Document 06JQxE2X9X6v5ObyMvoKqrJgx

FILE NAME: Owens Illinois Library (OWL) DATE: 1932 DOC#: OWLOIO DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Abstracts from The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE EDITORS DAVID L. EDSALL, M. D.f S. D.. United States EDGAR L. COLLIS, M. D.. M. R. C. S., Great Britain VOLUME XIV JANUARY, 1932--DECEMBER, 1932 PUBLISHED BY HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Boston, Mass. 246 T H E JO U R NA L OF IN D U ST R IA L H Y G IEN E FAQ Ankylostomiasis in a mining camp, campaign against (Garin, Rousset andGonthier)..................................... 12 Anthracene, color tests for, etc. (Ekkert)............................................... 37 Anthracosis, chronic cardiac lung in intense (Preuschoff).......................... 202 presenting curious bodies similar to those in asbestosis (Cooke).............. 225 pulmonary and tuberculosis (Stassen). 9 pulmonary, cardiac insufficiencv, in complete Addison's disease (Sisto). 222 Anthraquionon, etc., color tests for (Ekkert).............................................. 37 Anthrax, human, on the frequency of (Schmitz and Wlelach)...................... 174 treatment with specific serum (Cheremushkina).............................. 13 Antibodies, studies on the effects of industrial poisons (Lead) on the production of (Bickert).................... 224 Arsenic acid, manufacture of sodium arsenate and (Bellon)........................ 134 chronic poisoning, exanthems in (Ullmann)........................................... 29 estimation of, in excretion, hair, and nails (Schwartz and Deckert)............ 134 occupational dermatoses due to (Lapysheff)......................................... 92 poisoning, dermatitis due to (Leoncini)............................................ 176 Arsenical insecticides, relative toxicity of some fluorides and (Smyth and Smyth Jr.)....................... 224 poisoning, recognition and treatment (Leschke)...............................................205 Arseniuretted Hydrogen, a clinical survey of poisoning by (Kogan)___167 Arsine poisoning in smelting industry (Koch)................................................. 29 poisoning, unusual case of (Kremer).. 134 Asbestos, dust and asbestosis bodies from lungs of an asbestos worker (Cooke)........................................... 66 methods of suppressing dust in, textile factories................................. 10 industry regulations of Great Britain, 1931....................................................... 191 Asbestos-like Bodies in lungs of coal miner (Tylecote and D unn).. . . ___ 66 Asbestosis bodies and bodies in silico- anthracosis (Cooke).......................... 225 body(G loyne)........................................ 225 of tne lung (Gerbis and Ucko)............. 173 pulmonary (Beintker).......................... 120 pulmonary (Kruger, Rostoski, and Saupe).................................................. 144 pulmonary (Sparks)................................ 225 pulmonary, complicated by pulmo nary tuberculosis (Wood and Gloyne)............................................... 66 two cases (Stewart, Bucher, and Coleman)............................................. 143 Asphyxia, blood chemistry of (Schrenk, Patty and Y a n t)............ 135 metabolism in (Cordier, Magne and Mayer)................................................. 43 Asphyxia, variations in acid-base ei|ui ' * librium during (Cordier, Magne u..- Mayer)......................................... resuscitation from and prevention of pneumonia by COj (Henderson \ Atmosphere, see Air. Atmospheric pollution--and a positive cure for the smoke nuisante. (Evans)........ ................... ............. pollution analysis (Green).................. >, pollution in Bordeaux (Lamarque).. . -r, Automobile exhaust gas, see gas, auto- mobile exhaust. Automobiles, necessary fitness for driving (Coppez)............................... 6| Bacteria, atmospheric, action of humidity upon (Rochaix)................ 180 Bakers, allergic dermatitis, from ammonium persulphate (Hansman). 14 Bakers' dermatitis from activators containing persulphates (Bad- ham)................................................. 176 eczema and its causes (Teleky and Zitzke)................................................ 215 eczema, contribution to knowledge of (van Vonno)................................. 14 Barium Fluosilicate, toxicity of in secticide containing (Smyth and Smyth, Jr.)......................... 224 Barometer, aneroid, as an aid to im provement of atmospheric condi- tions in deep workings. (L aw ton)... 3r, Bengal, report on administration of Indian Factories Act in, 1930 (McBride)........................................ 200 Benzene intoxication, grave anemia in pregnant women from (Bren- de&u)................................................... 84 naphthalene, etc., color tests for (Ekkert).............................................. 37 poisoning, chronic, a case of (Hay- hurst and Neiswander)..................... 3 Benzine, determination in air, by means of silica gel (Pigulevskii ana Y akovtzeva)..................................... 30 intoxication with fatal outcome, case of (Nielsen)................................ 135 and benzene, skin permeability with respect to (Lazarew et a l.)............... 4 Benzol....................................................... 114 poisoning, case of (Pulford)................. 135 poisoning, experimental (Muto)......... 16S Bismuth, determination of, colori metric analysis (Teitelbaum).......... 59 B lacksmith, the effect of two work shifts in a smith's trade on the organism of the workman (Krawt- schinsky) ............................................. 97 Blacksmith's and glassworker's cata ract, histologic changes in the lamella and capsule of (V ogt).......... 41 Bladder, on prophylaxis of tumors of, among aniline and tar workers (Sieben).............................................. 84 Blast-furnace tar, tumours of the skin produced by (Bonser)............... 196 [Blood, effect of industrial wor', T. acid-base equilibrium of Kr I; schinsky).................................... gas content and alkalinity of arterial blood of rabbits du carbon monoxide poiso: (Kamci)...................................... gas content and alkalinity of arterial blood of dogs during bon monoxide poisoning (Kame pressure, dynamics of, under fluence of physical work (Mint Bernstein and Sulgin)............... sugar during and after work (Cl tensen)........................................ [B oilerMakers, occupational dise r of................................................. [B ombay, diet and maternity condit p of women workers in (Talpade). Bones, lead content of human (Bart lead content of human (Bartn)... roentgenologic and anatomic cha in, in lead poisoning (Caffey)... Boot and shoe industry, investiga; among "pounders up" in (G ja h n )......................................... and shoe industry, prevention o jury to health from "pounding machines (Gerbis, Gros, Me Brodnitz, and Robinson).......... Bordeaux, atmospheric pollutior (Lamarque)................................ Brass and bronze foundries, poisoning in (Pedley and Ward) Bronchial Glands, silica in, in monary silicosis (Leulter Policard).................................... Brucella eruption among veteri: surgeons (Haxthausen and Tl. sen )............................................. Brush Industry, Baden, social giene in (Brandt)....................... Burns (Riehl)......... ! ....................... electric shock and (McGandy). .. and scalds (Lloyd)........................ changes in blood sugar and h acid caused by (Slocum Lightbody)................................. treatment by physical the: (Peck)......................................... treatment of, with dry hot (Karpov).................................... Busmen, rheumatism in (Lorn (Nairn)................ ...................... Cadmium, the colorimetric deteror. tion of (Fairhall and Prodan)... Cancer, see also Tumors. and occupation (Jakobsen).......... atypical epithelial growths in lungs induced by coal tar (Gars and Pigalew)............................. aniline and tar, prophylaxis (Sieben)...................................... chimneysweeps' (Dutschke)....... increase of, in the lung (Lipschitz 10 TH E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE on sensitized human respiratory mech anism; and (5) search for tubercle bacilli in sputum. Interested readers are referred to the abstract in the American Review of Tuberculosis.-- E. 0. Methods fob Suppressing D ust in Asbestos Textile Factories. Home Office Report. H. M . Sta tionery Office, 1931. Embodied in this report are a series of agreements between employers and inspectors as to danger points and methods of dust suppression in textile asbestos factories. The report is well illustrated throughout by diagrams and also by photographs of actual plants. The danger from asbestos dust has raised new and difficult problems in ventilation for dust suppression. These problems can, however, be sur mounted by the use of modern ap pliances; but time m ust elapse before the dust danger in this industry can be brought under control. The in terest in this report is the demonstra tion it gives of the advances which have taken place in recent years in the technic of locally applied exhaust venti lation for suppressing any dust hazard. --E. L. C. Silicosis m South Africa. A Symposium on the Histo-Pathology, Pathological Anatomy and Radiol ogy of the D isease. F. W. Simson, A . S. Strackan, and L.G . Irvine. Proe. Transvaal Mine Medical Officers' Assn., Special Supplement, 1931, vol. 10, no. 118 , pp. 44. Three papers are presented here in order to set out plainly the conclusions arrived a t by South African experts relative to the pathologic types which are associated with different combint- tions of silicosis and tuberculosa Simple silicosis starts in lymphoid tissue, which occurs anatomically along the air passages rather than U blood vessels; it is instigated by tfct arrival in this tissue of phagocyte carrying silica particles. A silicotic islet forms enlarging into a nodule oa a whorled plan. Such nodules msj coalesce with neighboring ones, ani form a fibroid mass; they are general]} distributed fairly evenly throughout both lungs. Should tuberculous infection occur simultaneously with the dust inhat tion, the fibrous formation is usually more rapid and more massive; further, it shows a tendency for the center! the nodule to become necrotic. Thh pathologic condition is called infective silicosis; but it may progress slowly over years, during which the patient appears in fair health and experiences no toxic symptoms. Finally such a case becomes one of overt tuberculosa Should the tuberculous infection he present before the dust is inhaled, the tendency is for similar infective nod ules to occur; but their distribution it isolated and not symmetrical, depend ing upon the sites of original infection. When, however, the tuberculous in fection is superimposed upon simplr silicosis, caseous tuberculosis may he found surrounding the fibrous nodule* which in themselves show little siga of necrosis; this condition is usually one of overt tuberculosis from thi commencement of infection. 1-I.-* An opportunity arose for correlating [ pathologic findings with clinical symp-f toms and X-ray shadows from 400 c in which a clinical examination radiograph had been taken within i ABSTRACTS sooths of death. An explanation is natic (rrn of the classification used in judg- ings. s* radiographs. F irst comes general slow oborization, then slight mottling less which gradually becomes coarse; all metr thne are shown by simple silicosis, succi Ihe presence of active tuberculous M or Section is indicated by cloudy shad- histc rws, usually localized.--E. L. C. Pr Silicosis. E . L. Collis. BuR. and !{yg., April, 1931, vol. 6, pp. 305-313. F ou; This is a good general review of th e Korr abject, short and to th e point. Gewe There are no references in th e text, T i but an excellent bibliography is ap - exar pended.