FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS may at times be overemphasized, it must be recognized A summary of reports* of experimental evidence and practical experience in the petroleum industry recites that no signifi cant increase in fire safety is gained by the use of spark-resistant tools in the presence of gasoline and other hydrocarbon vapors However, some materials such as carbon disulfide, and ethyl ether have very low flash points For these, and similar materi als, the use of special tools designed to minimize the danger of sparks m hazardous locations can be recognized as a conserva tive safety measure Leather-faced, plastic, and wood tools are free from the fnction-spaik hazard Health Hazards Toxic effects Flammable liquids and their vapors may create health hazards from both surface contact and inhalation of tone vapors In flammation results from the solvent action of many flammable liquids on the natural skin oils and tissue A tone hazard of varying degree exists in practically all cases, depending on the concentration of the vapor See Chapter 40, "Elements of Indus trial Toxicology " Some flammable vapors are heavier than air and will flow into pits, tank openings, confined areas, and low places in which they contaminate the normal air and thus cause a tone atmosphere Oxygen deficiency occurs in closed containers, such as a tank which has been closed for a long time and in which rusting has consumed the oxygen AH containers should be aired and gastested before any entry Combustible gas indicators Unless tests prove otherwise, flammable and toxic mixtures should be assumed to be present in all tanks which have contained or have been exposed at any time to flam mable liquids Tests for flammable vaporair mixtures in tanks and other vessels may be made by chemical analysis of sam ples or with a combustible gas indicator A combustible gas indicator is an instru ment operating on the principle that when a mixture of flammable vapor and air is passed over a heated electric filament, the resistance of the filament will he increased in direct proportion to the amount of vapor present When resistance of this filament is balanced against the resistance of a cold filament in a Wheatstone bndge device, re sistance can be measured on a galvanometer m terms of the lower flammable limit of the mixture When combustible gas indi cators are used to test for vapors from leaded gasoline sludge, as in the bottom of storage tanks, they should be equipped with special high-temperature filaments to avoid lead contamination of the filament One type of combustible gas indicator has a meter with readings in parts of 100 per cent, which represent percentages be low the lower flammable limit of the vaporair mixtures being tested When samples of an atmosphere are drawn through the sam ple hose by the aspirator bulb, the meter will indicate whether or not the atmosphere is in the flammable range or below the lower flammable limit In the latter case, the meter will radicate the percentage of flammable vapor present--the lower flam mable limit being 100 per cent It should be remembered that a combustible gas indi cator does not indicate to the user if the concentration is within or above the flam mable range A combustible gas indicator should be used only by experienced persons, and the operator should follow the manufacturer's instructions on balancing the unit The op erator can check it by placing several drops of the flammable liquid in a small jar, shak ing it a few times to permit evaporation, and then holding the sample hose of the in strument in the mouth of the jar and press ing the aspirator bulb the required number of times If there is any question as to the indicator's accuracy, it should be returned to the manufacturer for checking With some combustible gas indicators an atmosphere may be sampled so "neb" in vapor that there is a deficiency of oxygen, so that the indicators will not give readings when samples are taken continuously The "U S Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services Sparking Character istics and Safety Hazards of Metallic Ma terials Technical Report No NGF-T-1-57, PB 131131. 32-10

March 7, 3.940 Dr* B# Hurtado Colombian Petroleum Cotap any Cucuta# Box 100 Colombia,* South America Dear Doctor Hurtado* I was very sorry to have missed you on the occasion of your recent visit to Cincinnati# for I should have been pleased to talk with you about various phases of our work* I am sure you obtained all of the practically useful Information from Dr# Sanders however* so that I trust your trip to Cincinnati served your purpose# I believe you received most of the reprints of our work which were available* On the other hand there was a series of articles which had been translated into Spanish# which# X believe# will be useful to you in that language# Accordingly I have sent you,under separate cover* copies of these translations* If you should find that you require additional copies of these translations# please do not hesitate to lot me know for I had these articles translated primarily for the use of medical men who are concerned with this problem* I should appreciate it if you would drop me a note from time to time# letting me know of your progress and specially of any difficulties which may occur# Our experience in other countries in connection with the occurrence of difficulties may well be of some value to you if such trouble should arise# In any case I try to keep in touch with what occurs in various parts of the world in this connection# It is possible that your attention was not called with emphasis to the rather serious hazards which may be associated with the cleaning out of storage tanks which have been used over a considerable period of time for the blending and storage of leaded gasoline# We have had a series of accidents In this country which have been the result of failure to carry out the regulations which we have prescribed in connection with this work* It seems that from time to time a group of workmen will Insist upon entering these tanks for the purpose of cleaning without being supplied with the necessary protective clothing# and especially with an airline hose mask# Under certain unusual oiroumatmoos it may happen that concentrated Ethyl Fluid Introduced into the gasoline in too rapid a streara,may sink to the bottom of such tanks and lie there over a period of months or years in the sludge# This happens, of course, only if there is a water bottom in the tank# Subsequently when men enter such a tank to clean it, they may have serious contact with concentrated Ethyl Fluid, and they may also be exposed to relatively concentrated vapors of tetraethyl lead# All of these things can be avoided by proper attention to the regulations which we have devised and which are given in detail in the booklet of regulations which you have# I call your attention to this point as being the one thing which is moat* likely to result in serious difficulties, in order that you may warn your people against this danger and urge upon them the necessity of proper precautionary measures* Cordially yours.

