Document zb51DwMZz5JrRmLNKp37Lpxq0

V Lead batteries power DOE's electric cars The Lead Industries Association (LIA) puts it this way: It's an idea whose time has come--for the second time. Any number of old family photo albums hold yellowed prints of greatgrandpa--handlebar moustache, goggles, driving cap, white duster and all--posed majestically behind the wheel of a lead battery-powered electric runabout. Al though battery powered cars lost the first round to autos powered by internal combustion gasoline engines, the current -- and probably long-term -- gasoline supply and price crunch has generated widespread new interest in battery pow ered cars for urban and suburban use. As mandated by the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Act of 1976. the Depart ment of Energy (DOE.) is responsible for the Near-Term Electric Vehicle (NTEV) program. The program, which is administered by technical managers at the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL). Pasa dena, California, is intended to assist industry in accelerating advances in elec tric vehicle design , and performance. Following preliminary work, the General Electric Co. and Garrett/AirResea'rch Manufacturing Co. were selected to pro duce the NTEV cars. Versions of both cars were delivered to DOE test tracks. Both use lead battery systems. NTEV program goals are to develop a car which will have a range of 75 miles in suburban driving conditions, carry four adult passengers at a cruising speed of 55 MPH and have a passing speed of 60 MPH. Acceleration from zero to 30 MPH should be accomplished in nine seconds with a merging time (25 to 55 MPH) accomplished in 18 seconds. Speed on a five percent grade should not fall below 50 MPH. The cars should have an operating life of 10 years, be completely rechargable (110 volts/30 amperes) within six hours, and be able to meet all 1977 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. Price should be about $6,000. Urban and suburban passenger ve hicles were targeted for the project be cause in recent years about 53 percent of the petroleum consumed in this coun try was used for transportation, and of this amount, 52 percent was consumed by private automobiles. Urban areas account for 90 percent of all trips made. DOE also targeted the passenger car market for another reason. Development of commercial electric vehicles--delivery vans, utility company service trucks and others--is well along in the U.S.. Europe and Japan, while development of electric passenger cars has lagged somewhat. In sponsoring NTEV research and develop ment. DOE hopes to speed commerciali zation of the electric passenger car. Improved lead-acid batteries are also being developed as part of the NTEV program. Higher energy densities (2030 percent better than electric vehicle batteries now being marketed) and longer life for the batteries are among the DOE goals. The GE/Chrysler car is powered by 18 Globe-Union lead-acid propulsion batteries packaged in a tunnel extending from behind the drive train and front suspension into the rear compartment. Tunnel width is minimized in the pas senger compartment by using a single row of batteries, giving the car a lower frontal area than is possible with a side-by-side battery array. The propul sion batteries provide a nominal voltage of 108 volts DC. A regenerative braking system, effective down to five MPH, re turns about 55 percent of braking en ergy to the battery. This return is dependent on several factors, including 2 ger car; batteries are by Eagfe-Picher Industries. stopping conditions and the level of battery charge. The GE/Chrysler battery system pro vides several features to improve safety and reduce battery maintenance. These include automatic battery watering, a system for safe venting of gases gen erated during charging, and electrical interlocks to prevent improper vehicle operation or exposure of high voltage conductors. During servicing, the entire battery tray can be removed from the vehicle within a few minutes. Last fall the GE/Chrysler car com pleted three weeks of performance tests at the Chrysler Chelsea Proving Ground under JPL supervision. With a twopassenger payload, test results showed the vehicle range to be more than 120 miles at a constant speed of 35 mph and more than 90 miles at a constant 45 mph. During stop and go city driving, the car achieved a range of about 75 miles. It can maintain a top speed of more than 65 mph. Although the car is not available com mercially, it was designed to be suitable for mass production in the mid-1980's at a cost goal of about $6400 (in 1979 dollars) if it were produced in sufficient quantities. The Garrett/AirResearch car. which has a flywheel to give transient power for acceleration and hill-climbing, emplovs batteries from Eagle-Picher In dustries. The power pack consists of 18 batteries and is rated at 108 volts DC. The batteries, housed in a tunnel, extend from the front of the vehicle through the passenger compartment. Thev are mounted two-wide throughout the tunnel except for the two rearmost which are mounted in tandem to give more hip room in the car's rear seat. Largest EV purchase by demonstration site operator Jet Industries of Austin, Texas, has sold 75 of its lead batterypowered vans to General Telephone & Electronics (GTE). This is believe to be the largest purchase to date of electric vehicles by a demonstration site operator under DOE's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration Program. Twenty-five of the electric vans will be used by GTE in the Tampa, Florida area as PBX service vehicles. The remaining 50 will be used in other parts of the country. The vehicles use an integrated propulsion system (motor and controller) developed by Jet Industries in conjunction with General Electric. Batteries are supplied by ESB, Inc. LIA26871 3 Terne metal saves Lucy from the elephant's burial ground Even when she was in a somewhat dilapidated state of preservation, she her betrunked and betusked head is 58 ft. in circumference. She has a 48-ft.- had an undeniable wide-eyed charm, a long neck and a 50-ft.-long tail. Lucy difficult thing to pull off successfully stands a bit over six stories tall and is when vou're 98 years old and weigh 90 05 ft. long. tons. Lucy is essentially a frame box built She is Lucy the Elephant--a sight to originally of 12-in. by 12-in. timbers. gladden the heart of any member of the Her shape is achieved by fastening Republican Party--and she stands on curved wooden members over the frame, the sandy Atlantic Ocean beach in Mar covering these with sheathing, and then gate. N.J. adding an exterior of terne metal. Terne Just in time for her centennial birth is sheet steel coated with a lead-tin day party, Lucy received just about the alloy. This lead-tin coating is frequently most glorious restoration job any jumbo employed to protect building roofs and sized model elephant could dream of. other architectural components subject The job was accomplished with cosmetic to corrosive attacks from salt-water at surgery, and lead and lead alloy-treated mospheres, weather and industrial pollu steel played an important part in spruc tants. ing up Lucy. Giving Lucy a brand-new terne hide While it might be indelicate to dis --about 20,000 sq. ft. of steel was in cuss the personal statistics of any 98- volved--was complicated by the fact year-old, Luev is something special. Her that almost no two pieces of the stock bodv is 80 ft. in circumference while had the same geometry, given the ele- Lucy is trapped In male dl scattolding from which sheet meteI workers applied terne meteI "akin." 4 phant's many curves and bulges. High tides can damage Lucy's feet and so the metalworking contractor f0r the restoration, Thomas Roofing & Sheet Metal Co., of Atlantic City, shod her with fi v e-ft.