--P. D. an ii rays Fibrosis of the Lungs in South to tl Coast Coal Miners, N ew South of li Vales. K . R. Moore and C. Badham. perst halth, Commonwealth of Australia, N on t&l, vol. 9, pp. 33-40. atth The results are reported of examin- cripl iag 471 coal miners with not less than and ten years' experience below ground, van The inquiry was made to ascertain the The influence on the lungs of mine dust issai before stone dusting was p u t into prao- sand lice. Fibrosis was found in 25.9 per 79 p< cent.; it increased with length of ex- T l posure, attaining 40.8 per cent, for four; men with over th irty years' industrial did history. The fibrosis among these forty South Coast coal miners in radiographs over hows as a fine-grained type diffused work generally over the lungs; occasionally five It is coarser where ar'in fectiv e elem ent two ii present. I t resembles the findings cent, of asbestosis rather th an silicosis; and on . ii in aejeord with other findings among fath. coal miners (see T his J our., 1931, wori red. 13, p. 19). Estim ations of dis- iron lability among such miners with fibrosis tub Bust depend more upon clinical exami- men ABSTRACTS 11 sooths of death. An explanation is pirn of the classification used in judgag radiographs. First comes general arborization, then slight mottling hich gradually becomes coarse; all these are shown by simple silicosis. The presence of active tuberculous Section is indicated by cloudy shad* cj, usually localized.--E. L. C. Silicosis. E . L . Collis. Bull, tlyg., April, 1981, vol. 6, pp. 805-818. This is a good general review of the object, short and to th e point. There are no references in th e text, tut an excellent bibliography is ap pended.--P. D. Fibrosis op the Lungs in South Coast Coal M iners, N ew South Wales. K . R. Moore and C. Badham. Iftallh, Commonwealth of Australia, 1M1, vol. 9, pp. 88-40. The results are reported of examin ing 471 coal miners with not less than ten years' experience below ground. The inquiry was made to ascertain the influence on the lungs of mine dust before stone dusting was p u t into prac tice. Fibrosis was found in 25.9 per cent.; it increased with length of ex posure, attaining 40.8 per cent, for men with over thirty years' industrial history. The fibrosis among these South Coast coal miners in radiographs ihows as a fine-grained type diffused generally over the lungs; occasionally it is coarser where a"'infective element is present. I t resembles the findings sf asbestosis rather than silicosis; and is in accord with other findings among coal miners (see T his J our., 1931, vol. 13, p. 19). Estimations of dis ability among such miners with fibrosis atust depend more upon clinical exami nations than upon radiographic find ings. The onset of the condition is slower and any disability caused is less definite than fibrosis among the metalliferous miners; no tendency to succumb to tuberculosis was apparent. More knowledge as to pathology and histology is desired.--E. L. C. Pneumonokoniosis, T uberculosis, and Social Conditions in Iron Foundry Workers in Vienna. B . Komissamk. Arch. f . Gewerbepath. u Gewerbehyg., 1981, vol. 8, no. 1. This is a report on the results of examining a group of forty workers in an iron foundry clinically and by Xrays, and also of questioning them as to their family history and conditions of living. There were altogether 153 persons employed a t the foundry. None who had less than ten years' work a t the foundry were examined. A des cription is given of the process of casting and the cleaning of castings, and the various materials used are enumerated. The most important injurious factor is sand dust, and according to Collis the sand used in molding contains almost 79 per cent, of silica (SiOj). The men worked for nine and threefourths hours on five days a week and did no work on Saturdays. Of the forty examined half were from 51 to over 60 years of age; thirteen had worked from thirty-one to forty years, five from forty-one to fifty years, and two over fifty years. About 95 per cent, had been employed continuously on dusty work. In twelve cases the fathers of the men examined had also worked a t the foundry and had livedfrom 75 to 84 years; none had died of tuberculosis. According to the state ments of the workers there were only 66 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ABSTRACTS with suitable selected rotative speeds, gave a uniform dust concentration in a particular zone with a fluctuation of 4 per cent. 4. The dust concentration in the central zone was greater than the concentrations at exterior points; such nonuniform vertical distribution was an advantageous condition in those cases where we wished to have different constant dust concentrations.--T. H. Pneumonokoniosis in its Clini cal Aspects and its Significance as an Industrial Disease. W. Brednow. Abstr. from Klin. Wchnschr., July 19, 1930, vol. 9, p. 1363, in A m . Rev. Tubere., No., 1931, vol. 34, p. 113. This is a review and discussion pro voked by the recent German ordi nance which offers compensation for severe cases of pneumonokoniosis. In terested readers are referred to the abstract in the American Review of Tuberculosis.--E. O. Asbestos D ust and Asbestosis Bodies from the Lungs of an Asbes tos Worker. W. E. Cooke. Jour. Stale Med., Sept., 1931, vol. 39, pp. 644~ 648. Asbestosis bodies are composed of a colloidal covering upon a slender fila ment of asbestos fiber, upon which the covering is adsorbed. The nuclei of the bodies consist of spicules of biotite. The author ascribes to the iron present in asbestos the reaction which occurs, and maintains th a t some sol uble fraction of asbestos leads to the formation of the asbestosis bodies, and th at this chemical action plays its part in the production of pulmonary fibrosis.--E. L. C. Case of Asbestos-Like Bodies : the Lungs of a Coal-Miner Had N ever Worked in Asbest* F. E. Tylecote and J . S. Dunn. Lav* Sept. 19,1931, vol. 3, pp. 633-633. Details are given of the patholf* condition found in a fatal case chronic fibroid tuberculosis of tV lungs in a man who had worked at coal miner. He had never been posed to asbestos dust; neverthok* bodies were found in the lungs nsembling those which originate fromt> haling asbestos dust. They simulai them in size and in general sha;* and had rounded swellings at thee ends; the color was similar; and the* contained free iron abundantly. Be they were coarser and less regain th an asbestos bodies, and possessed i black core of opaque material. TV authors suggest th a t these bod resulted from minute fragments d some iron containing mineral, whkt were inhaled into th lungs, and undowent chemical change under the in fluence of th e tissue fluids; hence re suited the formation of a peripheral lamination from the iron contain) part. The interest of these bodiei is their occurrence apart from exposan to asbestos.--E. L. C. / ^ P ulmonary Asbestosis Compiicated by Pulmonary T uberculosb. W . B. Wood and S. R. Gloyne. L cel, Oct. 31,1931, vol. 3, pp. 964-956. The point under discussion ii whether asbestosis predisposes to pul- ,,J monary tuberculosis in the same my .Jj th a t does silicosis. Information il given concerning a total of fifty-seven cases of asbestosis, twelve of which^ showed evidence of tuberculosis. The; information gathered is not held ln | conclusive as to whether either T he - edition prepares the way for th e by a n ' -r; nor does it negative either gives > : m-stion. B u t it does definitely chemic - i-.catc th a t both diseases can be expens i'~cnt simultaneously. The article made l *<>f value in presenting concisely the .imptoms and physical signs of tinim plicated asbestosis, as follows: Irritable cough, scanty expectora- No. Grindii Anal :>'H, shortness of breath, progressing AltO o!t distressing dyspnoea on th e slight*. exertion, pains in th e chest and decline in weight, often followed by ntreme emaciation. The complexion `earthy.' Cyanosis is usually b u t SiO>.. FeiOj MgO CaO Na,0 Krf). sot invariably present. Clubbing, if TiO, present, is of slight degree. On auscul tation, fine dry crackles are usually To. heard over th e lung bases posteriorly, and in th e axillary regions. Fine pleural friction i3 often heard. Pertwsion m ay reveal some im pairm ent ofresonance a t the lung bases. N ega tive points are the absence of haemop Labi practie highly . No. Grind Ana) tysis--except perhaps an occasional trace of colour in the sputum --and th e SiC.. SiOt light degree of expectoration. Spu tum examination reveals th e charac teristic asbestosis bodies. X -ray examination shows a diffuse fine fibrora affecting chiefly th e lung bases while sparing the lung apices and infraclavicular regions." These char S i... AltO, FejO MgO CaO Na,0 K ,0 TiO, acteristics sharply dif&rentiate th e condition from those commonly asso ciated w ith tuberculosis.--E. L. C. Danger to H ealth from Grind. stone D ust with Special R eference to ^Artificial Stones and Silicosis. Menslage. Abstr. as follows from Zenfclralbl.f. Gewerbehyg., M ay, 1931, N . S . T( Lab< terial i part o. feldsp; during the fre the fr<cent. ,d. 8, pp. 133-135, in BuU. Hyg., Od., A i \im ,vol.6,P .745. differi ABSTRACTS 67 - conclusive as to whether either - lit ion prepares the way for the '-r; nor does it negative either , motion. B ut it does definitely ::o.'ite that both diseases can be --*cnt simultaneously. The article of value in presenting concisely the -riptoms and physical signs of un-'nplicated asbestosis, as follows: iTitable cough, scanty expectora. n, shortness of breath, progressing os distressing dyspnoea on the slight- exertion, pains in the chest and Wline in weight, often followed by rrt.rcme emaciation. The complexion 'earthy.' Cyanosis is usually but sot invariably present. Clubbing, if present, is of slight degree. On auscul tation, fine dry crackles are usually beard over the lung bases posteriorly, and in the axillary regions. Fine pleural friction is often heard. Per cussion m ay reveal some impairment at resonance a t the lung bases. Nega tive points are the absence of haemop tysis--except perhaps an occasional trace of colour in the sputum--and the slight degree of expectoration. Spu tum examination reveals the charac teristic asbestosis bodies. X-ray examination shows a diffuse fine fibrons affecting chiefly the lung bases while sparing the lung apices and infraclavicular regions." These char acteristics sharply differentiate the condition from those commonly asso ciated with tuberculosis.--E. L. C. Danger to Health from Grind stone Dust with Special Reference to Artificial Stones and Silicosis. Menslage. Abslr. as follows from Zentnlbl.f. Gewerbehyg., May, 1981, N . S. ol. 8, pp. 188-185, in Bull. Hyg., OcL, 1881, vol. 6, p. 745. The value of this article, written by an engineer, lies in the analysis he gives of artificial grindstones. Such chemical analyses are difficult and expensive. The three he cites were made by a German-American firm. No. 1. Binding material: ceramic. Grinding material: artificial carborundum. Analysis of the fired wheel: A1,0,.............................................. SiOi................................................ FejOj.................................... MgO............................................... CaO.............................................. N a,0.............................................. K0................................................ TiO,............................................... % 83.29 11.14 0.83 0.48 0.62 0.25 0.70 2.69 Total........................................ 100.00 Laboratory remarks: Free silica can be practically excluded in a normal, i.e., highly fired stone. No. 2. Binding material: ceramic. Grinding material: silicon carbide. Analysis of the fired wheel: SiC........................... .................. SiO,.......................... .................. Si.............................. ................. A1,0<........................ ......... . F ejO j...................... .................. MgO......................... .................. CaO......................... ................... Na0........................ .................. K ,0 .......................... .................. TiO,......................... .................. % 81.50 12.67 0.85 2.89 0.54 0.18 0.27 0.29 0.83 0.07 Total..................... .................. 100.09 Laboratory remarks: The binding ma terial contains feldspar and quartz; some part of the total silica contained in the feldspar is free silica. The heat reactions during firing dissolve some, but not all, of the free silica so that in the finished stone the free silica amounts to about 3.55 per cent. A third analysis (in essentials not differing widely from those detailed) 120 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE to show the different effects individual been expected from the quartz doc dusts have on the lung tissues. The owing to the high content of free (0 rabbits were placed in a special in and therefore its harmlessness cu* halation chamber, into which the dust as a surprise. I t seems, however, ib was introduced from below. The dust Smith and Collis have previous was thoroughly mixed with air by shown th a t this harmlessness may !* passing an interm ittent air current due to a considerable admixture irr) through a series of three glass cylin aluminium oxide, and Heffemaa b ders, the dust being p u t in the first. shown the same among quartz wortri The dust concentration was generally in Derbyshire. The failure of wb> from 60 to 80 mg. per cubic m eter of lead dust to produce pulmonary tub? air. Inhalations lasting from one-half culosis was due to the great solubilityd to one hour a day were continued for this dust in the lung tissues.