TABLE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS 41-13 ethylene chlorohydnn 140* 49 159 797 264 49 239 ethylene cyanohydrin ethylenediamme 265* - - no - - - 445 - - - 244 40 >5000 ethylene glycol 232 32 - 775 387 59 - ethylene glycol diethyl ethez 95* - - (diethyl CeUasolve} - 251 23 29 (approx ) ethylene glycol monobuty!

IONIZING RADIATION NEUTRON film REAR FILTtR AFAR W1NOOW Stmt ratio. proxy amonr IDCNTiriCATlOM INSERT FRONT FILTER CASE AKO CLIP ASSEMBLY Fig 42-14 Exploded view of o radiation film badge Front view is at upper left, rear view at upper right placed at regular intervals determined by the radiation level in the area Pocket dosim eters (several types including pocket-alarms are available commercially) may be worn to indicate exposure during any part of the film badge period The film badge is read to establish the validity of a discharged dosimeter The pocket dosimeters should be read and reset by means of a charger at the end of each partial period they are used to measure (Fig. 42-13 shows three types of radiation detection devises.

,,. 623 Current Report ' The new standard was issued under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and also applies to the Construction Safety Act and Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act regula- " tions. ' ' . ' ' /" ' ' .'

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/ Union Carbide Sales of Asbestos to Kaiser Gypsum Seattle, Washington -Hi* UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION COPY OF INVOICE : :irn:?

Industrial Safety Subject Sessions AIHA Analytical Abstracts--a scries de scribing chemical analyses of industrial mate rials, which could be of great help to your plant chemist if lie should become involved in air sampling.

VOLUME 15 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS METALS INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N.

TABLE 4 ( QUESTIONNAIRE DATA ) EXPOSURE GROUP 1 "DYSPNEA OP BFFORT" AGE <30 30 - 49 50+ 21% 23% 36% 2 23% 18% 41% 3 15% 32% 27% TABLE 5 ( QUESTIONNAIRE DATA ) "WHEEZING" BXPOSURE GROUP <30 AGB 30-- 49 1 37% 19% 2 23% 18% 3 5% 11% 50+ 29% 22% 33% 9. 1H3

Fig 8-13 --``Walking safetv poster " Construction supenntendent lets workers select own safety message, pl.ice it on their own safety hat Courtesy Stone O Webster Engineering Cory Sixty-nine per cent of the respondents in the Council's poster survey preferred posters of 8'/> by 11V^ in and 17 by 23 in size Of these two sizes, the smaller was preferred six-to-one over the larger Types of posters Posters available from the National Safety Council, insurance companies, associations, and other sources fall into two broad cate gories general and special mdustrv(or special hazard) The general posters are concerned with such subjects as chance-taking, disregarding safety rules, forgetting to replace guards, and other human failures Special industry posters, as the term in dicates, have application only in specific industries, such as mining or logging Special hazard posters, for example on lifting, ladders, the storage or handling of flammable liquids, are useful in every industry where the particular hazards are encountered In some cases, a hazard is so serious that a special poster is developed because of the seventy and not the frequency of exposure The National Safety Council carries over WOO different safetv posters in stock at any one time These range from pocket-size pressure-sensitized stickers to billboardsize jumbo posters About 15 new posters are added each month Subject matter is roughly in proportion to the occurrence of certain types of accidents For example, more posters are concerned with materials handling than with chemicals and gases (For illustrations of the many posters available from the National Safety Council, see the CataloglPoster Directory) Other locations Posters and stickers can be mounted on deliverv trucks, industrial trucks, mail trucks and carts, in elevators, and even on doors Pocket cards or plastic pocket protectors, such as those available from the National Safety Council, might be called "walking safety posters " (See Fig 8-13 ) Other materials Safety messages need not be limited to printing and artwork They can be very effective when used m illuminated or changable signs, or even embossed on bncks (See Fig 8-14 ) One company paints a safety message on a plywood welding screen Homemade posters A company can develop its own posters to deal with special Fig 8-14 --Safety messages can even be embossed on bncks Courtesy Domtar Construction Materials Ltd 189

