturha dental defects, diminution in hearing, conjunctivitis have been observed an millers, and have been attributed to the r: to which such workers arc exposed." b. AUcnjic. Many apparently iuuoc: substances may produce reactions in sous of peculiar personal susceptibility, term "allergy" is used to describe this i dition of liypersensitivcness or susceptih! and allergic phenomena liiost trequr manifest themselves in skin reactions, lh ever, they may cause acute reactions c where in the body. When the respirat tract is involved we have such well kim diseases as hay fever or asthma. Tk diseases may develop as a result of hyp sensitiveness to such substances ns poll from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, ti feathers, etc. h'or iii'tanee, furriers, worker-, in clulhi industries who are exposed to wool du etc., may sutler Until Iray fever nr a-iluu; It is unurecssary fnr the nUcuding ilu-t reach the depths ol the lungs -giant pnllr Inr example aie nquutcil In produce (In elicit after lu-lng rniiglit in the upper n piialory passages. Slmulil such an nlTcmtii substance he finely ground it Cntild n'.i the alveoli and as a result pinb.ibly : phvsinlngir reactions would In* accrlm ated In a survey of a plant where n-'in mixed, ground, and mnlded, it ua- tone that SO per cent of the occupational derm litis there was due to In per sen.ith tty hex a met In lenetet ran line and fm maldchj d contained m the du-t to which the unike: were expo-ed."1 During tl.e first pm, e-n cntton spinning, colloii-slrippcrs arc ex- -ed 10 arising fro m coitoil husks :m<l iris, which produces a typical fo rm o f lima.8 trdinary nil dust lias been of interest < to its purely mechanical action, hut II greater care is rt|uired in' haudliitg -tain kinds, especially woods coming from road, hecatise of the essential oils impreg* : ;ng them, which when freed ttt the du st iy alfect the health o f the workers con- , -tied. Some o f the woods capable o f .sing -kin lesions arc ltrazil wood, satin- hjiI. teakwood, cumarti o r tonka wood, ck ebony wood, W est Indian mahogany, ,'atu-sc taty.iyasan, coccoloba, chestmitwood, vcwood, California sequoia, etc. All p e r ns who handle these woods are not in- red, only those particularly susceptible to e substances they contain becoming iccted." 2. u n . x c , O R G A X I C DUSTS. T h ese ntain particles capable of exhibiting the icnontena of life8 (especially the property reproduction or multiplication), snclt as .cteria and fungi. T hey a re usually fount! low 'concentrations and arc associated .th nonliving dusts in th e air. a. D o c ' c r i One of the most im portant long these is the anth rax bacillus, which contained in the dust from skins, furs, ool, and animal hair, liorns, hoofs, hones, This disease may occur in two fo r m s : '/.ic.Mtir (in which the organism alTects ic skin), and [`ttluwmiry (w hen it is inhaled, in the form of anthrax known as wool>rtcr-' disease).'8 Cases of tetanus, reported in connection itli jute manufacture, were traced to tin: iw material, the bacillus having been found . the factory dust.8* Diphtheria, tubercusis, smallpox, typhoid, o r other bacillus,'oduccd diseases, may result from exposure infected dusts. Uacterial sensitization can be the cause o f :ty of tile allergic diseases, namely, asthma, sTCtmial. hav fever, urticaria, angioneurotic dema, eczema, o r migraine headaches.81 b. Ftuiflt, Dusts containing the mycclia aid spores o f parasitic fungi give rise to .iitioyanec and discomfort. " Maltster's" itch rein the dust alone has been reported. In rovcnce. reeds used for ceilings arc stacked . hile still wet and undergo fermentation; ;ey become covered with a white powder a dry fungus of the Mucor famih : Sporo- tiiclmm dermatodes), which is scattered when the hark is stripped off. This powder is irritating to the skin and m u co tr mem branes. Mycclia and spores o f moulds are commonly found to cause radies: for in stance, the black powder coming from macerated sugarcane stalks. .Among basketmakers, the mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (h\phomveete) from the rhattnn canes used, get shaken out when the canes are split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight." A form of asthma or spasmodic, cough, suffered by cotton weavers and known as aspergillosis, has been considered due to in halation of spores of a mildew which some times occurs on the threads.88 In a study of silicosis among miners, made by the Public Health Service, a number of eases of typical miliary calcification were en countered. Unstained smears of those eases examined were positive for fungus, two types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. All of the subjects hut one were fanners, teamsters, fccdinill workers, or residents of , small agricultural towns where grain is : marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in i threshing wheat, haling hay, or handling various small grains." Some other fungus diseases such as actino mycosis ami blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to du-t. The former occurs among workers handling straw, hay, grass, vegetable dbris contami nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis s likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and cleansing of grain (grain distilleries, Hour mills, grain crush ing, breweries, ami malting houses, etc.)." II. Inorganic Dusts Inorganic compounds arc 01 mineral origin, not requiring a living organism to produce them.8' A number of dusts not usually classed as toxic may, under some conditions, produce untow ard effects on tin: human organism. Classified under inorganic arc toxic and/or irritant, fihrosis-pioducing. and nonfibrosis-producing dusts. a. Toxic inul/or Irrilonl. T o xic dusts are those which are inherently toxic when in haled, ingested, or otherwise absorbed, .Among those which produce systemic poi soning, some of which are also irritant, arc the dust" froin heavy metals and their salts, such as lead, mercurC, a rs e n i., cadmium. 01 zinc, etc. Irritant dusts arc Injurious 1>y reason of tlicir strong irritative or corro sive properties. As a rule, inhaled irritant substances im mediately cause a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they are prevented from reaching the limps, al though they may cause limp damage Inextension of inllannnatioil if the turnons membrane is corroded.' I.itnc, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples of irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect of mote than one mode of entrance into the. body. O f the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those o f certain le.nl compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon ate and the chromate. T he dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice." According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.