Page 42 - Fig. 89 Removing Clutch Assembly. 1.

msmmmmm 27 Saety Exposition Exhibitors EXHIBITION HALL, EXHIBITION HALL ANNEX.

r, she adopted the policy of losing her sense of understanding, i quite gruff and in many instances a bit profane.

itJgHfl ,24 lu one of these caeee, the suspicion of cancer of tho lung Is based upon the x-ray Interpretation and, although no autopsy was porformed, the death certificate Indicates that death was due to lung cancer, it Is well known that the x-ray appearance of fibrosis, especially U a localised density or a superimposed tuberculous lesion is present, can simulate that of a tumor, and by Itself, does not justify the Inclusion of this caso as one of ''proved" cancer of the lung.

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SAFETY ORGANIZATION AND SAFETY INSPECTION LINE ORGANIZATION ----------------------------- SAFETY ORGANIZATION Fig 2-2.

SAFETY COMMITTEES and its services are welcomed (See Chap ter 6, "Safety Training '') The work of a committee may be better accomplished in a prompt, effective, and orderly manner if a chief executive of the company serves as chairman The head of each operating unit assumes responsibility for safety work in his unit and can incor porate safety into its daily work He can plan safety just as he plans production and the daily work of his men The committee as a whole helps to (a) better inform the chief executive by pre senting him with clear outlines of objec tives and problems, (b) familiarize chosen staff members with safety affairs, (c) bring together various viewpoints for dis cussion, and (d) promote interest in and cooperation for safety among the commit tee members themselves General Organization of Safety Committees Primarily, the size of the plant deter mines the type and number of safety com mittees which will function most effectively within it, but other factors must also be considered These factors include the prog ress already made in safeguarding the plant when committee work is started, the size and relationship of the vanous depart ments or plant units, and the type of busi ness (such as manufacturing, construction, transportation, public utilities) In any case, when the committee or committees decided upon are formed, certain fundamen tals should be observed Each committee should be so made up as to have prestige Far instance, a main or governing committee should include such key executives as master mechanic and production manager A workmen's com mittee should comprise workers well known to and respected by fellow workmen The committee membership should en compass the maximum knowledge of meth ods, practices, and conditions m the plant or group represented The committee should be as small as is consistent with the above requirements A committee of three men functions more ef fectively than a committee of five Larger committees tend to produce more debate and less action In general, however, three is the smallest number for practical purposes The basic plan of a committee's struc ture and operation should be such as to assign specific duties to committee officials and members (Fig 3-2) Copies of a chart outlining the duties of a safety com mittee should be posted on bulletin boards where all employees will have a chance to study them Selection and term of office Whether safety committee members are elected or appointed is largely determined by the type of committee and by the length of time committees have existed in a plant Members of interplant and governing committees are more likely to be appointed by management Selection of qualified per sons is assured by the appointive method Also, when safety committees are first being formed, the members are usually ap pointed In some companies, a foreman is selected by the plant safety committee to serve on the workmen's safety committee, and he automatically becomes its chairman He usually serves for six months or for some other set term, after which another fore man is appointed for this work In this way, all the plant foremen, os successive chairmen of the workmen's committee, are rotated and given this experience In many plants, the foreman who serves as chair man of the workmen's safety committee is also a member of the plant safety com mittee The workmen's safety committee is usually composed of elected members, who are rotated to provide experience for all the workers The usual term of office is three to six months, the members being replaced one at a time Policies and procedures When a committee is formed, certain policies and procedures should be set forth in writing, and should cover at least 1 Scope of committee activity 2 Extent of committee authority 3 Procedure as to a) Time and place of meetings b) Frequency of meetings c) Order of business d) Records to be kept e) Attendance requirements 3-3