-tall sheet lead "booties'' These required about 1.000 lbs. of sheet lead. The 60-in. by 60-in. sheets were made by ASARCO Corp. and supplied by Taylor Supply Co.. Pleasantville. \ J Almost all the fabrication was done on site bv Thomas employees who are members of Local 43, Sheet Metal Work ers, AFL-C10. The exceptions were Lucy's tusks. These are 10 ft. long and taper to points from a maximum dia meter of 24 in. The tusks were hand rolled in conical sections in Thomas' shops, lap soldered and then riveted. Lucy's body sections were supplied to Follansbee Steel Corp. by ^ arren-EhretLinck Co.. Philadelphia. The sections are 40-lb. terne which measure 20-in. bv 28-in. Terne metal was also supplied on rolls which measured 24-in. wide bv 50-ft. long. The metal was factory primed with one coat of red lead primer and all the stock received a coat of red tinner's paint on the undersides. When in place, the terne steel was given a spank ing fresh exterior coat of gray tinner's paint. Lucy's ornate howdah. a covered platform on her back, was given a flatlock terne roof soldered with 50-50 bar solder and acid flux. The more-than-slightly improbable Lucy was designed in 1881 by William Free, of Clinton Heights. Pa., and built for $38,000 by James V. Lafferty, a Philadelphia real estate promoter. Ap preciating the long-standing love affair Americans have had with elephants-- P.T. Barnum, the Ringling Brothers and all their delighted customers come im mediately to mind--the ingenious Mr. Lafferty decided that Lucy was just the thing to bring prospective purchasers of summer cottages thundering into Mar gate like a herd of . . . ah . . . elephants. The years came and went and Lucy stoically withstood the ravages of Mid dle Atlantic States shorefront weather. The years did take a toll, however, and in 1970 when Lucy was donated to the City of Margate by the family of her long-time owners, she was in a decidedly tacky state. Lucy was threatened with demolition but a "Save Lucy" rescue committee was formed by local residents to save the grand old landmark. The now-spiffy Lucv has status as a State of New Jersey and a Federal His toric Landmark. If elephants never for get, it's only fair that elephants aren't ever forgotten, either. LI^6 872 Rc Sc Som repa trial galk T flaa lea ma nawa i,,i r 1 '! inl im sp! an tie wa COi he. Ian bil of trii for dai tto scl mi th vfl Red Lead Protected Buoys Help Keep Sea Lanes Safe Some of the smaller buoys in various stages of repair are shown at Governors Is/and. The Indus* trial Division of the Coast Guard uses 2,OOO-plus gallons of red lead annually to protect them. Workman applies red lead to buoy in Coast Guard yard on Governors /stand, N.Y. The paint helps keep these seagoing directional signs on station to protect manners. They chime, whistle, hoot, gong, moan and make other noises. They can lighthouses. The District s buoys are spotted from Indian River, Delaware, to flash light signals and they often weigh Watch Hill. Rhode Island, and some are a great deal. They're protected with red moored on inland waterways such as lead. Lake Champlain on the New York-Ver- They're navigational buoys. mont border. New \ ork Harbor alone The L.S. Coast Guard is charged with needs 322 buoys. An additional 1,801 maintaining these vital aids to mariners protect ships and sailors in nearby Long navigating America's coastal and inland Island Sound and adjacent intercoastal waters. The buoys usually perform their waterways such as the Hudson River. jobs in tough surroundings. These sea Buoys come in a great variety of going directional, information and warn shapes and sizes. There are relatively ing signs spend their service lifetimes small "fifth-class"' buoys which are 5-ft. immersed in water and salt-rich atmo long, about 22-in. in diameter, and weigh spheres which subject them to constant about 60-lbs. Dwarfing these, on the and heavy attack by rust and corrosion. large end of the scale, are the massive Red lead primer helps these naviga "10x42s"--10-ft. in diameter, 42-ft. long tional buovs keep effective and faithful and moored with tons of concrete sinker. watch by protecting them from rust and Depending on their functions, buoys corrosion. come equipped with bells, gongs, whis The Third l ,S. Coast Guard District, tles. air and electric horns, radar appar headquartered on historic Governors Is atus and constant or flashing lights. land in New York Harbor, has responsi They are painted in different colors, too, bility for the greatest number of buoys to indicate different things to sailors-- of any Coast Guard District. The Indus safe channels, wreck sites, restricted trial Division on Governors Island, areas and a host of other things. formerly a U.S. Army post, repairs The Industrial Division, part of the damaged buoys and -also reconditions Governors Island Support Center, uses these navigational aids at regularly more than 2,000 gallons of red lead scheduled intervals. primer annually in its buoy repair and There are 2,859 buoys of all types maintenance programs. This total varies, maintained by the Coast Guardsmen of noted Warrant Officer Glen Shadrick, the Third District. These are intermixed head of the programs, because the dam with 405 fixed navigational aids such as age done to the buoys by foul weather, wintertime ice and vessel collisions also varies from vear to year. Time spent in repair is also variable because the buovs come in such a variety of sizes, shapes and complexity. A given buoy is intended to stav on station constantly for six years before refit at the Governors Island shops. Contemporary ones have a useful life time of about 18 years. Most buovs in use today are welded but older ones, still maintaining station, are of riveted con struction. "The riveted buoys have a lifetime of about 30 years,'' Shadrick explained, "but over the years, as expenses for steel and labor increased, the Coast Guard opted for smaller, lighter buoys which are welded. But it's a trade-off; repair and maintenance are about the same for both." For 1980, Shadrick reported that the Third District's buoy repair and mainte nance budget is pegged at about $525,000. "However, this might not be enough if we have a severe winter with lots of ice damage to the buoys." he said. "That would cause us to run into a worker overtime situation repairing them." To tend larger buoys, Governors Is land Coast Guardsmen sail on two buoy tenders, the 180-ft. L.S.C.G.C. Sassafras and the 157-ft. L.S.C.G.C. Red Beech. Smaller ships--55-ft. and 40-ft. buoy boats--care for smaller buovs. Buoys arrive at Governors Island for repair and maintenance after the tenders and utility boats hoist them from their positions by ^rane. W hen they are recon ditioned, the ships take them back aboard for respotting. Once in the island yard. Shadrick said, the buoys are ser viced by a civilian crew normally con sisting of a leader, or foreman, weldershipfitters. sandblasters, painters, mech anics and crane operators. The buoys are first sandblasted to re move rust, corrosion, old paint and ma rine growth. Next, they are trundled by crane-equipped trucks to the Division's structure shop. Necessary repairs are made here to metal and wooden parts. Repairs are also made to electrical, elec tronic, ventilation