* In a stuily made by the U. S. Public Health .Service- it was fot^nd th at continuous daily exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues." It is believed that a similar concent ration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case of poisoning from some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. I-'or instance, investigations have shown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters o f air, except lor prolonged exposure.'' In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic mcrctirialism in creases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, alter such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters.30 Alkalis and metallic oxides are common causes of dermatoses. I.ye, potash and lime are known to cause irritation to plas terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, stonecutters, modellers, and metal platers.1" Ulceration and perforation of the nasal sep tum occur among workers exposed to the dust of soda ash; systemic poisoning also occurs from inhalation of calcium cvanimulc dust." Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can cer are reported to have been caused 1 exposure to dust of arsenic compnttu.il Certain aluminum salts are skin ii.-.ilai. and aluminum dusts may contribute to tl iufeetioii of skin and mucous memln .lie through mechanical action.1* h. hro.us-l'roitHcinri Dusts. The mo important of these arc the inorganic, siiehtl soluble ilusts which cause fibrous change ill the lung tissues, sonic o f which are scr; mis, and some of which cause little or r, disability.' So far as is known, no inorgani substances other than silicon derivative cause more than a very moderate degree c fibrosis o f the lung. M o reo ver, there =cerr to he no evidence that any o th er con-tinier of ordinary dusts can influence so untavor; lily a pulmonary infection.' Although other dusts, when inhaled i sufficient concentrations over a long perio of time, have been shown capable o f pre ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, ncvcrtlicle: the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodi: lar fibrosis lias to date been shown din: cally and experimentally to be associateonly with the inhalation of ilusts containim free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harm ful actio:: must cuter the finer divisions o f the- lung the particle size of the atmospheric dis may bear a definite relation-hip to tin- ii: jinions effect produced. T h e silica must Ipresent in the air in particles small moiig: to enter the finer air spaces and of -u. ' dimensions that the phagocytic cells m.e. engulf them. T he greater majority uf pai tides found upon microscopic exai-c.innlio: of the lung fall u thin the limits of froi: 1 to 3 microns.31 E xam ples of siliceous dustare granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc In a recent study among anthracite- miners, the correlations between ex p o su re to du =: (which contained silica) and the evideneof constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dusin the air breathed. Like correlations w e n found between the silica exposure and tin extent of pulmonary changes.33 W hen tin inhaled dust consists o f silica combined with bases, silicates, some degree of changt in the pulmonary tissue may result. Ill this respect asbestos dust scorns to he unique among silicates in the prevalence and se verity of 11n* disease it causes." T h e chief distinction between sihYo-dx anconditions due to simple reaction- can-' by other dusts is the actin- p ro h ie ra ti'  U 4 JIIV l i faction in the tissues which results in .ru gressiv c Modulation. Silicosis, when once .stablishcd, strongly predisposes the limits '<> infection. especially with the tuherele bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, .'ironic bronchitis, and emphysema are freinent complications of advanced decrees of silicosis. The relation of the acute respiratory in fections to the reaction due to dusts other han free silica has never hei'n. established, "hough a heightened incidence has often een shown statistically in workers in dusty radcs. It is fairly certain that a du-t dantnted lung, whatever the cause, fares much nrse if an acute infection does supervene upon ii.! In a study rondueted hy the II, S. Public Health Service among uiarhlc fmi-hers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust when inhaled in the conrvutraliims I'ntuid in the examined plants produced a mild, bi lateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, hut no -erious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even a fte r years o f exposure.'4 c. A onfibrosis-Prorluciti'j Dusts. These are inert, that is, they do not cause fibrous tissue to he produced, hut may heroine encapsulated or lie free in the tissues; or they are absorbed without production of lihrotts "issue. Included among them are ihiuduui. coal, corundum, emery, limestone, magnesite, marble, plaster o f p.-tiis fgypiiin), and polisher*-, rouge. Dust Control h.iigiin cl ing and medieal control are the . n o iiio-i important factors in combating `he industrial dust hazard. and are to a large stent romplcmettlari. /bo/tiitvnii./ Control. As Lanza" has -tntcil in a recent paper, " It is a basic principle in dealing with a ilust hazard that the dust should be attacked at its point of origin and tints prevented from being dis seminated into the atmosphere." After the dust has been spread throughout the air it is difficult to deal with it, and reliance must he placed on individual protection, which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cites various methods used m controlling dust. These will he reviewed nit briefly, since a paper dealing with the -abject of dust control in detail, will follow an this program. Dust may he entrapped at its source by suction devices and tints removed and col lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hoods in grinding operations, ami the devices used in rock drilling. Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila tion method, where applicable, is to he pre ferred in controlling a dust hazard. W ater m ay lie used to entrap dust and prevent its dispersal, and tinder certain circumstances it may lie of advantage to combine the u-e o f w ater and the Use of suction. Sometimes a dusty process ran he completely enclosed ill a sealed room or compartment. It mif-t he remembered, however, that any mechani cal device of this kind offers adeipiate pintectiou only if it is properly dr-.igncil, installed, and maintained. A great deal of attention has been given the subject of individual protection fm n i dtist, and there are many types of respira tory protective devices now available. These are generally of two types: those which provide fresh air from ait uneoiitaniinatnl source and those which rely upon a filtering medium for removing ilust from the air breathed. Where the use of such a device is indicated, only one of the types approved hy the. U. S. Pim-att of M i n e s should he used. A s a rule, it may lie said that tna-k-. respirators, or other such protective device should lie used only where exposure to the dust is intermittent and brief, or where some uniistinl condition makes a more adripiale dust control impiaeticahle.'' W h e re bacteria or other living iln-ts in the air are associated with a p ro cess, steri lization methods sm-h as uncased tem pera ture, ultraviolet radiation, and chem icals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may he o f use. I'astenrization temperature falioul 1 10 F.) will kill most organisms except those hearing spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to he practicable if the temperature does not exceed 230 F. Wool fibres, however, lose their elasticity hy steam disinfection, and the "Ibickering" process now used in F.ngland