The Medical Department also intend to make some additional studies to determine the tendency of individuals to absorb lead when cleaning small storage tanks without observing proper precautions.

What VALUES MONARCH HOUSE PAINT Leading experts take off their hats to Monarch 100% all* metal house paint-- which means pure white lead pure white tine and pure linseed oil Sp<cl,i *1 JL - J* *w pB**oUr ii a* so Ala* MANY OTHER HARDVI ARE 6PFCUI 3 The Home of the Week For (omplete selection o!

EXPLOSIVES O Blasting Powder Blasting Supplies O Charcoal Clay Mining O Farm Explosives Industrial Dynamites Land Clearing Permissible Explosives Refined Nitrate of Soda O Road Building Cl Saltpetre Tree Planting a Wood Pulp SPORTING POWDERS Black Spotting Powder Hand Trap 0 Hunting Pistol Smokeless Powder O Resort Shooting O Rifle Smokeless Powder Shooting in Colleges Cl Shooting on Boats Cl Smokeless Powder Trapshooting PAINTS 0 Amoxide Iron Paint Auto Finish Q Auto Paints and Enamels Bam Paint Bridge port Standard Paint Bridgeport Wood Finishes Colon in Oil Concrete Paint Decorative Stains O Du-Lite for Mills Enamels Ferro-Keep (Metal Paint) Floor Paints Floor Varnishes O Flow Kote Enamel Industrial Paints Q Japans Marine Paints Railway Paints Red Lead Sanitary Wall Finish Shellac Shingle Stain Smokestack Paint Town and Country Paint Vanishes Vitrolac Stain Finish Vitrolac Varnish O Wagon and Carriage Paint Wheeler's Wood Filler Q Wire Screen Paint CHEMICALS O Acids O Alums Barium Chloride Q Belt Cement Benzol Products O Blanc Fixe O Bronze Powder O Bronzing Liquids Carpolene (Wood Preservative) Carpo (Metal Paint) O Coke Creosote Dead Oil Distilled Water Dry Colors Etnet Heavy Chemicals Household Cement Leather Renovators Leather Substitute Solutions Litharge Lithopone Mantle Dips Meta) Lacquer Nitre Cake Parlodion Patent Leather Solutions Pegamoid Aluminum Paint Pitch Pontar Pontoklene Pulp Colors Py-ra-lin Enamel O Pyroxylin Solutions Rubber Makers White Salt Cake Shingle Oil Solvents Split Leather Solutions O Waterproof Cement White Lead Wood Lacquer Wood Oil PY-RA-LIN Brushes Challenge Clcanable Collars Colored Sheeting O Combi Desk Sets Manicure Sets 0 Mirrors Novelty Sheeting Py-ra-lin Pipe Bits 0 Py-ra-lin Rods and Tubes Py-ra-lin Specialties Py-ra-lin Toilet Goods Toiler Sets Transparent Sheeting COATED TEXTILES Auto Truck Special Fabrikoid Q Book-Finish rabrikoid O Craftsman Fabrikoid Fabrikoid for Baggage 0 Fabrikoid for Home Uses Fabrikoid for Railway Uphol stery and Vestibule Curtains Fabrikoid for Upholstering O Fabrikoid Sheeting C Fairfield Hospital Sheeting O Fairfield Rubber Cloth Fairfield Rubber Top Materials O Hat Sweat Material 3 Marine Special Fabrikoid Motor Fabrikoid Rayntite Fabnkoid Auto Top Material Rug Anchor Shoe Fabrikoid Ntans...................................................

THE EPA, UNDER SECTION 312 Of SARA, REQUIRES EMISSIONS REPORTING Of PRODUCTS WHICH CONTAIN COMPOUNDS OE ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, 8 ARIUM, CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, COBALT, COPPER, LEAD, MANGANESE, MERCURY, NICKEL, SELENIUM, AND ZINC.

tt Lead Industries Association, Inc.------ m Madtaon Avane# No* YoA.

