Document 062LO8pKbBJd64k7DYmG1Xr4m

ILS. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICES ANO MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ANO HEALTH HER 0009098 t * criteria for a recommended standard OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE - TO ASBESTOS U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Heolth Services and Mental Health Administration Notionot Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1972  * f 4 HSM 72-10267 1 fTil* HER 0009T0 i PREFACE % The Occupational Safety and Health Act ofl970, emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health of workers exposed to an ever increasing number of potential hazards at their workplace. To provide relevant data from which valid criteria and effective standards can be deduced, che National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has * projected a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices. It is intended to present successive reports as research and epidemiologic studies are completed and sampling and analytic methods are developed. Criteria and standards wlll.be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of., the worker. . I am pleased to acknowledge che contributions to this first report-, on asbestos by members of my staff, and .the valuable constructive comments by the Review Consultsnts on Asbestos. A list of these contri butors and reviewers appears on pages ill and lv. . The contributions of others are also acknowledged: Dohrman H. Byers* Buresu of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Andrew D. Hosey* Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health _ Cincinnati, Ohio Glen W. Sutton* Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Richard E. Rinser Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health ** Cincinnati, Ohio Bobby J. Guntar, Ph.D.', Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health ** Cincinnati, Ohio John L. Holtz Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health ** Cincinnati, Ohio HER 000910* Roger K. Nalson* Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Edvard J. Baler Occupational Health' ^ Progtaa ~ Pennsylvania Departaent of Health Paul Groea, M.D. John C. Luasdan Graduate School of Public Health North Carolina State University of Pittsburgh Board of Health Korrla Kleinfeld, M.D. New tork State Departaent Of Jealth~_ Irving J. Sellkoff, M.D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine City'University of New York Douglas H. K. Lee, M.D,. National Institute of Envlronaental Health Sciences * Marcus H. K4y, M.D. Director,.National.institute for Occupational Safety and Health *fomer staff **nov National Institute for Occupational Safety end Health 11 HER 000910 REVIEW COMMITTEE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR'OCCUPATIONAL 3AFETT JJJD HEALTH Howard E. Ayar Assistant Director, Division of Field Studio* and Clinical Investigation* Jeremiah R.Lyneh Acting Deputy Director, Division of Laboratories -' ' and Criteria Development John V. Crabla Acting Chief, Laboratory of Phyeical and Chemical Analyaia Raymond T. Moore, M.D. AsaoeiSte Director, NI05H Waehington Operations v:..TM' " Bobby F. Craft, Ph.D. Acting Director, Diviaion of Technical Service* Charles H. Fowall, Se.D. ~ Assistant Director, NIOSB ^ for Research and Standards Lewi* J. Cralley, Ph.D. Office of the Asaociat* Director, Cincinnati Operation* t Development ' Warren L. Smith, M.D. . *~ Division of Field Studies Lorlc* Ede, J.D. Office of Research 6 Standard* ... Development ' - .* t Edward J. Fairchild, Ph.D.. - ' i," Acting Associate Director, HIQSB J and Clinical Investigation* * . jr*,' Herbert E. Stokinger, Ph.Di--.v?;' - Division of Laboratorlefe aivd,^^ Criteria Developnent Cincinnati Operations . . " v ' Joseph K. Wagoner, S.D.' HygV-r William M. Johnson, M.D. Director, Division of Fisild --Studies and Clinical Invest'. > ^ Associate Director, Diviaion of Field Studies and Clinical Investigation* tigation* . .T ill . `` i,, HER 00091C NIOSH REVIEW CONSULTANTS ON ASBESTOS W. Clark Cooper, M.D. Professor la Raaidepce^ Occupational Health Division of Environmental Health Sdencee Unlveraltr of California School of Public-Health Berkeley, California Duncan A. Holaday Research Professor Mount Sinai School of Medicine City University of New Tork New fork. New York GeorgiaV. Wright, M.D.-, Head, Department of Medical Research St. Lukes Hospltdl ' Cleveland, Ohio " . .P , *`**V iv 4 HER 0009t0' h * 'f CRITERIA DOCUMENT: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD FOR ASBESTOS Table of Contents PREFACE REV*IXV committees t RECOMMENDATIONS FOR'AN ASBESTOS jTANDARD Section 1 - Environments! - Section 2 - Medical Soetloa 3 - Lobelia*. Seetloa 4 - Pereonol Protective Equipment - end Clothing Seetloa S - Apprleal of Employees of Hasards from Asbestos Section 6 - Work Practices .' Section 7 - Monitoring 4 Recordkeeping^ Requirements II INTRODUCTION til BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE -v- .. - <r Extent of Exposure rv Esrly Blstorlcsl Reports .Epidemiological Studies Animal Toxicity Correlation of Exposure and Effect IV ENVIRONMENTAL DATA V DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD Basis for Previous Standards U. S. Emergency Standard Basle for Racoesiended Standard Summary VI COMPATIBILITT WITH EMISSION STANDARDS VII REFERENCES 'VIII APPENDIX I - Air Sampling Method IX APPENDIX II - Numerical Haxard Rating Syetam X APPENDIX III ~ Material Safety Data Sheet HER 0009105 I I. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AM ASBESTOS STANDARD Th' National Institute for Occupational Safety end Health (NIOSH) recommends that worker exposure to eebeetoe dust In the workpiece be controlled by requiring compliance with tba-foilowing sections. Control of worker expoeure to the limits stated -will prevent esbestosie end more adequately guard egeinet asbastoe-Induced neoplasms. The standard is amenable.to techniques that are valid, reproducible, end eveileble to industry and governmental agencies. It will be subject to review and will be revised ea necessary. Section 1 - Environmental (work place sir) (e)'.-Concentration - ' * - Occupational exposure to airborne asbeatbs dust Shell be controlled so that no worker shell be exposed to'ore then 2.0 asbestos `*4 fibers per cubic centimeter (cc) of air based on e count ef fibers greeter then 5 micrometers (>5 jib) in length ((determined by the mem brane filter method at 400-450X magnification (A millimeter'objective) phase contrast illumination, as described in Appendix!)), determined as e time-weighted average (TWA) exposure for an 8-hour work day, end no peek concentration of eebeetoe to which workers ere exposed shell exceed 10.0 flbers/ccpS>a as determined by a minimum sampling time of fifteen minutes. (b) Sampling Procedures for sampling, calibration of equipment, end 5> analysis of asbestos samples shall be as provided In Appendix 1. (c) It is recommended that this Section I become effective two years after promulgation as e standard, and that until the date of r* publication, the present emergency standard for exposure to asbestos dust.(29 CTR 1910.93a) shall be in effect. This period is believed necessary to permit installation of necessary engineering controls. ' v?f* > i . \ 4*- - . 1-2 i ,,. HER 0009107 * * Section 2 - Medical Medical surveillance is required, except'where a variance from the medical requirements of this proposed standard have been grante&`,~for all vorkers'Who are exposed to Asbestos as part of thelr1^wort environment. For purposes of this requlremsnt the term'"exposed to asbestos" will be interpreted'as referring to time-weighted'average exposures above"* 1 fiber/ *. cc or fi.x exposures above 5 fibers/cc. The major objective'of such surveillance will be to ensure proper medical management of individuals *V * who show evidence of reaction to pest dust exposurea.either due to " excessive exposures or unusual susceptibility. Medical management may range from recommendations as to job placement, improved work practices, cessation of smoking, to specific therapy for asbestos-related disease or its ros^ plications. Medical surveillance cannot be a guide to .adequacy of current controls when environmental data and medical examinetldfisc0nly cover recent work experience because of the prolonged latent period required for the;ir development of asbestos is and neoplasms. Required components of a medical surveillance program include periodic measurements of pulmonary function (forced vital capacity (FVC)), and forced expiratory voluma for one second (FEVj), and periodic cheat roentgenograms (postaro-anterlor 14 x 17 inches). Additional medical requlremant components include a history to describe smoking habits and details on past sxposures to asbestos and other dusts sad to determine presence or absence of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrolntsstlaal symptoms, and a physical examination, with special attention to pulmonary rales, clubbing of fingers, and ocher signs related to cardiopulmonary systems. 1-3 i HER 0009108 ' fm&sr- Chase roentgenograms and pulmonary function euei will bo performed' at the employer1 expense,---at lmt every 2 rears on *11 employees _ exposed to AAbostoo. Those tooto will bo node ~ annually to individuals, (1) who hovo o history oMOornora years of enploynent Involving exposure to sobottoo or, (2) who show roentgenographic findings (such as snail opacities, pleural plaquas, pleural thickening, pleural cal cification) which suggest or indlcaee pneumoconiosis or other reactions co asbeseos, or (3) who have changes in pulmonary function which Indicate restrictive or obstructive lung disease. - Preplacemanc nodical examinations and nodical examinations on the termination of employment of asbestos exposed-workers are also required. - *1 M;' a- 1-4 HER 000910S Section 3 - Labeling (a) A warning label for aabastoa aa shown in Figure 1 hall be used. (b) Numerical designations indicate the followings (i) 4" Health Hazard (color code, blue). Inhalation may cause asbestosia, pleural or peritoneal aeaothellona, or lung cancer. (11) 0* Fire Hazard (color code, red). Asbestos is non-flammable and has negligible vapor pressure, volatility, flash point, end explosive Units. (c) The details of the nuaerical hazard rating system are found in Appendix II. ~ 1-5 HER 000911 ASBESTOS > HARMFUL: May Causa Dalayad Lung injury (Asbescosls, Lung Cancer). DO MOT BREATHE DOST Uaa only with adaquaca ventilation.and .. approved respiratory protacciva devices. ;-6 I ,, tv i : HER 0009111 m # Section 4 - Pergonal Protective Equipment end Clothina This section shell apply whenever e variance from the standard sat In Section I Is granted underprovisionsof the Occupational Safety and Health Act.* Use of respirators can he.decided on tha basis of timewelghtad average or peak concentration. When jtijs limits of^ expoeure to asbestos dust prescribed in paragraph (a) of Section 1 cannot be net by limiting th-. concentration of asbestos due: in the work environment, an employer must utilise aa provided in subsections.(a) and (b) of this Section a program of respiratory protection and furnishing of protective clothing to effect the required protection of every worker exposed. (a) Respiratory Protection (iy For^'the purpose of'determining tfcuLplaao of respirator to be used, the employer shall measure the atmospheric.concentration of *"*&*. airborne asbestos in the workplace when.the initial application for variance is made and thereafter whenever process, worksite, climate or control changes occur which are likely to affect the asbestos concentration. The employer shall teat for respirator fit and/or stake asbestos measurements within the respiratory inlet covering to insure that no worker la being exposed to asbestos la excess of the standard either because of improper respirator selection nr fit. (11) Aa noted above, the use of respirators and protective clothing can be decided on the basis of either time-weighted average or peak concentrations. For determining usage or compliance, the peak concentration of 10 fibers/cc la preferable. `Variance procedures will not be required for emergency and occasional short-term exposures in excess of the environmental standard. However, tha use of respirator equipment as indicated in this Section (4) will be required under conditions in excess of the standard. (Ill) For an atmosphere containing not more than 10 fibers/cc greater than .5 >im In langth ovar an 8-hour avaraga or more than SO flbara/cc ovar any 15 mlnuta period, a rauaabla or alngla uaa filter-type air-purifying respirator, operating with a nagatlva pressure during tha Inhalation phaaa of breathing, approved under the provisions of 30 CFR Id (Bureau of Hinas Schedule 21B) or valueless respirators providing equivalent protection shall be used. .' (lv) For an atmosphere containing not more than 100 flbers/cc greater thin 5 prnln length over an 8-hour average or aora than 500 flbara/cc over any 15 minute period, a powered alr-purlfylng positive-pressure res pirator approved under the provisions of 30 CFR 14 (Bureau of Mines Schedule 2IB) shall be used. (v) For an atmosphere -containing more-then 100 flbers/cc greater v r-A*--- > ` f' *. * than 5 pm in length over an 8-hour, average or-over 500 flbers/cc for any period in excess of 15 minutes, a type Cpositive-pressure supplied air respirator approved under the provisions of 30 CFK 12 (Bureau of Mines Schedule 19B) shall be used. (vl) The employer shall establlah a respirator program In accordance with the requirements of the American National Standard for Respiratory Protection Z88.2--1969. (b) Protective Clothing (1) The employer shall provide each employee subject to exposure In a variance area with coveralls or similar full body pro tective clothing and hat, which shell be worn during the working hours In areas where there Is exposure to ssbestos dust. 1-8 HER 0009113 i (11) The esployer shall provide for aalntenance end laundering of the soiled protective clothing, vhieh shall~be stored, transported and disposed of In sealed non-reuaable containers narked "Asbestos-Con- tsalnated Clothing" In sasy-to-read^rttits. (Ill) Protective clothing shall be vaevuned -before renoval. Clothes shall not be cleaned by flowing dust iron the clothing or shaking. (lv) If laundering la to be done by a private contractor, the employer shall Infora the contractor of the potentially harmful effects of exposure to asbestos dust and of safe practices required In the laundering'of the asbestos-soiled vork clothes. . (v) Resin-impregnated paper or similar protective clothing can be substituted for fabric type of clothing. (vl) Zt Is recoeoended that In highly eontaalnated operations . (such as insulation and textiles) provisions be aade for separate change roosts. 1-9 t 0009.1*4 Section 5 - Apprlaal of Employe* of Hazards from Aebeetoa I -Each employee.expoeed Co aebeetoa ahall be epprieed of all hasarde, , relevant ymptona,aad proper conditiona and precautiona concerning uaa or expoaura. .Each expoeed.*orkar ahall ba Informed of tha Information which la applicable to a -epeciflc produce or notarial concalnlng it or T r-**a-* nora aabaacoa (eeeAppendlX.IH for datalia of Inforaaelon required). Tha Inforaaelon ahall ba kept on file and readily acceaalbla co tha- ---- worker ac all placet ,s-employment whale aabaacoa aatarlala are manu factured or uaad ln-unlt procaaeea and oparaelona. It la recommended, but not required, chat .chle.'lhfotmatlon ba provided for aabaacoa pro-_ caaaaa and oparaelona where- the' aabaacoa concent la leae than 5X. Information an epeclfiedln Appendix III ahall ba recorded oil U. S. Department of Labor Form 0SHA-2Q, "Material Safety Data Sheet", (eae page X-3.aadX-4)ora similar form approved by tha Occupational x Safety and Health Adalnletretlon, 0, S. Department of Labor. ^ 1-10 i HER 000911 Section 6 - Work Practice* (e) Asbestos cemant, mortar, coatings, grout, end plaster shall b mixed in dosed bags or'other containers. (b) Asbestos waste and scrap shall be collectedand disposed of la sealed bags or ochar containers. (c) All .deaaup of asbestos dust shall be performed by vacuum cl iners or wet cleaning methods. No dry sweeping shall be performed. : v r'. ' !.- ' ; ' i t-ll 1_ (. HER G009t1( Section 7 - Monitoring and Recordkeeping Requirement* Employers will be required* to malntalnrecorda nf".environmental exposure to asVeatbs based upon the following envlrdtSBjBtnfcieanp ling r and recordkeeping schedule. Personal exposure aamplea vill be collected at least annually by specific maximum-risk work operations from a number of employees. The first samplin; period will be completed within 180 days of the date of this standard. These selected samples will be collected and evaluated as both time-weighted and peak concentratlon,^ values. The personal sampling regime shall be on a quarterly basis . for taximuar.rlsk work areas under the following conditions: ------- (a) . The environmental levels are in. excess of the; standard. (b) There are other conditions existing that necessitate the requesting of a. variance from the Department of Labor Records of the type of respiratory protection in ueadurlng-thn. quarterly sampling schedule must also be maintained. Quarterly sampling. monitoring and recordkeeping will be required only until"'environmental., levels comply with the standard. ^Except where e variance for monitoring end recordepili,71isa beeagranted ,_v 1-12 * -=s?. ?r;~ 1 XI. INTBODUCTION This report'presents the criteria and the standard based thereon which were prepared to aeefthe need for preventing occupational diseases - -. --- ''.I' arising froa: exposure to asbestos dust. The necessary relevant data are made availahis "uSer'Sy"-the Secretary; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in accordance vieh the provision of the Occupational - - --i-.'- - Safety ani Health Act of 1970 requiring che development of criteria by "The Secretary,'department of Health,-Education, and Welfare...on the basis of .such' research, demonstrations, and. experiments and any other information available to him.,..to effectuate the purposes of this Act."