includes soaking of the wool in a form aldehyde solution, and drying in a current o f a ir at a temperature of 160 F.i: There are few occupations in which there would he a sufficient concentration of dead bac teria to cause untoward effects in man. In the case of dusts producing external irritation, auxiliary protective measures may include the use. o f 1 protective clothing. gloves, goggles and aprons; as well as p r o tective salves, ointments, or oilier com pounds to delay or diminish the irritant action. General rules for hygiene ami good liottM-kceping shonld also lie observed. Medical Control. Equally important, and closely interrelated with the engineering phase, is medical control of occupational hazards. In addition to directing the proper placement of new workers, and guarding the health of all employees, medical control is a cheek on the efficacy of the engineering control methods already instituted, or a measure of the need for new protective d e vice-. It has been stated that. "Industry has found that the best way to treat industrial injin ie-, and illness is to prevent lliein." " and medical control, through ptcemploynieiit and periodic physical examinations, is one of the most important factors in such pi ev i ntion. The preemployment examination is made to determine the employee's physical and mental fitness for work. It serves to diselo-e the presence of any contagions dis ease. reveals any minor physical defects which might later become serious, or whether the examinee's condition precludes his.em ployment in certain or in all n p e s of work. It should he remembered that such prccitiph>\ incut examinations are not to he made for the purpose of eliminating an employee, hut lather for allocating him to the type of work for which he is physically suited. A worker should he given employment unless totally unlit, or unless his disability, even though slight, would cause him to he a haz ard to himself or his associates. F u rth e r more, the practice of prcemployment examinations should he extended to include, executives and officials of industrial o rg an i zations. "The purpose of periodic physical examinations is to secure and maintain physical fitness and thereby lengthen work spans."K Reexamination of employees som e times results in the discovery of defects and disabilities which were not observed at the time of employment. In such cases, an oc cupational adjustment should be made to provide continued employment, but remove the risk of permanent injury. Reexamination of employees is required by law in certain occupations in which the handling of poisonous or otherwise deleteri ous substances may result in the contraction of disease." Since some occupational < eases tend to clear up and recur, records previous occupations should be inr hided the physical examinations. The fuquei of examinations should be determined the medical director, unless otherwise spi lied by law. Those exposed to known oo pational disease hazards may have wcel o r monthly examinations.1'1 " It should always he kept in mind that I basic principle of physical examinations industry is to keep men on the job and i allow the physical examination to he mcr a weeding out process."''' Reference!; 1 li lon mlie ld, J . j . ;in<! D.ilka V a ll e , J, M. DeNo m inat imi ami ( ' o i if f o l <( l m l u u t i . i l I >11 r ** S . Pub lic Health MtillfiMi No. 2 1 / , April, I'M'. 1 Col li s, Kdi:.tr L. " I m l u -itili I'iii-iiiikmiiuu with >peci.d re fe re n n lo D u - t P h th isi s. " Mil I.tliirr-, 1`) 15. II. l.nmlon. 1 Sollmann, Torald. "A Manual of Phan eobory." \V. H. S a u n d e r s & C o.. Phi la de lp h ia , 10 * rii all. Id n v rf ii co T. " T o x i c D u U ' F u m e s . " J o u rn a l o f Indi ist ria l H v i p c n o amt T cn lot: v. No ve miter, l `Mo. a Hlonmtu ld. J. J. " T h e Samnlint; and An.d \ of Indtistri.il D ints." Am erican Public Health A- ci.iMou, Y ea rb o ok , 1 035- *n. " Gibbs, \V. K. " l ) n - t ll a r a r d in I n d t t u r y ." Frn Urtiti. Ltd. London, 1925. TAir Ilviriene Foundation o f America. Inc. "S e n d s amt .Mlird D is o rd er .' ." Medi cal S e r i e s Hu! tin N o. I. Pittsburirb, Pa . April li . l ' M o . * K e t t le , L. II. " T h e A n i o n o f H a i m f u l IltM Inxt. o f .Mulini; a n d Met.i ll iin rv, Lnmtmi, Inn 19.11. 5 "Dusts. Fumes, and Smoke*." fVcupition Health Series, Iuternntional I.ahotir Onice, ib-tm 19.10. ,fl D ri n k er . P h il ip . " C a u s a t io n o f P nr un m rm o-is." jou rn al of Industrial ilvfprmr ami I" rnbutv. ()ft.der, 19.uk n "Dyciinr." ticcupation and Health Scio I n t e r n a t io n a l La b ou r ( Ittico, G e n e v a . 1 'MO 13 L**i!i:r, S ir T h o m a s . "Imtuxfri.il, Maladie O s f o u l U niversity Pi'ss, London, 19U . *5 Hurs to in, A. " N i c o t i n e A r t io n from l u h i k Tobacco Dint," Journal of Industrial Ilviiiene. D ermhor. 1927. M W h it e , IL P r o ss er . " T h e D r r i n ' i l r r y n .f ' . < O cc u p a t i o n a l A f f e c t io n s o f the S k i n . " II. K. I.r\ & Vo. I.tit., L o n d o n , 1`>.U. ,a Sclisvartr. Louis. " S k in H ar ir d * in Amrric. In d u s try ." I'. S. Public Health Hulh.u u No. 2! O c t o b e r', I 9 U . ,n D o w n i n g , J. (I. " I n d u s t r i a l Dpr iiutii- c: Tr.- inent and Legal A sp ec ts: Rev ie w o f Recent Lite- tu re ." J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t ri a l M i t e n e 3: T o x i c o l o g y , J u ly , 19.15. " Occupational Lesion* in W orkers in Sn?a- Hclkiiuti Le tt er . J o u rn al o f A m e r ic a n Medical A* n a tio n . Sen:. 10. 1927. A b u . Journal of Imluur If vili elle, ! .`lf I|.| t e. 19 ,H " F l o u r Mills." O c c u p a t i o n and Hr.itili S er i' International i.ahotir Office. (teneva. 19)0. lu M a v e r s , M a v R. " S i i ' e . 'ptihilitv io Du matin's T h e I n d u U r ia l Hulk-tin, A lb a n y . \ . Y. Feb. 101. voi. If*. no. 2. ^ D r i n k e r . Philip. ami Tiatcb. T h eo d ore . "Imi*: trial Dti't." McGraw-Hill ( `oinpa uv , Ir N e w York. I9U., :i Scb w a r i t , Lou is. " S k in ll;i;. 11 I- in A m e n Indtistty. Part l i . " U . S. Public Health Hull' No. 2 F>. Sept. 19 In. :: " P o i s o n o u s W o o d s ." O c cu pa tio n and 1le i S er i es , In te rn a tio n a l L ab o u r Other. G e ne v a 1*U0  t.. vv.j Hanna, W\, 3m! Stallybra**. C. . "Indii*trt:il Medicine am! Hygiene." Dailliere, ni.lill ami Cox, l.ontlon, 1923. ?*Drown, (. T. "Tin? Di.iKiui't* of Bacterial .Henry." Southern Medical Jour. alf Vol. 27, No. >. Oct. 1934. s Sayers, R. R. and Nferewether, F. V. "Miliary itmj Disease Due to Unknown Cause. U. S. Fublic Iralth Reports, Dee. 5, 1930. M"Actinomycosis." Occupation and Health Series, ntcrnational Labour Ollier, Geneva, 1930. 51 Holland, J. \V. "Tvxtbook of Medical Chemistry ml Toxicology.0 W. D. Saunders Company, Fhil.v rlphia, 1930. " Dloumheld, J. J. am! Blunt, \\*m. "Health If.irMs itt Chromium Flatin^." u. S. Public Health **rvico Reprint No. 124?, Washington, 1910. s*Russell, Jones, IUoptttiield, Written and Thump m. "Lead Poisnimuj in a Storage Dattery Plant." S. Fuhlic Health Bulletin No. 205, June, 1933. wNeal, Jones, IlloomfivM. DallaValle ami Kl arils. "A Study of Chronic Mrrcitrtalism in the latters* Fur Cuctiru; Industry." U. S, Fuhlic Jealth Bulletin No. 234, May, 1937. * Sayers, R. R. and Jone. R . ' R. "Silico-is and Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicosis Con* ferenee, Washington, D. C., April It, 1931. 