35--Hand and Portable Power Tools distance behind the pivot point so that the handles cannot close against the fingers (Fig 35-17) Pliers aie often considered a general-pur pose tool and aie often misused for purposes for which they were not designed Pliers are meant for gripping and cutting operations, they are not recommended as a substitute for wrenches because their jaws are flexible and frequently slip when used for this work Pliers also tend to round the coiners of bolt heads and nuts and leave jaw marks on the surface, this makes it difficult to use a wrench at some future time Side-cutting pliers sometimes cause injuries when short ends of wire are cut A guard over the cutting edge (Fig 32-18) and the use of safety goggles will prevent flying short ends from causing injuries The handles of electricians' pliers should be insulated In addition, the men should wear electricians' gloves, if company policy requires them to Because pliers do not hold the work se curely, thev should not be used as a substi tute for a wrench Special cutters for heavy wire, reinforcing wire, and bolts are safer than makeshift tools It is important that the cutting edges apply force at right angles to the wire or other work being cut (Fig 35-19) The cutter should not be used near live electrical circuits and should be used only for the rated capacity specified by the manufacturer Eye protec tion should be wom Special cutters include those for cutting banding wire and strap Claw hammers and pry bars should not be used to snap metal banding material Only cutters designed for the work provide safe and effective results Nail band crimpers make it possible to keep the top band on kegs and wood barrels after nails or staples have been removed Use of these tools eliminates injury caused by reach ing into kegs or bairels that have projecting nails and staples Pullers are the only quick, safe, and easy way for pulling a gear, wheel, pulley, or bear ing from a shaft Prybars and chisels should Fic 35-19 --Wire should be cut with the cutter knives swung up and down, at nght angles to the wire (as shown at left) Do not bend wire back and forth (as shown at nght) Be sure to keep cut ends under control Stand back when cutting wires so that if an end snaps back, it cannot reach you not be used as they concentrate the force at one point and tend to cock the part on the shaft Select the correct-sized puller The jaw capacity should be such that the jaws press tightly against the part being pulled Use a puller with as large a pressure screw as possible Screw drivers The screw driver is prob ably the most commonly used and abused tool The practice of using screw dnvers for punches, wedges, pinch bars, or pries should be discouraged If used m such manner, they become unfit for the work they are intended to do Furthermore, a broken handle, bent blade, dull or twisted tip may cause a screw driver to slip out of the slot and cause a hand injury rn r'f n Fic 35-20 --Screw driver bits with parallel sides shaped like an illustration C, or undercut slightly like m A, will grip the slot more securely than the bit shown m B 992

1070 TABLE 37-D CHEMICAL CAUSES OF SKIN AFFECTIONS (Concluded) Primary Irritants Sensitizers Imtant or Agent Rotenone OILS Cashew nut oils Cutting oils-emulsions or solutions RESINS Coal tar products (pitch and asphalt) Synthetic resins (phe nol-formaldehyde urea-formaldehyde, cumarone, ester gums, glyptal. vinyl, furfuraL cellulose ni trate and acetate)' Synthetic waxes (chloronaphthalenes and chlorodiphenyls) SALTS OR ELEMENTS Antimony and its com pounds Arsenic and its com pounds X X X X Barium and its com pounds X Manifestations of Irritating Action on the skin (More important damages may result in other organs ) Typical Occupations, Trades, or Processes Where Exposure May Occur Red skin, blisters Manufacturing and applying insecticides X Severe dermatitis, as blisters X Oil acne, inflammation of hair follicles Acute dermatitis, "shagreen skin." acne, X inflammation around hair follicles, epi thelioma. eczema, ulcers X Intensely red and itchy skin Handlers of unprocessed cashew nuts Machinists Manufacturing various coal tar products, road making, gas manufacturing Plastic workers, varnish makers X Dermatitis and acne Irritation and eczematous eruptions of skin x Darkening of skin, perforation of nasal septum, epithelioma, horny growth or tissue on palm, eczema around mouth and nose (possible loss of nails and hair) Eczema Manufacturing electrical apparatus, paints, varnishes, and lacquers Antimony extractors, glass and rubber mixers, manufacturing of various alloys, fireworks, and aniline colors Artificial leather makers, carroters (felt hats), manufacturing insecticides, glass industry and vermicides, manufacturing artificial flowers, calico printing Barium carbonate, fireworks, dye, and paint makers