22 Personal protective equipment required7 (Protective glasses safety shoes safety hat safety belt).

Fig 16-4 -- The new layout greatly reduced the hazards, incidental to materials handling in this transformer manufacturing operation handling of materials, many unnecessary movements, and result m bad housekeeping -- in itself a prolific source of accidents Insufficient headroom at aisles, platforms, pipelines, overhead conveyors, other parts of the structure, and other installations is disclosed in studying the models A vertical distance of at least 7 ft generally is specified between passageways and stairways, and overhead structures to provide ample clear ance Overhead cranes and conveyors re quire at least 24 m of vertical and hori zontal clearance Trucks and other vehicles require enough room for movement without endangering men and equipment and need space to back and tum near machines Aisles should be wide enough to permit trucks to pass without colliding For one-way traffic, aisles should be not less than 3 ft wider than the widest vehicles Aisles for two-way traffic should be not less than 3 ft wider than twice the width of the widest vehicle These minimum widths are exceeded considerably m some new build ings where, because of anticipated heavy traffic, aisles from 12 to 20 ft wide have been specified Safe layout of aisles requires that there be no blind comers and that adequate radius be provided to allow for vehicle turns A 6-ft radius is large enough for small industrial trucks Aisles should be clearly defined with ap proved markings of either traffic paint or strip ing material Follow ASI Standard Z53 1, Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards and the Identification of Certain Equipment Plastic buttons that are glued or fastened with metal fasteners to the floor are used by many because of their durability 401

Detailed engineering specifications should be acquired for each machine or structure For machinery, these give dimensions, weights, sizes of plant service connections, lubncation requirements, details on bearings, and power transmission or motor drive data For buildings they include data on general layout, services available, floor load capa cities, ceiling clearances, column spacing, and many other features After a supervisor has made an analysis of his maintenance responsibilities, an organi zation chart should be formulated for the selection and safe assignment of workers The safety man helps in this Such a chart gives the supervisor a comprehensive picture of his force, pointing out the status of trained keymen and reserves Outside specialists who can be called in for unusual or very hazardous jobs should be listed In layoff periods or m emergencies when men are needed in a hurry, this information is quite valuable Work control is necessary for efficient and safe maintenance operation and involves planning, scheduling, and follow-up of the job A smooth-flowing paper work system will help to control each job all the way Work plans should indicate the nature of each job, how it is to be done, the material needed, and the safety precautions required The type of records that should be kept will depend on plant operations, operating time of machines, number of maintenance crews, and schedules A work schedule is successful only if there is a follow-up system to see that it is being adhered to and to determine reasons for de lay Delays may be an indication of faulty materials or wrong procedures Where work schedules are rigid, it is better to hire ad ditional help than to increase the work tempo of the crew Equipment inspections An inspection schedule based on the po tential trouble points listed on maintenance records is essential to preventive mainten ance The schedule can be determined by the number of inspection reports turned m by regular full-time inspectors or by the men of the maintenance crews An inspector must know what to look for He must be something of an expert on, or at least thoroughly familiar with, the equipment under his care This knowledge is partic ularly important for electrical equipment inspectors Electrical equipment usually gives few obvious indications of impending trouble, and is likely to stop altogether with little advance warning Mechanical equip ment often warns of deterioration by such easily recognized signs as noise, unusual appearances, or substandard output But there are some warnings that are more subtle It is important that inspectors be equipped with suitable instruments for making their observations While there is no difficulty in recognizing burned contacts on a motor starter or in hearing the pounding of a worn gear, checking insulation resistance of a motor or measuring the wear on a shaft re quires the correct instruments Personal protective equipment Maintenance men should dress properly for their specific job Garments should be snug-fitting, with a few small pockets Breast pockets are often sewn closed to prevent items from dropping into machinery or in accessible places when the wearer leans over Rings, watch chains, wnstwatches, and other jewelry should not be wom Neckties and loose clothing should not be worn by maintenance men Loose rags must be kept clear of moving machinery If a man carries so few tools that he does not need a tool bag, he should wear a special belt fitted with tool earners To prevent back and spine injuries in case the worker should fall, tools should be earned at the side instead of m the back portion of the belt Gloves or hand leathers should be worn by a man handling rough or sharp objects Welding gloves, rubber gloves for electrical insulation, and rubber gloves for handling acids should be used as needed, but never worn around moving machinery Goggles should be m every maintenance tool kit Moreover, unless the repairman knows the exact conditions he is to work under, his equipment should include several tvpes of goggles to provide protection against flying objects and molten metal, injurious heat and light rays, dust and wind, and acid splashes When a man needs to work in high places or to enter a manhole, bin, or tank, he should wear a life belt, with the lifeline either at- 463