..., by providing medical criteria^which will assure insofar as.practicable that no employee will suffer diminished health, functional capacity, or life expectancy,as 'i result of'his work experience'',.. . The National Institute ^fot Occupational Safety-and Health (H10SH), after a review ofdata andcbnsulcatlons with others, formalized a system for the development of-criteria upon which standards can be establlshed'to~*protect the health of workers from exposure to hazardous' chemical and physical agents. It should be pointed out that any recommended criteria for a standard should enable management and labor to develop- better engineering controls and more healthful work practices and should not be used as s final goal. Thesa criteria for a standard for asbestos dust are the first of the criteria developed by HIOSH. The criteria and standard speak only to the processing, manufacture, and use of asbestos products as applicable under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. II-l 4.,, . HER 0009118 I The occupational safety and health aspects of the mining and Billing of asbestos ores are covered by provisions of the Federal Metal and NonamtATlTcMlrie Safety Act (30 US.C. 725 et seq.) under which provisions the Bureau of Mines has promulgated applicable regulations. Relevant data, however, bearing on the safety.vend health hazards from exposure to asbestos dust in the mining and milling of ores.were considered in this document. These criteria were developed to assure that'the standard based thereon would, (1) protect against-asbestosis .and asbestos-induced neoplasms, (2) be amenably to techniques that are valid, reproducible, and available to~Tndustry and official agencies, and (3) be attainable with existing technology... .-V ' . . .. - 0' ' - . -*. The recommended-standard is' designed primarily co prevent asbestosis. For other dlseases:'*ass6ciated with, asbestos, there :is Insufficient information to esrablisha' s t-andard. to prevent .such diseases including asbestos-induced neoplasms by any aii-lnclusive limit other than one of zero, 'nevertheless, a safety factor has been included in arriving at the concentration level that will reduce the totiil body burden and should more adequately guard against neoplasms. Asbestos dies been mined, milled, processed, and used for many years, and as a result, a number of workers have experienced significant accumulative exposure to asbestos dust over a working lifetime. It has been recognized that biological monitoring (by periodic chest roentgenograms) and removal from further exposure after initiation of fibrosis, calcification or neoplasia will not absolutely prevent 11*2 t, t HER 0009119 ..............- - transformations do not lead to instantaneous cancez, but remain si insidious for a. number of years (latent).. .. . . . .. In protracted expoaura^aome .of^^tha total accuBnilated.erppfu|e is j- "wasted" (or irrelevant)i aa-fas^aa^ehaslnitiatpr^g^sanctt^ i3'>5Ea:3"cerned. Exposures in-excess of the minimal idtjstlgn,dose con- .: i ceivably may shorten the latant^pariodvito some etfefaLwbeSie^B> ., - for other contributing factors that vould have eventually \eaaeffactual in converting the latent tumor into a frank malignancy. Analytle methods used in the epidemiology of aabascoa-tnduc.ad-caacera are__ -A. unable to discriminate between the.initiating dose and -subsequent (wasted) 'exposure. Consideration muat also -be-sivan.to ..the concept Chataalnvsrsa relationship exists between doee>rate.and.thar.lae<mc.perlod.Of4ia ' ... ^ { TT~--ir -1 the dose-rate becomes progressively-lower, the larent,,period,may, approach or exceed' the - life apan of expoeed.^individua^i.^^.;BB^^jS:i. s;r. . Adherence to theseconcepts would- argue toward reducing asbestos 'exposure substantially below thoae levela currently demonstratad-to v'Vr J ` _ be associated with the diaeaae. Such a course of -action is conaiatent . with the Surgeon General's ad hoc-Commlttee an-Evaluation ,of Low Levels of Environmental Chemical Carcinogena statemant that, "for carcinogenic agents, a safe level for men cannoc be established by application pf . _ -i a: s :r~~ our present knowledge." ?- 1. Work practices in industries should be encouraged to develop work practice standards by the consensua method eo that the lowest feasible environmental levels can be obtained .--The-followlagnvork,practice I standards are included in the emergency standard for asbestos and are included in the recommended standard: V-13 v-i-1 t \ I.,, HER 0009120 (a) Asbestos cement, mortar, coatings, grout, and plaster shallL --- . be mixed in closed bags or other .containers. ffe... * :?SSr-. (b) Asbestos waste and scrap shall be collected and diaposed of in sealed bags or other containers. *. - (c) All cleanup of asbestos dust shall be performed by vaeu -'55 cleaners or by wet cleaning i. Ho dry sweeping shall be /fe",; - -''The:iheedJ'lh "Indus tryLfot.-a proper precautionary label for -andfor otherhszardous' materl ilaaasociatad with the mining, pi and use of chemical compounds has existed for a number of years. "The": development-of a labeling system for use as an occupational hazard . : - --~ ---1--- warning system overlaps into-so many othar labeling :areas, e.g. ^^: . transportation of chemicals, fire fighting, use by the milltary.litc., that it would be necessary either to develop a separate system foruae in relation to occupational exposures only; or to combine all thei-i!^-- ; present systems into one. . .. . The additlon of one more labeling system compounds the multi- " labeling requirement presently imposed on Industry and creatsa one--^-- more labeling system the worker must recognize. -Combining *11 systems into one requires the coordination of many governmental, professional* trade, manufacturing, and international and local organizations. ..Time - required to accomplish this cask is prohibitive in relation to 2the' '"> --. requirement for the loBedlace development of an occupational health r:: ~ standard for asbestos. ' As a result, HIOSH recooaends as an interim ;ir system the adoption, with modification, of the system for the Identi-- fication of the Fire Hazards of Materials of the National Fire Pro^j^'- taction Association and the Guide to Precautionary Labeling of " V-14 HER 0009121 * I 1 Hazardous Chemicals of the Manufacturing Chemists Association. It is recognized that this systea nay not be ths most appropriate systaa and nay require additional development to .permit...the worker, himself, to use it to identify the hazards to which he is exposed and to learn the necessaryprecautionsto assure him safe working conditions. (Saa - -- App--e--n--d--ix----I--I for .tS..s^S..e...ta--iuliiArtoaJa- d-a-"...m- . o-dification"of" tha labeling systea). , .................... 3 I i 5 * i ii * 1 i i \ jjl ; :x V-L5 HER 0009122  - Summary of the Baals fortheRecominded Standard ^ The re-commendation for an environmental aeendard for asbestos la baaed upon health-con*idorations andlimiced engineering feasibility ... ~^daca. The overriding conaldereclone^ere the health effecta. Evidence indicates chat pear end current scaadarda for fiber .concentration* In the working piece#-where eabeatoa fibers occur, though undoubtedly cancributing-Co-reductidh'of the eeverity end frequency of aabestoaia, have not provided completeproteccion from exposure to . 'eabeatoa, necessitating developaent of e new standard.. . .. ,.. : Consideration vaa given toprevious reports and studies, recent- -i date, and the preaent rstace^of-the-arti" It Is recognized chat additlonaj data would be deairable to eupport an aabeetoa standard.,: but because of immediate need for worker.protection,v-ie^ls necessary to make a recommendation baaed on available studleaand data. The following - conetraints ia.applicability of-researchdata were considered in the `development .of .the recommendations: (a) Few epldemlological,,etudlea-or clinical reports with supporting environmental data-are avalleble ln the exposure range that muse be considered. . . ..ts- : -A'-'--* (b) Environmental data on ,practically all atudlaa were collected only over the last-few years and/or they were collected by ocher techniques and expressed in terms ocher than flbers/cc. (c) The environment*1 temples were expressly collected In many cases for control purposes rather chan for research and, as a result, meaningful evaluations cannot be mad*. V-16 iw * HER 0009422 O # (d) Thera is a lack of data to define with any degree of precision the .threshold of development of neoplasos resulting from exposure to asbestos and the relationship of the latent period between exposure and development of neoplasms. - The standard recommended in this document is similar to the' standard^ ....................- - ^ - -- adopted by Her, Majesty's Factory Inspectorate in 1969 (still in effect- as of December 29, 1971), and more stringent than the recent U. S. Emergency Standard. It is felt to be feasible^technologically for the control of the exposure to the worker and effective biologically for ~ protection, of the worker against asbestos-induced diseases. Considerations of carcinogenesisLindicated che need for a measure of prudence, is a result of this rationale, a factor was added to reduce the time-weighted average exposure.to 2.0 fibers/cc> 5 um. A ceiling value of 10.0 fibers/cc> 5 um that was not to be exceeded was Included to.reduce the possibility of the ahort-term heavy exposures to asbestos chat ;haye. been reported to cause mesothelioma. In addition, this should reduce the likelihood of diseases (malignant and non-oallgnant): resulting from exposures in excess of 30 years or with very long latent periods. -'t~ - a * fry* V-17 i,, t her VI. COMPATIBILITY WITH EMISSION STANDARDS Tha proposed national emission standard for asbestos vu published la the Federal Regiatar. Vol. 36, No. 235, pages 2342-2343 (40 CFB 61.20- 61.24) by Che Environmental Protaction Agency. 3? Tha emission standard will be applicable to aabeacoa mines, adLlla'; building structures, or fadlitlea within which manufacturing or fabricatingoperatlona involving. Che uae - ` eoaaerelal aabeacoa; buildings or structure* which have beea or will be coaaerucced or modified uaiag aabeacoa iaauladoa products; - - - - - roadway facllldea which would be aurfaced or reaurfaeed uaiag aabeacoa calllaga. ...LI__ _ ___ The aeaadarda are baaed upoa information derived frim many aourcee, . _ - . .......v-. iadudiag healch efface levels, meteorology, technical analyaisofecntrol capability, aad coaalderacioa of economic impact. the overriding conaideraciona are healch effacta. These standards are basa4 upon '< specific operations aad physical conditions aad are limitedin general' . " .... -- -- ^ , ...... ,, ; ... ....... co emissions eo the atmosphere. ". r` - 1. Emissions shall not exceed chose which vouldbeemittad from operations if proper engineering control had beam installed (l.e. fabric fileer, cyclone gas cleaning devices). ^ 2. Visible emissions of particulate''"" - 3. Spraying of aabeacoa 4. Use of asbestoa for surfacing or resurfacing of rbsidsV' Tha use of procedural standards and visible amissions as. chai" baslF for evaluation for compliance with the standard are designed 'to minimize amission to the atmosphere. 2?A determined a VI-1 i.,, . HER 0009125 la nosuitabla technique forssapling aadanalysls of asbestos In sabiane-airorsaissicafaaes~~lhis determination vaa aadaas only liaite*infoneatlenpid-besn<ieve.loped Iron measuring flbara la cooaunlty air. The useof high voluaaeaaplars forcolleetlon of samples andcountiagbyllght'aicroecopic techniques alallar to Industrial hygiaae methods hah shown onlyaaall uubars of flbara la urbaa areas. ~ ... .................. -It vasfalt-thatthesaveluea verelowvhen compared to occupational haaleh experiencaandvaluesco few too use with confidence. Aa a reault chara la no direct ccaparlson possible betVaea the proposed national eaiasionstaadards for aabaacoa and tha racoaaaadad criteria foe. occupacionaiaxposure except to say that; tba lavala of ' would ba lower,aavoald:be expected, than occupational standards based oe aa 8-bour day>4()"^our work weak* Tha IUlaola Pollution Control Board oa November 30, 1971^ pobllahad a notlea of proposed final drafe of aalaalon acaadarda for aabaatoa that can ba aora eaally ralatad eo tba taenaaandad occupat standard than thoaa propoaad by SPA. llllaola lacludaa a provision that, "After luaa 30, 1972, a factory, plaat or aatarprlsa which engages la the processing or manufacturing of aay asbestos-containing produce shall dlscharga no visible calaaloa of partlculaea aattar froa such uaaufacturlag .or processing Into tha aablaat air aad shall sale no concentrations of aabaatoa fiber la excess of 2 fibers par cubic centimeter of air." 71-2 HER 0009126 The method of counting the asbestos fibers is thee proposed bp Edwards etal.71 andsimilarto the technique proposed in Appendix I of this report. This^proposed Illinois staBderd places a celling waive of 2 fibers/cc on emissions from processing on manufacturing of asbeseoa containing products. In the explanation of the revision of the proposed* Illinois regulation they state: /"""T: "IV. Part V, controlling manufacturing sources, is changed to require an emission at mdard of 2 fibers pec cubic eentiaeeer\and no visible eaissions. While sons testimony indicated-the difficulty la measuring compliance with amsnericaleaiasiou standard, overall theevidence establishes both the need (protection against Che greet proportion of invisible fiber) and the ease of measureaant . of such a criterion. A "no visible amission" standard haw been iddad to the numerical standard to simplify enforcement against exceptionally dirty.eniaaioo. sources. A grace period, until.June,30, 1972, has been added to permit acquisition of the necessary control equipment to attain the emission standard." . ' ~'""v This air quality standard is, 'auf it should be, more restrictive chat an occupational standard due in'differences in exposure time. This proposed occupational standard would seem te be. compatible with the proposed, emission standard and each should complement the other in the control of asbestos exposure. VII. RBPEHEHCES 1. Hendry, H. tf. The Geology, Occurrences, aad Major Uses of Asbestos. Ana. H. Y. Acad. Scl., Vol. 132, Art. 1, pp. 1-766-1963. 2. Wright, G. D.- Aabeatoo-ead Hehith^ia 1969. Am. Rav.Rssp. Die., Vol. 11, pp. 467-479, 1969. 3. ' Aabaatoa poaltloa paper, DHKtf, USPHS, BOSH, 1969. ........ _ _ 4. Report of the Departmental Comlttee oo Compensation for Iaduatrlal Diseases. C. Di 349J;*3496. 3. Cooke, V. E. Pulmonary Aabeacoola....Bri t.Mad., Vol. 2, pp. 1024-1023, 1927. . -v - ' .. . 6. McDonald, S. Histology of Pulmonary Aabeafiaia. Brit. Med. J.., Vol. 2, pp. 1023-1026, 19275T 7. Hoffman, P. L. Mortality frca Respiratory Diseases la*Dusty Trades (Inorganic Dust). Bull. a. S., Bur. Labor Statistics, Ho, 231, pp. 176-180, 1918. 8. Paacoast, H. K., T. 6. Millar, and H. R. M. Lsa31S^ Study of the Effects of Dust Inhalation Upon tha-Luaga.._ Ira Am. Physic., Vol. 32, pp. 97-108; 'tVlTv- Assoc. 9. Mills, R. 6. Pulmonary Asbeaco*is;R*portofa Caie;; Vol. 13, pp. 495-499, 1930. Med;, 10. Lynch, R. M., and W. A. Smith. Aabeatosls Bodies la Sputum aad Long. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Vol. 95, ppT^39-661,''I930;~ *'""'r*""*'"' 11. Mersvethet, E. R. A. A Memorandum on Aabeatosls. Tubercle, Vol. 15, pp. 69-81, 109-118, 132-139; 1933-34. 12. Gloyae, S. R. The Morbid Aaatamy aad Histology of Asbestosis. _ Tubercle, Vol. 14, pp. 445-451, 493^9t;'5S0-33iI,slji^3.^"^,'`tl,t 'r' 13. Seliksff, I. J., aad'C.^El'HaBb^^'ASbistldS'BodiLes'lhB^e^Hev York.... City Population in Two Periods of Time. Internet.Coaf. of Pneupocoaiosis, Johannesburg, pp. 47-53 (Aprll-May) , 1969.' "" 14. Harries, H. M. Asbestos Hasards in Naval Dockyards. Ann. Oeeup. Hyg., Vol. U, pp. 135-145, 1968. 13.^ Selikoff, I. J. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, personal communication, 1971. 16. Doll, R. Mortality from Lung Cancer la Asbestos Workers. Brit. J. lad. Mad., Vol. 12, p. 81, 1955. ........... VII-1 .` - HER 0009126 '40y:. .2;.^a* -y lt <r'% from 1946 to 1970. This limit was baaed on tha study by Oreesaen et 1.^ and subsequent investigations by others. In 1968 and 1969t ACGIH published notices of intended changes to lower the TLV to 12 fibers/ml>5jm in length or 2 oppcf and they published in 1970 end 1971 a still lower limit of S fibers/ml>5 pm in length as a'notice of proposed, intended change. The conversion of data from mppcf to flbers/ml in all asbestos operations can only be dune with considetable risk to the validity ----- ^--- - of the results. Lynch et al. pointed oue in 1970 the need for such conversion daea and that the data reported in 1965.61 of the 12 fiber/ml equivalent to 2 mppcf relationship was obtained in textile mills and should not be applied to other product areas. Estimates of risk of disease In other product areas should be based on fiber counts since.this method yields a more direct estimate of airborne asbestos concentration. ' * In 1968,' the Committee on Hygienic Stenderds Ofgthe Britlah Occuoa- tional Hygiene Society (BOHS) after reviewing medical evidence, results of studies made by the asbestos industry in tha UnitedKingdom,and - k _' *''*& ' - ' S* epidemiological data from the United States, published, Hygienic Standards for Chrysotlie Asbestos Dust.62 It stated: "1. As long as there is any airborne chrysotlie dust in the work environment there may be some small risk to health. Nevertheless, it should be realized thee exposure up to certain limits can be tolerated for a lifetime without incurring undue risks. "2. The committee believes that a proper and.reasonable objective would be to reduce the risk of contracting asbestosls to 1 percent of those who have a lifetime's exposure to the dust. By 'asbestosls1 '> s V-5 L- HER 0009129 this committee means the earliest demonstrable effects on the lungs . due to asbestos. "It is probable that the risk of being affected to the extent :is of having such early.clinical.signs will be less thanljercent for:;' 3 - 3" 5=-.