and sound systems. The hull of the buoy is tested for air tightness. Buoy parts normally under water when on station receive a nine mil thick ness coat of red lead primer. Three mils of anti-fouling paint, intended to inhibit marine growth, is then applied. Buoy topsides receive eight mils of red lead as base with two mils of colored paint on top. They are retested for airtightness and then back to the station. LIA 2687 3 5 122-ton lead battery used for testing of BEST facility A lead battery with an energy output equivalent to about 3.200 standard automobile batteries is expected to pro vide important answers to a major prob lem faced by electric utilities--how to store excess electricity and make it readily available during times of peak demand. The storage technique, called peak shaving, has been under investigation by utilities for a number of years. One pro posed method is the use of giant bat teries to store the excess electricity. This new lead battery will be the first step toward determining the efficiency and effectiveness of using storage batteries for such applications when it is used to test the newly constructed Battery En ergy Storage Test (BEST) facility next year. 85 tons of which is lead--and is made up of 64 modules, 12 cells per module and six cells in series. C & D reports that the battery has a projected lifespan of about 10 years. BEST is a cooperative program among the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Electric Power Research Institute, (EPRI), the Public Service Electric & Gas Company (PSE&G) and the PSE&G Research Corporation. The BEST program grew out of a need for BEST will be the site for testing all electric utilities to meet the demands of newly developed types of peaking en thousands of customers who use air con ergy storage battery systems in a utility ditioners, televisions, lights and other environment. electrical appliances at the same time. Developed by C & D Batteries, Ply Generally, demand for electricity is mouth Meeting, PA., the two megawatt- highest during afternoon and early eve hour battery is one of the largest bat ning hours, the exception being the teries ever produced in this country. It summertime when temperatures remain weighs in at 122 tons--approximately high for most of the day. When demand Artist's rendering of BEST facility in New Jersey. Cutaway view at left shows (top to bottom) one of the battery testing areas, the data analysis section, and the converter area. Smalt cutaway at right is control room at facility. The 122-ton lead battery will have an energy output equivalent to about 3,200 sfanoara automobile batteries. for electricity exceeds capacity, the re sult can be a brownout. However, utili ties will borrow electric power and even cut back on service to avoid a blackout. Usually there is a surplus of elec tricity available during the middle of the night when demand for electric power is less. And this is where the giant storage batteries would come into play; storing this surplus electricity and making it available during times of highest demand, generally during after noon and early evening hours. The BEST test facility will be used to obtain design and performance data prior to full-scale commercialization of batteries for energy storage, and C & D's battery will be used to check out and evaluate the various components needed for the peaking operation. 6 L IA2687 4 Solar Energy System Produces Dividends For Suburban Bank Four ol eight soiar modules which generate 500 peak watts ot electrical energy and 200,000 Btu hours of heat for Westchester Federal Savings. Ten lead-acid batteries store excess solar electrical energy and provide lor peak power requirements when bank's electrical energy demand exceeds the electrical power being produced by solar system. Portion of solar array may be seen at right on root ol bank in Bedford Hills, N.Y. Anew photovoltaic solar system is providing low-cost heat and elec ergy directlv into electrical power. A tracking device and mini-com tricity for a Bedford Hills, X.Y. savingpsuter move the modules both vertically bank, plus anticipated savings of $1500 and horizontally to allow for the most annuallv. The installation serves to dem direct absorption of the sun's ravs. onstrate that a cost efficient, technologic- These features reportedlv give the allv sound solar energy system is very- STI system efficiencies as high as 80 much a reality today. percent. According to Arthur Manelas, the The WFS system uses eight solar system's inventor, specially designed modules. Each module has 33 photo solar panels on the roof of Westchester voltaic (electric) silicon solar cells of Federal Savings (WFS) generate 500 the flat disc type. An STI engineered peak watts of electrical energy and 200, highly-polished truncated conical reflec 000 Btu hours of heat to the bank build tor is mounted above each of the 264 ing e\erv solar day. Ten lead-acid bat cells. Sunlight is gathered in the larger teries store excess solar power during open end of the cone and reflected down periods of cloud cover and provide for through the smaller open end directly peak power requirements at times when into the solar cells In the process the electrical energy demand in the bank's sun's energy is reinforced by a factor of office is greater than the electrical power five. produced by the solar system. The heat conductive reflectors which The electrical output generated is absorb and radiate heat are housed in sufficient to operate WFS on-line com a sealed, weather-tight enclosure with puter terminals and light a chandelier in air inlets and outlets for transferring the lobby where the public can visually thermal heat from the collector area to witness the svstem in operation. Electri the inside of the W'FS office. cal output can also be determined on a The eight modules provide approxi lobby display panel which monitors the mately 13.7 volts at 36 amperes to the amperes and voltage. lead-acid batteries. The low voltage cir The system, which was manufactured cuit breaker prevents over discharge and and installed by Manelas' own firm, damage to the batteries and certain ap Selectro-Thermo. Inc. (STI). Dracut. pliances. A voltage sensor provides a Mass., has several features that account signal to the circuit breaker to open for its impressive performance: when the stored solar energy is ex A low-cost reflective solar cone fun hausted, and to close when the battery nels more sun to the active surface of has been recharged. The DC output is the solar cell. converted to AC for powering the com A specially designed photovoltaic puter terminals. cell converts this high density solar en The total cost of the solar system was approximately $15,000. This includes roof modules, storage batteries, mini computer tracking system. AC, DC con verters, ducts, electrical hookups, a hy draulic unit, steel framework and install ation. From this, the bank was able to deduct $2,200 in tax credits, leaving a net cost of $12,800. Since WFS has an identical office nearby without solar en ergy, cost comparisons were possible. With the system onlv in operation since early this year, annual savings of around $600 for heat, and S900 for electricitv are anticipated. This $1500 total saving could provide the bank with a pavback in about eight years. Manelas feels that it is not too soon to use photovoltaics for residential in stallations. The installation on his own home has been operating about four years and has been saving from $700 to $900 annuallv. The installation, which cost about $10,000, consists of a 160-sq. ft. stationary array, which includes 360 cells with concentrators, an air-cooled system, 40 kilowatt hour battery storage. 