--A. J.C three and one-half to five m onths; then the animals were killed and the lungs examined both macroscopically and microscopically. T he results are ar ranged in three series: (1) the effects of dust from steel grinding, and from porcelain, coal, chalk, and soot; (2) the effects from cement, tobacco, and schist dusts; and (3) the effects from limestone, quartz, basic slag, white lead, and cotton textile dusts. The greatest development of pul monary tuberculosis was caused by the ^ P ulmonary Asbestosis. E. Bete her. Abstr. as follows from Arch. / Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 1931, vol. 2, pp. 845-358, in Butt. Hyg., Dee, 1981, vol. 6, pp. 862-868. The author records two cases, wifi postmortem examination, of pulmonary asbestosis occurring in a factory con cerned with the crushing, cleansing and spinning of asbestos anti the manu facture of insulation materials. dust from grinding steel, and the next from porcelain and schist dusts, all of which contain much free silica. In spite of its high content of silica, quartz was found essentially harmless. Basic slag, coal, soot, and limestone were only slightly injurious. Cement, tex tile, and tobacco dusts were almost noninjurious, and the same may be said for white lead dust and chalk dust (Ca(OH)*), the latter of which might almost be regarded as a therapeutic agent. These results agree generally with statistics of diseases, and where variations occur they can be explained by special circumstances, such as care The first had been exposed to asbefta dust from 1902 to 1922, and from 1922, wha symptoms first appeared, until his death a 1929 as a porter. On X-ray examinatioi the heart shadow was increased in diametw and the lung roots showed enlargemest. The lung fields showed diffuse shadowni with small nodules about the size of a mOkl seed. These appearances were on the wbob most marked in the left lower lobe. Thi patient died of heart failure. Histoloffe examination of the lung showed increase is connective tissue and extensive inflsmn tion of the lung, together with ashestosh bodies. The exposure in the second case began is 1900. There was a long period of dyspnea and the patient finally died of heart failmal The X-ray appearances were chiefly con ful vocational selection, the employ fined to the lower lobes. m ent of many juveniles, and home work under bad housing conditions. A high In discussing the formation of tktl rate of pulmonary tuberculosis had asbestosis bodies, the author is ill ABSTRACTS *rccmcnt with the general opinion that they are formed from the asbestos iber in situ in the body tissues, probiMy as the result of a biochemical irtion with silica contained in the raw oatcrial. H e attributes the diffuse Aaracter of the X-ray shadowing to the fact th a t the asbestos fibers penetnte impartially throughout the lung usme and are not aggregated tojrther as they are in the other forms of licosis. H e believes th a t th e asbrstos loses its magnesium portion a the tissues and th a t pure silica remains, which stimulates the formation cf connective tissue. In conclusion, the author notes th a t ubestosis of the lung differs from silicosis in its radiologic picture as well as in anatomic findings, in th a t th e connective tissue increase is very diffusely distributed. I t is arranged in nodules in silicosis, whereas in asbestosis it is distributed lung. The picture app distribution lung tissue, asbestos fibc tissues pro] developmen reach the tis the accumu ing material the X-ray i cosis, inclucl so much on ened tissues lung. Diff give the sa the radiolot lar distrib the fibrosis in asbestos down of th fibers into : OCCUPATIONAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE TREATMENT, AND PREVE. Discussion on the Present-D ay Position of P neumonia on the Mixes. A .Sm ith,F .D aubenton,P .A . Peall, L. I . Coleman, and H . Q. F. Thompson. Abstr. as follows from Jour. Med. Assn. So. Africa, 1981, vol. 5, pp. 889-896, in Butt. Hyg., Nov., 1931, vol. 6, p. 807. This is a report of a meeting held a t Johannesburg in May, 1931. D r. A. Smith, who read^/ne first paper, said that since 1923 pneumonia h ad steadily increased despite the. use of Lister's pnepmonia vaccine. Since 1928 tho prophylactic vaccination of new recruits bad been given up a t most of the mines, 1is it was considered th a t a new type of .pneumococcus had developed, and its 1discontinuance did not seem to have any ill effec cases increr to the inctaken on t! rence of inf' ters. Whil causes had mortality creased. Dr. Dav the incident Rand and 1 and the ca on the Ra< p ercent, in 40 per ceThere werbling lobar in from tv ABSTRACTS 121 rmnent with the general opinion Ast they are formed from the asbestos S'or in situ in the body tissues, probiMy as the result of a biochemical ittion with silica contained in the raw sstcrial. He attributes the diffuse Aaracter of the X-ray shadowing to the fact th at the asbestos fibers pene trate impartially throughout the lung t<ue and are not aggregated to other as they are in the other forms of licosis. He believes that the asbcstos loses its magnesium portion a the tissues and that pure silica resums, which stimulates the formation cf connective tissue. In conclusion, the author notes that libestosis of the lung differs from sili cons in its radiologic picture as well as in anatomic findings, in that the con nective tissue increase is very diffusely distributed. It is arranged in nodules in silicosis, whereas in asbestosis it is distributed diffusely throughout the lung. The actual morbid anatomy picture appears to depend upon the distribution of the asbestos fibers in the lung tissue, and it is assumed that the asbestos fibers which gain access to the tissues probably do not begin their development into bodies until they reach the tissues. They are apparently the accumulation of the silica contain ing material. The author believes that the X-ray picture in all types of sili cosis, including asbestosis, depends not so much on the quantity of the thick ened tissues as on its distribution in the lung. Diffuse distribution does not give the same intensity of shadow to the radiologic picture as does the nodu lar distribution. He suggests that the fibrosis of the lung tissue develops, in asbestosis, through the breaking down of the material of the asbestos fibers into silica.--S. R. G. OCCUPATIONAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: OCCURRENCE, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION Discussion on the Present-Day Position of Pneumonia on the Mines. A. Smith, F. Davbenton, P. A. Peall, L. I. Coleman, and H. Q. F. Thompson. Abstr. as follows from Jour. Med. Assn. So. Africa, 1981, vol. S, pp. 889-896, in Bull. Hyg., Nov., 1931, vol 6, p. 807. This is a report of a meeting held at Johannesburg in May, 1931. Dr. A. Smith, who read*/ne first paper, said that since 1923 pneumonia had steadily increased despite the. use of Lister's pneumonia vaccine. Since 1928 the prophylacticvaccination ofnewrecruits had been given up at most of the mines, as it was considered that a new type of pneumococcus had developed, and its discontinuance did not seem to have any ill effect. In 1930 the number of cases increased owing, it was believed, to the increase in the new laborers taken on that year, and to the occur rence of influenza in overcrowded quar ters. While the mortality from other causes had decreased of recent years, mortality from pneumonia had in creased. Dr. Daubenton called attention to the incidence rate of 3 per cent, for the Rand and 1 per cent, in other countries, and the case mortality of 11 per cent, on the Rand compared with over 20 per cent, in Britain and between 30 and 40 per cent, in the United States. There were a number of cases resem bling lobar pneumonia whichcleared up in from two to three days. These he 142 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE two could any histologic evidence of infiltration be discovered. Changes in the Liver in Rabbits with T ar Cancer. A . Babes. A bstr. as follows from Bull. Assn, fran. pour Vtude du cancer, 1931, vol. 20, p. J$0, in Am . Jour. Cancer, Jan., 19S2, vol. 16, p .7 . The author has already described de generation and necrosis of the paren chyma in the liver of rabbits which die during the first ten days of tarring, and proliferation of the hepatic cells in those th a t live more than ten days (Bull. Assn, fran. pour l'tude du can cer, 1929, vol. 18, p. 328). These lesions are constant and very pro nounced. In the present paper he records the changes found in this organ among thirteen rabbits that survived tar painting long enough for seven of them to develop carcinoma. These were, in brief, very active proliferation of the parenchymal cells and a hyper trophy affecting particularly their nuclei, the two processes being generally more intense in rabbits with cancer ani increasing in proportion to the develop ment of the tumor. The author regards this alteration i< equivalent to th a t proliferative procw* in the tarred skin which precedes tb* appearance of cancer, and is inclined to attribute both to one common cause. Together with somewhat similar oc currences in the spleen these prolifera tive changes are an expression of some still unknown stimulus which tar in appropriate doses exerts upon the cell* of the organism, and especially upon those of the epidermis. The development of ta r cancer in particular, and of cancer in general, may thus be considered, in part, as an outcome of some constitutional condi tion. DUST HAZARDS AND TH EIR EFFECTS 5 r <\ ! nt ait I ^ 'ta j fa *.jor ho Thi oft : a its Sal ad !m pal toe mr ten pla. > T he Impinger D ust Sampling tively rapid rate of 28.3 liters (1 cubic bui Apparatus as Used by the United foot) per minute. The dust is caught inc States P ublic H ealth Service. L. in a liquid medium in which it may Greenburg and J . J . Bloomfield. V. S. then be counted and analyzed micro lioi Pub. Health Rep., March 18, 1982, vol. scopically, gravimetrically, and chemi bov 47, pp. 664-675. cally. Three forms of the instrument hr? The object of the present contribu are described: the electrically driven, a tion has been to describe the design the compressed air driven, and a hand and construction of an apparatus for actuated form. Photographs and the sampling of atmospheric particu drawings of the apparatus have been late m atter. This device, known as provided. the impinger apparatus, possesses the The results of the sampling of vari advantage of high dust catching effi ous dusts, as well as of chromic acid ciency when sampling air over the full mists and lead fumes, are cited in order range of dustiness (from relatively pure to show the range over which this outdoor air to th a t found in very dusty instrument may be used.--Author? coal mining operations) at the rela Summary. ABSTRACTS 143 Safety Codes for the Prevention -r Dust Explosions. U. S. Dept. But. Labor Statistics, Bull. No. Dec., 1931, pp. 87. The safety codes for the prevention t industrial dust explosions included n this bulletin are the work of a comlittce sponsored by the National Fire >itoction Association and the United 'tntes Department of Agriculture. Hicy have been adopted by the Nainnal Board of Fire Underwriters and hnscn by the American Standards Uvxnation as "American Standards." This publication is an enlarged edition 4the earlier work which was published n Bulletin No. 433 of the United <tatcs Bureau of Labor Statistics. Safety codes are given for the following ntluatries: starch factories, flour and Ttl mills, terminal grain elevators, pulverizing systems for sugar and f-voa, spice grinding plants, wood flour manufacturing, pulverized fuel sys- and coal pneumatic cleaning plants. Methods of prevention are treated itulnr the general headings: location, building construction, electric power 'tul lighting, control and removal of uspended dust, prevention of igni tion, mechanical prNautions, and housekeeping. The use of inert gas for ftrr and explosion prevention is treated tit a separate section, and includes Mails concerning the amount of gas ittjiiired, design of gas supply equip ment, and operation.--T. H. "IJiie Fixation of Mineral Dusts Uf the Human Lung. A. Policard. Bull. hist. appl. d la physiol, et d la path., Dec., 1930, vol. 7, pp. 337-353. Special treatment of lung tissue by hydrochloric acid and by micro-inciner ation discloses that adult lungs, apart from any pneumonokoniosis, contain many particles of soot and a large amount of ash. They represent par ticulate matter inhaled during life. The lungs of adults, but not of infants, are chemically rich in ash, particularly in silica ash. Mineral and silica par ticles are not peculiar to the lungs of miners; and pulmonary sclerosis due to silica is not entirely confined to certain occupations. It is a question of degree. The air of modern towns con tains dust which is inhaled, and the particles which accumulate in the lungs are not always innocuous.