Bg EXPLOSIVES Blasting Powder Blasting Supplies Charcoal Gay Mining Farm Explosives Industrial Dynamites Land Gearing Permissible Explosives Refined Nitrate of Soda O Road Building Saltpetre Red Lead Sanitary Wall Finish Shellac Shingle Stain Smokestack Paint Town and Country Paint Varnishes Vitrolac Stain Finish Vitrolac Varnish Wagon and Carriage Paint Wheeler's Wood Filler Wire Screen Paint Pyroxylin Solutions Rubber Makers White Salt Cake Shingle Oil Solvents Split Leather Solutions Waterproof Cement White Lead O Wood Lacquer Wood Oil PY-RA-LIN O Brushes BL_i Tree Planting Wood Pulp CHEMICALS M Acids SPORTING POWDERS O Alums Q Challenge Cleanable Collars Colored Sheeting Combs Black Sporting Powder Hand Trap Barium Chloride Belt Cement Desk Sets Manicure Sets Hunting Pistol Smokeless Powder Resort Shooting Rifle Smokeless Powder Shooting in Colleges Shooting on Boats O Smokeless Powder Trapshooting Benzol Products Blanc Fixe Bronze Powder Bronzing Liquids Carpolene (Wood Preservative) Carpo (Metal Paint) Coke Creosote Mirrors O Novelty Sheeting Py-ra-lin Pipe Bits Py-ra-lin Rods and Tubes Py-ra-lin Specialties Py-ra-lin Toilet Goods Toilet Sets Transparent Sheeting PAINTS O Dead Oil Distilled Water COATED TEXTILES Antoxide Iron Paint Dry Colors Auto Truck Special Fabrikoid Auto Finish Ether Book-Finish Fabrikoid Auto Paints and Enamels Heavy Chemicals Craftsman Fabrikoid Bam Paint Household Cement Fabrikoid for Baggage Bridgeport Standard Paint Leather Renovators O Fabnkoid for Home Uses Bridgeport Wood Finishes Leather Substitute Solutions Fabnkoid for Railway Uphol Colors in Oil O Litharge stery and Vestibule Curtains M Concrete Paint Decorative Stains Lithopone Mantle Dips Fabnkoid for Upholstering Fabrikoid Sheeting Dulite for Mills Metal Lacquer Fairfield Hospital Sheeting Enamels Nitre Cake Fairfield Rubber Cloth Ferro-Keep (Metal Paint) Parlodion Fairfield Rubber Top Materials Floor Paints Patent Leather Solutions Hat Sweat Material Floor Varnishes Pegamoid Aluminum Paint Marine Special Fabnkoid Flowkote Enamel Pitch Motor Fabrikoid Industrial Paints Pontar Rayntite Fabnkoid Auto Top Japans Pontoklene Material Marine Paints O Pulp Colors Rug Anchor Railway Paints Py-ra-lin Enamel Shoe Fabrikoid Namm...........................................................................................................

Tetraethyl lead--see Lead.

Check with Purcbaalng on minims quantity and order lead tine for tbeae apecial acreened and unretarded tblckenera.

Therminol 55 at 40CPF is heated by two 4.5 M BTU/HR liquid tube heaters with a lead-lag control function.

DETAILED RESULTS: EGL-62006, our experimental lead free house paint primer, was made using the following inerts: W-188, W-188-W-10, W-215, W188-W16, and W-188-W161.

DETAILED RESULTS: EGL-62006, our experimental lead free house paint primer, was made using the following inerts: W-188, W-188-W-10, W-215, W188-W16, and W-188-W161.

Wilmington, Delaware EXPLOSIVES Blasting Powder u Biasring Supplies O Charcoal Clay Mining Farm Explosives Industrial Dynamites O Land Clearing D Permissible Explosives LJ Re6nrd Nitrate of Soda LJ Road Building LI Saltpetre Tree Planting Wood Pulp PAINTS Antoxide Iron Paint Auto Finish Auto Paints and Enamels Q Bam Paint Bridgeport Standard Paint D Bridgeport Wood Finishes Colors in Oil Concrete Paint Decorative Stains Dulite for Mills Enamels 0 Ferro-Keep (Metal Paint) Floor Paints Floor Varnishes Flowkote Enamel L) Industrial Paints Japans Marine Paints Railway Paints Red Lead Sanitary Wall Finish Shellac LI Shingle Stain O Smokestack Paint Town and Country Paint Varnishes Virrolac Stain Finish Virrolac Varnish Wagon and Carriage Paint Wheeler's Wood Filler Wire Screen Paint SPORTING POWDERS Black Sporting Powder Hand Trap Hunting Pistol Smokeless Powder Resort Shooting Rifle Smokeless Powder LI Shooting in Colleges Shooting on Boats Smokeless Powder Trapshooting CHEMICALS Acids Alums Ban um Chloride Belt Cement Benzol Products LI Blanc Fixe LJ Bronze Powder LI Bronzing Liquids Carpolene (Wood Preservative) D Carpo (Metal Paint) Coke Creosote 3 Dead Oil Distilled Water 3 Dry Colors Ether LI Heavy Chemicals D Household Cement Leather Renovators D Leather Substitute Solutions Litharge Lithopone Mantle Dips 3 Metal Lacquer Nitre Cake LI Parlodion Patent Leather Solutions Pegamoid Aluminum Paint Pitch O Pontar Pontoklene Pulp Colors Py-ra-lin Enamel Pyroxylin Solutions Rubber Makers White 3 Salt Cake Shingle Oil 3 Solvents LI Split Leather Solutions Waterproof Cement White Lead Wood Lacquer Wood Oil PY-RA-LIN LI Brushes Challenge Cleanable Collars Colored Sheeting Combs LI Desk Sets Manicure Sets LI Mirrors C3 Novelty Sheering Py-ra-lin Pipe Bits Py-ra-lin Rods and Tubes O Py-ra-lin Specialties Py-ra-lin Toilet Goods O Toilet Set!

We will welcome volunteers to lead the discussion or present short statements on any of the selected topics.