-. an .accumulated exposure of 100 fiber years percm or 2 fibers/cm: for 50 years, 4 fibers per cm3 for 25 years or 10 fibers per cm3 for::ZZ~- -10 years. ---- ' Z.'' --- - "3. It is recommended chat expoaures^which lle in cirtain ranges of'dustiness be designated by categories according to the following -j:-;''"' scheme: DUST CATSGORY Negligible Low Medium High CONCENTRATION AVERAGED.OVER 3 MONTHS (FIBERS/cm-) 0-0.4 -Or3=lv9 2.0-10.0 '"Over 10.0 7 . ' ' ""TM ~V; r. 'V; "4. The levels are expressed^in terms of the number^offibers per cm3 greater than 57a in length as determined with the standard membrane filter method. Any other method can be used provided'it is /, accompanied by appropriate evidence ralating lts results to those ' ' 'J* ' which would have been obtained with theatandardmembraneftiter method. "5. Wien it is necessaryjco work intermittently ln a ^lgh-dust' area an approved mask-should" be vorh;':pr6vidad'that''ihe cbheentrationZr -ZZ is no more chan 50 fibers per cm3 a higher standard of respiratory' protection should be provided such as a pressure-fed breathing apparatus*^ V-6 t . HER 0009130 * "Additional Recommendations "1. It la reconmended that where practicable on up-to-date employment record card be kept of every person which indicates, every calender quarter, the category or categories in which he or she hea been employed and in which he or she la recosnended to work. "2. -All employees exposed to risk should he medically examined before employment. Periodic examinee .ona should "be made thereafter. annually. ----"Notes: "These hygienic standards are subject to review' in the light of new evidence and Improved methods of measurement. "The standards are, in our opinion, the jbest that can be drawn from the existing data. These data are scanty ahdbaaedon factory experience of continuous exposure during working hours. ' Due caution should be exercised in applying these standards tq other;patterns of exposure. As" far as possible the dust exposures have beenestimated conservatively and,' - itsaitv :f*'* ' "' " - - - in particular, in the period 1933-1950 the average hours of work were substantially greater than 40 per week. "It is hoped to supplement the existing data in due course, when the -standards will, if necessary, be modified. These standards.will be formally reviewed in three years."* In an unpublished paper, Williams, Baler, and Thomas compiled data from the Pennsylvania Department of Health files on exposure levels at *Aa of 1/6/72 their standards as effective;in Nay 1970 had not been revised. Per telephone conversation with Dr. S. Holmes, Secretary to the Asbestosls Research Council. V-7 t.,, . -a HER 000913 various textile processing operations in two plants. Their data Included dust concentrations' from- 1930 through 1967 In one plant and from 1948 :$!/ through11968 in the second plant. Even though controlled exposures were, for the most part," below T'mppcf and In many cases below, the 1968 ACGIH Notice of Intended Change to i" mppcf, 64 cases of aabestosls were reported from hese two asbeatoe textile plants. The authors conclude that: - ''A'**-*-'' ' ^ v "If asbeatoaisis to be prevented, airborne asbestos dust must be stringently controlled in the working environment. From these date a TLV ofjmppcf would provide inadequate protection and the proposed 2 mppcf may not be..substantiated." Gee and Bouhuys,^ in December, 1971, .pointed out that on the basis :j of "reasonable probability," decisiqni. must be.made-to control exposure to asbestos.rather than from a praciae^definition of dose-response relation ship, and "therpresent^'threshold limit value for asbestos should be lowered far below some recent proposal." ,. V-8 * HER 0009132 U. S. Emergency Standard The present emergency standard for exposure :to. asbestos dust (29 CFR 1910.93a) published In the Federal Reelsterraffol. 36, No.' 234, page 23207, December 7, 1971) Is as follows __ "The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration of ~ asbestos dust to which employees are exposed shall not exceed.,5 fibers per milliliter greater than 5 microns in length, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450X magnification (4 milllme*sr objective) phase contrast illumination. Concentrit ions above 5 fibers per milliliter ^uo, not to exceed 10 fibers per milliliter, ** " may be permitted up to a total of 13 minutes in an hour for up .to 3 hours in an 8-hour day." The 1971 ACGIH tentative-threshold limit value is 5 flbers/ml ) 3 jm ia length'.' "Both are higher than the British standard of 2 fibers/cc by at least-a factor of LS times. ......... *5? V-9 i *. her Basis for Recommended Standard... Tha nuabar of scudias Chat bava collected both environmental and medical data and with a significant number of eagosed workers la not sufficient to establiah a meaningful standard baaed upon fits scientific data. The requirement to protect 'he worker exposed to asbestos is defined- in a number of atudlea outlined in this document. The general recognition of the Increasing number. of cases of asbestoils, bronchogenic cancer, and mesothelioma indicates the urgent need.to develop a standard at the.present time. tflOSB recognizee that chese^data are fragmentary and, is a result, a_ safety factor muat be included in any standard considered.^ 'On thi# beaia the research that did include both environmental an^'medlcal dace, or where a standard or lljnit had been propoaed, ]w glven a^ireful and detailed atudy to determine its particular contribution to^hedevelopmsnti of a national standard. ....... ...... .................................66 The development of a standard for asbestos dust in Great Britain and the evaluation made by the British Occupational Bygiene Society '' - ` 62,66 (BOHS) Sub-committee on Hygiene Standards for asbestos, which considered data to reduce the risk of asbestosla, was given great weight in the development of this asbestos standard. The BOBS fitted the data available to a dose-response curve and the conclusion was drawn that an accumulated exposure of 100 fiber-years/cm would reduce early clinical signs to Less than 1Z. This'would be 2 fibers/cm3 for 50 years of 3~ 67 exposure or 4 fibers/cm for 25 years. According to Bosch, "The British Occupational Hygiene Society Standards Sub-committee on Asbestos expressed the view chat a proper and reaeonable objective would be to reduce exposures to below this level and thereby reduce the risk of V-10 I her 0009134 "ftw 5V/ * - -. < -3-^-'"--'-^r - contracting aabastosls to leas chaa 12 of those who have a lifetime exposure to the dust. For such workers, who may possibly work for 50 years, the long-term average concentration to which they are exposed would need to'selesa than'2fibera/cm. -For others, who will be exposed to asbestos dust in lr for shorter periods, the long-term avetage concentration need not be so low, as longaa their expdsure wiir'amount to less than 100 fiber-years/ca^." ^ It Is recognized*'that..the British standard is based upon data not" an":precise-aa desired, but it does offer a mechanism for com- parlson with the ACGIE.TLV and after three years of use no change has been recommended-., The British standard was primarily based upon a -study- of 290 men employed for 10 years or longer between 1953-1966 In an asbestos textile mill. The environmental dust concentrations to which different workers had been exposed were estimated to have varied from 1 to 27^fibers/fim,. The risk-exposure relationships jfere.developed ,, based upon basal rales-and X-ray changes. In this study, basal rales were considered the key-symptom since all workers exhibiting X-ray changes also exhibited basal rales. ,, In reviewing the values on the basis of the 100 flber^years/cm^ proposed by the British'Hygiene Standards Cosnittee, the ,following comparisons can bis^made between the British Standard and the Emergency U. S. Standard. Each standard Is normalized to 100 fiber-years to account for differences la the working lifetime of the average asbestos worker. The Baargency 0. S. Standard Is baaed upon the ACGIH TLV which. In turn, la based upon an exposure time of 30 years to 5 flbers/ml> 5 ua In length68 , v-u (, i- HER and tha Brielab, SO years of exposure sc 2 fibere/ca in length, la iuamary: ____ ___ ^1. - British- U.S. Emergency ""ACCIH Fiberyra/ee 2 fibers/ee "''was'"~ ,100 . .. y fibers/ml 150 ... - The validity of this type of comparison has already been questioned ' in this document, .i^e.,-the 'V* "factor used exchange ACCIH iaplnger data to fiber counts. 61,64 , ... However, on this basis, data suggese that the ACCIH value la higher than the British value. In addition co consideratioO-ofthe British data, the compariion of British and ACCIH data suggests~chat the 30-year exposure value Tor a'U. S. Standard should be about 3 fibers/ce J ja ia length in order,.to assure that less than IX of the workers exposed .;are?at risk of developing che earllest clinlcal aigns of tabestoals. However, additional consideration ouat be'given to Che concepts of carcinogenesis as they relate to the determination of a standard for asbestos expoaure. Any carclnogen (initiator) auat be assumed, until ~ otherwise proven, to have discrete, dose-dependant, irreversible end additive effects .to .cells chat are transmissible to the cell progeny. Thus, initiation of malignancy following single small exposures to tabestoe is possible, but of a low probability. With frequent or chronic exposure and a low dose-rate, the probability of initiation of malignancy is increased. Tec, even under optimal conditions of cell proliferation (in the presence of promotors) these malignant V-12 HER 0009136 I *'rzt mlsmmMmm rS7- .. " J.S.' _. '., / IV. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA The use of aabestos;haa-chaaged with the addition of sew products and with changealn thainduatrialpxocessM. .Theae changes and a growing awareness ofchshaalchaffsets-.framexposure of the worker to asbestos have resulted in .a changing work environment within ch aabaatoa industry. The lackof environmentalists forprevious years and tha chaagaa in technology uaad to collect samples, now and in tha past, hava reaultad in tha availability ofcomparabla environmental data for only tha last few years, Thus, tha scant, data and tha long latent period for the development of bronchogenic cancer and mesothelioma do not permit the establishment-of .the-doae-reaponae relationship at-this time. However, ashaabeenlndicacad, Che development of tha diseases hss been proven in vorkera-=expoaed.to asbestos, and environmental data does exist for the last-several years. - Table XIV shove tha-averaga concentration of asbestos fibers to which a number of insulation workers were exposed in 1969. The results shown are not time-weighted averages, but are averages of concentrations found for individual exposurasdurlng.the.time samples were collected (usually 15, 30, or 60 minutes). Although the average concentrations are reasonably low, vith the exception of apraying, individual exposures varied from O to lOO flbers/cc. The latter occurred during a 60-minute period while a workman sprayed-asbestos fiber no a turbine. McClure* aummarlsed results of a preliminary aurvey conducted by the U. S. Department of Labor during the period July, 1969, to January, 1970, at nine private shipyards aa follows: 37 of 74 samples * S.'?&igr ! collected during various operations of preparing and applying insulation were above 2 flbers/ce (SOZ) and 19 of 74 were about 12 flbers/ec (26Z). These vers not tine-weighted average exposures, but represented average fiber concentrations during the sampling period. Furthermore, none of Athene samples represented workers* exposures while tearing out old insulation and lagging--an operation that has been previously found to produce more dust than the oplication of the insulation. A. unmary of some of the environmentalists collected by NXOSH - is presented in Table I through XII. The environmental data presented in this document represent only that collected in the last few years and reported in flbers/cchS jim as counted by phase contrast light microscopy. As pointed out by Ayer et al.*, "It is obviously Impossible to give any single ratio that would accurately represent all'processes at. Ill times in each plant." As a result, little correlation, if any, can be made between early data (collected with an impinger where settled particles were counted) with current data (collected with a personal sampler and counted under a microscope equipped with a 16 mm 10X objective). These data represent only the levels found during the time the samples were actually being taken. The sampling times were usually; between IS minutes to one hour, and should not be considered as timeweighted average exposures even though credence could be given to this approach due to che large number of samples collected. Levels of exposure La che manufacture of asbestos are given in Table I through XII. In a total of 7 asbestos cement pipe plants, a range of individual samples was from 13.4 in coupling finishing, . to levels too low to count In pipe forming, curing, pipe finishing. IV-2 i % HER 0009138 coupling finishing, packing and aiscellaneous operations (Table !) It should also be noted In Table I that when consideration jls rr given to feasibility of engineering control. In coupling finishing,...-,, the Individual highest sample was U.A and -l^ -loiwt ^ul secMA^. , lowest staples were rero. Warehousing and nixing (6*3 fibcrs/cc>5>ia) and packing (6.1 flbers/cOS ^ss) were the highest Jeans by operation ... (Ti.jleH), and the lows were b**t'. 0.4 fibera/cO-5 jss. These data indicate the possibility of controlling these operations to below the proposed standards. - ------ -r--- These wide ranges of individual samples and scans by operations vers also shown, in asbestos friction plants (Tables III and IY) ------- ceaent shingle, millboard, and gasket operations (Tables 7 and 71), Insulation (Tables IX and X), and from asbestos paper, packing and- asphalt -products (Tables VII and vill). -- .......... . --. la textile operations, while the lsdlvldual,.lM-sad-second^lpweat.r.r concentrations were, in-ali cases, below.1.0 fiber/cc (excaptflber preparation, 1.4 fibers/ce), the aeons by operations exceeded 2.0 flbers/cc in fiber preparation (7.4 flbers/cc), cardlng (6.1flbcrs/cc), spinning (3.7 flbers/ee), sad twisting (3.2 flbers/cc)*. In the second _ lowest group, all operatlona except, finishing rexceeded.,2. Q.flbers/cc. These values, when considered with che highest means and highest... .. Individual saaples (143.9 flbers/cc In carding snd.:123.2la, wearing) . Indicate that present sethods of control practiced In the textile industry armor adequate for the standard proposed. This is probably true In insulation operations as well. Even though levels were below the level of 2.0 flbers/cOS jm, the Individual saaples sad operational aeana were high. The Individual staple high (Table IX) wee 208.4 in finishing and 188.9 fl^ers/cc in mixing. Table XXV shove that in at lease one insulation plane, 100 percent of all ssoplea taken vere less than or equal to 2 flbers/cc>5 >aa, and in one other, all but the nixing operations net the 5 fibers/c05 jm value. In textiles, under preeent operating conditions,none of the plants net the 2 fibers/ cc>5 jm criteria (Table XXV).. This does not imply that industry could not neat' the proposed standard of a time-weighted average -exposure of 2.0;fibers/cO5 >m, but only that it is not nesting it at the present in the insulation end textile plants, and it probably could meet the standard if given tine to clean-up the plant operations. -r . Secular trends indicate that- there is a .Hide variation between a fev'-saoples taken over 'large intervals of ^Clne. The evaluation of these trends, if indeed they, ere trends, vould be open to question.- however, it does point due that such can be done in the improvement . of plant operations. It is not reasonable to associate these differences with changes in field sampling methods, counting techniques, or locations of stapling devices when similar trends ere not apparent in cement pipe (Table XV), friction (Table XVI), or shingle, millboard and gasket operations (Table XVII). Variation im treads in insulation and textile pleats (Tables XIX to XXI) indicate stable plants ia some areas and not ia others. The comparatively lav values in textiles is soaevhat surprising. At aost of the operations in the veil-controlled plants, it is possible to neat the proposed standard with only saall changes in engineering practices (Table XII). This is also true to a lesser degrse L 4 If * IV-4 HER 000914C i friction operations (Tabla Sill), and shingle, Billboard, and .............. kat operations (Table XZ1V), and true la only a few operations textiles and insulation operations (Tables SV-XX7I). . : It aniat be noted that la asbestos plants hawing the ssae operations, have been able to seat the proposed standard, while others have bltad enviroonental values at higher levels, which suggests the . for engineering control - norths lack of engineering feasibility eat Che standard. ... It will not be easy to control-exposure la the insulation and textile itrlea, where higher levels of aabestoela, lung cancer, end aasotheilcpa ' ' caown to occur. .There is a high priority requireaent to protect the irs la theaa industries to aee'ure that exceasive asbaatools, lung X, and meaothaliooa will not continue and, at the aaae tine, give orkar the type of protection chat la required at once. Table SIX an indication of the dranatlc reduction in clae-veighted average . e c.. .. ' - ores chat could be accospllahed if peak or ceiling exposures ware isted. In this ease, reducing the peaks in insulation operations to tiling of 10- fibers/cc reduced the tlne-velghted-average to near-:-r : " :: i w*. it V. DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD Various criteria have been used 'lor^categorizing the-duatineas of the environmratT Recent'ileveibpifehiti'haw''Mae -tt~clear that a method utilizing the ca'pture and direcV eatimation df ^fibere of aabeeeoe should be utilized for environmentalmesiSrementof exposure -ito~ asbestos. In the past, in the United States, asbestos fibers'"were measured by the impinger method which`included counting particles as well as.asbestos fibers. . The question still exists as to whether'or*not different varieties of asbestos fibers' may havevarying'hiblogicaleffects^Thia will not be answered until more definitive information is available on the specific etiological agent(s) and mechanisms of injury involved! The consumption of asbestos-in this country is overwhelmingly ins`t1fte'forT.of chrysotlleb..,, Where other.forms of asbestos are used, such as erbClttoilea and aaosite,. they are oftqh mixed with* chrysotiie and areencountered alone, aslniy^"!. in researdkrand specialty 'situations; "~it"wOuld be extremely difficult.... on the basis of current Information on biological effects and industrial practices to establish and administer separate standards for different types of asbestos. ................ - The question also arises on the validity of basing standards on the number of respirable fibers in'`the air greater than ^5 micrometers in length. It is fully realized that'the fiber-size spectrum of respirable asbestos fibers in any particular Industrial environment will range from that of bundles of fibrils in the upper respirable size to those of the individual fibrils in the sub-micron size. The type and grade of fibers, nature of processing, arid controls in existence will greatly V-l HER 00091, influence the fiber-size spectrum (fiber length and diameter) in any given environment. The problem is further complicated by the lack of- --' definitive Information on the biologic response to fibers of different - sizes. It la known, however, that the longer fibers show a dose-response relation to aabestosls, and may hove a different behavior and degree-of response than the shorter size fibers which may, in the lower and sub- 0. .... . micron range, tend to resemble more the physical behavior of non-fibrous respirable particulates. Since It would not be feasible to have a standard on the total respirable fibers which would necessitate the routine, use of expensive and tlme-oonsuming teehnidhes. including electron mlcroscop an Index of exposure must be selected which,'as nearly as possible, relates . to the predominant biologic activity anddoae-reaponae of the alze spectrua of fibers ao.t conmonly encountered. It Is. esiauned for the present. thke the factor'of safety associated with the standard will allow for differences \ in the size spectrum of respirable fibers chat may be encountered. T&e British, In evaluating respirable chrysoelle fiber exposures In relation to the ongoing epidemiologic studies in the textile Industry and. for the basis of a standard for chrysoelle, established as an Index.of - ........... 62 exposure,'fibers greater than S micrometers in length. A substantial .. amount of Information on ehe biologic effects of asbeptos has,.and is,., being obtained using this parameter of exposure measurement. A reviewof the research In Britain, with concurrence on the rationale Involved, made it prudent that we use the same definition of lndex-of-exposure on which to base criteria for standards. These criteria should be re-evaluated when, (1) more definitive information on the biologic response of asbestos lncludia|| the agent(s) and dose-response data on different lengths of fiber Is 7c2 1., t^ 5* 0009^ available. (2) the spectrum of fiber lengths encountered in Industry by types of asbeetoe and operations is ascertained, and (3)aore precise, epidemiologic data are developed. To prevent fibrosis and excessive races of neoplasia, such as meso- chelioma, respiratory cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer, a standard for asbestos d ist should be based on a concept of dose-response that -includes not only the factor of fiber count times years of exposure but also that for total asbestos dust fibers retained over a number of years, .... Thus, the effect after several decades of a one-time acute dose of limited duration which overwhelms the clearing mechanism, and is retained in the lungs, may be as harmful as the cumulative affect of lower-daily doses of exposure over many years of work. I i V-3 Basis for Previous Standard* The first standard for controlling exposure to asbestos dust waA^-T' recomended by Dreeasen et al.^ in 1938 following a study of 541 emp||ye4 in four asbestos textile plants where massive exposures occurred. AjJiSi.-- tentative limit for asbestos dust in the textile industry of 5 millionTM!, particles per cubic foot (mppcf), determined by the lmpinger technique^-; vas recosmended. They found n :oieroua well-marked coses of pneumoconiosis where concentrations exceeded 5 mppcf, but only three doubtful cases:wher*l concentrations were under 5 mppcf. However, only five persons had belaid exposed for more than 10 years to concentrations from 0.0 to 4.9 mppcf.! None of the.39 persons exposed to concentrations below 2,5 mppcf showed"'" evidenoe of asbestoaia; but only six of. these had been employed moxefcthan a ___>." .......................................... .. . | five years. . .........._ The study by Oreessen ee al. had unavoidable limitations suchSAe-tha fact that 333 of the 541 employees studied bad worked less than five%eari in these textile mills, only 66 were employed as long as 10 years.Sand-- I only 2 for more than 20 years. Furthermore, the average age of theses" ] asbestos textile workers was 32.1 years and only one of the four plants ,, ] studied had been in operation for more than 15 years. Thus, the first- ] standard established was based upon limited date. The authors recognised I ...... ...........- 4. -i - I the limitations and stated that ... "5 mppcf may be regarded tencatlvelyi as the threshold value for asbestos-dust exposure until better data are" i available." 1 The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygientlsts^ (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for asbestos dust was 5 mppcf V-4 UJ i *. l HER 000914 1 \* body, and the indication chat instilled fibers tend to split longitudinally with time. The suggestion that chrysotile breaks up into short fragments on the evidence thatthe majority of the fibers found in Che alveoli were less chan one-sixth the-injected length, one and two years later, is open to the alternative interpretation that, inasmuch as longer particles are more readily phagocytosed, what is actually observed is the res! lual, -smaller, nonphagocycosed chrysotile.* Thus, d.spite the detailed, in-depth information furnished by electron microscopy, no body of knowledgeyet exists chat permits the assigning of relative risk factors to fibers of differing lengths. In respect to asbestos bodies, it sfioitld be noted* that "ferruginous ' ' ' * * , .. bodies" produced in guinea pigs in response to ocher fibrous material,- afine fibrous glass and ceramic aluminum-silicate were Identical in fine structure to chat of asbescos bodies-)*^ thus'rendering flm diagnostic decisions- difficult in cases of mulciexposures to different ^. fibrogenlc fibers in the electron and light microscopic range. (6) Trace Metals. Harington and Roe41 and later Crallay ec al.*2 reported large amounts of nickel, chromium, manganese, and iron are intimately associated vlth certain forms of chrysotile. On the possibility that trace metals may be associated with the induction of asbestos, cancer studies in animals were performed** which supported the hypothesis that, in the Induction of asbestos cancers, trace metals play an active cocirdnogenic role along with the exogenously derived carcinogen benzpyrene, while asbestos plays a passive role as a metal carrier. Correlation of Exposure and Effect # Available information on the relationship of asbestos exposure and the risk of asbestosls and/or br.r.chogenic carcinoma is somewhat III-17 ,. *?r i i her 000914C extensive, indicating a scrong association between the diseases and such exposure under a variety of conditions2*^>22,28 an(j evidence of dose-response relationship. ... - ?- Enterline and associates^ have recent1/ demonstrated convincing evidence for an exposure-response relatlonshlp^tveen asbestos as measured in terms of million parts per cubic foot years (mppcfyr), and *t A M El? Che risk of malignant and n n-mallgnanc respiratory disease'. Spec iflea 11 the risk of respiratory cancer increases from-l64-i-7~(standardized mortall ratio) at minimal exposures to 555.6, at accumulative exposures in excess of 750 mppcfyr (Table XXX). .... Knox et al.22 suggested chat in one asbes<tns `pant''wh'ere: environmental! i-r: -i . . .. levels .varied beeveen 1 and 8 parcicles/cc>-S ^im'Tln length, xhei risk li r.i S5-! to b ronchial carcinoma may have been largely eliminated; but that insufficient data were available to. estimate the extent of the risk that may remain. The different textile operations :'verefiberlzing, carding, spinning, weaving, and plastering; ^When environmental samples Bf collected by operation in 1961 and 1966 were summed,' the averages were between 4 to 6 fibers/cc. Operational averages were from a low of 2.5 fibers/cc in weaving to a high of 6.5 fibers/cc-in-carding. In 1968, Balzer and Cooper^ reported asbestosis among lnsulacion workers exposed at levels not exceeding the time-weighted average of li 5 mppef. McDonald ec. al. reported in May 1971, on 129 primary thoracic neoplasms in the workers employed in Quebec chrysotile asbestos mines and mills out of a total of 9304 former employees; five of these cases were mesothelioma. The auchors concluded that che additional data til-18 - HER 0009147 supports evidence of ocher studies chat even heavy exposure to asbestos .in. ..mining and milling carries only modest risk of contracting lung cancer^and,less still of contracting malignant mesothelioma. McDonald et al. suggest chat any increased risk of respiratory cancer or pneumoconiosis ac a dust-index. below 200 would noc be detectable and 3:5%:-- . ... - %;.v% i ;! *: would still be in doubt below 400. At a dust index of 200 an employee could work for 40 years ac a-dust concentration of S mppcf. The author assumes chat Che fiber concent of the dust is about 10Z and he states that this is equivalent to about 12 fibers/cu. Wright5?^pointed out chat others have noted the,,triking differences ; >' ' j * in the health'experience's; of, tjorkers in mines and mills ascoigpared to - ocher workers,.-specifically. in comparison to insulitibn.operatlona, but that he-felt the question was still unresolvel^TCn'contrast Co .. populations exposed to mixed environments, chose engaged in the mining and milling of asbestos fibers showed no augmented frequency of ` bronchogenic cancer.^ Selikoff,15 however, indicated that McDonald's "heavily exposed", group had 5 times as much lung cancer as the "lightly exposed" workers. Furthermore, lung cancer among insulation workers was found to be about 7 times greater than expected compared to the general non-exposed population.15 A non-exposed group was not reported by McDonald. Although it has been suggested that the risks associated with asbestos exposure may be less in mining than in industrial operations, additional study will be necessary to confirm if such is true, based upon the comparison made by Sellkoff.15 " -' r E11--19 * HER 0009148 Consideration must be given to McDonald's analysis of levels of &.*.**in? ' exposure of 12 fibers/cc. At this level, he.assumes that some degree of asbescosis may occur. The mathematical assumption made to arrive -^ at this environmental level leaves-a .great deal to question, even without attempting to relate this Information to the asbestos Industry in general. Two primary considerations lack the evidence necessary to.make general comparisons of these data with other reported work: the assumption as stated by McDonald^ that the fiber content of the dust is 10Z, and the method used to convert:.!rom mppcf to fibers/cc is hot explained in the paper. Murphy et al. 58 found chat Ssbescoslswas 11 times more common among pipe coverers in new shlp construction^than among a control group. The asbescosis was first found after.,1-3.years of exposure or about 60 mppcf years. The prevalence vas^38Z;.after 20 years. The asbestosls was defined by the presence of at least three of the ^ following signs: (1) basular rales in two or more sites, (2) clubbing of the fingers, (3) a vital capacity of lesSa.xhaii.80Z of the predicted and (4) roentgenography consistent with moderately advanced, or advanced asbescosis, and (5) dyspnea on climbingonaf1 ight of stairs. The environmental level was based upon samples collected in an -~ impinger and all the results were time-weighted-average exposures and these were averaged over several different operations. The highest average concentration was with hand-saw cutting at 10.0 mppcf" and Che lowest average was 0.8 mppcf when mixing mud. The average of all operations was 5.2 mppcf. One-hundred and one workers were til-20 i _ HER ') in che exposed group with 94 used as controls maecherUIor. age, duration of employment end smoking habits.- Both amositeand chrysotile were used in these operations ,wfeiJLeB:fMl.dojlitetwas^not..i Mntphy states that in his study.no asbestosis was found for-men exposed to 60mppcf-yea while 20Z of chose exposed for75-to-100 mppcf-ryears wereconsidered to have s bestosis. - Consideration'must be givet^-to averaging the timeweighted average values of che -envlronmencrl samples -ovet what seem . to be several different sampling locations or operations, tfera.workers__ who were classified as suffering from asbestosis exposed in-Che hand-saw -cutting, or mixing mu'd, or both, and for-wheCKtime^interval? Answer .to. this question youldhave & aajor effect"upon-che--relation)hip between the development of asbestosis and environmental levels, -and Cherelation ...of these impinger-counts; to "fibers/cc-;-------- In a recent unpublished paper , -WllllamsvrBaierrs^and.-Thomas compiled data from the Pennsylvania Department- of Health^f-iles von ^exposure levels at various textile processing operations in two plants.. The . data Included dust.concentrations* from 1930 through 1967 la one^planc and from 1948 through 1968 in^the-second-plant. ~ Eventhough controlled exposures were for the most part below, 5 s9pcf1.-ah41ia.m*B7 cases below the 1968 ACGIH Notice of Intended Change.-to. 2.mppcf, 64 cases of asbestosis were reported from these two asbestos.textile plants. The authors conclude that: "If asbestosis is co be prevented, airborne asbestos dust must be stringently controlled in Che working environment. From these data a TLV of 3 mppcf would provide Inadequate protection and che proposed 2 mppcf may not be substantiated." III-21 s i i - t HER 0009150 .. - Thus, considsrabis evidence" exists Indicating that the prevention or reduction'of the occurrence of ashestosis among workers requires chat the concentration of asbestos fibers to which they are exposed be reduced. ' " There is at this time, however, only scant correlation of ep demiological data with enviroi sencal exposure data upon which a definitive standard can be established. Champion^ reported two cases of malignant mesothelioma in two men, '31 and 32 years old, following exposure to asbestos. In the first case, the only documented exposure of the patient was-from his-father, ' who at 68 years of ageT'hSd'severe asbestosis following, employment as a pipe lagger in Scotland. In this case, no specialprecauciona were taken to protect the children from contact with the^father's work clothing, which was washed at home. The man smoked about 20 cigarettes per day . for sixteen years and had a brief history of breathlessness and ocher signs which could have been related to asbestos exposure. The second case Involved a patient who had moved to Asbestos, Quebec, where he lived for the next 23 years. This patient had worked for 10 years as an asbestos prospector and had worked for a short period in open-pic mining. Seven years before his death in 1968, he moved away from the area and became a salesman in i department score. The patient smoked 20 to 30 cigarettes per day r 14 years. In this case, it was believed that he was exposed nly co chrysotlle and primarily in mining operations. Champion's two ..ases seem to support earlier data of family caaes^ with reasonably short and/or low levels of exposure. : n-22 HER 0009151 i m. ... Murphy C al.59 presenced data concerning two caeea of workers exposed to asbestos. One case on biopsy confirmed mesothelioma and the other case had extensive pleural calcification. Both workers had frequently sanded asphalt and vinyl tile floors prior to installation of new floor covering. A technique to simulate normal work practice was developed and levels of 1.2 and 1..' tibers/cc >5 jn in length resulted. The authors noted chat under other work conditions these values may be higher. In the case Involving mesothelioma, the worker was 44 years old and had no' other history of occupational exposure to asbestos, although he had worked in a shipyard, .in a "noo-dusty" gyroscope repair area from 1945-1947. The repair area would practically have to be considered a clean room operations in. view of the precision involved in gyroscopic instrument repairs. He had smoked one package of cigarettes a day between the ages of 17 and 30 and had worked from- ~ 1948-1967 as a floor tile installer. The second case Involved a 61-year-old worker who had been a floor tile installer for the last 30 years and had smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for the last 45 years. This second patient had no history of ocher asbestos exposure different from the first; however, some question may be raised of a possible neighborhood exposure even if it only concerned going to work. The possibility of such exposure must be considered in view of the neighborhood case noted by Selikoff,15 Table XXIX. The possibility of the development of asbestos-related diseases in floor tile installation must be considered, and special attention must be given to this operation when considering the low levels of1* i! IX1--23 1- l,, 000&152 exposure Chat may be related to these two cases. If even In actual practice, levels were found to be^10 times those found by Che investigators it would substantiate the low levels-of exposurerecotmaended in this standard. The time interval for sanding as compared to tile installation must be small, and, if this is true, then, in fact, any level found would be very low if based on a time-weighted average exposure. This Increases the weighc of consideration that muse be given to this possibly exposed occupational group and the relationship of these low exposures to asbestos to the development of disease. Consideration must also be given related to the effect that may.,, have resulted from exposure to other material-in the floor tile. The level of, and effect of such material as asphalt and any decomposition products from sanding must be considered.