-- E. L. C. Pneumonoconiosis: Partial Re view of Literature. IF. L. Cooke. West Virginia Med. Jour., Jan., 1933, vol. 28, p. 19. Asbestosis: Two Cases. H. L. Stewart, C. J . Bucher, and E. H. Cole man. Abstr. as follows from Arch. Path., Dec., 1931, vol. 12, p. 909, in Jour. Am. Med. Assn., March 5,1932, vol. 98, p. 848. Stewart and his associates report two cases of pulmonary asbestosis. In the first case the symptoms were rela tively unimportant. In the second case the disease was concomitant with tuberculosis and, with it, was the cause of death. The similarity be tween some of the features of tubercu losis in childhood and tuberculosis complicated by asbestosis is sug gested. In asbestosis the lung is not the only organ invaded by asbestosis bodies. The authors show that the spleen and lymph nodes may harbor large asbestosis bodies. They believe that from the histories of the cases they report there appears to be a fur- 144 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ther need for study along the lines of prevention of this disease.--C. K. D. Pulmonary Asbestosis. E. K r ger, Rostoski, and Saupe. Abslr. from Arch. f . Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 1931, vol. 2, pp. 558-590, in Bull. Hyg., Dec., 1931, vol. 6, pp. 861-862. After an exhaustive survey of the work on pulmonary asbestosis in other countries, the authors give an account of the work done in Germany together with a short record of cases of the dis ease which have come under their own observation in Dresden. The first record in Germany was a demonstration by Fahr to the Medical Society of Hamburg in 1914 of speci mens and photomicrographs of a case of pneumonokoniosis in an asbestos worker. Fahr mentioned the occur rence of a large number of crystals in the lung but did not describe them more closely. He stated, however, th at they had been seen by Marchand and Riesel in 1906, who had speculated as to whether they were due to the inhalation of asbestos dust or were a hemoglobin derivative. In 1931 B tt ner-Wobst and Trillitzsch described nine cases occurring in two asbestos factories near Dresden. Meanwhile the authors of the present paper had begun to collect cases. They have now examined fifty-two (eighteen male and thirty-four female) workers, of whom thirty showed definite lung changes. A short analysis of the his tory of these cases is given. The longest exposure to the dust was thirty-one years in a worker aged 60. The commonest initial complaint was dyspnea. Cough occurred in 43 cases. Night sweats were recorded in 12 cases. Abdominal complaints were rare but loss of weight in the late stages was found is l instances with rheumatic pains, heads'V and general nervous symptoms. AmongU 34 female cases abortions were recorded s 10. Conjunctivitis was found in 16. ft ryngeal symptoms were not infrequn1 Enlargement of the thyroid was seen on occasions, with definite Basedow symptom in 5. There were 4 cases of kyphosis and< of scoliosis. The pulmonary signs were as folk* The respiratory excursion was diminwhei In 16 cases there were alterations in pern sion note on auscultation at the apri while in the rest diminished breath soun6 with fine rftles, etc., were more marked it the lower lobes. In some cases there * also evidence of pleural thickening. Sputsa was present in 28,12 showing asbestos fiben and 8 asbestosis bodies; there was no bloM, and no tubercle bacilli or elastic fibers couii be found. Cardiac enlargement was noted in 3 instances, 1 case displayed an aortir systolic bruit and 6 a mitral bruit, but the* were apparently compensated lesions. Th* blood pressure was never below 100 and in t cases was between 150 and 170 mm. Tbr hemoglobin in 2 cases fell to between 60and 70 per cent., and in 14 others was betwwt 70 and 80 per cent. Clubbing of the fingrn was noted only once. The urine was fre quently alkaline or neutral (20 instance) traces of albumin were noted in 18 ca?rt A strong urobilinogen reaction (red colon tion with benzaldehyde in the cold) v obtained. For X -ray films the following expo sure d ata are given;focus film distancr 1.5 m., 300 m.A., 45 KV, 0.05 to 0.0 seconds. Especial emphasis is laid on the importance of short exposure. Three stages in the development <4 the radiologic picture are defined: (I) an increase of the normal lung striation with the appearance of a fine network 'often difficult to determine except by a long series of films; (2) a thicker net work with delicate sharply defined spots of opacity (Fleckenschalten); (3) an intensification of this network to ABSTRACTS a shadowy veil covering the Attentio fang. The signs begin to appear and cently don ue most marked in the midzone and tion of ti V'wer lobe areas of the radiologic pic- brought a :ure. The contour of the h e a rt dust durin< hadowbecame ill defined in the second a great d< age. The root shadows were not is found in iffected in this stage b u t showed en- coal dust fargement in the third stage. T h e tissue to ` sfraclavicular areas remained clear th e cond and there was no "snowstorm" appear anthracosi ance such as characterizes th e typical to succui ilicosis film. In six cases signs of infection; obsolete tuberculosis were recognized fact th a t 'primary complex). Tuberculous foci coal dust were generally thicker th an asbestosis ciple of tu foci and more easily distinguished th an condition in other forms of pneumonokoniosis. heading Signs of old pleurisy were frequent. tubercule Four short statistical tables are with that given showing the relationship of th e Coal min asbestosis to the period of exposure, miner su` type of work, etc. T he general con dyspnea, clusion is th a t moderately severe as life from ' bestosis takes about-five years to de such trou velop. Of the workers examined who precautio had had ten years' or more exposure mize its ] none were free from signs of th e disease. In correlating their findings w ith th e Histo< different types of work in th e tw o a s Initial bestos factories concerned th e authors Pulmn. point out th a t the numbers are too Com.pt. rt small for very definite conclusions to pp. 197- be drawn. T he four most advanced' Cellu! cases were founcNn the spinning and particles, twining (ZtctrnereQ sections. A sum animals mary of fifteen cases classified into silica di. stages 1,2, and 3 of the disease is given plaques (see X-ray findings). Several radio of cells grams are reproduced.--S. R . G. pulmn;, mineral The N eed for D ust-Prevention plaques Measures in the Coal I ndustry. from wl Proc. So. Wales Inst. Eng., 1932, vol. have a 47, no. 5, pp. 729-743. silica in ABSTRACTS 145 | ''ito a shadowy veil covering the , sag. The signs begin to appear and > re most marked in the midzone and f i *er lobe areas of the radiologic pic- ure. The contour of the heart badowbecame ill defined in the second age. The root shadows were not affected in this stage but showed en largement in the third stage. The .nfclavicular areas remained clear and there was no "snowstorm" appear ance such as characterizes the typical rilicosis film. In six cases signs of rbsolete tuberculosis were recognized primary complex). Tuberculous foci were generally thicker than asbestosis foci and more easily distinguished than in other forms of pneumonokoniosis. Signs of old pleurisy were frequent. Four short statistical tables are given showing the relationship of the ssbestosis to the period of exposure, t}pe of work, etc. The general con clusion is th at moderately severe as bestosis takes about-five years to de velop. Of the workers examined who had had ten years' or more exposure none were free from signs of the disease. In correlating their findings with the different types of work in the two as bestos factories concerned the authors point out that the numbers are too small for very definite conclusions to be drawn. The four most advanced cases were founcNn the spinning and twining (Zwirnerei) sections. A sum mary of fifteen cases classified into stages 1, 2, and 3 of the disease is given (see X-ray findings). Several radio| grams are reproduced.--S. R. G. The N eed for D ust-Prevention Measures in the Coal Industry. Proc. So. Wales Inst. Eng., 1932, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 729-743. Attention is drawn to the work re cently done upon the pathologic condi tion of the lungs of coal miners, brought about by the inhalation of dust during their work. Undoubtedly a great development of fibrous tissue is found in the lungs. In certain cases coal dust is collected in the fibrotic tissue to such an extent ns to justify the condition being called silicoanthracosis. Such lungs do not a ppear to succumb readily to tuljcrculous infection; possibly this is due to the fact th a t the adsorbing power of the coal dust renders inert the toxic prin ciple of tuberculin. Where the silicot ic condition is paramount, ns in hard heading workers, the tendency to tuberculous infection is on all fours with th a t found among gold miners. Coal miners' lung is not normal; the miner suffers from breathlessness and dyspnea, with a high death rate in late life from bronchitis. The causation of such trouble is dust; and every possible precaution should be taken to mini mize its presence in the air.--E. 1.. ( \ Histochemical Research ox the Initial Lesions of Experimental Pulmonary Silicosis. A. Polimnl. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., July 20,1931, pp. 197-199. Cellular masses containing silica particles, called plaques, appear in animals exposed to the inhalation of silica dust; rats were used. These plaques are accumulations in alveoli of cells--dust cells--arising from the pulmonary stroma, loaded with mineral particles. The size of the plaques is limited by thtjt of the alveoli from which they cannot escape. They have a high mineral content, due to silica in an organic combination which 172 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE tw enty years, greatly improved m at ters; but uncertainty exists as to whether all harmful dust is today removed. The most harmful appears undoubtedly to consist of the finest particles, of about 5 microns in size. The Committee, notwithstanding laborious investigation of sickness records, found itself unable to deter mine whether any harm is today resulting from the atmosphere of the workplace. I t turned its attention to localizing the factor in the dust which is a t fault. Clinical and X-ray examinations failed to indicate the presence of any pathologic characteris tic in the lungs of those affected; pathologic investigations gave the same reply. Hence the conclusion was drawn th a t the condition de pended upon contraction of the in voluntary muscles in the walls of the air passages brought about by sensiti zation to some substance present in the dust. The exact substance which sets up this allergic condition has not definitely been isolated. Histamine was found in the dust, and may be the factor in question; but the whole m atter has been referred for further research. The sufferers from the asthma gave positive skin reactions to extracts made from the dust, thus establishing the contention th at this occupational trouble is due to sensitization. W ithout waiting for further scientific research, the Committee recommends th at every step shall be taken, as far as possible, to clear all dust from the carding engines by localized exhaust drafts, and to apply general ventila tion to the card rooms, preferably by means of a downward draft, in order to keep all fine particles below the breathing level.--E. L. C. Pneumonokoniosis among Tnr Miners of R edjano Lebong (Suma tra). P . J . van Gulik. Abstr. at follows from Geneesk. Tijdschr. t. Nederl.