will not slip from his grasp If this is not practical, he could use a rope sling or other device that will give him a positive grip Most strains and back injuries occur when lifting and setting down objects by hand It is important that those who do this work be trained in the proper lifting techniques if these injuries are to be reduced (See Fig 19-1, a model for use in training is shown m Chapter 10) 1 Consider the size, weight, and shape of the object to be earned Do not lift more than can be handled comfortably If neces sary, get help 2 Set feet solidly One foot can be slightly ahead of the other for increased effective ness Feet should be far enough apart to give good balance and stability (approxi mately the width of the shoulders) 3 Get as close to the load as possible Bend legs about 90 degrees at the knees Crouch, do not squat It takes about twice as much effort to get up from a squat 4 Keep the back as straight as possible It may be far from being vertical, but it should not be arched Bend at the hips, not the middle of the back 5 Grip the object firmly Maintain that gnp while lifting and carrying Before chang ing or adjusting this gnp, set the object down again 6 Straighten the legs to lift the object, and at the same time bnng the back to a vertical position Tucking your chin in helps keep your spine straight and firm 7 Never carry a load that you cannot see over or around Make sure the path of travel is clear Carry the object close to the body 8 Never turn at the waist to change direction or to put an object down Turn the whole body and crouch down to lower the object Gnp the object firmly, keep it close, and keep the back straight (not arched) To keep hands from being pinched against the floor, put one comer of a box or similar object down first, so that the fingers can be removed from under the sides Here are some techniques for specific situa tions 1 If the object is too heavy to be handled by one person, he should get help 2 Before lifting a load to be earned, the worker should consider the distance to be traveled and the length of time he will have to maintain the gnp He should recognize the fact that his gnpping power may tire if he has to carry the load a long distance, especially if he has to climb stairs or ramps 3 To place an object on a bench or table, first set it on edge and push it far enough onto the support to be sure it will not fall Release it gradually as you set it down Move it in place by pushing with the hands and body from m front of the object This method prevents fingers from getting pinched 4 It is especially important that an object placed on a bench or other support be sec urely set so that it will not fall, tip over, or roll off Supports should be correctly placed and strong enough to carry the load Heavy objects, like lathe chucks, dies, and other jigs and fixtures, should be stored at approximately waist height 5 To raise an object above shoulder height, lift it first to waist height Rest the edge of the object on a ledge, stand, or hip Shift hand position so object can be boosted after knees are bent Straighten out knees as object is lifted or shifted to the shoulders 6 To change direction, lift the object to car rying position, and turn the entire body, including the feet Do not twist your body In repetitive work, the person and the material should both be positioned so that the person will not have to twist his body when moving the material 7 To deposit an object manually in a tight space, it is safest to slide it into place with the hands m the clear, rather than to lift it Team lifting and carrying When two or more men must carry a sin gle object, they should adjust the load so that it ndes level and so that each carries an equal part of the load Test lifts can be made before proceeding When two men carry long seebons of pipe or lumber, they should carry on the same shoulder and walk m step Shoulder pads will prevent cutting of the shoulders and help to reduce fatigue 505