^ Isolated clinical case reports are difficult to interpret in terms of dose-time response relationship and can only be used to indicate other possible problem areas and to highlight what may prove to be practicable areas for further study. " III-24 4 * _. HER 00091s i III. BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS , Asbestos is s generic term chsc applies to a number of naturally occurring, hydrated mineral silicates incoabuselblaxis;air-.end separable *. into filaments. The most widely used in industry in the United States is chiysotile OMgO.2siO2.2H2O), a fibrods forir pf serpentine.; types indiide -saosite (FeMgJSiOj); crocidolite (NsFeCSiOj^.FeSiOj.^O); trep-Hte (Ca2Mgss^8^22^^ 2)' "thophyllite (MgFe) 7Sigf^(OH)2^ end ectlsbllts (Ca0.2(MgFe)0.4Si02). " Extent of Exposure Almost one million tons per year of asbestos are used in the United States. In 1965, approximately 74 percent of the asbestos produced was used in the construction Industry <532,300 tons)while 26 percent . was used in non-construction industries <I87,.400 tons). Approximately 92 percent of the half^oilllon tons used in the construction industry is firmly bonded, i.e., the asbestos is'''locked in" in; such, products as floor tiles, asbestos cements, and roofing felts-and shingles; while the remaining 8 percent is friable or In powder form present in insula tion materials, asbestos cement powders, and acoustical products.^ As expected, these latter materials generate mors airborne fibers than the firmly bonded produces. The 187,400 tons of asbestos used in nonconstruction industries in 1965 were utilized in such products as textiles friction material including brake linings, and dutch facings, paper, paints, plastics, roof coatings, floor dies, and miscellaneous other "''' produces. Mining and milling of asbestos in the United States is a small industry, employing fewer then a thousand workers. The health and safety aspects of mining and milling operations are not covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The construction industry has, in recent years, applied asbestos insulation materials by spraying, a method of application that generate* more: airborne asbestos fibers than older conventional methods. This technique at present uil'.lzes only a small-percentage of the total asbestos produced and its use is decreasing; ' There are approximately 40,000 field insulation workers in the United States who are exposed to asbestos dust; The activities of these workers cause secondary exposures to an astimateiT three to five million other building construction and shipyard workers*!? .,. ,, jSince the dust exposure to the lndividual vurkar-As-excremaly . variable and the manber of asbestos workers at any one^iooetlon is , small/the primary and secondary asbestos dust exposures-to all workers have never been satisfactorily estimated; An estimated 50,000 workers are Involved in the manufacture of asbestos-containing products. This figure does not include secondary manufacture of products which contain asbestos, such as electrical or thermal Insulationor products which include previously manufactured components containing asbestos.^ The following information, furnished by the Pennsylvania.Division of Occupational Health, shows the number and variety of plants using asbestos in which potential exposures can occur. These figures are based on a survey of a total of 18,439 manufacturing plants in that i % State as of August 22, 1969, and represents about 1.4 percent of all manufacturing operations In Pennsylvania. Service facilities such as garages are not Included.~-.-~ ' ' ' <-V'i Insulation, including.cutting, drilling, and tape manufacture Manufacturing and processing Brikes and friction. Cement, clay Miscellaneous* -:es.-. -* No. of Plants ' 75 16 10 18 146 `Gaskets Signs - Safety equipment Laminated material . Paint and roofing materials Shlpbuildlng and shipbreaklng Impregnating resin and urethane Textile ' -. ' ...... o Undercoaeing' material ......... Ironing board covers ...' Flooring- _____ , . TOTAL - 265 III--3 I. 'IfSft&reL U., . rs&S* it t ?: I V HER|og^157 % ' *' m I I f- American and Canadian insurance companies noc Co insure asbescos workers due to the assumed'health-injurious conditlonSPof thee industry, la 1917, Pancoast, Miller and Landis reported on X-ray appearances of pneumoconiosis in IS individuals exposed tcT Mills4-publication in 1930`was the first reportonacase of asbestosis published in the United States, and in that same year, Lynch and Smieh^'reported on "asbestosis" bodies* found in the sputus of asbestos workers. In MereweCher's review of asbestosis,^* emphasis was placed on Che relation of asbestosis to dusty working conditions. The clin. ical aspects of-asbestosis are well documented. Glojfne 1? discussed che pathology of aabestosls-and methods for diagnosing. o af.:* = asbestos.bpdies and asbestosis. Selikoff and Haanond .analyzed 1/975 autopsies in three large'Hew. York City hospitals and found asbestos bodies in 942 (47.72). Broadly considered, 40 percent of housewives', 50 percent of "white collar" males, and~50 percent of "blue collar" males showed asbescos bodies; buc' males who had a history of shipyard or conscruccion work had higher Incidence of asbestos bodies, l.e., 90 of 129 cases or 70 percent. Selikoff's observations also suggest that asbestos bodies were as frequently present 38 years ago as now. Although a large percentage of che lungs of adult urban dwellers may be found to contain ferruginous bodies (depending on the method of exastlnation), Che significance of this is as yet unknown. ! * Ferruginous bodies" is a more descriptive term. This and other aspects of che biologic effaces of asbestos are well documented in the .Annals of che New York Academy of Science. Ill-5 .. . 4- i HER 000915* The core fibera,have not been sys Cematically Identified Co indlcece . how many are^abeatos bodies^ -and^there 'ere llccle data bearing on possible health effects associated with the low concentrations of fibers' found la ambient air. An abnormality, occurring w . ch unusually greater frequency in populatlona-exposed co Inhalation of asbestos fiber,'is that of ......... localized chickening, or plaques, of the pleura with or without calcification of che -ptaques. The "role of the asbestos fiber in this manifestation is noc clear. The medical aspects of exposure co asbestos and the-development, of the occupaclonalrdlsease, asbestosis, are charaetetiedby: (1) A paccern::ofi?roencgenographic changes consistent with diffuse interstitial-fibrosis of variable degree and, at class, pleural changes of fibrosis ^ahd caloi-flcajrtonT-y-r*.'' (2) Clinical changes Including fine rales and finger clubbing. These may be present or absent in any individual case. (3) Physiological changes consistent with a lung disorder. (4) A known history of occupational exposure co airborne asbestos dust. In general, a considerable doe lapse between inhalation of the dust and appearance of changes as determined by X-ray. The several clinical abnormalities listed above appear to occur with unusual frequency in chose environments where airborne asbestos fibers, often in association wich ocher substances, exist. One of these abnormalities, a diffuse chronic inflammation and scarring 111--6 I I of che lung, is che one recognized early in this century and referred to as "asbescosis." " Epidemiological Studies - - ;r"~ ', -<**- Harries1*' in 1968 suggested thac first impressions-would lead one to believe chat only workers continuously exposed-to" asbestos are at risk of devc .oping asbestosis, however, a jmber of trades experiencing incense intermittent exposures are also suspect; These other trades involve work with asbestos insulation iln^confined spaces onboard ship. Work in these trades has been accepted by che Pneumoconiosis; Panel of the United Kingdom as associated wlth ^asBestosis;s^;Selikoffhowever, in-a study of 232 farmer insulacion plant-employees^repotted'positive X-ray findings among individuals having had known-exposures to asbestos - .-iSEKSSsKa as short as one day (table XXVII). . - In the late 1940's a-frequency o f b ronchogenic cancer-greater chan thac expected on "the basis of che general male population'was manifest among persons who worked in the manufacture of asbestos products.^ This excess of bronchogenic cancer was also demonstrated among a group of workers in che United States exposed to airborne asbestos fibers in the installation of insulation. 17 ' IS Among 632 asbestos insulation installers observed from 1943 to 1967 there were'99 excess deaths (above chat expected on Che basis of the U. >. white male population) for three types of malignancies-- broncn.'genic (63), gastrointestinal (26) and all other sices combined (10). fines and Simpson1^ recently reported findings of similar magnitude among men employed as insulators and pipe coverers in Belfast. Newhouse'^ round an excess of lung cancer III-" HER 0009161 * in a study of over 4,500 male workers employed at an asbeatoe factory making both textile and insulation materials. This excess of lung cancer was demonstrated among those workers with Jobs which entailed heavy exposure Irrespective of the!'duration of employment. More recent observations by Sellkoff In the United States indicate a lung cancer risk.for workers exposed to amoslte asbestos in the ' 21 production of Insulation material. The possibility that the carcinogenic role of asbestos is solely 2 that of a cocardnogen has been suggested by Wright. This suggestion stems from the observation by Sellkoff and associates^ that among 370 asbestos insulators,-exposure to asbestos dust does not greatly Increase the risk of bronchogenic cancer in the absence of regular - . -:***....... . ' . . cigarette smoking. More recent observations among this same group of workers,^ however, demonstrate that this interpretation is largely a function of sample size as one lung cancer death vs. 0.02 expected7 was observed among non-smokers as contrasted with 27 vs. 2.83 expected among cigarette smokers. Moreover, Decoufle^ demonstrated that Che excess of lung cancer mortality among several subgroups of retired asbestos workers could not be explained by cigarette smoking alone. Concerning mesochelloma, 80 percent of the cases studied In South Africa and the United Kingdom have been shown to have an occupational or para-occupational association with asbestos fibers.z In the United States, Sellkoff and co-workers have reported the occurrence of 14 deaths from mesotheliomas among 532 asbestos insulation workers studied la retrospect from 1943 to 1968 compared to no deaths which would be expected in the same number of similar individuals in the 1710 .... . general population. ' Information is insufficient at this time to set an exposure standard (other than zero) which would assure prevention of mesothelioma in all workers, as the disease may occur following a very limited exposure 20-30 years earlier. An increased rate of occurrence of musochelioma of the pleura ' or peritoneum was reported in some populations in 1959 and in subsequent years. The possibility chat asbestos may play a role in this dis tribution has been raised. Investigations of the distribution of mesothelioma in populations occupationally exposed to asbestos indicate a scrotR' relationship between exposure cp asbestos fiber and Ch'e presenca'of mesothelioma.18,20,24,25 ; Neoplasms,, such-as .mesothelioma, may-occur without radiological evidenceof asbescosis at exposure levels lower, chan those required"-- for prevention of radiologically evident asbescosis. This may be of particular importance when consideration is given to short-term, high levels of exposure, and may result in Che development of meso thelioma before or after completion of a normal span of work either in or out' of the asbestos industry. This is illustrated by several case studies. Including two cases of malignant mesothelioma, one a "family" and the ocher a "neighborhood" case.26--In another "family" case, a woman washed the overalls of her--three daughters at home; all three daughters worked for an asbestos company with possible heavy exposures to asbestos. X11--9 i* V' : t. _ . HER 000916; 1 The time lapse between onset of exposure and mesothelioma in 344*deaths among asbestos Insulation workers was studied. Meso thelioma developed after a longer lapse of time from onset of exposure to asbestos than was the case in the development of asbestosls (Table XXVIII).15 Knox^ reported 4 cases of mesothelioma in men and women with less chan 10 years exposure, one with only seven months exposure, with the lacenc time for the dt.elopmenc of the mesothelioma from 23 to S3 years. D. L. Cran indicated chac mesothelioma did occur in cases of '., asbestosls, but that in host cases of mesothelioma chac he had seen, /., che/occurrenceofasbescosis was not found. He postulated chat the ; difference being the long periods of exposure required to produce _ ; asbestosls, while mesothelioma could occur- after a short intensive. exposure. The..27 cases of mesothelioma in children under 19 yean of age indicates the lacenc -time period for development of.'mesoche'Hqii; may be shorter than first estimated 29 Fifteen cases^ of pleural mesothelioma associated with occupational exposure were reported in Australia. The relationship between the mesothelioma development and asbestos was based upon occupational histories and finding of asbestos bodies in the tissue. lu soma of these cases, the relationship to occupational exposure could not be developed with any degree of certainty, but included patients whose exposure was as short as six months. No patienc was regarded clinically or radiologically as suffering from asbestosls; one person had pleural plaques chac were radiologically visible. 111-10 HER 0009163 I > I * Scumphius,31 between 1962 and 1968, found 25 cases of mesothelioma on Walcheren Island. Of these cases, 22 had been employed in Che shipyard trades. Scumphius noted that the shipyard employed about 3000 men. This would result in a race of mesothelioma of approximately 100 per 100,000 males per year. He also noted chat the rate for Dutch provinces with heavy Industry is 1.0 per 100,000 per year.31 In the same study, examination of sputum from 277 shipyard workers showed chat 60X had asbestos bodies. The frequency varied from 39Z of chose with no obvious exposure to 100Z among chose with slight but definite asbestos exposure. McEwen31 found chat the incidence'of-mesothelioma in Scotland was similar to chat fouad. in ocher parts of the United Kingdom and confirmed the association between the development of Che tumor and occupational exposure to asbestos. In 1968 Scumphius and Meyer33 concluded that ashescos exposure may lead to asbestosis, to carcinoma of the lungs and digestive tract, and to mesothelioma. They further stated chat there may be no indication of definite exposure to asbestos. It must be pointed out Chat a clear picture of the relationship between the type of asbestos and the production of asbestosis, neoplasms, and mesotheliomas is not defined in the exposures reported. In'many cases mixed exposures have occurred; e.g., the cases from the Naval dockyards in Crest Britain where exposures have occurred in unknown amounts :o crocidolite and amoslte. HER 0009164 I Animal Toxicity Experimental Animal Studies. Experimental exposure of animals to asbestos has been in progress for more than 40 years. During this time, a precise experimental animal model, from which could be derived dose-response relationships that could be used in estimating the , appropriate value for a work place air standard has not yet been reported. The race of development of asbestotic pulmonary fibrosis and of induction of pleural mesotheliomas is so slow that the animals die before onset of the condition. Accordingly, to develop either condition, experimencers have had to use inordinately high exposure levels or 'abnormal modes of administration or both, thus nullifying the adiaal model. The classical demonstrations of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis in guinea pigs with accompanying asbestos bodies by Gardner and Cummings^ and by Vorwald et al.^5 became possible only by using fiber levels of from 1,400 to 5,000/cc (39 million to 138 million fibers/cubic foot); and the uniform production of mesotheliomas in rats by Wagner and Berrywas attained only after administering Che asbestos by intra pleural Injection ac the extraordinarily high dose of 20 mg. Stanton et al.^ were unable, even when aided by chemical means, to induce neoplasms of any type in a tumor-susceptible strain of racs at low dosages of asbest-s (type unspecified); but Grots et al.^ did produce in racs malignant pulmonary tumors of several types from exposure ac very high doses (ca. 22,000 fibers/cc 86 mg/a^) of chrysocile asbestos chat had been humnermllled to an increase in cobalt of 145Z; nickel, 82Z; and chromium, u*. 111-12 i HER 00091QC 1 Differences in animal responses co "harsh" and "soft" chrysotile asbestos were seen by Smith et al.