-Indie, 1981, vol. 71, pp. 718787, in BuU. Hyg., Jan.,' 1988, vol. 7, p. 81. According to Sleeswijk pneumonoko niosis is common among workmen em ployed in mines where the ground i poor in calcium b u t contains an excessive percentage of silicates. In order to verify this theory, the author examined the ore of Redjang Lebonft and found th a t it was very rich in silicates and contained very little calcium. He therefore expected to find m any cases of pneumonokoniosis among the miners who had worked more than fifteen years underground. The results of the clinical and of the radiologic examination of the miner? showed a relatively small incidence of pneumonokoniosis, and the author thinks th a t this may have been due to a high percentage of moisture in the air of the mines (almost 100 per cent.). --H . L. Pneumonoconiosis. J . W. GuUikson. Northwest Med., Feb., 1938, rol. 81, p. 84. Pulmonary Fibrosis: Experi ments of Short D uration. IT. 5. Lemon and G. M . Higgins. Abstr. at follows from Am. Jour. Md. Sc., Feb., 1938, vol. 188, p. 188, in Jour. Am. Med. Assn., A pril 83, 1988, vol. 98, p. 1801. Lemon and Higgins believe that the fibrosis of the lungs produced in ABSTRAC workers exposed to d u sty atm os tOK pheres, especially those in which fine tw particles of silica make up th e larger alk percentage of th e dust, is an end mi> product and represents a progressive th;. defeat of the protective mechanisms dis of the body. I t is never found until gri the lung fails to rid itself of dust spr tarried out of th e bronchi by ciliary cut action or of dust carried through the toi lung by way of th e lym phatic channels. aft. With the breakdown in th e carrying rap mechanisms, the burden of protection occ is the phagocytic cell, which, w ith its bee load of engulfed m aterial, passes to fou all parts of the lung and ultim ately pac becomes immobilized in those portions of parenchyma in which lym phatic tissue is abundant. T he cells con cerned are polymorphonuclear leuko cytes, which are th e first to appear, to disintegrate, and to disappear, and clasmatocytes, which appear later, are i eaxndtremmealyy acbteicvoem, beretarkanuspfolersms eradpiidnltyo, Nor fibroblasts. In association w ith the In ( tissue fibroblasts th e clasmatocytes I n t form scar tissue. Finally, fibrosis is InC the result of th e action o f substances secreted by the cell on th e foreign sev( particles. If a tissue poison results is a from this chemical action, fibrosis is the encouraged, and is progressive, lasting the as long as th e unaltered irritan t in v remains in the lung.--C. K . D. 1 desr v '^Asbestosis of the Lung. Gerbis tioi. and Ucko. Deutseh.med. Wchnschr., incr Feb. 19, 1938, vol. f t , p. 885. ticit Thi Acute Silicosis. E. M . Chapman. of t' Jour, Am. Med. Assn,, April 88,1988, who **.98, pp. 1489-1441- by v .The appearance of respiratory symp- N ABSTRACTS 173 workers exposed to dusty atmos pheres, especially those in which fine pnrticles of silica make up the larger percentage of the dust, is an end product and represents a progressive defeat of the protective mechanisms of the body. I t is never found until the lung fails to rid itself of dust carried out of the bronchi by ciliary action or of dust carried through the lung by way of the lymphatic channels. With the breakdown in the carrying mechanisms, the burden of protection is the phagocytic cell, which, with its load of engulfed material, passes to all parts of the lung and ultimately becomes immobilized in those portions of parenchyma in which lymphatic tissue is abundant. The cells con cerned are polymorphonuclear leuko cytes, which are the first to appear, to disintegrate, and to disappear, and dasmatocytes, which appear later, are extremely active, break up less rapidly, and may become transformed into fibroblasts. In association with the tissue fibroblasts the dasmatocytes form scar tissue. Finally, fibrosis is the result of the action of substances secreted by the cell on the foreign particles. If a tissue poison results from this chemical action, fibrosis is encouraged, and is progressive, lasting as long as the unaltered irritant remains in the lung.--C. K. D. / A sbestosis op the Lung. Gerbis and Ucko. Deutsch.med. Wchnschr., Feb. 19, 1982, voi. f j , p. 285. toms after eight, twenty-one, and twenty-nine months of exposure to an alkaline dust of high silica content marks a more rapid and severe silicosis than is usual. Russell has seen the disease fully developed in a lens grinder who inhaled a pure quartz spray for eight months. In granite cutters the earliest case without symp toms was found by roentgenograms after two years of service. The rapidly fatal cases of MacDonald occurred in two young girls who had been employed for two and threefourths and four and one-fourth years packing a similar type of soap. The TABLE 1.-8ILIC A CO NTENT OF TISSUES MO. o r SILICON DIOXIDE PER O il. OP DRtBD TISSUE b i o s Bods U trra v Normal.................................... 1.4 0.3 0.7 In chronic silicosis (King). . . 123.55 In Case 1: left upper lu n g ... 12.0 1.0 In Case 1: left lower lung__ 13.2 severity of respiratory embarrassment is attested by the marked decrease in the vital capacity, which was lower in the first case than th a t usually seen in uncomplicated cardiac failure. The right ventricular hypertrophy, described in the pathologic examina tions, is probably explained by the increased resistance and loss of elas ticity in the pulmonary vascular bed. This finding aided in the recognition of the disease in the living patient, in whom the diagnosis could not1be made by the roentgenogram alone. No determination was made of the 224 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE years later. The author thus confirms arsenical insecticides was determined the statem ent of other investigators, by feeding to white rats various ac th at a tum or of the bladder may arise curately measured amounts of cryolite, years after exposure has ceased. barium fluosilicate, and lead arsenate The removal of fumes by an im mixed w ith their food for sixteen weeks. proved ventilating apparatus resulted. The results, including behavior, appe in a diminution of the number of cases. tite, fecundity, growth, tooth develop Two of the growths were papillomas ment, and organ pathology agree in and seven were carcinomas. indicating th e arsenic compounds used to be several times as toxic as the Chronic (Cumulative) Carbon fluorine compounds. The use of fluor Monoxide Poisoning, a. D. v. Das- ine insecticides leaves a much wider sell. Abslr, as follows from Gasmaske, margin of safety than do arsenic ma Feb., 1932, vol. 4 PP- 6-9, * Chem. terials between th e weight of spray Abslr., M ay 20, 1932, vol. 26, p. residue on fruit and the am ount toxic 2801. to the customer.--P. D. Seven persons working in a room to gether were exposed for from eight to Studies on the E ffects of Indus nine hours p er day over a period of trial P oisons on the Production of several months to very low concen Antibodies. 1. Lead. F. W. Bickert. trations of carbon monoxide. All Arch. f . Hyg., 1931, vol. 106, pp. 271- showed the same chronic symptoms 298. of fatigue, headache, difficulty in The author records a series of experi breathing, indigestion, pain in the ments--considerable in their total num heart, nervous affections, etc. All re ber, b u t including relatively few ani covered after a long period in a sana mals in each experimental group--from torium with strict diet regulation. An which he draws the following conclu investigation indicated th at if the prod sions: uct of the time of continuous respira tion in hours per day by the concen tration in terms of volume of carbon (1) The administration of lead acetate to rabbits by mouth increases the production of hemolysin. (2) The subcutaneous in monoxide per 10,000 .volumes of air is not greater than 3, no physiologic effect results. When this product is as large as 6, definite effects result.-- P. D. jection of lead sugar has a similar effect. (3) Hunger, of a degree to reduce weight to the same extent as in the lead treated ani mals, has no significant effect on hemolysin production. (4) Metallic lead and lead carbonate have a similar action to lead ace tate. (5) Lead acetate has a similar stimu Relative Toxicity op Some Fluor ine and Arsenical Insecticides. //. F. Smyth and H . F. Smyth, Jr. Abstr. asfollowsfrom Indust, and Engin. Chem., Feb., 1932, vol. 24, pp. 229-232, lating action on the production of agglu tinins. (6) Lead acetate has'an inhibitory effect on the production of precipitins. (7) Lead acetate has a stimulating effect on the production of diphtheria antitoxin. in Chem. Abstr., A pril 20,1932, vol. 26, Radium Poisoning. J . P . Leake. p. 2270. Jour. A m . Med. Assn., March 26,1932, The relative toxicity of fluorine and vol. 98, pp. im -1 0 7 9 . ABSTRAC This is a brief sum m ary of the inves- ce; tigation of th e U nited S tates Public frr Health Service into th e question of the an. hazards of luminous dial painting, to? The results will be published in extenso soi in the Public HeciUh Reports.--L. T , F . co\ ve' Hygienic Conditions of Work in aci Certain Operations of S pray Paint- to ING, WITH THE USE OF CELLULOSE wh Varnishes. F. H . de Balsac and A . noi Fed. Mouvement Sanitaire, 1932, vol. det 9, pp. 222-226, 229. spr Some description is given of the use urn of the spray to apply cellulose var- An nishes in France. These varnishes con- qui tain from 75 to 85 p e r cent, fluids, and if < from 15 to 25 per cent, solids. The chit, solids contain nitrocellulose resins and Mo gums, together w ith pigm ents, among wor which lead salts m ay figure; but the sibl. amount of lead seldom reaches 2 per wor DUST HAZARDS AND T. , / Pulmonary Asbestosis. J . V. * Sparkk. Radiology, Dec., 1931, vol. 17, pp. 1249-1257. The Asbestosis B ody. S . R . Gloyne. Lancet, June 25,1932, vol. 1, pp. 1351-1356. In this article the author brings together all the inform ation he can collect with regard to th e first recognition of what are now known as asbestosis . bodies, and concerning th e ir origin, both theoretically and experimentally considered. H e has liimsclf contrib uted much to the whole subject. A series of drawings presentsvarious ' forms of a^^stosis bodies; while information Is given as to how these bodies react to acids an d alkalies, as well as to ferments. T he conclusion seen the i. oiga. coni can 1 nal i to d tiom but the , not c coal (see Sn Curi Asbe Jour. 657. Th. 1 ABSTRACTS 225 aed This is a brief summary of the inves cent, of the whole. Any risk arises ac- tigation of the United States Public from evaporation of solvents. Ex ite, Health Service into the question of the amination of men employed at a fac ate hazards of luminous dial painting. tory near Paris showed th a t there was ks. The results will be published in extenso some complaint of gastric troubles, of pe- in the Public Health Reports,--L. T. F. cough and difficulty in breathing, of >p. vertigo and giddiness, as well as head in Hygienic Conditions op Work in ache. Examination, however, failed ed Certain Operations of Spray Paint to disclose any pathologic condition, he ing, with the Use op Cellulose while blood showed no abnormality, )r- Varnishes. F. H. de Balsac and A. nor could signs of lead absorption be :!er Feil. Mouvement Sanitaire, 1982, vol. detected. Apparently the use of the a- 9, pp. 222-226, 229. spray for painting presents little risk iy Some description is given of the use under good conditions of ventilation. :ic of the spray to apply cellulose var Any symptoms present disappear nishes in France. These varnishes con quickly in the open air. Nevertheless, tain from 75 to 85 per cent, fluids, and if different materials be used, such as s- from 15 to 25 per cent, solids. The chlorine bodies, poisoning might result. )F solids contain nitrocellulose resins and Moreover, none of those examined had 4. gums, together with pigments, among worked for more than a few years; pos I- which lead salts may figure; but the sibly longer exposure may prove the amount of lead seldom reaches 2 per work to be harmful.--E. L. C. it- DUST HAZARDS AND T H E IR EFFECTS - n y / Pulmonary Asbestosis. J. V. seems definite th at they are formed by Spark*. Radiology, Dec., 1981, vol. 17, the deposit upon fine asbestos fibrils of pp. 1249-1257. organic m atter from the tissues, which 9 contains iron. This organic coating a W'' The Asbestosis Body. S. R. can be dissolved, leaving bare the origi Gloyne. Lancet, June 25, 1982, vol. 1, nal fine fibril. This article brings up pp. 1851-1856. to date in a useful way the considera I In this article the author brings to tions relative to the asbestosis body, gether all the information he can col but curiously omits any reference to lect with regard to the first recognition the presence of such bodies in lungs of what are now known as asbestosis not exposed to asbestos dust, such as bodies, and concerning their origin, coal dust, as reported by W. E. Cooke both theoretically and experimentally (see following abstract).