33 Sayers, Bloomfield, DaDaVaDe, Jones, Drcr*/M:, llrtmdage and Britten. " Amliraco-Kilio<*M< amour Hard Coal Miners.*' V. S. Fuhlic Health Bulletin No. 221, December, 193?. 33 Middleton, K. !.. "Industrial Pulmonary Dis* rase tine to the Inhalation oC Dust." The l.ancet. July I ami 11, 1036. 5* Drcr^sen, Waldemar C. "Kfleet o f Inhaled Marble Dust as Observed in Vermont Marble Finishers." U. S. Public Health Service Reprint No, 1630. 3* Danza, A. J. "Contimi and Prevention of Sili co*-is." Symposium on Silicosis. California Tuber culosis Association, Sau Francisco, PUT. 3,1 New<|uist, M. N. "Medical Service in Indu try arid Workmen's Compirti'aiiori College, o f Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. .\inrr:an 31 "Medical Care o f Industrial Worker-.** Na* tlonal Industrial Conference Botrd, lue. New Y ork, 1926. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards B y A R T H U R S. J O H N S O N Assistant to Manager, Engineering Departm ent, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. U licit one realizes that control of the du st .azard depends upon the combined eontribuions of the physician and the engineer, he ap'recialcs that the solution requires scientific reatment. By scientific treatment I mean the cchnic.nl analysis of the hazard to discover he causes which contribute to injury o r ill icaltli, and the development o f control ineth>ds which obey physical law ami physiology, .nd which will he directed at causes that dmit of most immediate a nd ' economical reatment. That goes for handling the dust hazard in ; given plant. It goes double for acquiring atowlcdfic to the cud that the whole problem tay reach ultimate solution. Right now o ur .nowledgc of the problem is in big chunks, ooscly put together ami largely empirical. There are estimates only to judge the niatrtiludc of the dust health problem, and it is so loscly associated with other health problem, shat a clean-cut estimate of it alone is iminssihle. W'c do know that it is great in the iggrcgatc, and for the individual plant it may c very bothersome and expensive. What actually makes q u artz dust cause licosis is not known. It docs, so the air breathed by workmen must not contain harmtil quantities of respirable quartz dust. Inex pensive methods for making the air clean arc still in the realm of dreams. Much work must lit; done to know more about silicosis ami more how to make atmospheres safe mcr/v:;sh'i'ly. As an accident prevention job. dust control lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs an expert diagnosis and scientilic treatment, which may include expensive major opera tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, and supervision and employee safety con sciousness alone raimot accomplish anything. There may he observed in countless shops installations for exhausting dost which are derisively called "tin knocker" jobs itt which the horsepower dissipated is out of all pro portion to the air-home dust moved. Tonnage ellieiency of material moved may he the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors hut ii the material to he moved is air, contaminated with nearly weightless particles of dust, the entire health hazard can lie in the halt or one per cent of material not moved. I do not mean that unless a dttsl stipre-skm job was engineered it can be no good. There arc many good installations that were never figured at nil hut grew like T opsy Tin. r>-- suiting freedom from dustiness was m>sati-factory tliat efficiency held little interest to the ov,tier. This is exceptional, however, ami I olicr the opinion that dust suppression jobs should he engineered. A dust-suppression installation is a safety device, designed and operated to provide pro tection agaru-l possible disease and prov ide a sense of security which must be absolute. Its safety is not rushing air and ratllini; chips but a nuuuual residual dustiness. There is no more pathetic deteat tor a dn-t control job than to find faith in its effectiveness so low that workers must wear respirators to find the reasonable safety that was expected from the hoods, duets and fans. Diagnosis and Control [ a t Us examine some of the features by which we recognize this dust hazard problem, leaving out the sociu-legal aspects. In order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in this d u -l control program, it seem- desirable to separate as sharply as we can the diagnostic considerations trout those which deal with control. Ill the first com partment we can place all the analytical com ponents which describe the hazard and its e x p o .u r r .\lt c probability of its producing ill health and all the rest of the medical and indu'trial hygiene taels which make out a caw af.iinst the existing dust. lit the second compartment place the knowledge of physics and engineering necessary to plan the dust control program and so design it that when installed its performance follows prediction that the probability of industrial disease is reduced to insignificance. The Industrial Hygienist Our first .feature of interest would naturally, be the specific and relative toxicity of silica, silica-hearing am! other dusts which make up the dust health hazard. Much might be said to advantage about the (tiality and quantity of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of this knowledge has been, and must remain a medical problem. It involves gross and micro scopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental animals. ICiigincers do not talk that language, 'industrial livgjetiists d o ; they are a happy combination, half doctor and half engineer. Many of them are quite capable of handling the dust health hazard in all its phases of investigation and control. For the purpose of this discussion I throw their interest in with the doctors. I want to go so far in my opinion state that the engineer should not atten define the quality of health hazard-in a plant or industry, nor should . he' ext threshold limits of safe or permissible > ness. This may be debataiile. but I shall (cud that the engineer who writes the .float urns of hazard and dust tolerance is i an industrial hygienist, and is using a tntieh broader knowledge than engine alone. In the first caw- the quality of the h hazard is an opinion arrived at after slue all the environmental conditions includin', general sanitation, occupational analysis a scientific analysis of the du-t expos In the exploration of dust exposures, nature of dusty operations must be vii front physical, chemical and media: aspects, the determinations of dustiness t he not only counted and classified by pari late sizes, but chemically and minernlogk analyzed. The plant layout must be stu with respect to dust production and distr lion, and the housekeeping and existing < control equipment evaluated. The presene: specific hazards, such as toxic gases, ah: tttal temperature and humidity conditions. < must be explored for their complicating eft upon the whole picture. This is distiitctlv indtistrial hygiene job. and some of the m critical data requires only medical vievvpn This is absolute in the case of tubereul' study and the qualifying of men for etnpf incut. So far. not one atom of engineering suppress tlttsl is involved. It is entirely an. vsis of hazard. T he diagnosis niti-t be t! the dustiness is hazardous to health or that is safe. If it is hazardous, it must he broug down to a specified residue. If it isn't, lea it done. On the second point, if the Itygieniran not specify threshold limits gradual' upward for relatively less hazardous dust let the engineer not worry about it. T! diagnosis is dust which is harmful am! K much of it. The remedy is control of the dm The engineer designs controls which w: produce the lowest practical residual dti.