OCCVPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES turns vary m degree and can be serious enough to bar employment.

TABLE 39-E.

ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY bon may produce pulmonary edema Chronic exposures, while not necessarily irritating, may result in accumulation of fluondes in the bones See Hygienic Guide Hydrogen peroxide is a clear, waterlike, colorless liquid In a dilute form, it is wide ly used m industry as a bleaching com pound and oxidizing agent It is dangerous primarily because of its oxidizing nature, not because of its toxicity, and the 30 per cent solution is capable of causing serious burns Because of this strong oxidizing abikty, especially m concentrations exceeding 50 per cent by weight, hydrogen peroxide may cause spontaneous combustion if left in con tact with readdy oxidizable organic mate rials If hydrogen peroxide is swallowed, oxy gen may be evolved to cause acute disten tion of the esophagus or stomach, and the localized action of the chemical may cause internal bleeding See Hygienic Guide Hydrogen selenide is a colorless gas with a very disagreeable odor It is produced by the reaction of acids or water with metal selemdes or by the combination of hydrogen with selenium Its health hazard is high for both acute and chronic exposures Eye, nose, and throat irritation, followed by pneumonitis, are the results of acute exposure Chrome effects include garhckly breath, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, dizziness, and extreme fa tigue.

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INDEX Page Page Alligator shears . 23-38 AUyl alcohol, toxicity ... 40-15 Altyl chloride, toxicity 40-15 Alpha Chi Sigma fraternity 12-21 Alpha emitters....................... .... 42-4 Alpha particles, description .....42-4 Aluminl2ed protective clothing ... .38-47 Aluminum, toxldty ....... 40-15 Aluminum oxide, toxicity............................ 40-16 American Association at industrial _ __ Dentists........................................................12-21 American Association of Industrial Nurses, Inc.................................................12-21 American Association of State Compensation insurance Funds . . . 12-11 American Chemical Society............. 12-21 American College of Surgeons..................... 12-21 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . 40-2 American Conference of Rnwwimmfaii Industrial Hygienists Committee on Industrial Ventilation................................12-21 American Gas Association . 12-13 American Industrial Hygiene Association, Hygienic Guide Series..............................41-24 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. 12-21 American Meat Institute ......................... 12-14 American Medical Association..................... 12-22 American Mining Congress......................... 12-14 American Mutual Insurance Alliance.

INDEX Page Methylcydohexanone, toxicity 40-42 Methylene chloride, toxicity 40-42 Mica, toxicity 40-42 Microphones 13-13 Microwave radiation, effect on humans 39-15 Milk Industry Foundation 12*17 Milling machines, sale operation 24-8 Mills boring 24-6 rubber, guarding . 28-21 Mine Inspectors' Institute of America 12-18 Mines, Bureau of 12-25 Mining American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi cal, and Petroleum Engineers 12-21 American Mining Congress 12-14 Mine Inspectors' Institute of America 12-18 Minors, liability 11-6 Mists radioactive 42-27 relation to Industrial hygiene 39-3 Muting of flammable liquids 32-24 Mobile cranes 18-20 Model releases 8-14, 13-12 Models, visual aid 13-5.18 Molding machines, ui foundries 27-32 Molds, foundry 27-21 Molybdenum, toxicity 40-42 Monitoring external radiation 42-39 Monorails foundry 27-10 hoist 18-16 Moreell, Admiral Ben 1-8 Motion effects on humans 39-15 mechanical (all types) 22-2 Motion pictures 13-4, 6,12, 20 Motivation 6*8 aids for 13-1 MoUve power, railroad 10-28 Motor trucks, safety program for 44-10 Motorized equipment 44-1 off-the-road 44-17 Motors, electric 31-9 Moving walks 19-21 Muffs, car-protective 36-10,43-18 Municipal governments, safety committees 3-13 Mutual aid in emergencies 35-26 N Nall band crimpers, use of 30-14 Nailed joints 15-22 Nailers, air-operated, use of 30-21 Nails 15-22 as hazard in materials handling 17-24 Naphtha, toxicity 40-42 National Association of Suggestion Systems 12-24 National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 12-18 National Board of Fire Underwriters 12-9 National Bureau of Standards 12-25 National Coal Association 12-18 Nationai Fire Protection Association 12-10 National LP-Gas Association 12-17 National Safety Council accident reports 9-11 as ides source 7-6 contests 7-11 description 12-2 Industrial Data Sheets 41-3 origin 1-6 posters 7-23 publicity 8-13 Safetygrapha 13-17 National Society tor the Prevention of Blindness 12-6 Natural trigonometric functions, table 45-40 Navy, Department of the 12-28 Nest, die 23-9 Neutrons, description 42-5 WewB. making 8-7 Newspapers, publicity 8-7 Nickel carbonyl, toxicity Nicotine, toxicity Night hazard clothing Nip point, machine Nitric add, toxicity Nltroamllne, toxicity Nitrobenzene, toxicity Nitroethane, toxicity Nitrogen dioxide, toxicity Nitroglycerine, toxicity Nitromethone, toxicity Nitropropane. toxicity Nltroioluene, toxicity Noise (sound) auditory effects definition effect on humans industrial measurement nonaudltory effects Noise exposure allowable, table control Nondestructive testing Nonionizing radiation, effects on humans Nonprojected visual aids Nonrebreathlng apparatus (see breathing apparatus) Nonslip bases, ladder Nozzles fire monitor Nuclear power reactors Nucleus of atom, description Nuclides, definition Nurses, occupational health Nursing societies American Association of Industrial Nurses, Inc American Nurses' Association, Inc Nutrition, m Industrial health Nylon rope o Page 40-42 40-43 36-53 22-3 40-43 40-43 40-43 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-45 43-9 43-7 39-18 43-1 43-7 43-10 43-9 43-15 43-16 27-27 39-15 13-17 15-15 34-10 34-10 42-21 42-4 42-3 38-7 12-21 12-22 37-13 21-1 Observation plans, safety 2-u Occupational diseases 11-17 Occupational health nurse 38-7 Occupational health services 38-1 Occupational Safety.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL for Industrial Operations EDITION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Chicogo, Illinois 60611