--E. L. C. considered. He has himself contrib uted much to the whole subject. A Silico-Anthracosis Presenting series of drawings presents various Curious Bodies Similar to Those in ' forms of a^^stosis bodies; while in Asbestosis. IF. E. Cooke. Brit. Med. formation is given as to how these Jour.,' April 9, 1982, vol. 1, pp. 656- bodies react to acids and alkalies, as 657. well as to ferments. The conclusion The primary factor in the production 226 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE of coal miners'lung is silicosis, coal dust being retained in large amounts when the lymph drainage has been impaired by the action of silica; thus anthracosis is a special variety of silicosis, depend ing upon the accumulation of coal dust in a silica damaged lung. Most of the cases have been described among men getting anthracite coal, but the author cites a case in a miner who had worked on soft coal. Chemical analysis of the lung showed a silica figure of 40.2 per cent, in the ash, of which 15.6 was insoluble silica. An interesting point is th a t certain bodies similar in every way to the curious bodies seen in cases of asbestosis were found in the lungs. Apparently such bodies are not pecul iar to asbestosis, and any spicule of insoluble material may have colloid deposited around it and become molded into a curious body. The appearance of such bodies is illustrated.--E. L. C. Silicosis. Lancet, June 4> 1932, vol. 1, p. 1206. A useful summary is here given of the experimental investigations which have been carried out into the devel opment of pulmonary fibrosis following dust inhalation. Tests have shown th a t there are two groups of dust., one active and the other inert. The inactive dusts include carbon, coal, aluminium oxide, oxide of iron, marble, and carborundum; the active dusts io all cases contain silica in some form, as either quartz, shale, kaolin, or as bestos. Particular attention is drawn to the procedures followed by Professor K ettle, who studies the effects of dust by either subcutaneous experimental lesions or by intratracheal injection into the lungs.--E. L. C. Silicosis and the Industrialist. H. Ballantyne. Jour. State Med., June, 1932, vol. 40, pp. 342-349. The causation of silicosis as en visaged by an industrial managing director is set out. No threshold be yond which dustiness in the air be comes a hazard has been fixed medi cally, although some undefined degree of dustiness is acceptedly quite harm less. Today large industrial concerns must be prepared to install means for trapping or withdrawing from the working atmosphere as much dust as is practicable. I t is safest to err on the side of excess when safeguarding the health of workers.--E. L. C. CLIMATE Atmospheric Pollution in Bor deaux. P. Lamarque. Gaz. hebd. d. sc. m id. de Bordeaux, 1932, vol. 63, pp. 210-219. An investigation extending over a period of eighteen months was carried out by the author into atmospheric pollution of the town of Bordeaux. Various reasons contribute to this pol lution, such as the manufacture of sul phuric acid and hyperphosphates, the combustion of organic waste, domestic fires, the exhaust fumes from the com bustion of heavy oils and from motor cars; while nitrous fumes and fluosilicic acid emanate from certain industries. .The author considers th a t all forms of pollution can be prevented, frequently with an advantage from the capture of valuable m aterial now allowed to waste. The way in which such steps should be taken is outlined; and the ABSTR suggestion is p u t forward th a t inspec tors should be appointed to insure th a t the regulations laid down are strictly observed. T he only form of pollution admitted is th a t coming from wood fires, which are still used by bakers and confectioners. A definite standard for the am ount of perm itted dust in suspension is proposed. I t adopts Ringelmann's scale, which is much used in America.-- E. L. 0 . Observations in B asel with the Davos Frigorimeter. M . Bider. Strahlentherapie, 1931, vol. 39, pp. 641664. In the first p art of the paper the meteorologic factors influencing th e cooling rate of th e frigorimeter are analyzed. T he relation betw een rate of cooling, temperature, and air velocity is given as - - 0.31 + 0.112v 0 where A is th e ra te of h e a t loss; 0 is the INDUSTRIAL ENVIRON. T he N ew K ata-T hermometer. T. C. Angus. Engin., March 4,1932, vol. 133, p. 281. A new kata-thermometer has been constructed, in which th e cooling range is from 130F. to 125F. instead of from 100 to 95. Otherwise the instru ment is as before; b u t it cools more quickly than the original kata under 1 given conditions. T he cooling power so measured should n o t be used di r t i l y in connection with our scale of comfort; it is rather a link in the deter mination of air velocities 'for which the new instrum ent was designed. A dusf, The , coal, marble, ists in form, or asdrawn >fessor f dust lental iction HLIST. June, i en tging I be- beueditgree armras s for the t as the the stic m- tor cic ; es. j of | ly of to ds i te J ABSTRACTS 227 suggestion is put forward th a t inspec tors should be appointed to insure th at the regulations laid down are strictly observed. The only form of pollution admitted is th a t coming from wood fires, which are still used by bakers and confectioners. A definite standard for the amount of permitted dust in suspension is proposed. I t adopts Ringelmann's scale, which is much used in America.--E. L. C. Observations in Basel with the Davos Frigorimeteb. M . Bider. Slrafdenlherapie, 1981, vol. 89, pp. 541664. In the first part of the paper the meteorologic factors influencing the cooling rate of the frigorimeter are analyzed. The relation between rate of cooling, temperature, and air velocity is given as -e - 0.31 + 0.112v where A is the rate of heat loss; 9 is the temperature difference between frigo rimeter (36.5C.)and the surrounding air; and v is the air velocity in meters per second. Dorno found that A va ried as a1*, while H ill's kata-thermom eter equation shows th a t the cooling power as measured by that instrument varies as the square of the velocity. The air velocity formula was calcu lated from the records for rainless nights. From the difference between the observed cooling rate and th a t cal culated from the equation one finds the influence of rain and radiation. The percentage of the cooling rate due to rain is highest in the summer months. The influence of radiation is naturally much greater in summer than in win ter. In the second part of the paper the d ata are discussed from a climatologic standpoint.--T . B. Air Pollution--and a Positive Cure for the Smoke N uisance. H. W. Evans. Aerologist, April, 1988, vol. 8, pp. 15-18. INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS T he N ew Kata-Thermometer. T. C. Angus. Engin., March 4,1988, vol. 183, p. 881. A new kata-thermometer has been constructed, in which the cooling range is from 130F. to 125F. instead of from 100 to 95. Otherwise the instru ment is as before; but it cools more quickly than the original kata under given conditions. The cooling power so measured should not be used dirp-Qy in connection with our scale of comfort; it is rather a link in the deter mination of air velocities for which the new instrument was designed. A nomograph is reproduced for use in industrial ventilating problems.--E. L. C. An Air Thermostat for Quantita tive Laboratory Work. W. H. J. Vernon. Tr. Faraday Soc., June, 1981, vol. 27, pp. 241-247. Details are given of an air thermo stat designed with the object of main taining accurate control of tempera ture over comparatively long periods. Readings on a Beckmann thermometer placed in different positions over the whole working space of the thermostat 190 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE to another; others with far greater ease. young people they are a t variance will Extreme "perseverators" and extreme the suitability of the person for thf nonperseverators are apt to be unstable, work for which he professes an interest unreliable, and uncontrolled, whereas The unsuitability appears to be as the moderate nonperseverators gen often due to defects of ability as to erally show the opposite characters. defects in temperament and character. In any individual there seems to be Interests m ust be genuinely in the little or no general motor capacity so work and n o t in any unessential far as the simpler movements are feature; too often they are based on concerned. One who excels in one inadequate knowledge or are otherwise simple motor test may not excel a t unw orthy of weighty consideration. another. Practice a t one simple Accidents have been shown to be movement causes little or no subse dependent on character, temperament, quent improvement in other simple and mood as well as on abilities, movements. There is little if any experience, and fatigue. If the worker transfer of practice in such cases. B ut chooses to work more slowly when it is highly probable th at there would tired he m ay thus exercise the can be a transfer of training if the learner necessary to avoid accidents. But were so instructed th at he grasped if he strives to maintain his normal general principles and adopted favora output, his liability to accidents is ble attitudes applicable to the acquire likely to increase. Liability to accident m ent of skill in other movements. is not distributed uniformly among One general factor in the capacity of any homogeneous group of workers. the individual has been found in Some are especially prone to accidents. routine assembling and another in In certain groups of workers the intelligent assembling' distinct from accident rate of one quarter of their one another and from general intelli number was about two and a half gence. We have to recognize (1) a times as great as th a t of the remaining general intelligence concerned with three quarters.--E. D. M. abstract thought and symbols--e.g., words and figures; (2) a general intel E ffectiveness of Labour In ligence concerned with working on centives. O. H. Miles. Human concrete objects; and perhaps, (3) a Factor, Feb., 193$, vol. 6, pp. 63-58. general intelligence concerned with Pure financial incentives, though of the handling of living persons. B ut great importance, have certain limita abilities of these kinds are not the sole tions. The desire for gain m ay cause a psychologic determinants of the per bonus system to operate well a t first, formance of work. Interest, tempera but after a few months its incentive ment, character, and indeed the whole value begins to fall, and it m ay operate personality of the individual have also only when the employee wants to to be taken into account. make extra money--e. g., ju st before a In the choice of an occupation, the holiday. Again, a profit sharing person's interests often play an impor scheme generally acts as a strong ta n t part. There is, however, evidence incentive a t first, b u t later on, espe to show th a t in about 50 per cent, of cially if there are no profits available, ABSTRAC it may even cause resentm ent. Group < {onuses are ap t to induce the quick stv, worker to slow down to th e rate of be the average, rather th an to encourage tio co-operation. me Nonfinancial incentives which em- T I phasize the co-operative and com- dio munity spirit should be adopted when su< possible. Pride in work and a lasting th interest in it should be encouraged by wb endeavoring to make a suitable choice a u of occupation for each worker. Out- bo side recognition and appreciation of oct good work should be generously given, inc! and there should be a well-organized shii system of promotion b y m erit. Some res firms enhance the value of promotion ad schemes by systematic instruction and cor training in the actual work.--H . M. V. d o In A Second Follow-up op Voca- inc tionally Advised Cases (1927--S). con A. Macrae. H um an Factor, Feb., ces 1933, vol. 6, pp. 42-52. do f INDUSTRIAL H EA LTH LEGISLAT W ORKM EN'S COMPENSATE) Labor Legislation op 1931. Abstr. as follows fro m A m . Labor Legis. Rev., Dee., 1931, vol. 21, pp. 410472, in Personnel Jour., A pril, 1932, vol. 10, pp. 494-4S5. This article summarizes labor laws enacted by the seventy-first Congress, third session, and laws enacted by forty-four states, two territories, and two insular possessions which held regular and special sessions. The following classification is used: individual and collective bargaining, minimum wage,/lours, employment, safety and health, social insurance and administration; and the abstracts are arranged by state under each subject, Par the sees tion 1 no.v 193 Sta . Far Rep Ord< tion, Ii Fac. here and riance wilt on for thf in interest to be u ility as to character. !y in the inessential based on otherwise oration, wn to be ^erament, abilities, le worker ly when the care its. But 5 normal dents is accident among workers. ;cidents. ers the of their a half naming R Lv* luman -58. ugh of limitaausca t first, entive perate ts to fore a taring trong espelable, ABSTRACTS 191 it may even cause resentment. Group bonuses are a p t to induce the quick worker to slow down to the rate of the average, rather than to encourage co-operation. Nonfinancial incentives which em phasize the co-operative and com munity spirit should be adopted when possible. Pride in work and a lasting interest in it should be encouraged by endeavoring to make a suitable choice of occupation for each worker. O ut side recognition and appreciation of good work should be generously given, and there should be a well-organized system of promotion by merit. Some firms enhance the value of promotion schemes by systematic instruction and training in the actual work.