-t ness. He should not attempt to write his ou specifications of threshold limits or pertnisilde dustiness. This may be an iniixirtat goal in the study of dust health hazards.' Safe Limits z\t the present time the medical men at hygienists believe that quartz, du-t is -at below live million particles. Tliey seem will ing to graduate upward to 20 million for medium silica and 50 million for low silica percentages. love million particles is virtually dust tree, and is very difficult and expensive to achieve and maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the hands of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the. responsibility for determining the hazard. We now enter the chapter of otir discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering jol>, that it must be given sceutitic treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge Let me recite briefly, a tew of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, ami sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam ple. and the number of samples so that m a x i mum. minimum and average data mean some thing. so that credibility can be given them. hor the type of sample involved h r must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, as distinguished from large masses of iionrexpiralde dust which complicate the picture, lie must know how to observe the sources of d m t floods as distinguished from conditions of normal (lustiness. li e must know the sources at iInst and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. He must determine how nitirli dtist enters the problem because it is part of the material, and what tlit-t is created in the process by ihe fracturing o f tin: material. Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what bis tad. of dust control is. To visualize (bat task intelligently lie should know the physics of lirownian motion, laws of resist. unite to the motion of p article. .mving in air. bulb wlieii the air is ill turbulence and for stream-line motion, lie should know terminal velocities, movements due to reiitrifug.il m i l lion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion and the effects of humidification on it. He must know nil about the difficulties of wetting and what is known about overcoming these difficulties. Uc should know the several elec trical phenomena which bear upon dust be havior. Those are all principles of physics wliii h explain the behavior of dust and upon which engineering practice must be based. They must he understood and be taken into account. Dust control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the pro duction as well as the dispersion. The problem should he analyzed to determine the applica bility of segregation, enclosure, welling, local exhaust and general ventilation. In some instances, substitution of non-liarardotis material, or uou-diist-prodticiuif oper ations may have specific application, and they should be explored first. This implies plant engineering. I am convinced that many bad installations are bad because plant engineering was not used, lit the designing of exhaust systems installed to capture the dust at the points oi generation, the physical behavior of air moving toward hoods and in duct- mu-t be known, and that knowledge used. Hack system must consist of collection hoods, pip ing, air-cleaning plant and a source oi suction. Ilefnre selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro jection as well as dust dispersion bv air cur rents, and design the hood accordingly. Knowledge Needed 'Die nero-dynamie characteristics of suction hoods appear to be little known because little thought was given to them in designing thousands of hoods which can he found every where in industry. All the possibility for entrapping dust and much of the efficiency oi the system lies in this factor. Air velocity, static suction, and rate of air flow are all related, and they must he known. It is essen tial to use high velocity of air in certain types of exhaust .systems to entrap dust projected at high velocities as in the case of a granite surfacing machine, and low velocities must be used in others, as in the ease of ('leaning asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wasting material. Quantity of air and its velocity nnisi be (Irtrriiiined, then the piping .should be de signed to take into account the behavior of air-flow through pipes at low and high veloc ities. W here the problem is complicated by the large sized particles which go along with the flue dust, how these behave must be taken into account. Pressure losses arc very impor tant elements in the design of an rs.h.iiiM system. I.ns at the IiiiikIs, hs at the bends ami loss in the duels must not he guessed at. Pipe design must take into account the gage of the metal and reinforcing to withstand pressures and erosion. The selection of a fan and its motive power is a matter of calculation, not guess work. I'ower consumption in the system is calcula ble. fans follow certain laws, so the engineer must know the behavior of axial (low, pro peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and other fan performance. More physics and engineering calculation goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration method depends upon what the dust is, the calculation for any methods reipiires knowl edge of discharge through stacks, the deter mination of sizes of settling chambers; the behavior of cyclones. The use or iion-nse of a filter, and if so, what type, how it should pel form, how hit; it should he. what kind of resistance and how much each kind offers, to sav nothing nf their proper location with relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all items for accurate engineering determination. Apparatus to check the behavior of installa- v lions must he known and used. IVrSirn cannot he left to guess work. Supplying eieiit air to be exhausted is part oi-the | lent. The same may he said of heating Do i give the problem too severe a b up? I think not. Remember these two thi 1. Von are dealing with hazardous n rial so small in size and so little of i weight that it is as invisible as the air hears it. I 'hysieal laws, involved in the hel'.a of du-t and air do not permit inexpeu methods of control. I ant acquainted ' budgets set up for this purpose which aim to more than a quarter of a iiiilli'iii doll and I know of many where 60 to SO llmtidollars is involved. The need for this much engineering i- i ognized by men wdio know. Already in has been done toward getting the ktmwde into handbook shape. I'erhaps the best of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Rela: to the Design and Operation of Kxha Systems" developed under American Sl.a: arils Association procedure. The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards B y A. D. L A Z IiN B Y , M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., B altim ore, M aryland Considerable coititKtim 1ms existed in the pa^t as to just what is the physician's func tion in the prevention of dust diseases, and just v.hat is the engineer's. It is very obvintu upon w en casual thought that the two M'imces must work hand in hand in their ('(Torts to solve the problem. 