An organic lead concentration of 0.138 mg/jn was found on September 17 which exceeds the OSHA standard of 0.075 mg/m^.

capitalize on the things which will motivate them Here the safety director can capitalize on the needs discussed previously, and he probably can find many more which are con sistent with the aims of the safety program Everything that will motivate the worker to learn the right procedures should be used Laws of learning Some consideration of basic principles is valid whether the learning is to be done m a college classroom or m a work area When training procedures utilize these principles, learning is more efficient and thorough Reinforcement-reward Through experi mentation, psychologists have found that learning reinforced by reward is more effi cient, sure, and complete In the practical situation, there is some reward reinforcement when learning makes work more efficient and more productive When a worker's pay in creases because of more units of production, he is receiving reward for his learning This can have negative aspects as well the worker who figures out a hazardous short cut, which produces more units, may be rewarded for an unsafe act, as was mentioned earlier in this chapter It is apparent that the employee must be rewarded only for safe work methods Higher productivity because of good, safe work meth ods satisfies the need for achievement and recognition This in itself reinforces the learning of the employee, but also spreads its effect to other employees who see this take place A supervisor by recognizing the same needs, however, can reinforce this learning through praise for greater productivity and telling the worker how much better he is doing, for example Publicity given to a safety record, bonus, a promotion, or anything which satisfies in dividual needs would serve as a reward to reinforce whatever learning has brought about the desired behavior A reward must closely follow the behavior to be rewarded The praise, for example, should be given at the time the desired be havior occurs, not some long time later This does not mean it must be instantaneous, but it should be within a reasonable length of time If delay is necessary, certainly recall to the individual the reason for the reward Reward reinforces desired learning Short cut hazardous methods or any other unsafe acts must not be rewarded In fact, in such situations reprimands or punishment should be given Action must concentrate on the error and not on the personality involved, for to do otherwise would lead to trial-and-error by the individual which is no more satisfac tory than the wrong method In short, wrong methods should be corrected by full and com plete explanation and demonstration of the correct work procedures Such being the case, it also follows that there should be reward reinforcement of the new correct work pattern as soon as feasible This principle also applies to participation by employees in a safety program whether it be through suggestion systems, safety com mittees, problem discussion groups or train ing sessions In all these areas a man gams personal worth if his opinions are asked for and graciously received He feels, too, that he is more than just a "cog," and that he is giving of his creative self as an important member of the "team " A safety program utilizing the ideas of all, either individually or by representation, satis fies the need people have for being "in the know " In this way, the safety director creates that positive atmosphere of ego-involvement in the program and a sense of obligation and responsibility for its success Research has demonstrated that when employees do not feel that programs are top-level-planned, but rather come from all, there is far more chance for success The rewarding of correct procedures will lead to a more positive attitudinal response on the part of the worker than any punishment A positive attitude toward training procedures is much to be desired Both the positive and the negative aspects of reinforcement may "generalize" over the whole work situation The foreman's praise for a particular thing well done may spread over other aspects of the total situation, including training proce dures, safety devices, and the safety program The proper use of rewards thus can lead to efficient methods Knowledge of results.

Controlling Brown Portable Thermometer Because the three-lead Brown Resistance Ther mometer is entirely independent of variations in lead resistance, variation in bulb location lengths, number of bulbs, etc., it affords an excellent means of obtaining reliable results.

Mtdical Sn*s MS 3 MS 4 MS 5 MS 6 MS 7 MS 8 MS 9 MS 10 MS 12 MS 13 MS 15 MS 16 MS 17 MS 18 MS 19 MS 20 Skin tens in dermatitis and occupational chest disease Organic dust surveys Lung function Chast x-rays in dust diseases Colour vision isocyanates - medical surveillance Byssinosis Beat conditions and tenosynovitis Mercury - medical surveillance Asbestos Welding Training of offshore sick-bay attendants I'rig-medies'l Biological monitoring of workers exposed to orgenophosphorus pesticides Health surveillance by routine procedures The control of lead at work: medical surveillance Pre-employment health screening Environmental Hygiene Series EH 2 Chromium health and safety precautions EH 4 Aniline health and safety precautions EH 5 Trichloroethylene: health and safety precautions EH 6 Chromic acid concentrations in air EH 7 Petroleum based adhesives in building operations EH 8 Arsenic - health and safety precautions EH 9 Spraying of highly flammable liquids EH 10 Asbestos hygiene standards and measurements of airborne dust concentrations EH 11 Arsine - health and safety precautions EH 12 Stibine - health and safety pracautions EH 13 Beryllium - health and safety pracautions EH 14 Level of training for technicians making noise surveys EH 15/80 Threshold limit values EH 16 Isocyanates: toxic hazards and precautions EH 17 Mercury - health and safety precautions EH 18 Toxic substances: a precautionary policy EH 19 Antimony health and safety precautions EH 20 Phosphine - heelth and safety precautions EH 21 Carbon dust - health and safety precautions EH 22 Ventilation of buildings: fresh air requirements EH 23 Anthrax: health hazards EH 24 Dust accidents in malthouses EH 25 Cotton dust sampling EH 26 Occupational skin diseases: health and safety precautions EH 27 Acrylonitrile: personal protective equipment EH 28 Control of lead: air sampling techniques and strategies EH 29 Control of leBd: outside workers EH 30 Control of lead: pottery and related industries EH 31 Control of exposure to oolyvinyl chloride dust OCC 3141

Wbjjl pumping acid into B, hove a fairly MpJ vent (4 or 5 ft) so gaa I* : without losing acid eolutioo. t A Rooricuee Mexico City, A/aorvfl Use No. 3 Lead No. 3 PENCILS don't make lead uau in Ailing out production and lo| This harder lead U also better sb>J it doesn't break like the eoh ones- J L Fitzpatrick Jeffenon City, (Continued on page 130) 121 PLANT OPERATION ANO MAINTENANCE SECTION F0*0] Th*moUH Watts Mist'S

Line Compounder 44.4* microgram Lead/m^ The product being produced during sampling time contained no lead.