--H . M . V. A Second Follow-up of Voca tionally Advised Cases (1927-8). A. Macrae. Human Factor, Feb., 1982, vol. 6, pp. 42-52. Of the cases followed up, 44 were studying a t universities, and 134 had been engaged in their chosen occupa tions for periods ranging' from a few months to three and a half years. The results obtained with the students did not show a higher percentage of successes among those who followed the advice offered th an among those who rejected it, b u t various reasons are advanced for this result. The 134 boys and girls engaged in various occupations such as clerical work, industrial administration, salesman ship, etc., gave a very encouraging result, for of the 90 individuals who adopted the advice offered, 76 were considered to be a success, 6 were doubtful, and 8 were unsuccessful. In contrast to these figures, the 44 individuals who took up an occupation considered unsuitable showed 17 suc cesses and 17 failures, while 10 were d o u b tfu l--H . M. V. f INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LEGISLATION: COURT DECISIONS: W ORKM EN'S COM PENSATION AND IN SU RA N CE Labor Legislation of 1931. Abslr. as follows from Am . Labor Legis. Rev., Dec., 1931, vol. 21, pp. 410472, in Personnel Jour., April, 1932, vol. 10, pp. 434- 435. This article summarizes labor laws enacted by the seventy-first Congress, third session, and laws enacted by forty-four states, two territories, and two insular possessions which held regular and special sessions. The following classification is used: indi vidual and collective bargaining, mini mum wage,/lours, employment, safety and health, social insurance and administration; and the abstracts are arranged by state under each subject. P a rt II lists the laws by states, with the chapter and page references to session law, using the same classifica tion as in P a rt I under each state. T he Asbestos Industry R egula tions, 1931, D ated D ecember 31, 1931, Made by the S ecretary of State under Section 79 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901. Reprinted from Statutory Rules and Orders, 1931, No. 1140. H . M . Sta tionery Office, 1932, pp. 6. In pursuance of Section V9 of the Factory and W orkshop Act, 1901, I hereby make the following Regulations and direct that they shall apply to all 192 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE factories and workshops or parts thereof in which the following processes or any of them are carried on: i. Breaking, crushing, disintegrat ing, opening, and grinding of asbestos, and the mixing or sieving of asbestos, and all processes involving manipula tion of asbestos incidental thereto; ii. All processes in the manufacture of asbestos textiles, including prepara tory and finishing processes; iii. The making of insulation slabs of sections, composed wholly or partly of asbestos, and processes incidental thereto; iv. The making or repairing of insu lating mattresses, composed wholly or partly of asbestos, and processes inci dental thereto; v. Sawing, grinding, turning, abrad ing, and polishing, in the dry state, of articles composed wholly or partly of asbestos in the manufacture of such articles; vi. The cleaning of any chambers, fixtures, and appliances for the collec tion of asbestos dust produced in any of the foregoing processes. Provided th a t nothing in these Regulations shall apply to any factory or workshop or part thereof in which the process of mixing of asbestos or repair of insulating mattresses or any process specified in group v or any cleaning of machinery or other plant used in connection with any such process, is carried on, so long as (a) such process or work is carried on occasionally only and no person is employed therein for more than eight hours in any week; and (b) no other process specified in the foregoing para graphs is carried on. Provided further, th at if the Chief Inspector of Factories is satisfied in respect of any factory or workshop or part thereof th a t by reason of the re stricted use of asbestos or the method* of working or otherwise, all or any of these Regulations can be suspended or relaxed w ithout danger to the health of the persons employed therein, hr may by certificate in writing authorize such suspension or relaxation under such conditions as he may think fit. Any such certificate may be revoked a t any time. These Regulations may be cited a* "The Asbestos Industry Regulation, 1931," and shall come into force on March 1,1932, except th a t Regulation* 2a and 5 shall not come intp force until six months after the said date, and Regulation l a (ii), so far as it applies to looms, Regulation 3a and 6 (i), and Regulation 4b shall not come into force until twelve months after the said date. Definitions1 Asbestos means any fibrous silicate mineral, and any admixture containing any such mineral, whether crude, crushed, or opened. Asbestos textiles means yarn cr cloth composed of asbestos or asbestos mixed with any other material. Preparing means crushing, disinte grating, and any other process in or incidental to the opening of asbestos. Approved means approved for the time being in writing by the Chief Inspector of Factories. Breathing apparatus m tans (1) a helmet or facepiece with necessary connections by means of which a person using it breathes air free from 1Terms to which defined meanings am given are printed throughout in italics. ABSTRA dust, or (2) an y other approved i apparatus. I Duties i I t shall be the du ty of the occupier to observe P a rt I of these Regulations. It shall be the duty of every person employed to observe P a rt II of these l Regulations. < P art I Duties o f Occupiers 1. An exhaust d ra ft effected by mechanical means which prevents the escape of asbestos d u st into the air of any room in which persons work, shall be provided and m aintained for: a. M anufacturing and conveying machinery, namely: i. Preparing, grinding, or dry mixing machines. t ii. Carding, card waste-end, ring spinning machines, an d looms. iii. M achines or o th er plant fed with asbestos. \ iv. Machines used for the sawing, 4 grinding, turning, abrading, or polish ing, in 'th e d ry sta te , of articles com i posed wholly o r p artly of asbestos. 0 b. Cleaning an d grinding of th e C cylinders or other p a rt of a carding % machine. c. Chambers, hoppers, or other 1 structures into which loose asbestos is t delivered or passes. d. W orkbenches for asbestos waste sorting or for other manipulation of asbestos by hand. 1 e. Workplaces a t which the filling or emptying of sacks, skips or other JS portable containers, weighing, or other -J2 process incidental thereto which is J B effected by h a n d ^ s carried on. 1 /. Sack cleanup machines. 1 |H Provided th at this Regulation shall ABSTRACTS 193 dust, or (2) any other approved apparatus. Duties I t shall be the duty of the occupier to observe P art I of these Regulations. I t shall be the duty of every person employed to observe P art II of these Regulations. Part I Duties of Occupiers 1. An exhaust draft effected by mechanical means which prevents the escape of asbestos dust into the air of any room in which persons work, shall be provided and maintained for: a. Manufacturing and conveying machinery, namely: i. Preparing, grinding, or dry mixing machines. ii. Carding, card waste-end, ring spinning machines, and looms. iii. Machines or other plant fed with asbestos. iv. Machines used for the sawing, grinding, turning, abrading, or polish ing, in* the dry state, of articles com posed wholly or partly of asbestos. b. Cleaning and grinding of the cylinders or other part of a carding machine. c. Chambers, hoppers, or other structures into which loose asbestos is delivered or passes. d. Workbenches for asbestos waste sorting or for other manipulation of asbestos by hand. e. Workplaces a t which the filling or emptying of sacks, skips or other portable containers, weighing, or other process incidental thereto which is effected by h andjis carried on. /. Sack cleaning machines. Provided that this Regulation shall not apply (i) to a machine or other plant which does not give rise to asbestos dust, or is so enclosed as to prevent escape of asbestos dust into the air of any room in which persons work; or (ii) where the asbestos is so wet or so treated with grease or other material as to prevent the evolution of dust; or (iii) to the making or repairing of insulating mattresses; or (iv) to the mixing or blending by hand of asbestos. 2a. Mixing or blending by hand of asbestos shall not be carried on except with an exhaust draft effected by mechanical means so designed and maintained as to insure as far as practicable the suppression of dust during the processes. b. In premises which are constructed or reconstructed after the date of these Regulations the mixing or blending by hand of asbestos shall not be done except in a special room or place in which no other work is ordinarily carried on. 3a. The making or repairing of insulating mattresses composed wholly or partly of asbestos shall not be carried on in any room in which any other work is done. b. In every room in which the making or repairing of insulating mat tresses is carried on: i. Adequate exhaust and inlet venti lation in accordance with arrangements to be approved in each case shall be provided and maintained. ii. No person other than those en gaged in filling, beating, or leveling shall be present while such processes are being carried on and work sjiall not be resumed in the room after filling, beating, or leveling, for a t least ten minutes. ' TM 194 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE iii. The floors and benches shall be kept damped so as effectually to pre vent dust arising therefrom. iv. The covers shall be effectually damped immediately after being cut out and, in the case of fiber filled mattresses, shall be kept damp while filling, beating, or leveling is being carried on. 4a. Storage chambers or bins for loose asbestos shall, in the case of premises constructed or reconstructed after the date of these Regulations, be effectually separated from any work room and, in the case of other premises, be effectually separated from any work room in which the asbestos is not re quired for the purposes of any process carried on in the room. b. Chambers or apparatus for dust settling and filtering shall not be allowed in any workroom. c. Arrangements shall be made to prevent asbestos dust discharged from exhaust apparatus being drawn into the air of any workroom. 5. All machinery used in preparing, grinding of asbestos, carding, card roller cleaning and grinding, and sack clean ing, and all card waste-end machines, lattices, elevators, chutes, and con veyors shall be so constructed and maintained that dust or dbris con taining asbestos cannot escape from any part thereof other than dust re moved by an exhaust draft provided in accordance with Regulation 1. 6a. Cleaning by hand, of the cylin ders (including the doffer cylinders) of a carding machine, shall not be done while any person other than those performing or assisting at the cleaning is present. b. On and after Sept. 1, 1932, such cleaning as aforesaid shall not be done by means of hand strickles or other hand tools. 7a. In every room in which any of the requirements of these Regulations apply: i. The floors, workbenches, and plant shall be kept in a cleanly state and free from asbestos ddbris and suitable arrangements shall be made for the storage of asbestos not imme diately required for use. ii. The floors shall be kept free from any materials, plant, or other articles not immediately required for the work carried on in the room, which would obstruct the proper cleaning of the floor. b. Every room as aforesaid shall be adequately lighted. 8a. A sack which has contained asbestos shall not be cleaned by hand beating but by a machine, complying with Regulations 1 and 5. b. All sacks used as containers for the transport of asbestos within the factory shall be constructed of imper meable material and shall be kept in good repair. 9a. All ventilating plants used for the purpose of extracting or suppressing dust as required by these Regulations shall a t least once in every six months be thorougnly examined and tested by a competent person and any defect disclosed by such examination and test shall be rectified forthwith. b. A Register containing particular* of such examination and test and the state of the plant and the repairs or alterations (if any/found to be neces* sary shall be kept, and shall be available for inspection by any of His M ajesty's Inspectors of Factories. 