1 he physician through his special training must he aide to tell the engineer what dusts are dangerous and what are not. He must know how those dusts cuter the body atid the manner in which they do their harm. He must he trained in the examination of per sons who are to he employed to work' in dust, and to discover those who ate already diseased, or are peculiarly susceptible to dust disease. He must he able to detect the first su;ns of disease in workers who arc exposed to dust, and must be prepared to recognize the disease when it is fully d vclopcd. It is not necessarily the physician's ftm< tion to analyze dust. T hat is a task lo r t! chemist and the petm ^rapher. It is not tl physician's function to count the particles < dust in a given industrial atmosphere. Tha in reality, is the function of the engineer. ! is not the physician's function to drvi* ventilating equipment for the removal < dust, nor even to he more than an advi't as to the means that must he adopted t render the atmosphere safe. The phvsician nevertheless must corrrlaiwith Ids medical knowledge and with \v studies of the industrial worker the luidii' of (he engineer. A diagnosis of silicons h example, requires not merely characteri-t. occupational history and characteristic phy*- cal findings, but tin- knowledge a-. well that tin: patient lias been exposed to hazardous du-'s in dangerous concentrations. All ilusts win'll inhaled in excessive quantities may lie considered as harm ful, but only a icw can be regarded as dangerous. I'min the standpoint of their dangerous properties, they may be divided into three general groups. 1. Those which a r e dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as b ad, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. 2. T hose which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inllaiiunation; such substances as vegetable fibre, co rk dust, Hour, starch, and o th e r relatively mtoenutis organic or inorganic materials. 3. Those which tend to produce librosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory iniections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure than upon their chemical. It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quartz, was particularly harmful because of its crystalline structure, and the hardness and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function arc the dusts which arc relatively innocuous, whose symptoms arc transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. Chemical Effect Is Harmful The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide ami the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the hoilv, re gardless of the part o f the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by sears. Tims, given a dust containing silica d io x ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. We have no real knowledge as to true figures, hut as a simple rule, we can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand successfully a concentration of dust containing IDO per cent silica Dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5.000,1)00 pat tides per cubic foot. If we decrease the percentage o f silica dioxide present in the dust, we can corre-pondingly increase the concentration with comparative safety. We must, of course, take into ac count the portion of the worker's time spent ill the dusty atmosphere. To arrive at a rough conception of a safe atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total num ber o f particles per cubic foot. If the result is under 5,000.000 the condition may be con sidered relatively safe. If the result is over 5,000,000 the condition must he regarded as unsafe. Hear in mind too that silicosis is essentially a disease of great chronicity. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require from seven to thirty years for a worker to develop advanced silicosis. It is evident too that coincident dusts may either retard the development o l silicosis or hasten it. Recent research seems to indicate that the admix ture of aluminum dust to a siliciotts dust will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter ; whereas a siliciotis dn>t combined with some alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the d e velopment of silicosis. Much research is now under way in prob lems such as this. We have never learned how to cure silicosis, hut we arc learning rapidly how to prevent it. O u r knowledge in this respect seems to lie limited to the removal of dust from the breathing zone of the worker. Later discoveries may show ns how to modify existing ilusts with contaminant dusts th at will render silica dioxide innocu ous. Owing to its very great chronicity, it is only the rare case who actually develops _ disabling silicosis during his indiistiial life time. It is realized, o f com sc, that ex cep tional instances take place, hut the coincident ravages of age usually keep pace with the effects of dust, so that much the dis ability usually attributed to silicosis is often, in fact, actually attributable to other dis eases or incapacities which advancing years bring in their wake. To me the great peril of silicosis, the peril not only to the industrial rt worker himself, Imt liis family, cn-vv inkers and the |m!ilic generally, is the acconipaiivitie; susceptibility to tuberculosis. Complicated by Tuberculosis Silicosis per so (loos not kill. Tuberculosis as a complication factor o f silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual so nliliclcd is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all with whom be comes itt contact, particularly the fellow worker who may have silicosis. So perhaps the most important places in which the services o f the physician in a dusty trade are necessary a rc --lirst. along lines of discovering and barring from exposure to a stlivioiis dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly. discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in whom tuberculous infections may have de veloped. It is well recognized that no individual should he exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until he has undergone a thorough pln.sie.al. examination, including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films of his chest. It s likewise obvious to anyone fa miliar xVtill silicosis that no person who is exposed to silicious dust should he denied the privilege of frequent physical examina tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover the existence of possible silicosis, hut to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he conics in contact, he removed from industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness of a physical examination, unless it be accompanied hv properly taken x -ray films, except in cases of gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, there fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent manner the pre-cmploymcnt examina tion of all persons who are to he engaged in a (In-tv trade. T h e purpose of this e x amination should he threefold. First, to discover ami bar from employment in dust, any pcr-igi " h o is suffering from tuber culosis ill all active, a quiescent or an arre -led stale. A po.