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ST0853456 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 132, Art. 1 Pages 1-766 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS Conference Cochairmen I. J. Selikoff J. Churg AUTHORS C. G. Addingley, M. Anspach, H. E. Ayer, M. E. Bader, R. A. Bader, M. S. Badollet, C. Berkley, S. W. Berliner, H. Bohlig, W. D. Bucha nan, A. Caplan, J. Churg, J. M. G. Davis, R. S. Doll, P. C. Elmes, R. E. Elsasser, P. E. Enterline, J. H. Fanney, W. A. Gantt, R. Gaze, J. C. Gilson, J. Gough, E. C. Hammond, J. S. Harington, N. W. Hendry, I. D. Hill, D. W. Hills, K. F. W. Hinson, S. Holmes, P. F. Holt, D. O'B. Hourihane, D. D. Hubert, W. C. Hueper, R. Hunt, G. Jacob, R. Kiviluoto, J. F. Knox, A. Laamanen, J. R. Lynch, W. T. E. McCaughey, J. C. McVittie, P. Maranzana, L. Miller, J. Mills, E. T. Miner, S. Moolten, G. Mottura, G. Nagelschmidt, M. L. Newhouse, L. Noro, W. G. Owen, A. Peacock, P. R. Peacock, A. M. Pelzer, B. Pernis, V. Raunio, S. A. Roach, F. J. C. Roe, S. H. Rosen, E. L. Schall, I. J. Selikoff, J. W. Skidmore, G. K. Sluis-Cremer, K. W. Smith, W. E. Smith, W. J. Smither, C. P. Theron, J. G. Thomson, M. L. Thomson, H. Thompson, A. S. Tierstein, V. Timbrell, E. C. Vigliani, 0. L. Wade, J. C. Wagner, I. Webster, D. K. Young Editor Harold E. Whipple NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY December 31.1965 ST0853457 THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Founded in 1817) BOARD OF TRUSTEES J. JOSEPH LYNCH, S. J., Chairman of the Board Cliu* of IMJ-196S HARDEN F. TAYLOR citumof i ass-i m EDMUND J. BLAKE, JR. G. W. MERCK HUGH CULLMAN Clans of tast-iasT LEON SHIMKIN LOWELL WADMOND GORDON Y. BILLARD Class of 1DSS-loss FREDERICK A. STAHL BORIS PREGEL EMERSON DAY, President of the Academy J. JOSEPH LYNCH, SJ., Past President CHARLES W. MUSHETT, Past President EUNICE THOMAS MINER, Executive Director SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL, 1965 EMERSON DAY, President JACOB FELD, President-Elect J. J. BURNS, Vice-President MINORU TSUTSUI, Vice-President ANDRES FERRARI Recording Secretary ROSS F. NIGRELLI Corresponding Secretary Elected Councilors RHODES W. FAIRBRIDGE 1963-1965 L. WILLIAM MAX ALBERT S. GORDON 1964-1966 WALTER E. TOLLES N. HENRY MOSS 1966-1967 H. CHRISTINE REILLY EUNICE THOMAS MINER, Executive Director SECTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES GABRIEL G. NAHAS, Chairman HERMAN COHEN, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY JEROME BRIGGS, Chairman ANNEMARIE D WAAL MALEFIJT, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF INSTRUMENTATION CARL BERKLEY, Chairman E. E. SUCKLING, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY EUGENE L. DULANEY, Chairman EUGENE R. L. GAUGHRAN, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF PSYCHOLOGY JOSEPH F. KUBIS. Chairman VIRGINIA STAUDT SEXTON, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IRVING J. SELIKOFF, Chairman E. CUYLER HAMMOND, Vice-Chairman SECTION OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES EMIL J. MORICONI, Chairman ROBERT ROUSE, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF BIOCHEMISTRY PAUL GREENGARD, Chairman BERT N. LA DU, JR.. Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY WILLIAM J. CONSIDINE, Chairman MINORU TSUTSUI. Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF POLYMER SCIENCE FRANCIS MICHELOTTI. Chairman E. H. IMMERGUT, Vice-Chairman SECTION OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES LEWIS G. WEEKS, Chairman BRUCE C. HEEZEN. Vice-Chairman SECTION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES MORRIS H. SHAMOS, Chairman BERNARD KRAMER, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF BIOPHYSICS ROSALYN YALOW, Chairman IRA PULLMAN, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF ENGINEERING I. B. LASKOWITZ, Chairman JULIAN D. TEBO, Vice-Chairman DIVISION OF MATHEMATICS AUBREY W. LANDERS, Chairman CHARLES LEWIS, S.J., Vice-Chairman SECTION OF PLANETARY SCIENCES HAROLD L. STOLOV, Chairman RICHARD M. SCHOTLAND, Vice-Chairman The Sections and Divisions hold meetings regularly, one evening each month, during the academic year. October to May, inclusive. All meetings are held at the building of The New York Academy of .Sciences. 2 Fast Sixty-third Street, New York, New York 10021. Conferences are also held at irregular intervals at times announced by special programs. ST0853458 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 132, Art. 1 Pages 1-766 December 31,1965 Q 11 .85 Editor Associate Editor Volume 132 Harold E. Whipple Paul E. van Reyen BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS* Conference Cochairmen I. J. Selikoff J. Churg CONTENTS Preface. By Eunice Thomas Miner.................................................................... Opening Remarks. By Irving J. Selikoff........................................................ Man and Asbestos. By J. C. Gilson.................................................................. 6 7 9 Section I. Asbestos Materials in Modern Technology tf The Geology, Occurrences, and Major Uses of Asbestos. By N. W. Hendry. . 12 < The Physical and Molecular Structure of Asbestos. By Richard Gaze ........... 23 I v Chemical Studies of Asbestos. By J. S. Harington.......................................... 