20.000 lbs. of rock storage for the ther mal system and an 82-gallon preheat water tank imbedded in the rock. Ten lead-acid batteries are employed for the power storage function. W ith separate meters. Manelas has found that his average electrical bill in the summer months is around $12 and about $18 in the winter. This includes water heating and electricity. His high est consumption was $32 in January and $8 in the summer months. Lead loaded putty aids radiation therapy Lead loaded shield m place on patient for treatment Method Prevents Secondary Radiation in Radiographic Inspection devious Method A lead-impregnated putty is now pro tecting cancer patients during radi before the construction of the cast, and these lines transfer to the cast when it is ation therapy in a number of hospitals removed from the patient. A sharp knife around the country. The material is used is then used to cut out that portion of as backing for plaster cast shields that the cast defined by the treatment lines, are placed over the areas around small, and the cast is set aside to dry. localized skin cancers during X-ray The non-hardening putty, which comes treatment. in 10-lb. cans, has a density of 268 Accurate and reproducible shielding Ibs/cu. ft. and is 87 percent lead by techniques for these areas during super weight. Although the material is stiff ficial and orthovoltage radiation therapy when removed from the can, it quickly have often proved difficult, involving softens as it is kneaded. The clay is either the cutting of lead sheets or con then rolled into a sheet approximately struction of molds; the latter requires one-in. thick. From this sheet a piece of both a large work area and the ability appropriate size is cut to fit the plaster to melt various metals. Now the com cast to shield the necessary areas. bination of a plaster cast of the areas of After the putty is pressed onto the treatment, backed with lead-loaded putty dried plaster cast, the clay is cut out provides a simple and effective shielding from beneath the areas where the plaster technique. has previously been removed. The mask The procedure for making these is then ready to be placed over the pa shields is relatively easy. First, a plaster tient's treatment area. Since the lead- cast is made of the area in the usual loaded clay is non-hardening, it may be manner. The point of treatment is returned to the container for reuse after marked on the patient's body shortly the therapy is completed. 8 The lead-loaded shielding material was originally developed for industrial radiography applications and is still used for that purpose. It effectively masks radiographic film during expo sure to prevent undercutting and radia tion scatter. Other lesser applications in clude temporary shielding for radiation streaming in nuclear reactor plants or radiochemistry laboratories. According to Reactor Experiments of San Carlos, California, a given thickness of the lead-filled clay has about onethird the effectiveness of the same thick ness of lead. However, a great thickness of lead is not required for most X-ray and gamma-ray applications. For ex ample, a one-in. thickness of shielding clay will attenuate the 0.66 MeV gammaray from Ir-192 (widely used in indus trial radiography I by a factor of about 18. Most of the X-ray energies used in the medical field are generally lower than this, so the effectiveness is increased. LIA26876 Lead plays key role in X*ray inspection of cable ^ new X-ray system for inspecting A 4- high-voltage electrical cable is help ing to prevent costly power outages in the Pacific Northwest. And lead figures prominently in the system's operation. Developed at Battelle Pacific North west Laboratories, the X-ray process is used by the Bureau of Reclamation to check for possible defects in pipe type, oil-filled electrical cables at Grand Coulee Dam in the State of Washington. Preventive maintenance on the 230-KV cables is essential because unexpected problems with any of the cables could require shutting down the powerhouse and draining the oil from the svstem for cable replacement or repair. All of this could take up to 90 days to accomplish. Such a shutdown could cost $21,000 a day per cable-pipe system in lost power revenue, as well as impairing the gen erating capacity of the Northwest Power Pool, which supplies electricity to seven western states. A breakdown during pe riods of peak power demand could lead to power shortages. X-rav inspection can detect movement of cables within the oil-filled piping. Loading cycles on the cables, as well as temperature extremes (from --20 de gress F. to 110 degrees F.), cause ex pansion and contraction of the copper cables. With this movement, the cables have a tendency to creep and slowly migrate downhill, causing them to rub against the side of the piping. This damages insulation and creates the pos sibility of a short circuit. With periodic X-ray inspection of the system potential defects can be spotted and evaluated before problems develop. Photo shows source container, collimator and position ot lead sheet on object to reduce backscatter tor quality radiography. Lead plays several key roles in the X-ray inspection system, which was de veloped by Battelle's Robert C. Lawrence with the help of engineers from Westinghouse Hanford Company and North west Industrial X-Ray. Backscatter is eliminated by placing lead sheets behind the pipe being examined and by using a 1/^-in. lead shield behind the film in the cassette. Lead sheets also are used on the face of the pipe to focus the radiation source on the desired area. In addition, special lead and calcium fluoride screens are used in front of the film in the cassette to improve exposure control. Individual X-rays can now be pro duced in as little as six minutes, without interrupting the flow of power. When the technique was originated in 1972, the generating system had to be shut down prior to inspection, and each ra diograph required a two-hour exposure. The process has gone through various stages of development in the intervening years. One of the biggest problems that had to be overcome was building an X-ray apparatus which was sufficiently powerful yet portable. To produce an acceptable radiograph, the X-rays must be of sufficient intensity to pass through carbon steel pipe walls, stainless steel cable sheathing, heavy oil, insulating tape and paper and the copper cables. A 100-curie Irridium 192 source has proved effective, and the present system weighs a manageable 100 lbs. A portable darkroom house in a trailer at the dam site permits rapid evaluation of the radiographs. "This inspection process will continue to be developed," Lawrence noted. "It is essential if we are to prevent power outages and maintain the integrity of the Northwest Power Pool." 1 Side view of X-ray film cassette with lead backing indicated. LIA26877 9 Automatic paste soldering adds spark to zinc carbon batteries The potential for cost savings through the use of tin lead paste solder for lead paste solder to automatically solder any one of three different terminals di certain joining applications is becoming rectly to the battery casing. increasingly recognized in industry. Bright Start batteries were formerly Paste solder can provide material and soldered bv hand. Anton H. Oswald, labor savings, productivity gains and in \ iee President, (engineering, reported creased