D-1037 NOTE: A n tio ch is shipping raw gypsum to Seattle and Santa A na.

VOLUME 11 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS GLASS and CERAMICS; RUBBER INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N.

half all the way down to five hundredths of a micron.

Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations

Organization and Committees MANAGERS STAFF INDUSTRIAL REL SAFETY SUPERVISOR DIVISION MANAGER MANAGER OF MANUFACTURING SAFETY POLICY COMMITTEE -I SUPERINTENDENT | ) i ASST SAFETY SUPERVISOR {GENERAL FOREMEN FOREMEN 1 SUPERINTENDENT 1 } 1 - ASST SAFETY SUPERVISOR GENERAL FOREMAN FOREMAN 1 | SUPERINTENDENT - ASST SAFETY SUPERVISOR - GENERAL FOREMEN FOREMAN SAFETY OBSERVER SAFETY OBSERVER SAFETY OBSERVER FOREMAN SAFETY OBSERVER - FOREMAN v,SAFETY OBSERVER FOREMAN SAFETY OBSERVER FOREMAN FOREMAN FOREMAN SAFETY OBSERVER SAFETY OBSERVER SAFETY OBSERVER LINE ORGANIZATION ----------------------------- SAFETY ORGANIZATION FlC 2-3 --Organization chart showing the direct supervisory type of safety setup for a large company Courtesy Westinghouse Electric Corp that of die plant with a full-time safety staff The medical setup for the small establish ment commonly provides for periodic visits by a physician under contract or on call, with emergency cases referred to the physician for treatment The small plant has special need for enough persons thoroughly trained m first aid to take care of the working force during each working shift In the industrial organization with few em ployees, the full-time or part-time nurse be comes even more significant to the total safety program than she does m a large plant with a medical department She carries more re sponsibility, is in a more strategic spot to be of help m die public relations aspect of safety, and becomes indispensable almost in inverse proportion to the lack of medical service pro vided by a licensed physician A full-time registered nurse can readily be justified for operations employing 200 or more persons, where the work is not unusually hazardous For improved medical service, small com panies and plants in the same locality can pool the services of a qualified physician Scattered operations Organizations with scattered operations re quiring relatively few employees, as well as scattered construction operations, face special problems of organization Their operations may be seasonal or intermittent and there may not be a sufficiently stable working force to operate continuous committees effectively 30