^9. granulomatous and fibrous pleural adhesions were thicker, and pleural mesotheliomas appeared ft more rapidly in response co harsh chrysotile. (Harsh chrysotile was characterised as appearing in thicker bundles and was hydrophobic whereas che soft chrysotile was hydrophilic). Th*re are no experimental animal dose-response data that can be used ~~ in estimating a work place air standard for asbestos. Contributions co Occupational Sxnosura Standards from Animal Studies.-^ Of possible value in estimating occupational exposure limits are data regarding the relative disease-producing potency of the various forms and types of asbestos.;' ,-f. 40 '* -ft ^ Wagner . found in the three species exposed (guinea pigs, rabbits,: and monkeys) chat amosice produced more marked interstitial fibrosis chan chrysotile and the lesions occurred earlier. No'statement on relative potency of crocidolice could be made because of che impure .. nature of che test specimen. On che ocher hand, amosice was found by che same investigator^6 to be about one-half as potent in che U>~ ft production of mesotheliomas in rats as chrysotile and crocidolice, if numbers and race of production are used as indicators. An incidental finding was no evidence for difference in effect between natural and oil-extracted forma of crocidolice, a subject considered as a possible factor in che induction of asbestos cancers.6^ naturally Occurring Effects In lower Animals. Ho evidence appears co exist chae domestic or wild animals can provide criteria for standards. m-13 t HER 000! or for controlling asbestos emissions, although a few confirmatory reports have been made that asbestosis can occur in such animals, Webster42 has demonstrated fibrosis with associated asbestos bodies and fibers in wild rodents in South Africa, in one of a troop of baboons, and in two donkeys that had either worked in, or lived around, crocidolite mines or mills. And Sc.iuscer*^ reported pulmonary asbestosis, without asbestos bodies. In a dog that had lived for about 10 years in a London asbestos factory as a rat catcher. The magnitude or the type of exposure was not reported in any instance.. Factors"influencing Pathogenesis-- Experimental Animal. Experimental animal studies have-been informative..in elucidating the factors that - ....-t ' modify or explain the biologic accion of asbestos. Ac least six factors have been investigated: (1) fiber length and bundle size; (2) cytotoxicity; (3) red cell hemolytic activity; (4) asbestos hydrocarbons; (3) morphologic changes; and (6) trace metals in asbestos, (1) Fiber length and bundle size. The relation between length of fibers and of fibers to motes (nonfibrous particles) and asbestos Induced disease has been one of continuing experimental Inquiry. Gardner and Cummings^* and Gardner4* found that longer fibers appeared to have a greater fibrogenic effect, although fibrosis developed in animals exposed to dusts which were composed of but one to 1.3 percent fibers! The high exposure concentration of 100 mppcf (ca. 3,600 fibers/cc) makes any decision on the relative potency of fibers vs. motes virtually Impossible; however, when animals were exposed to short-fiber asbestos dusc, although the type and rate of tissue reaction 111-14 HER 1 I I r-- ; were essentially the same, the extent o Involvement was very much less than chat of longer fibers. Inasmuch as exposure concentrations In these comparable studies were about Che same, the conclusion can reasonably be made that longer fibers are more flbrogenlc, but that the motes are not without flbrogenlc potential. In experiments with rabbits. King, Clegg, and Rae*^ using Rhodesian chrysoclle fibers averaging 2.5 pm and 1j pm in length, concluded chat the shorter fibers produced generalized interstitial fibrosis, whereas Che longer fibers produced nodular lesions. This finding was not confirmed by one of the investigators (King) in another animal Species.* ' Later repetition of the lnvescigatIcas,yith"fitte"-thrysotile and amoslte (8SZ and 82.6Z respectively, less chin;! pm in length) by : . Wagner* yielded definite fibrosis with boch'dhsca., thus confirming the original work, of Gardner chat short fibers or motes have flbrogenlc potential. This experimental work has significance for industrial air standards in indicating the need to support additional research on Che "greater chan 5 pm in length" specific requirement and the more general relation of fiber length to cancer induction, which has never been determined experimentally. (2) Cytotoxicity. Both chrysoclle and crocidolite were found to be markedly toxic to guinea pig macrophages in vitro.*^ The fibrous fraction showed a high, and the particulate, a moderate toxicity, thus providing evidence in conformity with the relative biologic potencies of fibrous and nonfibroua forms found in in vivo studies. III-15 1 i I . `- i .'. HER 000916* (3) Hemolytic Activity. In a similar effort to discover Che initial stages of biologic activity of asbestos, and In particular to account for the ircn-stainingcharacterof asbestos bodies, the hemolytic action of four, asbestos types-was determined. Whereas chrysoclle proved to be .potently hemolytic, eroddollte, amosice and anchophyllite were either completely inactive or only weakly.*** No attempt was made, however, to correlate the greater hemolytic activity of chrysotlle with the iron- staining-intensity of its asbestos bodies relative to those from other asbestos forms. " (4) Asbestos Hydrocarbons. As chrypotlle-proved to-be most : ** __, , .o ' " V- adsorpciveof IroQp so was it'most adsorptive ofMbenzpyrene; compared with 100Z adsorption-for "chrysoclle, eroddollte and onsite absorbed from solution 40Z and 102 respectively.*^ On-this basis, chrysoclle should prove the most pocenc eocardnogen of the three forms if its action is medaced through exogenous benzpyrene. This has not been demonstrated as yet in humans. A 10Z desorption from chrysotlle by serum in three days was demonstrated,* a condition considered an essential first step in hydrocarbon cardnogenesis. (5) Morphologic Changes. Electron microscopy of animal tissues has greatly enlarged understanding of the processes that occur following contact of pulmonary cells with asbestos. Examination by light, phase, and electron microscopy by Suzuki and Churg* of subcallular tissue of hamsters intratracheally exposed to chrysotlle revealed the successive steps that occurred in che cytoplasm of certain pulmonary cells. Particularly informative for che mode of ehryaotlle action was the description of the formation and the ultrastrueture of the asbestos III-16 t., . HER o 11 V A 88w8mm I E l ., HER 0009170: *I Irecoaaended d C hi* document. (L a te s t a v a ila b le NIOSH data c o lle c te d d u rin g the ye a r* 1966 through 1971). Ittud ' HER 0009172: M ia c e lla u e o u a 29.9 (2) A 9.7 (2) G 2*5 (4) 'frr I ,,. HER 0009173 . 1-6000 U3H \ TABU XIII 5 ASBESTOS CONCENTRATION* BY OPERATION FOR INSULATION WORKERS Marin* Con struction Repair No. of Saaples Actual Arltheaetlc Means Previous Recalculated Tlae-Welghced Mean*** Average*** Recalculated Woe-Weighted Average*** Prefabrication Application Mixing General Tear Out Finishing 7 25 19 18 14 19 30.4 6.2 21.2 0.6 31.5 ' 0.3 8.7 ) 25 ) 6.4 ) 0.6 8.3 J 0.3 ) 9.2 Light and Heavy Industrial Construction Prefabrication 23 10.1 6.6 ) Application 36...... . . 3.1 2.4-;......___ - Mixing 17 4.7 ____ 2.9 ) __ 4.2. General 19 1.6 1.1 ) . f Tear Out 10 12.8 ......... 7.1 ) .... . - Finishing 16 _____ 0.9 0.9 ) :" " ' ......------ -- ' .-V: . - 1 ' . ' .Fibers/mlIn length *** _ Suoaarlzdd from data Personal comounicatlon. "~ March ' 1970 from Balzerb Cooper(A) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1.8 2.2 -- -- J -~rr. ................. ! t * I SZ16000 d3H '.a - vi.. <-> - Vr-'V. TABLE nv ASBESTOS CONCENTRATION BY OPERATION*, 1969 Average aabeatoa fiber lev Work practice #1 Asbeat s cement #2 Asbeatoa cement *3 Aabeatoa cemenEt #4 Aabeacoe cement Cutting calcium ailicace, block, pipe il Pergonal Area Sampl genplaa Dlata eeal conditions___ fibers/ml fibers/ml--------fronjo High celling room. Louvre venting 2.4 .45 Low celling room. Poor ventilation 2.6 Acceae tunnel 6.1 Power houaa. Low Celling, poor ventilation Table and hand save-, In power houae - open 3.9 1.2 2.5 3-5' Cutting calcium alll- Same - la Industrial- 4.1 cace, block 6 pipe 12 building . Good ventilation. Cutting calcium 111cate block & pipe Apartment houae boller room." ~"ir.'3^ " No ventilation.--Work 3".-18-V from breathing tone. Cutting calcium sili cate Slock 6 pipe #4 Limited ventilation^ "' ~ : ,./:9.4v . 1.6 . 3-4' Spraying lnaulatlon Turbines In power plant-- very high celling, good venclladon. -43,7-19.5 3* 28.0 6* fibera/ml > S)x In length Hotaa: ----------- 1. Condltiona usually variable: Cement mixed dry - applied vet; rapid changes in local ventilation; composition of material may vary; number of men on Job may vary, 2. Average of counts (excluding apray lneulation).*25 flbers/ml 64.5X; 5-12 flbers/ml 25.5Z; 712 fibers/ml 10.OX. (jj 3. Information prepared by Reitze, Nicholson, and Boladsy. MM S g 8 tO Ok M , O' CD Wl Ok Vi z r KS soer. non *O U l N O y ^ S 5 s(C6Ik. i0 n0* NJ CA Z " rw *0 (A aon D M00 t- j .... ,, . * tI V. HER 0009176 In fo rm a tio n prepared from N10SU data.'. ... : r. ... HER 0009178 In fo rm a tio n prepared from HIOSH data. . _____ i i i ^BrjgiaSgtft MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Form Approved Budget Bureau So. Approval Expires Form So. OSHA SECTION I SOURCE ANO NOMENCLATURE MANUFACTURER'S NAME j EMERGENCY TELEPHONE HO. ADDRESS (Number, Street, City, State, ZIP Code) TRADE NAME AND SYNONYMS CHEMICAL NAME AND SYNONYMS _ CHEMICAL FAMILY FORMULA BASIC MATERIAL SECTION II HAZAROOUS INGREDIENTS APPROXIMATE OR MAXIMUM 1 WT. OR VOL. ESTABLISHED OSHA STANDARD "jo ORAL PERCUT. "jo SPECIES CONC. Tk W#' Jl / 6?i M n * BOILING POINT SECTION III PHYSICAL OATA "F. VAPOR PRESSURE Hg. MELTING POINT F. VAPOR DENSITY (Air-1) SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H20l) EVAPORATION RATE ( 1) SOLUBILITY IN WATER Pts/100 pts HgO VOLATILE * Vol. * Wt. APPEARANCE AND ODOR FLASH POINT METHOD USED' SECTION IV FIRE ANO EXPLOSION HAZARD OATA FLAMMABLE (EXPLOSIVE) LIMITS UPPER LOWER EXTINGUISHING MEDIA SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS X-4 H her 0009180 ; *. . *; r-r-y-M V ' PRODUCT DESIGNATION Tone LEVEL PRINCIPLE ROUTES OF ABSORBTIOH RELEVANT SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES SECTION V HEALTH HAZARD DATA CARCINOGENIC SKIN AND EYE -- IRRITATION , SECTION VI CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING . TO INSTABILITY CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION INCOMPATIBILITY ... (Materials to'Avoid) HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS . REACTIVITY DATA. . :! ' SECTION VII SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASES OR SPILLED WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD SECTION VIII SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION ] VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS LOCAL EXHAUST PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (Specify Typj EYE MECHANICAL (General) GLOVES j SPECIAL RESPIRATOR I OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1 PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE OTHER PRECAUTIONS SECTION IX SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS Signature Address Date HER 0009181 HER 0009183 ' *V HER 0009184 HER 0009185 ; A ll samples expressed as fib e rs > ^ i/ c c counted by the standard method recommended In th is document. (L a te s t a v a ila b le NI0S1I data c o lle c te d d u rin g the years 1969 through 1971). HER 000918? A ll samples expressed as fib e r s > ly i/c c counted by the standard method recommended In th is document. (L a te s t a v a ila b le NIOSII data c o lle c te d d u rin g the years 1966 through 1970). A ll i M p l u c ip r u ie d /so fib e rs 7 Sjj cc counted by the standard s e thod recosaended In th in document. (L a te s t a v a ila b le MIOSH data c o lle c te d d u rin g the years 1966'through 1970). . 2852 n er 8Con.2nOx : v^rJ- sr i er re* x oe 3 i 21 Q5 I ** o c n &3 3O OS?B *-?0X35Q O5X3B OXX* O3B n*xw ncn Boa PX xX H* 3 ft. O3B O3B 000*000*> H* O3B X1 0 x*s a8 5? W Jf* O3B OB HER 0009188 i n th is document. (L a te s t'a v a ila b le NIOSU data c o lle c te d d u rin g the years 1966 through 1970). i o ro* nO aA A > sc eo rr>t a ac sAr AIAfT090 A *0 6e Aer A Aft O A 5 X 9 00 op NM o tj 5 AO A A 9 AO C A 0009189. 17 Selikoff, I. J., E. C. Hammond, and J. Churg. Asbestos Exposure, Smoking and Neoplasia. J. Am.Mad. Assoc., Vol. 204, p. 106, 196 18. Selikoff, I. J.,J.Churg,andE. C. Hammond. Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasia. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Vol. 188, p^ 22, 1964. 19. Elmes, F. C., and J. J. C. Simpson. Insulation Workers in Belfaa 3. Mortality 1940-66. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol 28, pp. 226-236, 1971. k : 20. Newhouse, M. L. A Study of the Mortality of Workers in Asbestos Factory. Brit. J. Ind. Med.,-Vol. 26, .pp. 294-301, 1969. 21. Selikoff, I. J. Mortality Experience of Amoslte Asbestos Factory Workers. Presented at IV International Conference on Pneumoconi (IL0), Bucharest, 197i. , 22. Selikoff, I. J. , E;'^; . Hamaond, ai^-J. Churg. Mortality Skpefien of-Asbestos Insulatioa^VOrkerav Pro. Internet. Conf. PneumacfinI Department of Mines,Repub-lio-o:SouthAfrica, pp. 97-103, 19697' 23. DecoufleMortality Patterns of a Group of Retired-Asbestos Workers. Doctoral Thesis* Onivarsity of Pittsburgh, 1970. 24. Knox, j. F., R. S. Doil,- and I. D. Hill. Cohort Analysis of Chan in Incidence of Bronchial Carcinoma in a Textile Asbestos Factory. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132, Art. 1, pp. S26-S35, 1965. 25. Mancuso, T. F., and A. E. El-Attar. Carcinogenic Risk and Duratl of Employment Among Asbestos Workers. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, 1968. 26. Champion, P. Two Cases of Malignant Mesothelioma after Exposure to Asbestos. Amer. Rev. Reap. Dis., Vol. 103, pp. 821-826, 1971. 27. Knox, J. F., S. Homes, R. Doll, and I. D. Hill. Mortality from Lung Cancer and Ocher Causes Among Workers in an Asbestos Textile Factory. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 25, pp. 293-303, 1968. 28. Cran, D. L. Discussion of Paper, "Asbestos Hazards in Naval Dockyards" Harries, H. M. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, ?. lit, 1968. 29. Grundy, G. W. National Cancer Institute, Washington, D.C., personal communication. 30. Milne, J. Fifteen Cases of Pleural Mesothelioma Associated with Occupational Exposure to Asbestos in Victoria. Med. J. Aust., Vol. 2, pp. 669-673, 1969. VII-2 i. _ . HER 0009190 <* * 5* # ** 31. Stumphlus, J. Epidemiology of Mesothelioma on Walcheren Island. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 28, pp. 59-66, 1971. 32. McEwen,,, J., A. Finlayson, A. Malr, and A. A. M. Gibson. Mesothelioma in Scotland. Brit. Med. J., Vol. 4, pp. 575-578, 1970. 33. Stumphlus, J., and P. B. Meyer. Asbestos Bodies and Mesothelioma. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, pp. 283-293, 1968. 34. Gardner,-t. _0., and D. E. Cummings. Studies on Experimental " Pneumokoniosls VI Inhalation of Asbestos Dust. J. Ind. Hyg., Vol.* 13, pp. 65-81, 97-114, 1931. 35. Vorwald, A. J., T. M. Durkan, and r C. Pratt. Experimantal Studies of Asbestos. A. M. A. Arch. Ind. hyg. Occup. Mad., Vol. 3, pp. 1-43, 1951. 36. Wagner, J. C., and G. Berry. Mesotheliomas in Rats Following Inoculatioa..with Asbestos. Brit. J. Cancer, Vol. 23, pp. 567-581, 1969. 37. Stanton, C F., R. Blackwell, and E. Miller. Experimental Pulmonary Carcinogenesis with Asbestos. Am. Ind. Hyg^. Assoc. J., Vol. 30, pp. 236-244, 1969. . ... 38. Gross, P., R. T. P. detreville. and M. N.. Haller.' Experimental Asbest08ls-- The Development of Lung Cancer In Race with Pulmonary Deposits of Chrysotlle Asbestos Dust. Arch. Envir. Hlth.jVol. 15, pp. 343t.355^1967.. 39. Smith, W. E. et al. Comparison of Biologic Responses to Harsh and Soft Chrysotlle Asbestos. Submitted to Arch. Envir. Hlth. for publication. 40. Wagner, J. C. Asbestosls in Experimental Animals. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 20, pp. 1-12, 1963. 41. Harington, J. S., and F. J. C. Roe. Studies of Carcinogenesis of Asbestos Fibers and Their Natural Oils. Ann. N. T. Acad. Sd., Vol. -132, Art. 1, pp. 439-450, 1965. 42. Webster, I. Asbestosls In Non-experlmental Animals in S. Africa. Nature, Vol. 197, p. 506, 1963. 43. Schuster, N. H. Pulmonary Asbestosls In a Dog. J. Path. Bacc. Vol. 34, pp. 751-757, 1931. 44.. Gardner, L. D. Chrysotlle Asbestos as an Indicator of Subtile Differences in Animal Tissues. Am. Rev. Tuberc., Vol. 45, pp 762-766, 1941. VI1-3 _ HER 000919T 45. Ring. E. J., J. W. Clegg, and V. M. Sae. The Efface of Aabeseoa, and of Aabeseoa and Alualnua on the Lungs of -Rabbits.;. Thorax, , Vol. 1, pp. 188-197, 1945. 46. Saleh, J. M., I. D. P. Wooton, and E. J. Ring. Experimental Asbescoals In Kata. The Effect of"Particle Site and of Added Alumina. Thorax, Vol. 6, pp. 122-136, 1951. 47. Parrazl, E., 8. Pernls, G. C. Seechl, and E. C. Vlgllanl. Studies on "in vitro" Cyeocoxlciey of Aabeseoa Duses. Med. Lav.,Vol. 59, pp. 561-576, 1968. 48. Secchi, G. S., and A. Rezzonlco. Hemolytic Activity of Aabeseoa Duses. Med. Lav., Vol. 59, pp. *1-5, 1968. 49. Suzuki, Y. and J. Churg. Structure and Developaent of the Aabeatos Body. Arch. Path., Vol. 55, pp. 79-91, 1969. 50. Stokinger, H. E. Lobar Depoaicion and Retention of.,Inhaled Insoluble Partlculatea.--Arch.-Iod~Hyg.* Occup. Med., pp. 346-353, 1951. -*;'v 51. Davis, J. M. G., P. Gross, and R. T. P. deTrevllle. "Ferruginous Bodies" in Guinea Pigs. Arch.' Path., Vol; 89^ppv 364*373, 1970.,.../ 52. Cralley, L.J., R. G. Keenan, and J. R. Lynch. Exposures eo Metals In the Manufacture of Asbestos Textile Produces;*' Aa. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 28, pp. 452-461, 1967. 53. Dixon, J. R., D. B. Love, D. E. Richards, L. J. Cralley, and H. E. Stokinger. Role of Trace Mecals In Chemical Carcinogenesis: Asbestos Cancers. Cancer Res., Vol. 30, pp. 1068-1074, 1970. 54. Enterline, P., P. Decoufle, and V. Henderson. A Study of the Dose-Response Relationship Between Asbestos Dust and Lung Cancer. Unpublished Manuscript. 