joint integrity. These benefits that the changeover was made for cost frequently offset the higher cost of the reduction purposes. "We increased pro paste. ductivitv 25 percent and reduced our Paste solder has been around for some labor force hv two-thirds." Oswald said. time. However, newer pastes have finer "We also obtained a higher quality- grains and are formulated to meet exact ing application requirements. They can be applied with low-cost automated ma chinery that closely controls the amount dispensed. finished joint. The cost of the material was greater, but the end result has been a saving in solder as well as labor costs." Tin- company employs a 16-station rotary indexing machine made by Fu In the manufacture uf paste, tin and sion. inc.. to solder the terminals to the lead lor other necessary metals) are al- casing. The batteries are conveyed loved and the molten metal is atomized. The powder is then screened to isolate the required particle sizes. This con trolled powder is then blended with a Hux and suspension binder system. Typical paste solder consists of 70 to 80 percent metal, two to five percent Hux and the balance a liquid binder. The consistency of the hni-hed material enables both solder and Hux to be ap plied at the same time. If the parts to be soldered are small enough to be easily and conveniently conveyed, automatic paste soldering can often be profitably substituted for manual soldering with Hux-cored wire. through paste alloy application, heating and cooling stations and are ejected onto conveyors for subsequent operations. The zinc carbon butteries are com plete except for the negative terminal when they enter the rotary indexing machine from a conveyor. Each battery moves in front of the solder applicator where a precise, measured amount of Fusion paste solder is applied near the top of the battery can. The battery is then indexed to the operator station. Here any one of three different terminal types l screw, clip or wire I is placed in the paste. A fixture is lowered to hold the terminal and battery firmly in place This was the route taken by Bright Star Industries, Clifton, N.J., in the assembly of lVg-volt zinc carbon dry cell bat teries. The company is using 50/50 tin until the solder has been heated to achieve the proper bond. After the finished joint has been cooled, a con veyor transports the completed batteries to the packaging area. Bright Star also employs other solder ing operations in producing the indys trial dry cell batteries. For example zinc- sheets, precut to battery size, are rolled and the ends joined on a ribbon soldering machine to form a cvlinder which is the battery shell. The cylinder is then conveyed to a bar soldering machine where a bottom is appliecf The completed shell then moves to quality control where the integrity 0f the solder joint is tested. This is ac complished by pressurizing the carts with air. The company also uses manual solder ing when it is necessary to join several lVg volt zinc carbon batteries together to form a larger, more powerful unit. In this case the wires are hand soldered to the center terminals of the batteries. The main end use application for Bright Star s six-in. zinc carbon dry cell batterie= is for burglar alarm systems. Other uses include telephone switching relays, hand lanterns and model airplane starter ignitions. The company, which is a subsidiary of Walter kidde & Co., Inc., abo manufactures other heavy duty industrial batteries. Solder paste is by no means the panacea for all soldering problems. However, in some cases it can eliminate many production variables, thus open ing the door to creative automation. Solder paste can be applied by various methods, in numerous configurations, simplifying assembly operations. Operator at Bright Star's rotary indexing machine places one ol three battery terminal types (shown in inset) in pre-applied paste solder on battery can and lowers fixture fo hold terminal in place. 10 Various zinc carbon dry cell batteries manufactured by Bright Star with terminal types soldered in place. Ends of rolled zinc sheet (foreground, left) are solder jdined to form battery casing (right). Bottom is then soldered to shell ] u-tallation of sheet lead in the walls of i the new Meadow lands Hilton Hotel in Seeaucus. Vj.. provides extra comfort for uue.-ts h\ helping to cut room-to rn. mi noi-e transmission. The 1 l-storv. 112-ionm luxury facilitv is part of a major development of a large commer cial tract near the well-known Meadowlands Sport.- Complex. Sheet lead has heeome increasingly popular as a noise barrier material be cause of it- ideal combination of density and limpness which allows for effective -omul attenuation without excessive use of y aluable space. To achieve a minimum sound trans mission class iSTC.) of 54 decibels on both sides of bathroom walls. .National Wall Systems of Englewood, X.J., in stalled a sequence of one-in. coreboard. 5 o-in. fire-resistant gypsum board. 1 6 l-in.-thick -heet lead and a second 5 M-in. gypsum board laver on both -ides of the wall. About 17.00(1 sq. ft. of sheet lead was attached with a standard stapling: tool. The lead also was carefully cut and formed around pipes and conduits to assure a close ht for maximum effective ness. lo reinforce -oiirul attenuation effieienev. butvl sealant was used to seal all pipes and pipe holes in the air chase, while joints between wall, ceiling, iloor and adjacent walls were caulked. The new hotel, which opened about a rear ago. i- owned In Hart/ Mountain Industries and managed hv Hilton Ho tels Corp. Sourer: Federated Metals Corp. Sheet lead insulation in the walls of the new Meadowlands Hilton Hotel in ^Workman begins to unroll and staple the 1/64-in. sheet lead over a 1-in. Seeaucus, N. J., helps assure extra comfort for guests in the 14-story luxury unit. coreboard and H-in. fire-resistant gypsum board separating bathrooms. Sheet lead is carefully cut and formed around pipes and conduit lor added sound attenuation. Second layer of gypsum board is installed over sheet lead to finish bathroom walls. LIA26879 1 I Battery-Powered Walkie Trucks Upgrade Unusual Material Handling Applications Workman at [he Nutone plant positions Ded ot electric die handler parallel to ded ol press to recej^ die. The chain is removed and activation ot truck's push/putl bar slides die onto press. While battery-powered fork lifts are upgrading many material handling applications, certain operations lend themselves more readily to the use of electric walkie-type trucks. Various types and styles of these handy vehicles are efficiently performing unusual chores in both industrial and commercial han dling situations. For example, lead battery-powered die handling trucks are providing trou ble-free service in a tough operation at Scovill Mfg. Co.'s Nutone Division in Cincinnati, Ohio. Nutone's metal stamp ing plant required an efficient method of die movement jhat would retain its high production level. However, the close proximity of the presses permitted only a limited maneuvering area. Another consideration was providing a clear air environment, particularly because of the tight working area. According to Bill Wadi, plant engi Battery-powered platform truck efficiently moves Hunter Marine's finished sailboats to storage area. neer, a battery-powered walkie-type die ...mdling truck answered the require ments. The truck's narrow width and short overall length permits excellent maneuverability and there are no fumes to pollute the atmosphere. In addition, Wadi reports