Principles of Materials Handling and Storing chines are tilted Spillage of residual oil should be wiped up immediately When a jack develops any defect, it should be repaired by qualified workmen and tested under load before being returned to service Handtrucks, dollies, and wheelbarrows Many t>pes of handtrucks and dollies are available, such as two-wheeled, flat, platform, fox, special racks or dollies, and lift trucks Trucks can be purchased or designed for ob jects of various sizes and kinds Operators should wear gloves and safety shoes Two-wheeled trucks and wheelbarrows should be equipped with knuckle guards to protect against the jamming of hands against door frames or other obstructions Two-wheeled trucks should have brakes Fig 19-7 --Foot brake keeps wheels from slipping while truck is being loaded Springs (arrow) hold brake away from wheels when it is not needed (Fig 19-7) so that the worker need not hold the truck with a foot on the wheel or axle The latter practice causes manv injuries To decrease hazards to toes and feet, wheels should be as far under the truck as possible Wheel guards can be installed on manv types of trucks Tongues of flat trucks should be provided with counterweights, springs, or hooks to hold them vertical when not m use If this is not possible, workers should be trained to leave handles in such a position that they will not be a tripping hazard Equipment should be inspected daily and kept in good repair Repair and maintenance records should be kept to show the condition of each piece of equipment Axles should be kept well-greased The type of truck most suitable for the work at hand should be used No one truck is right for handling all types of material Two-wheeled trucks look as though they should be easy to handle, but there are safe procedures that must be followed 1 Keep the center of gravity of the load as low as possible Place heavy objects below lighter objects When loading trucks, truckers and loaders should keep their feet clear of the wheels 2 Place the load well forward so the weight will be carried by the axle, not by the handles 3 Place the load so it will not slip, shift, or fall Load only to a height that will allow a clear view ahead 4 When a two-wheeled truck or wheelbarrow is loaded in a horizontal position, raise it to traveling position by lifting with the leg muscles and keeping the back straight Ob serve the same principle in setting a loaded truck or wheelbarrow down--the leg mus cles should do the work 5 Let the truck carry the load The operator should only balance and push 6 Never walk backwards with a hand truck 7 When going down an incline, keep truck ahead When going up, keep truck be hind (This advice applies to 4-wheeled as well as 2-wheeled trucks ) 8 Move trucks at a safe speed Do not run Keep truck constantly under control Four-wheeled truck operation follows rules similar to those for two-wheeled trucks Extra emphasis should be placed on proper loading, however Four-wheeled trucks should be evenlv loaded to prevent their tipping Four-wheeled trucks should be pushed rather than pulled, except for a truck that has a fifth wheel and a handle for pulling Trucks should not be loaded so high that operators cannot see where they are going If there are high racks on the truck, two men should move the vehicle --one to guide the front end, the other to guide the back end Handles should be placed at protected places 512

FlC 22-3 --Vacuum-handling truck, carrying newsprint roll m this photo, has canopy guard for operator's protection Truck engine or separate source supplies vacuum ,Courtesy Industrial Truck Dw Clark Equipment Co tion-engine powered truck, although a diesel-powered lift truck has been approved by Underwriters' Laboratories and Factory Mutual for use in hazardous areas Powered industrial trucks should be equip ped with a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher or a gas-pressured dry chemical fire extin guisher, and all operators should be trained in its use Also, an important incidental ad vantage is that the truck-mounted fire extin guisher and trained operator are quickly avail able to combat other fires on the premises Lift trucks Lift trucks that can elevate loads higher than the operator's head, or will operate in areas where stacks are higher than the operator's head, should have substantial overhead guards and load back rest extension (Fig 22-1) If an overhead guard is attached to the rear of the truck body, it should also be at tached to the body in front and not the mast An exception is made for those trucks that have the tilt cylinder as an integral part of the overhead guard construction Fork trucks equipped with a single tilt cy linder should have provisions to avoid in jury to the operator resulting from failure of the cylinder or associated parts Forks should be locked to the carnage, and the fork extension, if used, should be designed to prevent unintentional lifting of the toe or 613