55. Balzer, J. L., and W. C. Cooper. The Work Environment of Insulating Workers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 29, pp. 22-227, 1968. 56. McDonald, J. C., C. . Rossiter, G. Eyssen, and A. D. McDonald. Mortality in the Chrysotlle Producing Industry of Quebec: A Progress Report Presented at IV International Conference on Pneumoconiosis (IL0), Bucharest, 1971. 57. Wright, G. W. Saint Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, personal communication, 1970. 58. Murphy, R. L. H., G. C. Perris, Jr., W. A. Burgess, J. Worcester, and E. A. Gaensler. Effects of Low Concentrations of Asbestos, N. Eng. J. Med., Vol. 285, pp. 1271-1278, 1971. VI1-4 t - HER 0009192 ..... : 59. Murphy, R. L., B. W. Levine, F. J. AlBazzaz, J. J. Lynch, end W. -A. Burgess. Floor Tile Installation as a Source of Asbestos Exposure.' Ab. Rev. Resp. Dls., Vol. 104, pp. 576-580, 1971. 60. McClure, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, personal communication, 1970. 61. Ayer, H. E., J. R. Lynch, and J. H. Fanney. A Comparison of Impinger and Membrane Filter Techniques for Evaluating Air Samples In Asbestos Plants. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Scl., Vol. 132, pp. 274-287, 1965. 62. Lane, R. E. et al. Hygiene Standai1 for Chrysotlle Asbestos Dust. Aim. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, pp. 47-49, 1968. 63. Dreesaen, W. C., J. M. Dallavalle, J. I. Edvards, J. H. Miller, and R. R. Sayers. A Study of Asbestosls" In the Asbestos Textile Industry. Public Health Bulletin No. 241, 1938. 64. `Lynch, J..-R.; H. E. Ayer, and D. L. Johnson. The Interrelationship of Selected Asbestos Exposure Indices. Am. Ind'. Hyg. Assoc. J., ' Vol, 12, pp. 598-604, 1970........ ; ..... 65. Gee, B., and A. *Bouhuys. Action on Asbestos-- Editorial. New'-1 England J. Med., Vol. 285, pp. 1317-1318, 1971. 66. . Standard for Asbestos Dust Concentration for Use with the Asbestos Regulations, 1969. Department of Employment and Productivity Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate. Technical Note 13, 1970. ' 67. Roach, S. A. Hygiene Standards for Asbestos. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 13, pp. 7-15, 1970. 68. . Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances In the Work Room Air, ACCIH, 3rd Edition, 1971. 69. . Asbestos-- The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollution Controls. Nat. Acad. Scl., Washington, D. C., 1971. 70. ________ . Notice of Proposed Final Draft: Asbestos Regulations. Illinois Pollution Control Board, 1971. 71. Edvards, C. H., and J. R. Lynch. The Method Used by the Public - Health Service for Enumeration of Asbestos Dust on Membrane r Filters. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. II, pp. 1-6, 1968. 72. Lynch, J. R., H. E. Ayer, and D. L. Johnson. The Measurement of Exposure to Airborne Mineral Fibers. Presented at the Am. Ind. _ Hyg. Assoc. Conf., Denver, 1969. VII-5 HER 0009193 73. Ayer, H. E., and J. &. Lynch. Motas and Fibers in the Air of Asbestos Processing Plants and Hygienic Criteria for Airborne Asbestos. Proceedings of an XntsrnaelonaJL. Symposium .Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, pp. 311-522, 1965. 74. Lynch, J. R., and H. E. Ayer. Measurement of Asbestos Exposure. * J. Occup. Mad., Vol. 10, pp. 21-24, 1968. e 75. Lynch, J. R. and H. E. Ayer. Measurement of Oust Exposure in the Asbestos Textile Indiitry. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Tol. 27, pp. 431-437, 1966. - -- 76. Keenan, R. G., and J. R. Lynch. Techniques for the Detection, Identification and Analysis of Fibers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Asaoc. J., Vol. 31, pp. 387-597, 1970. VII-6 t her 0009194 VIZI. APPENDIX I * Air Sampling Method* 63 In Che scudy. of asbestosis conducted by Dreesaen et *1. midget impinger count deta were used as an estimate of dust exposure. All of the dust particles seen, both grains and fibers, were counted since too few fibers were seen to give an accurate aeasurenent. The resulting count concentration was a measure of overall dust levels rather than a specific measurement of the asbestos concentration. This method was satisfactory at that time since exposures were massive and the control measures Installed to reduce overall dust levels also reduced the asbestos dust levels. As dust levels were reduced, it became necessary to measurevth biologically appropriate attribute of the dust cloud. At equal levels . of overall dustiness, the' concentration of asbestos could vary considerably from textile manufacture. (75-85Z) to insulation (5-15Z). furthermore, if the limit were lowered below the 5 mppef used previously and dust counts taken by the lmplnger technique, it would be necessary to consider the effect of background dust, which could be as high as 1 mppef. A number of methods for measurement of asbestos dust concentrations have been used In the NIOSH epidemiological study of the asbestos product Industry. 73,74,75,76 Based on these data, the preferred index of asbestos exposurs is the concentration of fibers longer than 5 jia counted on 71 72 membrane filters at 430Z with phase contrast illumination. ' This index is utilized in the method adopted as the standard field sampling methqd by the Public Health Service. IT * VIII-1 HER 0009195- Fiber* longer Chen 5 pm in length ere counted In preference to counting ell flbere aeen In order to minimize obeerver/microscope reeolvlng power verlebllity. Furthermore, the British define a "fibre" ee e particle, "of length between 5 pm end 100 pnfand having a length-to-breadth ratio -of at leaat 3:1, observed by transmitted light by means of a microscope ,, 62 at a magnification of approximately 500X." Although the British have refrained from standardizing on a single method of measurement, recent measurements have been performed by a method essentially Identical to the fiber-count method described In detail below, and the British hygiene standards..for use with their '"' .. 62 ''f"" asbestos regulations are seated In these terms^ Principles of Sampling A dust sampling procedure must- be designed so that samples of . actual dust concentrations are collected accurately and consistently. The results of the analysis of these samples will reflect, realistically, the concentrations of dust at the place and time of sampling. In order to collect a sample representative of airborne dust, which Is likely to enter the subject's respiratory system. It Is necessary to position a' collection apparatus near the nose and mouth of the subject or in hla "breathing zone". The concentration of duet in the air to which a worker is exposed will vary, depending upon the nature of the operation and upon the type of work performed by the operator and the position of the operator relative to the source of the dust. The amount of dust inhaled by a worker can vary daily, seasonally, and with the weather. In order to obtain representative samples of workers' exposures, it Is necessary to collect samples under varying conditions of weather, on different VIII-2 t HER 0009196 * t> # days, and at different Claes during a shift. The percentage of working time spent on different casks will affect the concentration of dust the worker inhales since Che different casks usually resulc in exposure to different concentrations. The percentage can be deteralned from work schedules and by observation of work routines. The dally average weighted exposure can be deteralned by using the following for-tula: - (Hours X cone, task A) + (Hours X cone, task B) + etc. 8 HOuts (or actual hours woiked) The concentration of any air contaminant resulting froa an industrial operation also varies with.time. Therefore, a longer sampling timewill better approximate Che actual average. With the following recossnended sampling procedure,' it is possible to collect samples at the workers' breaching zones for periods'from 4 to 8 hours, thus permitting the evaluation of average exposures for a half or full 8-hour shift--a desirable and recommended procedure. Furthermore, dust exposures of a more normal work pactern result from the use of personal samplers. In evaluating dally exposures, samples should be collected as near as possible to workers' breathing zones. Collecting Sample The method recommended in chis report for taking samples and counting fibers is based on a modification of the membrane filter mechod described by Edwards and Lynch. 71 I VIII-3 4 HER 0009197 The staple should be collected on s 37-allllaeter Millipore type AA* filter mounted in in open-face filter-holder. The holder should be fastened to the workerIsdispel end sir drawn through the filter by means of s battery-powered personal sampler pump similar to those approved by HXOSH under the provisions of 30 CPR 74. The filters are contained in plastic filter holders sad are supported on pads which also aid in controlling the distribution of air through the filter. To yield a more uniform sample deposit, ..the filter-holder face-caps should be removed. Sampling flow rates from 1.0 liter per minute (1pm) up to the marltwin flow raceof the personal'sampler pump (usually not -over '2.5 1pm) and sampling time from'15 minutes to eight hours ere acceptable provided the following restraints ere considered; '' " (a) In order; to pbpaln,van^accura|j)^istlwte .of >the number of fibers the statistnic.al e rro'*r'r^rv7l.t~sultlng from the random ' distribution of the fibers must bekept to an acceptably -v low level. Since fiber counts follow a Poisson distribu tion, a count of 100 fibers in a sample would have a. standard deviation of 1UU or 10 fibers or + 10X. Thus the 95Z confidence limits would be approximately 2 standard deviations or + 20Z. Since the 37 mm filter has an effec tive collecting area of 8S5 mm^ and the projected field 7 area of the Porton reticle is 0.005 mm , each field rep resents 1/171000 of the sample. Baaed on this ratio the following number of fields must be counted to measure the various limits in various sampling times: Mention of commercial products does not constitute endorsement by the Public Health Service or U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. VIII-4 < HER 000919& .1 94 Sampling Time- t Minutes 10 15 ------30 90 90 240 240 480 Flow Rate lorn 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 Number of Flelda for 100 Fibers 0.2 flbers/ml 2.0 flbera/ml 10 flbers/ml 4350 2860 1430 1000 500 260 180 180 435 91 286 58 143 29 100 20 50 ^ 10 26 18 4 18 4 IbJ .Do noe count a field cont* ining over 20 fiber* beceuae in addition to the fiber* being counted, there are alao present a number of grains, which Interfere with the accuracy of the count. Beaed~on ?hea* restraint*, i.e., nurber of flelda to be counted and maximum number of fiber* per field, acceptable sampling parameter* for the varloua limit* are underlined:: in the above cable. The following eonclualona may be drawn from thla analyaia: (1) The short-term limit ahould be for a period of ec leaat 15 minute* and preferably 30 minute*. (2) The 2.0 fiber/cc limit may be evaluated over period* of from 90 to 480 minute*. A* many field* a* required to yield at leaat 100 fibers should be counted. In general the minimum number of field* should be 20 and the maximum 100. Mounting Sample The mounting medium used In chi* method ia prepared by dissolving 0.05 g of membrane filter per ml of 1:1 solution of dimethyl phthalate VIII-5 HER 0009199 and diethyl oxalate. The Index of refraction of the medium thus prepared la NS 1.47. To prepare a sample for microscopic examination, a drop of the mounting medium la placed on a freshly cleaned, standard (25 mm X 75 on), microscopic slide. A wedge-shaped piece vlth are length of about 1 cm la excised from the filter with a scalpel and forceps and placed dust-slde-up on the drop of mounting solution. A No. 1-1/2 coversllp, carefully cleaned] with lens tissue, Is placed over the filter wedge. Slight pressure on the coversllp achieves contact between It and the mounting medium. The sample may be examined as soon as the mount is transparent. The optical homogeneity of the resulting mount 1s nearly perfect, with only, a slight" background granularity under phase-contrast, which disappears within one day. The sample should be counted within two days after mounting. Evaluation The filter samples mounted In the manner previously described are evaluated in terms of the concentration of asbestos fibers greater then 5 pm In length. A microscope equipped with phase-contrast optics and a 4-mm "high-dry" achromatic objective Is suitable for this deter mination. 10X eyepieces, one of which contains a Porton or other suitable reticle at the level of the field-limiting diaphragm, should be used. The left half of the Porton reticle field serves to define the counting area of the field. Twenty fields located at random on the sample are counted and total asbestos fibers longer than 5 pm are recorded. Any particle having an aspect ratio of three or greater Is considered a fiber. VI1I-6 HER 0009200 f- * 4 l4 i The following formulae are used to determine Che number of flbers/ml: (1) Filter area (mm*) Field area (mm*) *K (2) Average net count X K fibers/ml . .Air volume sampled (ml) For example, assume ,Che,following: area of the filter used vae~ 655 mm2, counting area of one field under the Porton reticle was 0.005 mm2 average net count per field of 20 fields was 10 fibers; and sample was collected at 2 liters per minute for 90 minutes:' Then: 855mm2 - 171,000- (K) 0.005 mm2 10 fibers x 171.000 - 9.5 fibers/ml _ 2,000 ml/min x 90 min Calibration of Personal Sampler The accuracy of an analysis can be no greater than the accuracy of the volume of air which is measured. Therefore, the accurate calibration of a sampling device is essential to the correct- interpretation of an instru ment's indication. The frequency of calibration is somewhat dependent on the use, care, and handling to which the pump is subjected. Pumps should be calibrated if they have been subjected co misuse or if they have just been repaired or received from a manufacturer. If hard usage is given the instrument, more frequent calibration may be necessary. Ordinarily, pumps should be calibrated in the laboratory both before they are used in the field and after they have been used to collect a large number of field samples. The accuracy of calibration la dependent on the.type of instrument used as a reference. The choice of calibra tion instrument will depend largely upon where the calibration is to be performed. For laboratory testing, a 1-liter buretee or wee-teat meter should be used. In the field, a rotameter is the most convenient VIII-7 :'... rjsTV-'J* St#*TM.1 instrument used. The actual set-up will be the same for all of these instruments. The calibration instrument will be connected in sequence to the filter unit which will be followed by the personal sampler pump In this way, the calibration Instrument will be at atmospheric pressure. Connections between units can be made using the same type of tubing used in the personal sampling unit. E.-ch pump oust be calibrated separately for each type of filter used, if, for example, it has been decided to use a filter with a different pore size. The burette should be set up so that the flow is toward the narrow end of the unit. Cara.must be exercised in the aseembly procedure to insure adequate seals at the, joints and that the length of connecting cubing be kept at -- !i a minimum; Calibration should7be done under the same conditions of pressure,' temperature and density as will be encountered. The rotameter should be used^only in the field as a cheek if the diaphragm or piston pumps are not equipped with pulsation dampeners. The pulsating flow resulting from these type pumpa causes the rotameter to give results which are not as accurate as that obtained with a burette or wet-teat meesr. Calibration can be accomplished with any of the other standard calibrating instruments,.such as spirometer, Harriott's bottle, or dry gas meter. The burette and wet-teat meter were selected because of their accuracy, availability, and ease of operation. VII1-8 i- HER 0009202 IX. APPENDIX II NUMERICAL HAZARD RATING SYSTEM The numerical hazard racings given to products for each category of hazard shall be in accordance vlth the following criteria. Figure 2 graphically illustrates the hazard identification system.' Health 1 izards shall be rated as folic js: The health hazard racing of a material shall be determined by evaluating the potential for exposure and the relative toxicity of the most toxic ingredient of a compound or mixture. For this evaluation, the following relative toxicity criteria* for absorbed or exposure dose will be used: . Y. * Commonly Used Term 44 Extremely toxic Highly toxic LD5Q Simple Oral Dose Rata mg/kg 1 1.1 to 30 Inhalation 4-hr. Vapor Exposure, Rats Mortality of 2/6 to 4/6 ppm U>50 - Skim Rabbits mg/kg 10 11 to 100 3 5.1 to 43 Moderately toxic 30.1 to 500 101 to 1000 44 to 340 Slightly toxic or practically non-toxic 501 to 15,000 1.001 to 100,000 350 to 22,600 Relatively harmless 15,000 100,000 22,600 Degree 4: Extremely Hazardous. Materials, which on very short exposure, can cause death or major permanent injury, even though prompt medical treatment were given, including those which are too dangerous co be approached without specialized .* `(Reference: A.I.H.A. Quarterly, Vol. 15. No. 2, June 1954. "Safe Handling ^ Procedures for Compounds Developed by the Pecro Chemical Industry," p. 141.) IX-1 HER 0009203 protective*equipment, such as self-contained breathing apparatus or a hose mash with blower, and Impervious clothing.. This rating Includes: (a) Carcinogens . . . (b) Materials capable of producing sensitization (c) Extremely toxic materials which can penetrate ordinary protective clothing. (d) Extremely hazardous materials, when under normal conditions give off gases chat are extremely toxic or corrosive through inhalation or by contact with or absorption through any body surface. Degree 3: Highly Hazardous. . ....--ad,..