1107 lean National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, SI 4 (1971) Type S2A, and set to use the A-weighted net work with slow meter response Duration of exposure shall not exceed that shown m Table 10 These values apply to total duration of exposure per working day regardless of whether this is one continuous exposure or a number of short-term exposures but does not apply to impact or impulsive type of noise When the daily noise exposure is com posed of two or more periods of noise ex posure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each If the sum of the following fractions exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the thresh old limit value, Ci indicates the total dura tion of exposure at a specific noise level, and Ti indicates the total duration of ex posure permitted at that level All on the job noise exposures of 80 dBA or greater shall be used m the above calculations Impulsive or unpact noise It is recommended that exposure to im pulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 decibels peak sound pressure level Impulsive or impact noise is considered to be those variations in noise levels that involve maxima at intervals of greater than one per second Where the intervals are less than one second, it should be con sidered continuous TABLE 10 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES Duration per day Hours Sound Level dBA 16 80 8 85 4 90 2 95 1 100 Vi 105 Vi 110 % 115* * No exposure to continuous or intermittent m ex cess of 115 dBA * Sound level in decibels as measured on a sound level meter, conforming as a minimum to the requirements of the American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, SI 4 (1971) Type S2A, and set to use the A-weighted network with slow meter response Ultraviolet Radiation The threshold limit value shall apply also to solar radiabon

43--Fire Protection should be stationed to prevent sparks or molten slag from starting fires or to extinguish fires The watchers should remain at the work location foi at least one houi after the welding oi cutting is completed because some fires escape detection at the time of theu in ception Shields should be installed around spot welders to present sparks [torn leaching combustible materials nearby or fiom lnjuung employees Spontaneous ignition Spontaneous ignition lesults from a chemi cal reaction in which there is a slow genera tion of heat from oxidation of organic com pounds that, under certain conditions, is accelerated until the ignition tempeiature of the fuel is reached This condition is reached only where there is sufficient air foi oxidation but not enough ventilation to cairy away the heat as fast as it is geneiated It is a condition usually found only in quan tities of hulk matenal packed loosely enough for a laige amount of suiface to be exposed to oxidation, yet without adequate an circula tion to dissipate heat Exposuie to high temperatuies increases the tendency toward spon taneous ignition The presence of moisture also can advance spontaneous heating unless the material is wet beyond a certain point Matenals like un slaked lime promote spontaneous ignition, paiticularly when wet Such chemicals should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from com bustible matenal It is geneially agieed that at oidmary tem peratures some combustible substances oxidize slowlv and undei certain conditions can reach their ignition point These include vegetable and animal oil and fats, coal, charcoal, and some finely divided metals Rags or waste saturated with linseed oil or paint often cause fires too The best preventives against spontaneous ignition are either total exclusion of air or good ventilation With small quantities of material, the former method is practicable With large quantities of material, such as stoiage piles of bituminous coal, both methods have been used with success Temperatures of 140 F are considered dan gerous in coal piles If temperatures rapidly 1336 Fit. 43-8 --A sheet metal waste tan constructed to prevent opening the cover more than 60 de grees from the horizontal, thus ensuring automatic closing approach or exceed that figure, it is generally advisable to move the pile or rearrange it to allow better circulation of air Cei tain agricultural products are susceptible to spontaneous ignition Sawdust, hav, gram, and other plant pioducts such as jute, hemp, and sisal fillers mav ignite spontaneously, espe cially if exposed to external heat or to alternate wetting and drvmg Here again, the best pieventive is circulation of air, removal of external souices of heat, and stoiage of ma terial hi smaller quantities Fires m iron, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, and other finely divided metals are sometimes attributed to spontaneous ignition believed to result from the oxidation of cutting or lubri cating oils oi possibly from chemical impuri ties

COMMENTS ON ABT DRAFT OF TRAINER'S GUIDE FOR BRAKE SHOP MANAGERS Page IS The presentation on cancer is quite simplistic, which may be okay for the purpose of this guide; but it does not seem quite right to present mesothelioma the way this text does.

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