Welding and Cutting light, extremely flexible cables are used, holders may be attached directly to the work lead running to the machine On heavier work, welders generally prefer a short length attached to the holder, which is more flexible than the main work lead Properly insulated cables of weight and flexibility which will not inconvenience the welder are available Machine welding Arc welding may also be done automatically or semiautomatically to increase the speed of welding and provide more uniform weld quality Machine welding is especially efficient for long welds or where a high rate or production is involved and the work can be jigged The rate of electrode feed and arc length are controlled by mechanical or elec trical means If speed of travel or feed of the work is controlled manually, the operation is semi automatic If the work is fed or the arc traverses the work automatically, the opera tion is automatic Insulation of current-carrying parts, cables, etc, applies to machine welding as well as to manual welding Mechanical power-transmission apparatus, such as gears, shaftings, couplings, and clutches, and other moving parts to which operators may be exposed should be guarded (see Chapter 24, "Principles of Guarding and Transmission Guards") Protection against electric shock Although open-circuit voltages on standard arc-welding units are not high compared to those of other processes, they cannot be neglected as a potential hazard Normally, the work setup is such that the work is grounded, and unless care is exercised, the welder or operator can easily become grounded The voltage between the electrode holder and the ground, during the "off" arc or "noload" penod, is the open circuit voltage Unless the welder or operator is properly instructed and uses the equipment provided for his protection, he can become exposed to this voltage while changing electrodes, setting up work, or changing working posi- 936

Abex further objects to this interrogatory on the ground that the information it seeks otherwise lacks relevance to the issues arising in this case, and is not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. -80-

Abex objects to this interrogatory on the grounds that the information or materials it purports to seek otherwise lack relevance to the issues arising m these cases and are not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence Abex also objects to this interrogatory on the ground that it assumes the truth of matters not established or matters not m evidence. -72-

lji| Strictly Pure '-/hits Lead Dic t at e d rSAB x Dc pt .

.- In a critical condition. dhn shn'"ed s t ms of encenha LI tls and continued to hero eenero 11 rd convulsions, phyr.l c- 1 fi *vM rrc sl,o-o.i .i lead Line on the rums anh marked an^mli Lahoreto^y tests corf1'mart the anemia and showed Lead stinoline of red blood cll3.

KEHOE SUBJECT OF CLEANING OCEAN TANKERS USED FOR TRANSPORTATION LEADED EUEL HAS NOW ASSUMED SOME IMPORTANCE.

.* o:.m v L-u uOi.JtVul As absorption .of load'lnto the system through -inhalation and ingestion is enhanced by smoking# the* practice ' should ber pro hibited in production'`areas, ' This' recorruhexiflatioxi applies particularly to those locations Where lead and lead compounds are routinely'bandied,* As a final note#'cross sectional studies have disclosed that the incidence' of cancer Admdng -asbestos" - - workers who smoke is dramatically higher than among the non smoking population, *

Lead & Zinc Res.Asn. 73 08-59 Lead-Zinc Producers (Executive Committee) 74 08-66 Mining Club (red) 08-73 New Mexico Mining Assn. 74 "" " "(blue) II It II II 75 08-85 Selenium-Tellurium Develop. 75 08-92 U.

Litharge Leaded jSlno Oxide 35jt_ Baaic Lead Carbonate Tlteniua Dioxide_______ Asbestine ____ ____ 4-578 560 167 183 192 Tiold 1 !

Metallizing eperazione, lead burning, sand bloc tine and. pipe recon ditioning -- all present potential industrial hygiene problems.

Unit Cost Total Cost 434 12.09 .0429 per lb. 18.62 206 7.46 .0556 per lb. 11.45 24 1.07 .0104 per lb. .25 11 1.67 .0517 per lb. .57 VEHICLE - 45.5$: Bodied Oil Varnish Mixing Varnish Mineral Spirits Kerosene Lead Manganese Drier Lead Cobalt Ortho Amyl Phenol 197 223 62 54 14 14 .5 26.27 29.91 9.49 8.06 1.99 1.93 .06 .1210 per lb. .1081 per lb. .0144 per lb. .0105 per lb. .0589 per lb. .0817 per lb. .2651 Der lb. 23.83 24.11 .89 .57 .82 1.14 .13 Calculated Yield Manufacturing Loss 1$ Actual Yield 1239.5 100. 82.38 Cost Analysis Material Cost per gallon Cirect Labor Cost per gallon factory Overhead per gallon Sulk Cost per gallon .

Abex further objects to this interrogatory on the ground that the information it seeks otherwise lacks relevance to the issues arising in this case, and is not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

Abex objects to this interrogatory on the grounds that the information or materials it purports to seek otherwise lack relevance to the issues arising in these cases and are not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. 104

We'll also provide attendees with an informative 101-session to lead our discussion.

fora dangerous one) or guarded for the protection of the worker, the machine, and the product The purchasing agent is not concerned closely with educational and enforcement activities, but he is vitally concerned with many phases of the engineenng activities It is his duty to select and purchase the various items of machinery, tools, equipment, and materials used in the establishment, and it is his responsibility--at least in part, and often to a considerable degree--to see that in design, manufacture, and particulars of shipment of all these items, safety has re ceived adequate attention In one example, a lead hazard occurred in the unloading of litharge (PbO), which was shipped in 10-gallon paint pails with covers These pails arrived, either in trucks or in boxcars, with a film of litharge on the outside When they were moved, a lead concentration in the air 30 to 40 times the permissible limit was produced Several possible solutions were considered and tried, but the fundamental answer was to eliminate the hazard by having the pur chasing department specify a rubber gasket 96