plant, or one for each department, with per haps a central inspection committee to make general or special inspections Since a mam contribution of the inspection committee is that of bringing a fresh view point to an old familiar scene, and, therefore, of catching details overlooked by people too close to the job, some plants have depart mental inspections run by committees from other departments Inspection committee membership should rotate at intervals long enough so that each member has time to make a positive contribu tion and to gain personal experience and in terest, and yet short enough so that the op portunity to serve can be passed around Three months' service is usually the minimum for inspection committee members When inspection committees are started on their work, they should understand that their job is essentially a helpful and constructive one The inspection trip is not a field day for criticism, but rather an opportunity to give a plant or a department the benefit of many eyes and points of view It is important that the foreman accompany the committee on its inspection of his area Comments and criticisms may then be made to him, not to his workers The foreman can provide information and help required by the inspection committee and can be kept ad vised of its actions In making inspections, a safety committee member should keep a watchful eye for un safe practices of employees When he finds these practices, he should report them im mediately to the supervisor and thus give him an opportunity to correct them Those making inspections should wear the protective equipment required in the areas they enter Safety glasses and safety toe shoes are standard, but on some jobs and in some locations special equipment is needed Safety hats, acid goggles, rubber gloves and aprons and respirators are examples If the inspecting team members do not have and cannot get the necessary special protective equipment, they should stay out of the area Findings and observations are cleared through the committee report when the in spection has been completed Under no cir cumstances does the committee or its mem bers interfere with the work of employees or with the condition of the department, nor does it pass judgment while the inspection is in progress Inspections made by safety committees are covered in the next chapter "Get it done" committee Special committees have been successfully used by some companies to get action on such problems as poor housekeeping or failure to wear personal protective equipment The "get it done" committee is usually composed of workmen with a foreman as chairman Safety committees in municipal government Safety programs in municipal government are often carried out through a general or central safety committee Such a committee is usually composed of department heads and supervisors To carry out the work ofa general committee of this type, small special subcommittees are formed, such as an eye protection committee, an attendance committee, and a rules com mittee The function of these subcommittees is to create interest in and carry out the var ious phases of the safety program For ex ample, the eye protection committee may specify when eye protection is to be worn and put on dnves when there is a letdown m the weanng of eye protection They can make recommendations for those who need prescription glasses Promoting Safety Committee Activity The ultimate success of any safety program, be it on the broad company basis or on the more restricted committee level, is controlled in great measure by two important factors (a) maintaining interest, and (b) giving recog nition to employees who render a service to safety Maintaining interest There are many ways of maintaining in terest among safety committeemen To begin with, the men selected to serve on the com mittee must have the interest of the safety work at heart Then, to maintain that interest requires constant effort on the part of the chairman, the safety engineer, and the general safety committee or the central organization Members of safety committees should be given something to do other than mere re- 45

On the other hand the frustration often leads to some negative fonn of behavior, a few ex amples of which are listed This is by no means an exhaustive list, norare they mutually exclusive, one may appear in combination with another (See the J Tiffin and E Mc Cormick citation in "References ") Fixation.

Boilers and Unfired Pressure Vessels FlC 18-6 -- Men entenng any confined space in boiler area should wear a lifeline and be constantly watched by man stationed outside who is wearing similar protective equipment Explosion-proof 6 volt lamp is supplied bv sealed step-down transformer in inspector's left hand Some organizations use batterv-powered lights cracking, and other defects Internal parts should be readily accessible for a close and thorough examination (Handholes and man holes should be open and the boiler should be ventilated) Adequate lighting and pro tective equipment for work in the boiler should be provided If the boiler inspector's time is improperly scheduled, excessive down time or costly remspections can result If the boiler is opened and readv at the appointed time, a list of work that should be done can be pre pared even before the inspector leaves the plant Repairs can start immediately Boiler and furnace entry precautions Ceneral precautions for entenng boilers include having proper ventilation, proper equipment, and proper protection To make certain that no flammable or toxic gases are present, ven tilate boiler settings thoroughly and then check the atmosphere with a testing instru ment before permitting anyone to enter This is especially important when more than one boiler is connected to one breeching or chim ney, because under certain circumstances flue gases can come back into the boiler from other boilers One cannot overemphasize the need for caution when men do cleaning or mainte nance on boilers A great number of injuries have occurred in this work Good vessel entry procedures and good lockout proce dures to prevent steam, hot or high pressure water, or hot gases from reaching workmen must be followed All valves that are closed must be checked for leakage Lines which are interconnected between boilers must be positively sealed off at both ends and locked out Also attention must be paid to providing 480