31 \ Section II. Lung Tissue and Mineral Matter: Problems of Pathogenesis i The Detection and Localization of Mineral Fibers in Tissue. By C. Berkley, J. Churg, I. J. Selikoff and W. E. Smith................................................. 48 i j Some Observations of the Dust Content and Composition in Lungs with Asbestosis, Made During Work on Coal Miners Pneumoconiosis. By G. Nagelschmidt.......................................................................................................... 64 i Asbestos Dust Deposition and Retention in Rats. By J. C. Wagner and J. W. Skidmore....................................................................................................... 77 Experimental Asbestosis with Four Types of Fibers: Importance of Small Particles. By P. F. Holt, J. Mills and D. K. Young............................. 87 Electron-Microscope Studies of Asbestosis in Man and Animals. By J. M. G. Davis............................................................................................................. 98 Rheumatoid Factor in Serum of Individuals Exposed to Asbestos. By B. Pernis, E. C. Vigliani and I. J. Selikoff................................................. 112 Discussion.............................................................................................................. 121 Section Id. Human Exposure to Asbestos: Industrial Populations Asbestosis in Great Britain. By J. C. McVittie............................................... 128 The Occurrence of Asbestosis Among Insulation Workers in the United States. By I. J. Selikoff, J. Churg and E. C. Hammond...................................... 139 Mortality Among Asbestos Products Workers in the United States. By Philip E. Enterline................................................................................................ 156 Secular Changes in Asbestosis in an Asbestos Factory. By W. J. SMITHER. ... 166 Discussion.................................................................................................................182 This series of papers is the result of a conference entitled Biological Effects of Asbestos held by The New York Academy of Sciences on October 19, 20, and 21, 1964 and supported in part by grant No. OH-00192-01 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. ST0853459 Section IV. Human Exposure to Asbestos: Community Studies Occupational and Nonoccupational Exposures to Asbestos. By W. C. Hueper 184 Asbestos and the Urban Dweller. By J. G. Thomson.......................................... 196 Asbestosis in South Africa--Certain Geographical and Environmental Consid erations. By G. K. Sluis-Cremer.................................................................. 216 Pleural Plaques and Asbestos: Further Observations on Endemic and Other Nonoccupational Asbestosis. By Raimo Kiviluoto..................................... 235 Observations on Atmospheric Air Pollution Caused by Asbestos. By Arvo Laamanen, Leo Noro and V. Raunio............................................................ 240 Discussion opened by G. W. H. Schepers.............................................................. 246 Section V. Human Exposure to Asbestos: Dust Controls and Standards The Inhalation of Fibrous Dusts. By V. Timbrell............................................. 255 A Comparison of Impinger and Membrane Filter Techniques for Evaluating Air Samples in Asbestos Plants. By Howard E. Ayer, Jeremiah R. Lynch and Julius H. Fanney........................................................................................ 274 Developments in Dust Sampling and Counting Techniques in the Asbestos Industry. By S. Holmes.................................................................................. 288 Dust Measurement and Monitoring in the Asbestos Industry. By C. G. Addingley........................................................................................................... 298 Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Dust by Instruments Measuring Different Parameters. By S. A. Roach........................................... 306 Present Threshold Limit Value in the U.S.A. for Asbestos Dust: A Critique. By E. L. Schall................................................................................................. 316 Economics of Dust Control. By D. W. Hills...................................................... 322 Discussion.................................................................................................................... 335 Section VI. Clinical Studies of Pulmonary Asbestosis Radiological Classification of Pulmonary Asbestosis. By H. Bohlig................. 338 The Occurrence of Pleural Calcification Among Asbestos Insulation Workers. By Irving J. Selikoff................................................................................. 351 Differential Diagnosis in the Pathology of Asbestosis. By J. Gough................. 368 Radiological and Pathological Correlations in Asbestosis in the Republic of South Africa and the United Kingdom. I. A Proposed Radiological Classifi cation of Asbestosis. By G. K. Sluis-Cremer and C. P. Theron............. 