that even after jockeying around steel dies that weigh up to a couple of tons, the trucks require mini mum maintenance. N'utone's Cincinnati facility is respon sible for the fabrication, assembly and shipment of the company's well-known line of products for the building indus try. Within the component parts fabri cation section, electric die handling trucks are used in conjunction with a die lift to move heavy dies to and from a mezzanine level die shop and storage area to the first floor manufacturing area, then onto and off huge presses. The trucks take the entire operation in stride, cleanly and effortlessly. At the Alachua, Florida plant of the Hunter Marine Division of Silverton Marine Corp., a heavy-duty lead battervpowered platform truck moves finished sailboats from the final production staoe to storage, and later to a staging area for loading aboard over-the-road trailers The boats range in weight from 4500 to 16.000 lbs. Inefficient methods of moving the finished sailboats out of the manufac turing facility to and between storage and staging areas had caused Hunter management some concern. Until recent ly, a heavy steel cradle equipped svith large caster wheels was used to transport the boats. However, this method required at least six men to maneuver and push the boat to the storage area. Pulling the men off their primary jobs to accomplish this resulted in production time loss. With the 20,000-lb. capacity platform truck, one man can handle the job, and there is little downtime for maintenance. Each'Hunter craft moves through the production line on a rolling cradle. Near the end of the line, a cast lead keel is secured to the hull with stainless steel bolts. The heavy keel contributes to an increased ballast-to-displacement ratio, thus insuring more stability under sail. In addition, lead's low density provides a lower center of gravity within the boat. This also adds to stability and allows the boat to sail faster into the wind. And, finally, the lead ballast helps pre vent the sails from capsizing the boat on windy days. Once the lead keel is secured, the boat becomes heavy and hard to man euver. At this point, the battery-powered truck is placed under the vessel with the steel cradle resting on the platform. The boat is then moved to storage and de posited, still on its cradle. When a boat is ready for final shipment, the electric truck moves it to the loading area. Source: Lift Trucks, Inc. 12 L IA26880 i ( t t t t 1 tr t t \ i f i f > i Fighting wars on a 1 /32-inch scale Three members of George Washington's Continental Line are depicted chatting during a qu/ef (/me in camp. 4 medieval king mounted on his war horse directs his footsoldlers against the toe. Forbes .Magazine publisher Malcolm Forbes can put about 5.000 troops 1977. for example, at a London auction, Chicago businessman Alvin Whitehead into the field. James Kidder, treasurer paid just under SI,400 for 21 toy lead of Priscilla of Boston, one of the na Royal Marine bandsmen. In 1938, the tion's leading designers of wedding year when the natty bandsmen in their gowns, can muster about 7,000 men. scarlet tunics and white pith helmets And Burtt R. Ehrlich, president of were cast, the set sold for about $1.50. Fhrlich-Bober, a Aew York City securi Or take the case of Sir Winston ties house, has no less than 12,000 Churchill's favorite piece, cast by the soldiers. London firm of Britain's, Ltd. This is The soldiers, of course, are toy lead the company that turned out perhaps ones. two-thirds of the several billion lead The uninitiated might call lead soldier military figures cast from 1895 through collectors fanatics, but this gentle fanati 1965. Sir Winston's favorite was an cism is cheerfully coupled to the fact ingenious mountain artillery battery that the value of the collections regularly with a pack howitzer which was broken increases in almost geometric jumps. down into three pieces and slung across Some collectors might blandly explain the back of miniature mules. The gun their collections in terms of merely hard- could be assembled, surrounded by its headed. unsentimental investments. How toy gunners, placed into position and ever. there is a certain rich gleam in then fired. Such a toy used to sell in the their eyes when they proudly muster U nited States for about $2.50. Today, if their army of miniature dragoons, you could buy it for $50, fellow collec veomanry. Highlanders, Uhlans, fusil- tors would think you had great influence lie rs, Gurkhas, Sikhs, gunners, light in with some toy soldier field marshall. fantrymen, cuiraissiers, guardsmen and Besides craftsmanship, scarcity has a lancers that betrays this practical assess great deal to do with the price of the ment. lead soldiers. They tended to stray from In all, it's a very gentle sort of war the pockets of small boys and were lost fare on a 1/32-inch scale. but most important, like real estate, The toy soldiers, besides being orna no new ones are being made anymore. mental and, well, fun, are currently ap The last lead soldiers cast by Britain's preciating in value in a way to make an were removed from the market in 1965 irmy paymaster's hair stand on end. In because of anti-lead health regulations. Small boys and lead soldiers are a natural combination. Here one young man views the ornate displa/ of the miniature toy lead soldiers in the front window of New York City's Soldier Shop. The rising cost of the metal itself was also a factor. William Britain, founder of the firm, revolutionized the industry in 1895 when he introduced hollow cast lead figures. These were considerably cheaper than the solid lead models they replaced. Britain's first hollow-cast figurine was a cavalryman of the Queens Life Guards. This dashing trooper's charge broke what had been, until that time, a virtual German monopoly in the field. The process of producing a toy soldier is an exacting one. Before a prototype is molded, the artist--actually a sculptor of miniatures--consults uniform regula tions of the soldier's era plus unit his tories and other materials. Following these research preliminaries, the artist sculpts a detailed wax figure, several inches high. When approved, this figure is scaled down to the traditional, 1/32inch scale as a master from which is cast a pattern for the finished mold. Once, when Britain's decided to turn out a new model of a Scots Guardsman, the British War Office loaned a real-sixfoot-plus Guardsman from the Bucking ham Palace guard mount, complete with scarlet tunic and bearskin, to the com pany for two days of sketching and modeling. There will always be an England. LIA26881 1 l e c t r ic v e h ic l e t o u r --Lead E Industries Association (LIA) re cently sponsored the first in a planned series of tours by government and indus try officials to inspect developments in electric vehicles powered by lead-acid batteries. The group, led by Congress man Mike McCormack ID-Wash. I, chairman of the House Energy Research and Development Subcommittee, visited the Army's Mobility Equipment Re search and Development Command I MERADCOM ) at Fort Belvoir, Va. and the .Naval Research Laboratory I NTRL) at Alexandria. \ a. At left. Congressman McCormack gets the feel of an AMC Pacer stationwagon modified for electric propulsion. Right photo shows Con gressman McCormack, center, and other tour members inspecting the lead-acid battery array in a Department of Energy vehicle. l e c t r ic v e h ic l e s e min a r / E PARADE. . . . Last June the New 't ork Chamber of Commerce and Indus try sponsored a one-dav