Finish Coat--I00 lbs. white lead soft paste, 2 2/3 gal.' raw linseed oil, 3 pints turpentine, 1 pint liquid drit-r, total 6 1/& gal. paint.

Cast iron plates with checkered or other wise roughened surfaces laid in cement or asphalt are suitable for some types of rough wear such as that in warehouses The slip ping hazard at the door sills of elevators may be reduced by installing steel grating filled with concrete Lead is used for floors exposed to acids and as a mat for secure footing near wood working or other machines involving seri ous danger to the operator if he slips and falls Lead is heat conductive, spark re sistant, and quiet It should not be used for heavy trucking Zinc also is used for its spark-resistant qualities, but, compared to lead, it is at tacked more readily by alkalies Floors in compounding rooms where fire and explo sion hazards exist are zinc-covered in some plants Asphalt-base, vinyl-base or lmoleum-type tile often is used in offices, laboratories, and workrooms where cleanliness and good looks are important The material is easily cleaned, noiseless, and a poor conductor of heat Magnesite is suitable for light traffic or where light oils are used It must be laid on a rigid base and should not be used where there is excessive moisture or hy drostatic pressure, as in basements A coat ing of bituminous paint is necessary to pro tect metals such as pipe from contact, since magnesite corrodes some metals Checkered steel plate wears well, but it is noisy and highly conductive of heat and electricity.

15 AD PROMOTION WQGUM LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Gra*W MU*. 430 UsPpsa Aw* Hrv Ya*i.

ID WHITE LEAD IN OtL DCY WHITE LEAD OftY |X> LEAD TRADE WHITE UTHARGE W* An VMmIi tar D+mt* Fata* md Vwwtkm tar Northern fta V-fc This announcement occupied afuU page in the nnrspaprr.

A dust Clothing must be frequently laundered to prevent continu ous skin contact, personal cleanliness is es sential to avoid skin difficulties Bone acid has been used for many years as a mild disinfectant and a soothing and slightly astringent wet dressing or ointment with little attention to its toxicity Poisoning is not usually an industnal prob lem since the human system processes and eliminates fairly large quantities of boric acid without trouble, but it may result from misguided first-aid attempts Boric acid is not readily absorbed through the intact skin, but may be absorbed through large areas of skin which are seriously dam aged, as in bums or areas of superficial lacera tions If such areas are dusted with boric acid or covered with strong boric acid oint ment, toxic amounts may be absorbed Boron hydrides are a senes of compounds analogous to the hydrocarbons, and include diborane, pentaborane, and decaborane, which have found use as high-energy fuels Diborane is pnmanly a lung-injuring matenal and produces lung changes in rats in one to four weeks of daily exposure at about 2 ppm The compound has an odor, but it is not detectable at a low enough concentration to act as a warning of the possibility of chronic poisoning Pentaborane, unlike diborane, principally affects the central nervous system In lab oratory animals it produces first a temporary excitement and hypersensitivity which may lead to convlusions, and then a profound de pression Decaborane is similar in its action on the system to pentaborane It can be cumula tively absorbed over a short series of expo sures and the total dose, although less than a single lethal dose, may still cause death In practice it is probably more dangerous to handle than pentaborane, since, in addition to being toxic by inhalation, decaborane is rapidly absorbed through the intact skin Attempts to treat or counteract its toxicity have been unsuccessful Boron hydrides should be handled only in a closed system m a well-hooded and venti lated area Self-contained or supplied air respiratory protection should be provided if the system must be opened (filter-type res pirators are not effective) For the handling of decaborane, impervious clothing should also be used to prevent skin contact See Industnal Data Sheet 508 Brass, chiefly an alloy of copper and zinc, may also contain lead Melting of brass may produce copius quantities of zinc oxide fume which, if inhaled, may give nse to the signs and symptoms of metal fume fever (See listings for Copper, Lead, and Zinc in this chapter) Bromine is a dark red, low-boiling liquid which produces large quantities of extremely imtant, nonflammable vapor at room temper ature or above Its physiological effects are about the same as those of chlorine --irrita tion of all mucous membranes and the lungs and spasm of the glottis when inhaled in fairly large concentration A bromine concentra tion of 40 to 60 ppm is reported to be danger ous on short exposure The imtant action of bromine is not re lated to the bromide intoxication seen fiom time to time from continued overdoses of bromides as sedatives In bromide intoxica tion, the most notable effects are on the cen tral nervous system and are seen as slurring of speech, somnolence, difficulty in walking, and various psychic disturbances, depending on the personality of the individual involved See Industnal Data Sheet 313 and Hy gienic Guide Bromochloromethane (methylene chlorobromide) Knowledge of effects in humans is limited at present Anesthesia is the pnmary hazard from single exposure to high concentrations and organic (liver) injury is likely only if severe anesthetic effects are apparent Repeated exposure to moderately excessive concentrations is likely to result in slight liver injury The matenal has a low oral toxicity and does not present a problem from skin absorption Bromochloromethane is slightly irritating to the eyes and has a de fatting effect on the skin Fire extinguishers containing bromochlor- 1333

But an advertised special can lead to bigger and better things.

In order to combat this condition, we have made use of lead silicate 45-X in place of '7-104, RGL-20256 is the code number.

Those breakthroughs lead to translatable human medicine.

Both of these are white house paints based on a conventional high linseed oil content and TGL5519-A is a lead free type.