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY To a degree, management has capitalized more on the monetary aspect of reward than on any other, neglecting to remember that when fundamental needs are relatively well satisfied, the psychosocial needs take precedence Psychosocial needs Only within recent years has management come to consider the importance of these psychosocial needs The successful safety man will capitalize on them with both "'orkers and supervisors For purposes of discussion, the social needs are divided into two major groups one concerned with personal worth, and the second with personal acceptability, that is, a feeling of belonging Personal worth, the Erst cate gory, considers those forces which enhance the individual's self-regard Personal importance is de pendent upon receiving affection from those who are important to the individual The term "affec tion'' u being used here in the broadest sense possible, meaning "to be liked" Whether an in dividual is president of the com pany or the most humble worker, he wants to be liked for what he is regardless of the job he holds All human beings like to feel that they have some inherent value in and of themselves People in ordinary jobs consider themselves as good as anybody else It is common in our society for people to see themselves, regardless of social position, money, or pres- _______ He ,n bge, as having attributes which make them anyone's equal ,lon * This striving for affection may not be di rected toward all people but only, perhaps, to a small group of individuals liked by the person He wishes to be held in affection at least among a small group of people with out that affection being dependent upon what he, as an individual, can do for others Never in life is this need satisfied as much as the person would like Perhaps the only time this need was ever completely satis fied was immediately after birth when the infant was doted upon, for everyone loves a baby.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND PLANT LAYOUT form to the requirements of American Standard A102 The platform at the top of a tank should have standard railings and toeboards Standard railings also should be installed along the edges adjoining the platform Fits and openings Pits for storage, for access to pipelines, and for other purposes are sources of fre quent and senous injunes unless precau tions are taken to make them safe If plans call for a pit m which employees may be exposed to dangerous gases or vapors while working on pipelines or equipment, means of ventilating the pit should be provided Preferably the plans should be changed to eliminate the pit When openings require covers, the design should specify metal covers with hand rings folding flush with the top Covers should fit snugly and be provided with lugs Open pits may be safeguarded with fences or rails Stairs or fixed ladders provide safe ac cess to pits Drains reduce the hazard of falls on muddy, wet, or icy pit floors Outside lighting American Standard All 1*** is a good guide to follow in checking plans and speci fications for outside lighting Prismatic bghtmg has been used satisfactorily for docks and loading platforms Mercury or sodium vapor lights are suitable for yard work and parking lots.

BOILERS AND UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS Ventilation can be provided by portable power-driven blowers operated outside the boiler setting and having canvas tubes lead ing in through access doors Draft fans can be operated for short periods of tune to provide ventilation also As a precaution against electric shock, many firms only permit 6- or 13-volt lights and tools inside a boiler They are connect ed to small portable power transformers outside the boiler All tools used inside a boiler should be properly grounded, and along with extension cords, be thoroughly inspected before use When cleaning a boiler, men should wear hard hats, goggles, dust respirators, and heavy leather-palm gloves Wearing safety shoes is also recommended (See Chapter 38, "Personal Protective Equipment") Personnel working in confined areas should wear lifeline and be kept under con stant observation (See Fig 16-5 ) Prompt cleaning is important Soot gath ers moisture rapidly and thus contributes to deterioration of die metal surfaces Soot and fly ash should be removed as soon as the boiler has cooled Because ashes may remain hot for days, presenting a hazard to anyone entering the combustion chamber, they are usually wet down with a hose As in spraying ashes for disposal, the operator should wet down from the outside toward the center and stay clear of any steam and dust that will come up A jet of water driven into the center of a hot ash pile will literally explode it When remov ing ashes, care should be used to prevent injury to personnel from steam or hot water that may be present when ash gates are opened After cleaning the boder it should be in spected thoroughly for defects by the plant engineer This should be done every time a boiler is taken out of service At least once a year, the boiler, the fire-side ignition safety, and other safety controls should be inspected bv a qualified inspector who is accompanied by the plant inspector Boiler rooms A boiler is usually m a separate room Often a separate building is designed to house a boiler and its appurtenances.

HOISTING APPARATUS AND CONVEYORS wise in cage-operated cranes the controls should be identified.

POWER TRUCKS forks u a considerable overload Every operator should be familiar with the rela tive max-mum load limits of the truck he operates and be required to observe them.

COLD FORMING OF METALS Measures to preveut accidental tripping of the press in addition to placing a guard over the pedal include 1 A safety spring on the tnp rod 2 Aisles of ample width for trucking ma terial to the presses. 3 Aisles adjacent to the press used only for necessary trucking of dies and stock. 4 Enough working space between adjacent machines in the same line 5 Unauthorized persons kept away from the area 6 Operators protected from interruption. 7 The operator, and all other persons not concerned, kept away from die press when it is being set up 8 A closely supervised, mandatory rule prohibiting the operator from "tiding" the pedal The operator should remove his foot from the pedal immediately each time he trips the press 8 Flywheel brakes Flywheels -- especially on large presses--continue to coast for some tune after the power source has been turned off, and they have been known to cycle a press when the actuat ing control (or controls) was tripped A flywheel brake will stop the flywheel within 10 to 20 seconds Smgle-stroke attachments Through com mon usage the term "nonrepeat" has more or less come to mean both the nonxepeat device which is installed in the clutch mechanism by the manufacturer of the clutch and the smgle-stroke device which is attached to the tnp rod and which dis connects the pedal after each stroke of the press (Fig 23-20) A press with a positive clutch should have a single-stroke attachment which dis connects the pedal or operating lever after each stroke A single-stroke spring device should de pend on spnng action only if it is a com pression spring encased in a close-fitting* tube or closely wound on a rod The type wound on a rod is preferable because it permits easy detection of a broken spnng ".

MACHINE TOOLS to stnke the cutter while adjusting or set ting up Splash guards, especially on automatic machines, should be installed and kept in good condition Enclosure guards over the chuck confine hot metal chips and oil splashes, and also act as exhaust hoods for removal of fumes When steel and some other materials are turned on lathes, the chip produced is in a Fig. 24-4.