seminar on the role of electric vehicles in urban areas. Participants representing banking, com munications. transit, utility and other business areas learned how cities, busi ness and private citizens can benefit from the increased use of batterypowered trucks, buses and cars. Repre sentatives from electric vehicle manufac turers. engineering firms, and govern ment spoke on a variety of pertinent EV topics. As part of the day's events an electric vehicle parade gave both seminar par ticipants and lunch hour strollers the opportunity to view a number of elec trics. The parade moved down lower Broadway from City Hall to the Cham ber's building where the vehicles re mained for the balance of the seminar. Co-sponsors of the seminar parade were Lead Industries Association. Elec tric Vehicle Council, Consolidated Edi son Co. and the New York City Council on the Environment. (Top photo) Parade of electrics mov ing down lower Broadway draws atten tion of pedestrians. (Bottom) General Engines Commuta-Car, which can double as a taxi, was one of the highlights of the electric vehicle parade. Vehicle is seen in front of City Hall just prior to parade. 14 UA26882 The Lead Industries Association is a non-profit trade association representing the lead industry in the United States and Canada: Its membership includes representative firms from all segments of industry and all parts of the world. The Association neither produces nor sells lead, hid collects and distributes information relative to the uses of the metal. The services, publications and films of the Lead Industries Association are available without charge to anyone interested ip Ihe use of lead aid lead products. LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION MEMBER COMPANIES Allied Lead, Inc. Alpha Metals, Inc. Amax Lead & Zinc, Inc. Ames Metal Products Co. ASARCO Incorporated 'Australian Min. & Smelt. Ltd. The G.A. Avril Company Lead Products Division Baltimore Lead Burning Corp. Bow Solder Products, Inc The Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty, Ltd. The Bunker Hill Company C & D Batteries Division Eltra Corporation 'Canada Metal Co. Ltd. M. C. Canfield Sons Chloride Inc. Cominco American Inc. Daelco Inc. Day Mines, Inc. Delco-Remy Division General Motors Corp. Division Lead Company Dixie Metals Company . Dresser Minerals Div. Dresser Industries, Inc. M. W. Dunton Company E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Chemicals & Fibers Division East Penn Manufacturing Co., Inc. ESB Ray-O-Vac Management Corp. Ethyl Corporation Federal Alloys Corporation Federated Metals Corporation Aaron Ferer & Sons Company Fry's Metals Inc. Gardiner Metal Company General Battery Corporation Globe-Union Inc. Gould Inc. Hammond Lead Products, Inc. Homestake Mining Co. The O. Hommel Company Houston Lead Company Indium Corporation of America Industrial Minera Mexico, S.A. Industrial Smelting Company Inland Metals Refining Co. Interstate Lead Company Johnson Manufacturing Company O. G. Kelley & Company, Inc. Kester Solder Company KW Battery Company Lukens Metal Company Metallurgical Resources, Inc. Mincon Corp. Nalco Chemical Company National Smelting & Refining Co. Noranda Sales Corporation Ltd. Oatey Co. Oxide & Chemical Corporation Ozark Lead Company 'Penarroya 'Phelps Dodge Corporation Pittsburgh Graphic Products Corp. Powerlab Inc. PPG Industries, Inc. Chemicals-U.S Precise Alloys, Inc. Price Metals, Inc. Quenell Enterprises, Inc. Refined Metals Corporation Republic Metals Co., Inc. RSR Corporation St. Joe Lead Company Schuylkill Metals Corp. Sub: Arrow Electronics, Inc. Taracorp. Inc. Tonolli Canada Ltd. U.S.S. Lead Refinery, Inc. The Victory White Metal Company Hyman Viener & Sons Vulcan Lead Products Company Willard Lead Products Company 'Associate member f o r CHANGE OF ADDRESS ANO DELETION PLEASE ATTACH OLD LABEL. (pleas* check one) ---------------------V ATTACH MAILING LABEL HERE To Narn<> Tftlo Company _________________A____________________ Street City, state, zip code a ADO ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Painting Q Health & Safety O Architectural & Building n Design & Radiation Engineers Q Ceramics Chemical Engrv ri Battery Power Miscellaneous (please specify) 15 LIBRARY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION i ARCHITECTURAL Lead in Building A four-oart data sheet containing informa tion on -vateroroofing, sound barriers, roofmg and flashing and anu-vibravon aOplication. A-13 CERAMICS Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Potters and Hobbyists Delated information on the proper formuation. firmg techniques, handling, etc. of 'ead *iued glazes used by art potters ana hcbby ceramists, illustrated. Sixteen sages. 0-11 Proceedings of First International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safety Top -nremational experts m ceramics, food and Drug agency officials, and the nternafonal lead research community met n Geneva m November. 1974 to dis cuss heavy metai release from glazed ceramic foodware. Full proceedings__ speeches as well as question and answer '." ariog--were taped, translated and transcribed 27? pages B-13 PAINTS Lead Pigments Bulletin Brochure. '.2-pages, describes the advan tages and varieties of 'ead pigments in inti corrosion pamts. Covers red lead, dibasic 'ead phopshite. basic silicate white lead, basic lead pnosphos.- cate, basic lead chromosmc-'e. basic ead silica chromate. Lists majo' suppliers F-7 CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Lead for Corrosion Resistant Applications Soft cover book. 156-pages. designed to fammanze engineers and engineering students wth the corrosion resistance, design and fabrication data on lead and ead based equipment. Defines plumbum series and corrosion resistance of senesH-6 Lead Chemicals Soft cover book. 334-pages, is designed as a working manual for the chemist or chemical engineer engaged in applied technology or pure research. Covers organoiead compounds, oxides and hydrox'des. sulfides and teilurides. halides binary compounds, lead salts, lead chel ates. safety m handling compounds. Pur chasing price: $3 00. H-7 SOLDERING AND WELDING Solders and Soldering New 16-page booklet filled with basic in formation on soldering and the selection of the right solder alloy for the applica tion. Oata is presented on a variety of tin 'ead as well as other solder alloys. Sev eral case history treatments of typical soldering applications are included- 1-6 "'Solder Puts It Ail Together for Manufacturer of Zippo Lighters" Two-page reormt from Production Maga zine details production soldering of light ers at Zippo Mfg Co. 1-7 Soldering of Electronic Products Booklet covers the use of tin lead solder as a highly reliable joining method m the electronics industry it includes informa tion on the control of electronic assembly components for soiderabiiity, fluxes and flux residue removal, solder alloys and soioermg methods, 1-8 Panted in USA. SOUND BARRIERS Directory of Acoustic Specialties Summary of available materials for sound nsulation by barrier, damping and ab sorption methods. Sixteen cage list of materials by brand name and manufac turer Eighteen pages. J-4 Lead a Major Factor in New Machinery Noise Suppression Systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed noise level allowed by WalshHealey Public Contracts Act. Two pages, Lead Proves a Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material A reprint of a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness m sound attenuation to help meet OSHA noise requirements m