-tble exception might be made in individuals Siillcrim: from a so called healed plenary complex, or a healed childhood inIcctiou. It is well known that e x p o -m e to silica dioxide is very liki Iv to --it, activity a lurhcrculous Ir-ioti uld. h .11 quic-ccnt or ai rested, and u . - n ; I, a is reactivated, the (bailee- of recover remote. The second problem which coiilrou physician at the pre-employniirnt pliv-ic amination is whether a given imlividi by reason of secondary physical dc more susceptible to the development o cosis than a normal. Is he sintering diseases of the nose or upper respir tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease ( hin;;s or air passages, or obstructions v produce mouth breathing? We must rem em ber th a t .silica diox: not dangerous until it reaches the lung; that the norm al individual retains ii nose and the upper air passages a quantity of the dust inhaled from the at phere. In instances where this nasal r lion is disturbed, ex p o su r e to silica flic dust may he dangerous to that indivi where it would not he to another. It is believed tiiat certain diseases o heart and circulation, of the kidney -, p My syphilis, ch ronic coincident di-ean the lungs, all may render a man more ceplible to silicosis than norm al. T he pi cian at his pre-employment examination t follow certain estahli-lied critetia in respect, and bar from exposure to dange dusts those persons who through cxidisease may he more ready prey to silk or tuberculosis. Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employment successfully passed bis physical examin.i and is engaged in a dusty trade, tlie ( of the physician is not yet ended. T his vn man must he periodically re-examined, to discover the early appearances of monaiy fibrosis, but what is even more portant, to detect the early evidences complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed from ployiiiciit ill a du-ty trad e merely bivaulias evidences of non di-aldin;; silio W orkers ill dusty trades, c-peciallv st cutters, moulders, pottery winkers, similar craftsmen, are usually highly -kil and it seems unfo rtun ate from a social ( (`oiKtinie point of view to di nv lie m plnymriit so long as they aie pliv-ically to ra lly on, c-pcciallv -iucc the actual aiding qualities of silieo-i- a ie in doubt / ov///v-.-t.r//, A'minimi Safely Congress `. , i v tr r I'l'i-'-rmplovnirnt ! L " <llh'" is found , t no\ lir h a m '/l r ,,0M: liUl. ,he-'' : : S J7 r . mU,'i'11`''^arVTlr'caJv r if vo., I,a/l ken U ' ' ? ? fa,lcd- " f Hit worker free f, ' ii /0 "c silicosis would not | ,l;i" tT0Us `lusts, examination! ,)rL'St'Mt 0,1 ^ ' s i c a l 1 crvals, ronternnji with tl.e physician in an Hurt to discover wl,etl.er, in the light of 'Kir jouu knowledge, working conditions are dangerous. He must devedop and install ca.etully designed ventilating equipment He must arrange for modification of chemical "'<1 other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must hem! h r chorts toward removing from the darner /one of the worker the offending substance whatever it may he. wanec. ami mo's in, Z ,, T " " ial tl>K physician a m S i ; ! ,e,:,l,t," l ' n the "'.'sitian must, | o , ,V^ The research tell .1 T knowledge and engineer Ik, , suc1' , X " s ,, " " hT ' 1. lCU " ,C wh'at" th cv , d l'V'-IU,lV.'-lK'-V K'aV ''" `lyam l their residence in dm bode!'' "'"" throu:J' or Too many engineers construe this function nosely. J hey pass on to the physician as Ills responsibility certain lunctions which e s sentially are theirs; such functions as dust analyses dust counts, and similar technical dut,,s. A! too ot ten it is considered adc`HMlc merely to install a fan. Ventilating devices in dustv work rooms must be constructed only after careful en.siiiceruig study has given a knowledge of I Physical properties of tl.e air and of Must Make Analyses Tlic engineer miq ji nrt, t n . . .... ' ..... . H 'S' 't.inccs surrounding Ids .w orker He n u t "take e w,meal and petrographic nnnlvscs o | atniiisiiher'e'in r w m r * e s 01 die r *` ' " ts counts at regular c I nh'.'^T ,Unt- iL U is Pos-'il'le to air L V Cry lme point l,ie volume of an that must be removed from a given spot ^ m n o v e Hie dust originating at ihat piace. V 1 engineer must approach bis task rcuu.ust as scientific an angle as th ep h ^ i- ` ian approacnes Ins. l l 'ei-e is no room in indnstrv "for |,ap- .... /. -7 S y clicckt-.; ami repaired _ ' ,nc'- ami we v, ii! ejvc ii ^ \ " i i . In addition. I sug A a mail from each dehim m in nnr -afetv *" rotating these men >n aliy line c them all meet ' these men a closer ini'ly work and permit us to Wo. I will, until further ;'.v meetings with a!l the " e can make eiear the nd'.t you men must assume. s' to see that y ou r men are " ur safety rides and tiie mployees. W e can also iividuals wno do not seem one hundred per cent. ".l'ety Work?* iephone Co.. Chicago ' difficult problems facing rn to tiie foreman ids re' :,e safe doing of tiie j . o measures, we have taken tic must feel that tiie safe ' his responsibility and feel a to do something about it. is there an accident on a ^jdcred particularly baz- siiinc tuat the foreman or how to conduct the work e sure that he does and hi a proper training pro- nine that a majority of all - accidents are directly or hlc to the failure of superevel to function prouerlv. ;t tnat supervisory training -'ling accidents is nccossarv, ul of a supervisory training ' more dniicult procedure nt of a technical or vocaursc. Apart from tiie tecli"Ivctl. there d o e s not seem 1 formula. There is. of C cm cm (md Q uarry Sections 257 course, some similarity of procedure in di recting the work oi any man on nnv job- but Oiliereiit industries employ such different n"(|cr Mich a wide variety cm,instances, and place such a diver g ei,y rn re,pi,ret,tents up,.,, , |l n ,, ,|iat ,, . piohleiu Ol supervisory training ,, ,s m,, ro yniprehenyve aspects is peculiar to each h'l'c of industry. Tlu venerai treatises on leadership give the groundwork, hut the snhjcct matter for my supervisory training c u r s e for anv ,,ar_ lHitl.tr industry hes within that indusirv We ...... `i" 'M,t :l"'` -W how our joh is` h,.m,, Mipervised now; analyze the procedure 0f 'md mcry ,,reman am! supervisor; compare then select the best; look upon supervision l-'ocess Itself, and see how hes, flirccl the work of the people. It is a long. tedious rnd costly process, hut one which, carried' throng , t,, completion, will pay dividends in Inc end. W EDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 i-uncncon session oi tin* ternem and Quarry Sections was ad,tressed h> Isaiah H ale Superintendent of SMctv Atchison Jopeka and Santa Fc Railroad' " io spoke on " i h e Common Sense of wuioh was substantial v thesame as another address by Mr. Hale bifore |H.r wi'i! UUimacl. McCfmK' Thc complete 'X o i ' t f e t r i' " ,l,c s,ku" Kai,- `i W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 c a ^ "Cosis Conference By R. C A M P B E L L STA R R " U' ^ o, u w S u ,, d,, d, IS alter nig any individuals except those who 'cr telaiivcly long periods of tin-. |,avt' " irked m an atmosphere where the air " h id , they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. I-aahhoorr in a broad,f slol,cCial[ Ja' nd edceopnaormtmicenptroobf lem such as this has its origin in the Omanic Act, elective March -1, 1913. which crim ed !!;?, departm ent. This act, among other ilulv S,',o''fCS/ IC n c p a r " ,,ci,t <,r Labor the ve if aarre! ooff t!lhe w' apgr0e,neoaUrni-er:sm<ol f dtehveeloUpnittehde h,l' ....... O r Jirofit. \Villt tins in mind, and believin" that I'rmigh jomt effort of all concerned"much ould he do.ie to eliminate thc hazard, the cen (ary of Labor called together in Wash- 260 M ol Ilio hazard il,,, " ,at mil sili,-,,,;, ,| n , ' nr sf bc ' U n i t e d workers ,vl,() ,,ow , ' <j!' " 'l>C(l out. Ms Com| oronro were iin.,ll',IIW!' `.'l , *K: m!u:<>- lhc w oi,,,,,o`, S 2 V : n |,''l' ' t'Mlin-,'r , S,,f l ,y C,,,,,,r m for the conversion ,., . and c i ,, e , r i i " 'f i " , tiaClS ,,,c m Va r <l Prevention, an.! i,, dm l, ~ d " 'f,rk'in `" 'I reenlatorv ph.