- Materials which on short exposure can causeaeriousteaporary or residual injury, even though prompt medical treatment were given, including those requiring protection from all bod^y-contact. This rating Includes: (a) Materials giving off highly toxic combustion products (b) Materials giving off highly toxic gases or vapors, under normal conditions (c) Materials corrosive to living tissue or highly toxic by skin absorption Degree 2: Hazardous. Materials which on continued exposure can cause temporary Incapa citation or possible residual Injury unless prompt medical treatment la given. This rating includes: (a) Materials giving off moderately toxic combustion products (b) Materials which either under normal conditions or under fire conditions give off moderately toxic vapors lacking warning properties. Degree 1: Slightly hazardous. Materials, which on exposure sc normal conditions, would cause irritation but only minor residual injury even If no treatment la given. XX-2 HER 0009204 4 1 This racing includes: (a) Materials which under fire conditions give off slighcly toxic or irritating combustion products (b) Materials vhich. on the skin could cause Irritation without destruction of tissue Degree 0: Harmless. .... Materials which on exposure by skin contact, inhalation, or-- ingestion are relatively harmless or which under fire conditions offer no hazard beyond chat of ordinary combustible materials. Flammability hazards ..shall be raced as. follows: ' Degree 4. ,,/ Materials whidh will' rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal aibierit"temperature or which are readily dispersed in air, and which will burn readily. This degree should include: Gaseoue materials: Cryogenic materials; any liquid or gaseous material which is a liquid while under pressure and having a flash point below 73*F (22.8*C) and having a boiling point below 100*F (37.8*0. (Class 1A fleasable llqulda.) Materials which on account of their physical form or environmental conditions can form explosive mixtures with air and which are readily dispersed in air, such as dusts of combustible solids end mists of flammable or combustible liquid droplets. Degree 3. Liquids and solids chat can be Ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials in chis degree produce hazardous *-'A IX-3 i HER 0009205 atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures, are readily Ignited under almoat all condltlona. This degree ahould Include: Liquids having a flash point below 73*F (22.8*C) and having a boiling point at or above 100*F (37.8*C) and those liquids having a flash point at or above 73*F (22.8*C) end below 100*F (37.8*C). (Class IB snd Class 1C flammable llqulda); Solid materials In the form of coarse dusts which may burn rapidly but which generally do not form explosive atmosphere wlth air; Solid materials In a fibrous or shredded form which may burn rapidly and create flash fire hazards, such as^ cotton.- slsal and hemp; Solids which burn with extreme rapidity usually by reason of self-contained oxygen (e.g., dryjiltrocallulbee); Materials which Ignite spontaneousiywhenexposed to air. Degree 2. Materials that must be moderately heated or expoaed to relatively high ambient temperatures before Ignition can occur. Materiala In thla degree would not under normal condltlona form hazardoua atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperaturea or under moderate heating may release vapor In sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air. This degree should include: Liquids having a flash point about 100*F, but not exceeding 200*F; solids and semisolids which readily give off fleasable vapors. Degree i. Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials in this degree require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur. IX-4 t HER 0009206 This degree should Include: Materials which will bum in air when exposed to a temperature of 1500*7 for a period of five minutes -or -less;. liquids, solids and semisolids having a flash point above 200*7; this degree includes most ordinary combustible materials. Degree 0, * Mate:lals that will not burn. This degree should Include say material which will not burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 1500*7 for a period of five minutes. Reactlvlty hazards shall be rated as follows: Degree.-*.; Materialsrvhich are readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperatures and pressures, This degree should include materials which are sensitive to mechanical or localized thermal shock at normal temperatures and pressures. Degree 3 Materials which are capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but vhich require a strong initiating source or which must be heated under confinement before initiation. This degree should include materials which are sensitive to thermal or mechanical shock at elevated temperatures and pressures or which react explosively with water without requiring heat or confinement. Degree 2. Materials which are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not detonate. This degree should Include materials which can undergo chemical change with rapid release of energy et normal IX-5 HER 0009207 temperatures end pressures or which can undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressurea. It should also Include chose materials which may react violently with water or which may form poten tially explosive mixtures with water. De;;ee 1. Materials which are normally stable, but which may react with water with eome release o energy but not violently. Degree 0. Materials which are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and which are not reactive with water. Specific hazards: Oxidizing Material. A substance as chlorate, permanganate, peroxide, or a nitrate that yields oxygen to support combustion or which reacts readily to oxidize fuels or other combustible materials. Corrosive Material. Acids, alkali or other material that will cause severe damage to living tissue or to other material It contacts. Water Reactivity Hazard (Pee No Water). Any material that may be a hazard because of Its specific resctlvlty with water. IX- . HER 0009208 I Fi({uve 1. ll.v/.avd Icic-Titific-:ui0:1 System HEALTH HAZARD A 4 9-Extremely hn:erd M 3 Highly horurdous 2 Hotardi-ux I Slightly ho:ord*ii 0 Harmless FIRE HAZARD FloJh Point 4 3- Below T F Below lOOF Below ?.OCiF 2Above COcF Will nol burn i "| I* ] i i4 Co/ rosivc Ujt IIO VMTER -- Moy delnnote Shock end host moy ictciate ViEleM cbtr.'iftjJ UnttcMc if i.eoltd Sioble COLOR AND LMMHNSION Color formal for NEPA No. 701M designations arc Known above. The colors indicated shrill aocopUibly match in .shade the applicable color of FED-STD-GDC' as follows.: Color Class Black Red White Yellow Blue lTOr.S 11105 17675 i:'.5.70 1510?. Dimensions of the symbol am! I..MM warning combination shall be oplional but cf such size ami i'.-- us to be readily visible and legible. The symbol and warning rli.d! . ;-;i! ii.d by stencil ini;, painting, printing, litiiogva(luug, wi. . -n -s!: v.nl materials. IX-f HER 0009209 flSjfeV** . , Z. APPENDIX III MATERIAL SAFEIT DATA SHEET The following items of lafotastloc which ere applicable to s specific product or msterlsl containing 5X or mors of asbestos shall be provided in the appropriate section of the Material Safety Data Sheet or approved fora. If a specific Item of Information Is inapplicable (i.a. flash point) Initials "u.a." not applicable should be Insetted. (1) The product designation In the upper left hand corner of both front and back to facilitate filing and retrieval. Print In upper ease letters in as large print possible. (11) Section I. Naas and Source (A) The name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier of the product. (B) The trade name and synonyms for a mixture of chemicals, a basic structural material, or for a process material; and the trade name and synonyms, chemical name and synonyms, chemical family, and formula for a single chemical. (Ill) Section II. Hazardous Ingredients. (A) Chemical or widely recognized common name of all hazardous Ingredients. (B) The approximate percentage by weight or volume (Indicate baals) which each hazardous Ingredient of the mixture bears to the whole mixture. This may be Indicated as a range of maximum amount, l.a., 10-20Z V; 10Z max. V. X-l i HER 0009210 (C) Basis for toxicity for each hazardous material such as established OSHA standard (TLV), In appropriate units and/or LDjg, showing amount and mode of exposure and species or LCjq shoving concentration and species. (lv) Section III. Physical Data (A) 'hysical properties of the total product including boiling point and melting point in degrees Fahrenheit; vapor pressure( In millimeters of mercury, vapor density of gas or vapor (air 1), solubility In water, in parts per hundred parts of water by weight; specific gravity (water " 1); percent volatile, indicate If by weight or volume, at 70* Fahrenheit; evap oration rate for liquids (Indicate whether butyl acetate nr ether 1); and appearance and odorl (v) Section IV. Fire and Explosion Hazard Data. (A) Fire and explosion hazard data about a singlecheaical or a mixture of chemicals. Including flash point, in degrees Fahrenheit; flammable limits. In percent by volume In air; suitable extinguishing media or agents; special fire fighting procedures; and unusual fire and explosion hazard Information. (vl) Section V. Health Hazard Data. (A) Toxic level for total compound or mixture, relevant symptoms of exposure, skin and eye irritation properties, principle routes of absorption, effects of chronic (long-term) exposure and emergency and first aid procedures. (vll) Section VI. Reactivity Data. (A) Chemical stability, incompatibility, hazardous decomposition products, and hazardous polymerization. (vlll) Section VII. Spill or Leak Procedures. (A) Detailed procedures to be followed with emphasis on precautions to be taken In cleaning up and safe disposal of materials leaked or spilled. This includes proper labeling and disposal of containers containing residues. X-Z HER 0009211 contaminated absorbents, etc. (lx) Section VIII. Special Protection Information. (A) Requirements for personal protective equipment, such as respirators, eye protection and protective clothing, and ventilation such as local ex haust (at site of product use or application), general, or other special types. (x) Sectio.. IX. Special Precautions. '' (A) Any other general precautionary information such as personal protective equipment for exposure to the thermal decomposition products listed in Section VI, and to particulates formed by abrading a dry coating, I such as by a power sanding disc. . '. . '. -- (xi)The signature of the responsible person filling out the data sheet, his address, snd the date on which it is filled out. (xli) The NFPA 704M numerical hazard ratings as.defined in section (c) (5) following. The entry shall be made immediately to therlght of the heading "Material Safety Data Sheet" at the top of the page and within a diamond symbol preprinted on the forms. * X-3 HER 0009212 Asbestos International Association Member Associations AUSTRALIA South Pacific Asbestos Association.* Suite 610. Chains House. 10 Martin Place. Sydney 2000. NSW. Tetepnone: 232 7004 Teiex: 22467 'includes Indonesia. Malaysia. New Zealand and Singapore AUSTRIA Verein der Oesterreicjnschen Faserzementfabnkanten. coElemit-' 'erice Ludwig Hatschek. Posrtacn 50. 4840 Vocxlabruck. Telephone: 0767225 01 Telex: 026.608 or 026 500 BENELUX (Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg) Benelux Asbestos Information Committee (CIABCVA8). Boite 32. Boulevard E. Jacomam 162. 3 1000 Brussels. Telephone: 102) 218-6329 Telex: 21 696 CANAOA Institute ol Occupational & Environmental Healtn (Association). AMAQ. Suite 320. 580 est. Grande Allee. Quebec. Que. GIR 2K2. Telephone: (418) 529-8168 Telex: 556 0565 CYPRUS Cyprus Asbestos Association, co Cyprus Asbestos Mines Ltd.. P O.B. 118. Limassol. Telephone: 053-15-355 Telex: 2083 DENMARK Danisn Asbestos Information Group, co Oansk Etemit Fabnk A/S. P .0. Box 763. OK-9100 Aalborg. Telephone: (8) 12 11 22 Telex: 69724 FINLAND Finnisn Asbestos Information Group, co Oy Partek Ab. Covenng Matenais. SF. 08680. Muijaia. Telex: 1415 FRANCE Association Francaise de i Amiante. 9 Rue de Teheran. 75008 Pans. Telephone: 562.88.27 GERMANY Wirtscnattsveroano Asbestzement e.V.. Postfacn 110620. 1000 Berlin 11. Telepnone: 030-3485-250 Telex: 018-1640 Wirtscnaftsverbano Asoest e.v.. Oberschelder Weg 2-4. 6000 Frankfurt Mam 50. Telephone: (0611) 58 20 77 GREECE Hellenic Asbestos & Asbestos Cement Association. 8 Omirou Street. Athens (133).* Telephon- 32 31 244 Telex: 215371 IRELAND Insn Asbestos Council. 6 South Leinster Street. Dublin 2. Telephone. O' -763974 Teiex: 24281 ana 25369 ISRAEL israen Asoestos users Association. P O 3ox 32. Nananva 22100. Telephone 04-92*141 Telex: 46294 ITALY Associazione Nazonaie degli Industnali Amianueri Unione inoustnaie. Via Fanu i 7. :0i28Tunn. Telepnone 571 6239 Teiex: 2212*7 Assocemento. via di S. Teresa 23. 00198 Rome. Telephone 364 314-865.068 JAPAN AIA Commmee Japan Asoestos Association. 8-10-7 Gmza Chuo-<u. Tokyo. Telephone 03-Sr- 8509 NIGERIA Nigerian Asr-- - Association, co Niger-ie c-: --MB 21032. ikeia. Lagos - < Telephone '2 Telex; 2624J NORWAY Norwegian A:-..,:os iniormation Group, co C. Bagge - A-r*s;<<omoani AS. 46Industnveier- * - - sidoxs i . 2020 Skeas-- ---i Telephone C. 'a-* '0 Telex. 162" REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA South African Asbestos Producers Advisory Committee. P.O. Box 10505. Johannesburg 2000. Telephone: 395458 Telex: 422514 and 422420 SPAIN Asociacion Espahola de Fabncantes de Produetos de Amianto. Ma Diaz de Haro 38. Apartado 558. Bilbao (10) Telephone: 437 37 05 Telex: 32125 Asociacion de Fabncantes de Produetos de Amianto-Cemento. Rafael Catvo 18. Madnd 110). Telepnone: 4197 488 Telex: 44295 SWEDEN Swedish Asbestos Information Group. _ Svenska Sromsbandsfaonken AB.. 380 20 Langsele. Telephone: 0620-217 50 Telex: 6151 . . SWITZERLAND Arbeitskreis Asbest. co Stiffler & Nater. Dulour Strasse 101.8034 Zurich UNITED KINGDOM Asbestos Information Centre. Sacfcvilfe House. 40 Piccadilly. London W1V9PA. Telephone: 01 -439 9231-23 Telex: 21120 ref. 2526 U.S.A. Asbestos Information Association NA. 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway. Crystal Square. Suiie 509. Arlington. Virginia 22202. Telephone: (703) 979 1150 Asbestos International Association 68 Gloucester Place. London, England. W1H 3HL. Telephone: 01-486 3528 Telex: 298618 INTA G HER 0009214 HER 0009215 Not A pplicable ft SO I ^wgO O* i MM SS M !* e8 8e * her 0009216 HER 000921Q: m 2X* f *! isft I ? f 1 *mf* s .511 I P l 5|ro8 2 2 i gMa 8 eii e 8 i So Ss as A 5s So s s- aSo <> e I 2 2 a 8 5 3 <; . ' 2 ' t" : S S e %* 'is 15 3s SI 88 A sc I A s- 1= Cm i I I 8 2 8 3 8 8 r 2 t i 2 e e 0C ciSI i i IS SS 2= Is aw O Co A ii i I I I I 2 3 s ? \lUli 1 e s .,, 2 s - 8 .0 c pi > iSir.?V ' 1 ' s* 3s. IS 3s SS I5 ** S 3 cl 0 * 2 ' if '8- .... 3 sf B-3---*' I I 1 8 1 1 1 ic c!SI SI 1 SI i 1 1 1 i I I 1 I i 1 1 t i r se 1 Ss S g 1 Is 1 se l SI SI i II m s 8 m e I* SI S3 Ss Is So c! IIII2 o 8 e S 8 : ci l Is SI |s Ss 2 I 2 I 8 8? s8sS88 3 S : SI 5* SI |s Is S3 Is I Ss Ci 2 I I 2 s 2 2 * s S *v' *'-: i_ HER 0009219 TABLE XXVII _ Duration of employment and known expoaura to 7 Aabeatoa and the development of X-ray findings of Asbeatoals in 232 employees of an Aabeatoa Insulation Factory, employed sometime in~1941- 1945 and examined in 1969-1970. DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT OTAL 1 DAY OR LESS 1 7 -DAYt S 1 4 WKS 13 15 ` 1 3 KJS 35 3 6 MOS " 35 6 12 S 31 * 1 2 YRS 2 5 YRS 48 36 5 14 YRS . 12 232 X-RAY AS8EST0SIS 0 1+___ 2+ ___ 3+ 0 40 435 5 -r V ; . ... ' 8 ' 3- 6 5 -----------------23 3 - - 19 5 3 15 7 5 25 3 8 16 105 1 - '"'I . - 0 0 10 ------ 5 0 S '"3 83 63 42 ALL EMPLOYEES INCLUDED. EXPOSURES VARIED FROM "NONE" (OFFICE) THROUGH THAI OF MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING AND SHIPPING, TO THAI OF PRODUCTION EMPLOYEES. 1 Personal Communication Dr. Irving Sellkoff, January, 1971. a her 0009220 TABLE XXVIII Lapsed period from onset of exposure la 344 deaths among employees of an asbestos insulation factory, employed at soma time In 1941-1945 and followed to 1970. Ca of Death Lung cancer Mesothelioma G. X. cancer Asbestosls All other cancer All other causes TOTAL 0-4 0 0 1 o 1' 26 28 S-9 3 0 1 2 3 28 37 10-1' 8 0 6 1 9 30 54 Years from Onset 15-19 20-24 25+ TOTAL 14 16 18 - 59 0 2 2 1 4 3 4 " 3 i' 18 g 8 5 -* .at- 24 7` 52 84 6 42 78 - 5/-' 30 m 63 m 31 208 344 1 " Personal communication Dr. Irving SeliVcoff, January, 1971 TABLE XXIX SUMMARY OF A CASE HISTORIES OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS ABO SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF MESOTHELIOMA Race Sex V VH M FK W F Occuoatlonal History Before ssbestos ezpoaure Asbestos exposure Duration of exposure Type of Work Hone Unknown Engineer Student Hone fc -take 3 years Pipe Insulation Neighborhood exposure Hone Unknown - at least several yrs Faally exposure After ssbestos exposure Unknown Housewife Bookkeeper-flooi oeaeger Housewife . Type of ssbestos Resplrstor protection Chryaotile- saositecroddollte Hone Chryaotilesaosite - Hone Chryaotile- ... ___ Aaositel.^-^^ aaosits i_. . HA Mesothelioma History Age st death 74 41 30 . 32 Site Hlstologicsl diagnosis Perltonssl 4 Pleural Blphaslc Right Pleural (Blphaslc) epi thelial A flbroua Pleural Blphaslc Pleoaorphic Left Pleural Lapsed period since exposure Duration of illness 23 years 13 weeks 21 years 3 weeks 19 years 1 year Unknown 2 years Concurrent asbestosis Plaural Calcifica tion Srade I by X-Ray Hone fane by X-Rsy Sdoking history 0 40 20 HA Duration of saoklng history (years) 24 S years Stopped in 1963 1 - Personal eoanunlcatlos Dr. Irving S Llkoff - January, L971. HER 0009222. * SKR a ig n if ic a n t ly d if f a r a n t f r o a 100 a t SS le v e l. S o u rc a i A S tudy o f th a Doae-Reaponaa R e la tio n s h ip Between Aabaatoa D uat and Luog Caocar by P h ilip E a te rlin e D aC oufle and V iv ia n Handereon (U npubllahad H a n u a c rlp t) (p a ira fio o a ) XXX X IT O