10. A breathing apparatus shall be provided for every person employed: 1.1 ! ABSTRAC a. In chambers containing loose asbestos. b. In cleaning dust settling or filter ing chambers or apparatus. c. In cleaning the cylinders, includ ing the doffer cylinders, or other part of a carding machine by means of hand strickles. d. In filling, beating, or leveling in the manufacture or repair of insulating mattresses. 11. There shall be provided and maintained for the use of all persons employed in the cleaning of dust set tling and filtering chambers, tunnels, : and ducts, suitable overalls and head coverings. 12. A young person shall not be employed in or in connection with the i manufacture of insulating mattresses, in mixing or blending of asbestos by hand, in sack cleaning, in chambers or apparatus for dust settling or filtering, in chambers containing loose asbestos, orin stripping or grinding the cylinders including the doffer cylinders or other part of a carding machine. P/ovided that nothing in this Regu lation shall affect any young person so employed at the commencement of these Regulations. P art II Duties of Persons Employed 13. No person employed shall wil fully or negligently disregard any directions given him for the purpose of securing the observance of these Regulations or otherwise for the pre vention of unnecessary dust. 14. Every person employed shall make full and-^rfoper use of the appli ances provided for any of the purposes of these Regulations. 1 ful ap, thf Spr an< aPi thi wo. we: pro Ke; I EA: Ret Mi Sir are, sta; indi recc jam tetr due one. cal, arse the adoj is : occi. dud rest float' dra\ the men' pois' shop Pait Act, Vol. 14 ABSTRACTS 195 a. In chambers containing loose asbestos. b. In cleaning dust settling or filter ing chambers or apparatus. c. In cleaning the cylinders, includ ing the doffer cylinders, or other p a rt uf a carding machine by means of hand strickles. d. In filling, beating, or leveling in the manufacture or repair of insulating mattresses. 11. There shall be provided and maintained for the use of all persons employed in the cleaning of dust set tling and filtering chambers, tunnels, and ducts, suitable overalls and head coverings. 12. A young person shall not be employed in or in connection with the manufacture of insulating mattresses, in mixing or blending of asbestos by hand, in sack cleaning, in chambers or apparatus for dust settling or filtering, in chambers containing loose asbestos, or in stripping or grinding the cylinders including the doffer cylinders or other part of a carding machine. Provided that nothing in this Regu lation shall affect any young person so employed a t the commencement of these Regulations. Past II Duties of Persons Employed 13. No person employed shall wil fully or negligently disregard any directions given him for the purpose of securing the observance of these Regulations or otherwise for the pre vention of unnecessary dust. 14. Every person employed shall make full and-rfCper use of the appli ances provided for any of the purposes of these Regulations. 15. No person shall misuse or wrong fully interfere in any way with any appliance provided in pursuance of these Regulations. 16. Every person employed a t work specified in Regulation 10 shall wear and make proper use of the breathing apparatus provided in pursuance of th at Regulation. 17. Every person employed a t the work specified in Regulation 11 shall wear the overall and head covering provided in pursuance of that Regulation. N otification of Industrial D is eases. Statutory R equirements. Reprinted from Correspondence, Brit. Med. Jour., Jan. 16,1982, vol. 1, p. 118. Sir : Many medical men in G reat Britain are, I am afraid, unaware of their statutory obligation to notify certain industrial diseases. I m ay quote two recent examples in regard to toxic jaundice, one a series of cases due to tetrachlorethane, and the other a series due to arseniuretted hydrogen. Only one of the cases was notified by a medi cal practitioner. In the series due to arseniuretted hydrogen notification of the earliest case would have led to the adoption of measures which might, it is anticipated, have prevented the occurrence of subsequent cases, in cluding two deaths. This serious result alone seems to be ample justi fication for asking you to allow me to draw the attention of the profession to the very im portant statutory require ment of notification of industrial poisoning under the Factory and Work shop Acts, 1901 to 1920, /and Lead Paint (Protection against Poisoning) Act, 1926. 196 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ABSTRA Every medical practitioner attending laboratory, Breslau), in dealing with Workmen's Compensation. H . M . 1 on, or called in to visit, a patient whom the difficulty often experienced in Stationery Office, 1932. t he believes to be suffering from any deciding whether or not a given case Three subjects are reported upon, t of the following: is industrial, takes the view th at what In the first the Committee recom- i ever the external exciting cause, the mends th at compensation be paid L Lead poisoning Phosphorus poisoning Arsenic poisoning Mercurial poisoning Carbon bisulphide poisoning Aniline poisoning subsequent eczema is the manifestation of an idiosyncrasy or hypersensitiveness to it. He regards it as similar to hay fever, asthma, urticaria, and reaction to serum. A correct decision while a workman is undergoing tre a t ment for a localized new growth of the skin, papillomatous or keratotic, due to 1 mineral oil, caused by self-acting mules r in th e process of cotton spinning. Such 1 Chronic benzene poisoning Anthrax Toxic jaundice Epitheliomatous ulceration, or Chrome ulceration is difficult only in chronic recurring cases, which he still looks upon in probably all cases as due to an external exciting cause which is not looked new growth would not of itself incapaci- C tate; but it needs treatm ent, usually by t operative means. The period of in capacity due to such treatm ent is sel- o for carefully enough. He cites as the dom likely to exceed a fortnight. This i> contracted in any factory or workshop, three typical categories: (1) an ec recommendation extends the condi- o is required by Section 73 of th e Fac zema, as the simplest case, developing tions under which a claim can be made 1 tory and Workshop Act, 1901, under once a t work, healing quickly, and not for mule spinners' cancer; b u t it should t penalty, to notify the case forthwith to recurring even though a return to be specifically limited to workmen em- t the Chief Inspector of Factories, Home work is made; (2) cases in their initial ployed as minders or piecers in con- b. Office, London, S. W. 1; and by Sec stages similar to (1) b u t recurring at nection with the process of cotton h tion 3 of the Lead Paint (Protection shorter or longer intervals on resuming spinning by means of self-acting mules, d against Poisoning) Act, 1926, he is work. These are cases of specific The second subject considered deals t< also required to notify lead poisoning sensitization to the external agent with turpentine poisoning, concerning ti contracted by any person employed which can be proved to be so by the which the evidence did n o t establish w in, or in connection with, the painting Jadassohn skin test. The variations the existence of chronic turpentine poi- t< of any building, whether or not th a t in exacerbation are due to variations soiling as a condition th a t can be fo building is a factory or workshop, unless in hypersensibility if contact with the recognized. Such symptoms as nausea p< it has already been so notified; and he external agent has been unchanged. and colic due to the inhalation of tu r- m< is entitled to a fee of 2s. 6d. for so (3) This category includes cases (the j pentine fumes cause incapacity for so ex doing. Forms for notification will be most difficult to decide) where even | short a period as n o t to ju stify the supplied on application to th e Chief after removal from the original excit inclusion of such indispositions within Inspector of Factories, Home Office, ing cause, the eczematous condition the schedule of diseases. A. S. W. 1. continues. Here gradually a non The third subject was th at of dope k John C. Bridge. specific, polyvalent sensitiveness of poisoning, which as a heading has be- A H. M. Senior Medical Inspector of Factories the skin has been set up to any and every excitant. He concludes that in come unnecessary, owing to the fact H that poisoning by tetrachlorethane is B. January 11. none of these cases can one ever ride separately included in the schedule of St off on the theory^ of an idiopathic A diseases. No other particular solvent p, Industrial Eczema and Compen eczema.--T. M. L. A has been established as causing poison- H sation. R. L. Mayer. Abstr. as IB ing, even though further experience follows from Zentralbl. f. Gewerbehyg., Report of the D epartmental JK may reveal a deficit group of sym p- th Oct., 1931, N . S. vol. 8, pp. 253-257, Committee as to Certain Proposed , toms resulting from exposure for long ar in Bull. Hyg., Feb., 1932, vol. 7, p. 84. Extensions of the Schedule or periods to a particular constituent; is The author (working in Jadassohn's Industrial Diseases Included foe but th e widespread use of cellulose su ABSTRACTS 197 Workmen's Compensation. H. M . Stationery Office, 1932. Three subjects are reported upon. In the first the Committee recom mends th at compensation be paid while a workman is undergoing treat ment for a localized new growth of the skin, papillomatous or keratotic, due to mineral oil, caused by self-acting mules in the process of cotton spinning. Such new growth would not of itself incapaci tate; but it needs treatment, usually by operative means. The period of in capacity due to such treatm ent is sel dom likely to exceed a fortnight. This recommendation extends the condi tions under which a claim can be made for mule spinners' cancer; but it should be specifically limited to workmen em ployed as minders or piecers in con nection with the process of cotton spinning by means of self-acting mules. The second subject considered deals with turpentine poisoning, concerning which the evidence did not establish the existence of chronic turpentine poi soning as a condition th a t can be recognized. Such symptoms as nausea and colic due to the inhalation of tu r pentine fumes cause incapacity for so short a period as not to justify the inclusion of such indispositions within the schedule of diseases. The third subject was that of dope poisoning, which as a heading has be come unnecessary, owing to the fact that poisoning by tetrachlorethane is separately included in the schedule of diseases. No other particular solvent has been established as causing poison ing, even though further experience may reveal a definite group of symp toms resulting from exposure for long periods to a particular constituent; but the widespread use of cellulose lacquers containing such solvents has only developed in recent years. The Committee states th a t it is consider ing further questions which have also been referred to it.--E. L. C. R ecommendations to Govern Con ditions When Installing and Or ganizing Industries Wherein Ra dioactive Bodies Are Manipulated. C. Regaud and R. Perroux. Md. du travail, March, 1932, vol. 4, PP- 38-44. A code of regulations is sketched out to guard workers from danger aris ing from exposure to radioactive bodies during the manipulation of the raw products or more concentrated ex tracts. Danger may occur either to the exposed parts of the body or to the blood forming organs, or through in halation or ingestion of radioactive dusts. Lead screens should be used to intercept the rays, and active ven tilation to carry away the dust. The way in which these two lines of pro tection should be used is indicated for various processes. Medical su pervision of th e personnel is also recom mended, w ith occasional microscopic examination of the blood.--E. L. C. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual M eeting of the Inter national Association of Industrial Accident B oards and Commissions, H eld at Wilmington, D el., Septem ber 22-26, 1930. U. S. Bur. Labor Statistics, Bull. No. 536, April, 1931, pp. 353. Abstr. as follows in Bull. Hyg., Jan., 1932, vol. 7, pp. 19-20. These proceedings deal mainly with the compensation aspects of accidents and accident prevention; but a section is devoted to more particularly medical subjects, such as the industrial capacity