373 II. A Preliminary Study of Observer Variation in the Classification of Radiographs of Asbestos-Exposed Workers and the Relation of Pathology and X-Ray Appearances. By A. Caplan, J. C. Gilson, K. F. W. Hinson, J. C. McVittie and J. C. Wagner............................................................. 379 Discussion opened by P. Cartier............................................................................ 387 Pulmonary Function in Asbestosis: Serial Tests in a Long-Term Prospective Study. By Mortimer E. Bader, Richard A. Bader, Alvin S. Tierstein and Irving J. Selikoff............................................................................... 391 Routine Lung Function Studies on 830 Employees in an Asbestos Processing Factory. By Ross Hunt................................................................................. 406 The Discriminant Value of Pulmonary Function Tests in Asbestosis. By M. L. Thomson, Anne-Marie Pelzer and W. J. Smither.................................. 421 Discussion opened by J. L. Whittenberger......................................................... 437 Section VII. Asbestos and Neoplasia: Experimental Studies of Carcinogenesis of Asbestos Fibers and Their Natural Oils. By J. S. Harington and F. J. C. Roe...................................................................... 439 Copyright, 1965, by The New York Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations by reviewers, reproduction of this publication in whole or in part by any means whatever is strictly prohibited without written permission from the publisher. ST 0853U60 Preparation of Asbestos Fibers for Experimental Use. By M. S. Badollet and William A. Gantt................................................................................ 451 Tests for Carcinogenicity of Asbestos. By Wu. E. Smith, Llonas Miller, R. E. Elsassbr and D. D. Hubert....................................................................... 456 Tests for Effect of Asbestos on Benzo(a]Pyrene Carcinogenisis in the Respira tory Tract. By Llonas Miller ,Wm. E. Smith and Steven W. Berliner 489 Asbestos-Induced Tumors in White Leghorn Fowls. By P. R. Peacock and Andree Peacock.......................................................................................... 501 Discussion.................................................................................................................... 504 Section VIII. Asbestos and Neoplasia: Epidemiology AsbestoBis and Primary Intrathoracic Neoplasms. By William D. Buchanan 507 Neoplasia Among Insulation Workers in the United States with Special Reference to Intra-abdominal Neoplasia. By E. C. Hammond, I. J. Selikofp and J. Churo....................................................................................................... 519 Cohort Analysis of Changes in Incidence of Bronchial Carcinoma in a Textile Asbestos Factory. By J. F. Knox, R. S. Doll and I. D. Hill.................. 526 Pulmonary Neoplasia Among Dresden Asbestos Workers. By G. Jacob and M. Anspach.................................................................................................. 636 Relationship Between Exposure to Asbestos and Pleural Malignancy in Belfast. By P. C. Elmes and 0. L. Wade................................................................. 549 Association of Pulmonary Tumors with Asbestoeis in Piedmont and Lombardy. By Enrico C. Vigliani, Giacomo Mottura and Pietro Maranzana___ 558 Epidemiology of Diffuse Mesothelial Tumors: Evidence of an Association from Studies in South Africa and the United Kingdom. By J. C. Wagner....... 575 Epidemiology of Mesothelial Tumors in the London Area. By Muriel L. Newhouse and Hilda Thompson....................................................................... 579 Discussion opened by T. F. Mancuso..................................................................... 589 Section IX. Asbestos and Neoplasia.- Diffuse Mesothelial Tumors Criteria for Diagnosis of Diffuse Mesothelial Tumors. By W. T. E. McCaughey 603 Histological Characteristics of Mesothelioma Associated with Asbestos. By J. Churg, S. H. Rosen and S. Moolten.................................................... 614 Mesotheliomatous Tumors in South Africa: Pathology and Experimental Pathology. By Ian Webster..................................................................... 623 A Biopsy Series of Mesotheliomata, and Attempts to Identify Asbestos Within Some of the Tumors. By D. O'B. Hourihane............................................. 647 Mesothelial Tumors and Exposure to Asbestos Dust. By W. Glyn Owen .... 674 Discussion opened by A. Purdy Stout .................................................................. 680 Section X. Problems and Perspectives Trends in the Health of the Asbestos Worker. By Kenneth W. Smith........... 685 The Sequelae of Exposure to Asbestos Dust. By J. C. Wagner...................... 691 Problems and Perspectives: The Changing Hazards of Exposure to Asbestos. By J. C. Gilson............................................................................................ 696 Appendix 1. Report and Recommendations of the Working Group on Asbestos and Cancer.......................................................................................................... 706 Appendix 2. Dust Diseases and Workmen's Compensation.................................722 Appendix 3. Statistical Tables--Asbestos . .......................................... 745