-.M-s l(1I h ' '1'- '" ' " ranee 'P'alc w orkmen's .... ' '''U'lr' 1 a<lc- -- fily u n d e r b i d i ; . ' 7 " '" ' " P r a c a'le<|iiatel_v take care of t|,,? " " d ' ' " lem. 1,1 lllL sikcosis proh- inn acts oT,/n S u t e s ,MS tllC C0M,I'CMsn- -IS Stales 'TheT)'" r ' ,0pLTali-'" ui,l, tllc Jv trT C ^ co,P" >sory. lar dust diseases 0t' U h ' )r W an<1 si" " - ` "0 or s S ihCr0m:P? ' `i0- ,'t'l'VCC" '= plates, tlic laws] rules `a ,!?" . Vario,,s Hie several States should I r e s i'k}t'ns of Practicable. ` bc as " 'form as Should Be Insured lion for compc'Lit,ion',citbeVUrt L o S lbrcc sub-1,eadi,ms - (n V ,' " 'n into "'c Preparation of reasons) I A " ,sta" cc '" codes, rules and 4 "aide and adequate methods o f p r e v e n t i o n ^ ' 0" 5- Prcscrib;"ff . establishment of equitable ,Ma,.,CC 'orh-men's compensation ^ S `intar<f s of ployees disabled as a r i ^r ^ 105e cm(3) a tenoral n , .result f the disease sw. 0 ; . t s s r 1 "'osr" 1,lat thev will he In ln? Cclors, etc. so su rance institution. autI,onzcd in- ,4 " TM " ......... ^ f t s a a t lnp''ls as" ,o proper s- ,. C alC rc,luiTM- I'ons. and pavs the . " orl'"'K condi l i . i ` ' L Premiums mvolverl Follows Two Lines 1lus application program Wllint; under w a v L i , . " cb ,s J" st alf," ,if < Prit,ripai || IU-s co" ' " ' p''ccd " r Pradicai informali,',,' ' J llc compiline ^ S S S S i^ V ^ S i a , d rarf. 'M'Cnsaii#n payinciils control installati/, . u .>" ccr"'.''n actual ........ , . h n * x s I'""S as Io cost noi n,,, . t "" /'" " PProxima- :,l<" f mainlriiancc of ' d / 1 " Ista,,al'0n. Imt ('Vi'l''0i'olrr.Il i n ! i ^ / T , , I| f iCT-,i n,in " 'Pnl ' fieli pl.ants ( 7) -, rr,,1,ro l.c,|iii|.- i-dncation siipplcnienlin--' fi, v,s,,al jury. 1\vo Wars is '" " '"'ion period .... -- accidental ,,. a fnrr7 u n .!!,l:!e- n,i,,i'"' F"r,h" A" ', 2 i"u` f 1" 1! ronumttee reports f /ho V a r M'nT i*"'1 cosis t.oni'ereiK-e li ; -'alio,ini Sili- "> lichl suol, n/crlin r i tCm,,Iat l1 ,h;" "> s-hties posters. ilhistraied I/i"ll/",'''S' ,n" l t r " '-c ntili/cd. l-'nrther I, cll`- ih varions vxhlblts ,, '"U ,,n w a'<"> u-iih the " o,,, ,r,, '"cetn.Ks. Inhor and J l; ass'c,.iti,,,, "u-etin.es, ete il h n ; V <,,l''""'zation 1 " n"TM' s' j v, "y -|alt<[ " (lit f'ichtal inform ati,;,, V "|| ' he ' | " ,al '" '-ni w.-ivs and ,,lean- f ` ' '" ''"'i'U-' ' ' " f r d a n d 'o f c s f a h l i " d , . " f o r w , i , , !t H*c , " s s .. . J-ollmviiiK ||,e address |,v e- r" ' |u<l laide disrussion f Ml' -S ' a r r a of "nlstandin.tr Steam Railroad-Meet1 1 1 i>` o W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON. SESSION October 13, 1937 \ v ' " 1 T V " " ' Vi,` '"'I 1. - r , 1er l.v W \V .. ............ ............. . TM i <.0 j m , ,, V k ! i ' : The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety B y J- M. SYM ES A m e r i c a t ^ R a d x o a d n gton^ l| A ssciation of Vo industryv in (ilmie wVVmMfrjM,i . is s a s s i network c n , " a v ir>' S late, Over h CX,'ans,c of `'e United M U i , , , , ' t r a i l , !" r fn ' v PCr;Ucd tcrinin;,I operations are L i s s a r W o ' ^ k aM<l the hoKiimimr o f a l0 make up I'cndaliilitv; grades *uwl i eliminated or reduced - i ^ lavc hcc heen modernised 1 ' s n `l systems itav powerful locomotives e 1 ' C'v a,lli mri safetv ( l e W r ^ l ave K aC'`,S 3,1 m odcn p r O m t l , S i l i a n d ^ ' T ' 1350'11 " c" installed. 'J'iiis Vandal P* Ul' cr' *l:ivc heen has cost t||C railroad- '"hTM'vtnent program ? ,,d .ods, :i,,d lo break up ^ t X end o f ' " ! C m5*S| 1 ^ % ',TM ]^ ' accmu!aic million pn*scn"crs an Carry i0n freiRlit anni,Mb'" '",hr"i tons of tars sittce ^ ; n ; d V :m C ," ' t Jol- "1 that hucc sum ln 'l 'TKL IMrt' lf " ot all. million railroad emulo make then, 4 c4 k ' ni0,'C 1,lni1 onc ! r "" " 'C lr*h"- devices arc iiisf'illi-il 1 . 01 dicr S^ri . __ . 1 ....... i.mon. w iM ^ '^ .c 'f i r s V ' r i r - - ' S.,ot,a>'- J alwa.vs liniK ],ui ,*i ;. *.i .u ^ c 1,1 ,a droad ojicra- tir J ' " l ' ] ' r itl,m tl,c liitcen [ear, railrt,4 d lV)1`,'rt'S 'avc " a ......ally in reseaadi ;md 'T.V"-"i d ,,ars expcrinienlint; will, enmnre-'u- 7 ' In all this work s a l v t V i w f 7 '"'"TM' r.f o ... * * 1 5hlSic 'V<inotivc or n r r"" r S ip a sa a S S T . S a r j S f i * ' " A t o m > ; n m ,: r ,, f , ........... .. ||1C 587 -a-'Jtj (UetjtJ : z=rltT- Jhtfssat if ;e, OjtSXCTi = - to ^V rics: n * anf V.i.--,;r.c C-fcr:rrr =.!>.. -<*asas v.:-.i y f ik , yen mus: = c. he ! a Yre --ujt * fc i sbe i r j e r y cf f i T ^ iy te- *-5KMr cr rnlnd. t repeated aa se r. said: esefea Ge'.i 'av SOSX i-< C'l'J ~ *?es rri tinc Si cam luii/rmit/ Media,/ 50. 1 THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 Safety, An Executive Operating Problem B y R. c. W H I T E General M TM r. ^ . R^ ^ : ,b . ' s s n s ttiv r s r * ' Ct 1 ' r r ry' 1',CVC,U * ^ tilc eceP r 0 - neccss^rv1Ito 0mi-e^heCX^ C,IU^tta^ C^ ^ 11' ' ^ ' cratini*f tpulaanntt aa saafffei,'pCl|a,c,,ea,tmocnwao,,rck. a d op- Safety and Efficiency lo be applied has n n d e A .c u n t l \ c measures cm that those factors ,vl!;'C,''CaS!ns!-v a,,Pa r- nccidcnts arc very largely t h e T P r-ducinK " Inch tend to lower th* n * mc lactors of production 'x n T " " * and (la blv safety anti d c tu r l `bough one word. ' :mothcr " a ". *S mSCparaMc as S i s S 2 -5 S | follow throujth must be such tint l , . Leads. s.pcri,,tt-,,.Icm^.-ril,I - or!Vn ""l '" " '"i the suporviKory f o r wili a j ,r T " , , " ! wmd O U C0" S,laM1' "Clive interest in Vu'ctvU1 understand that pa, sivc n , ; ' a f 1 more produce results tluu, J " , . 1 , - ' "crest in production. Su S , ,, ?'T o ^ n d n i n S ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ e t t e y I have Ins individual industrvCSIU.,,IS1 both to "> bic11H1;il.'or;!io r y' rcs" ,rch l? S" C5'i vision that is 1 , ,,l'` ,ls" ,,` mor- "ffcctinK cost and service ,,roM`,ms The executive must fin d t ......... , superintendent's hnmls {o put accident nr ' A complete.factual and descriptive report o f each accident must he made. This must be One ol the main factors -, employees who are l o v ' d - , , STM" 1* S i - 1T Kivc `'-h,pnKntofth(; r S : t : v S d ,tct'ic mtuuh Z ^ ' Problem de in executive'|PC if ? ? r v c individualism comma," o v K E r `hat Wil1 attract an(l on the p a r t o f .II 0 - cooperative effort tation ' ,0 Pr<ull,cc rail iranspor- " r major concern is leadership-leader-