factories and also on oianes and trams. J-17 Specifying Lead for Noise Control Eight-page reprint contains guidelines to help architects and engineers fully utilize the advantages of lead as a noise control material A number of case histories are mcluded to show how some of these guidelines were used to solve a variety of commercial, industrial and residential noise problems. J-18 The Use of Absorber/Barrier Materials for Noise Control Enclosures Four-oage reprint is concerned with noise abatement applications within the 10 to 15 dB range, it describes an installation using a quilted absorber/bamer enclo sure suitable for achieving these reduc tions. and presents the advantages of this material. Acoustical, economic, oper ational and maintenance aspects are con sidered- J-19 Take a Fresh Look at Noise Control Two-page reprint from Modern Stores A Offices explains the usefulness of sheet lead plenum barriers for office space noise control A case history illustrates the needs for an acoustical treatment and cost savings realized. J-20 Modern Uses of Lead in the Construction Industry This 20-page booklet covers significant uses of lead m construction applications. It deals cniefly with lead for plumbing, waterproofing, roofing and flashing, antivibration and sound barriers. J-21 Why Everyone's Shouting About Noise Control Reprinted feature from Iron Age dis cusses the use of sound absorbing ma terials such as lead to meet increasingly stringent noise control standards in in dustry. Included are simple rules on lead's use to insure successful applica tion. J-22 Lead: A Vital Tool For Industrial Noise Control This 28-page booklet focuses on the use of lead as a barrier to block sound paths and for dampening structures and sur faces to reduce vibration and radiation of airborne sound, it deals with applica tions of lead sound attenuation materials and offers practical solutions to noise control problems. J-23 RADIATION Lead For Radiation Protection This 26-page guide provides radiation shielding properties, design and fabrica tion information on lead and lead-based products. Basic applications for lead snieidmg are outlined and current con struction materials and techniques of applying lead as part of a radiation pro tection system are described and illus trated. K-3 BATTERIES A Primer on the Lead-Acid Battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding some of the fundamentals and definitions of direct-current electnc en ergy. Two pages. L-6 Saving Battery Dollars--What You Need to Know Three part reprint from Modern Materials Handling deals with proper procedure m picking 'h right battery for the truck ana iob it aiso discusses considerations m battery charger selection The third parr orfe^s guidelines for planning an efficient battery charging-room layout. L-23 Electric Vehicles: State-of-the-Art 1978 New 24-page booklet contains latest data on electric trucks, buses ana passenger cars around the world. Case histories de scribe EV s m a variety of work applica tions. Other sections cover energy crisis and pollution problems and their effect on EVs; and the role of lead batteries m EV development. L-24 Battery-Powered Industrial Trucks Offer Cost and Energy Savings This 16-page booklet offers an m-depth look at the many factors favoring the purchase of electrics for industrial appli cations A pull-out set of work sheets allows the reader to determine how elec fncs stack up agamst tC types m his own operation. L-25 Capturing the Sun . . . Batteries and Solar Energy Storage An 8 page booklet outlining solar energy collection through the use of photovol taic arrays and the storage of energy tn lead-acid batteries. Included are casehistory applications of photovoltaic sys tems. brief descriptions of other solar systems and a glossary of terms. L-26 GENERAL Primary Lead Production Areas in the U.S. For schools, libraries. map show ing locations m U.S- of most lead smelters and refineries, and lead mines. M-ll The U.S. Lead Industry An annual review of activity within the industry that contains a general summary for the year and a senes of charts and tables giving current statistics on lead production and consumption. M-14 Lead--a Modern Design Material Summary of properties and available forms of lead for radiation control, sound/vibration control, electrical energy sources, soldering and^erarmes. Eight pages. M-15 ~ Leaded Grades-. Answer to Free-Machining Needs Reprint reports on benefits derived from using leaded steels for free machining. c*** histones are employed to demon strate that these grades can enable partsmakers to raise production of qualty components with efficiency and econ omy. M-32 Occupational Lead Poisoning . . . it Needn't Be ... A Manual for Managers Contains information of use to the indus trial manager on the safe handling of lead and lead products m industry. Type* and permissible levels of occupational 'ead exposure are discussed- Some prac tical controls and safeguards are sug gested. 16 pages, bibliography. M-34 Lead and Your Health conta'hs advice on occupational 0 otection against over exposure to lead. n,-?h,5Ci2i*51 od health practices is included M-35 Old Paints and Rural Lead Poisoning Booklet discusses the incidence of lead poisoning among children in small towns and rural areas, a problem usually asso oated with b'g cities. Ti\e need for lead screening programs to detect and correct the problem >s emphasized. M-36 Directory of Lead Caster: Booklet lists 58 companies throughout the U S that proauce lead products industry. Data on each firm includes tv .e of casting method, products prodi .ed and auxiliary services offered. A cor tact name at each company is provided. M-37 Health Maintenance of Workers Exposed to Inorganic Lead Srochure is a guide for phvu- ,,,no are responsible for ma< jinng tne health of workers expose.-, to inorganic lead. Among the areas tcucheq upon are normal metabolism, toxicity, diag nosis of lead intoxication, 'esting pre- placement assessment and guidelines to periodic assessment. Treatment of poisoning and exposure controls are also discussed. M-38 Oral and Inhalation Lead Exposures in Human Subjects This 73-page Booklet summarizes a senes of lead balance experiments cameo 0ut by Dr Robert A. Kehoe from 1937 to 197' involving the monitoring of humans flu'mg natural and experimental exposures to oral and inhaled lead. The report oresents many of the raw data and numerous statistical summaries which provide an overview of the various experiments. M-39 FILMS Lead in Motion A 21 min.. 16mm color film. Lead's prop erties and its potential for unlimited fu ture applications are explored from the viewpoint that an atom of lead--like all elemental matter--it an arrangement of energy--part of a universal system. To order specify desired show date and one alternate date. No charge to borrow: viewer pays only return postage. N2 Occupational Lead Poisoning .. . It Needn't Be A 16mm. 15 min., sound color film, Nar rated by the environmental health experts of international calibre, the film intro duces the basic principles of a health pro gram for the lead industry. The intention is to motivate the cooperation of Ooth management and employees m develop ing an effective health program for their particular operation. To order, specify de sired show date and allow one alternate date. Allow at least five weeks for de livery. No charge to borrow; viewer pay* only return pottage. N-3 i i PLEASE SEND ME THE PUBLICATIONS MARKED BELOW WRITE IN CODE NO. NAME, TITLE COMPANY STREET -e-TO REQUEST UTERATUHft^ MAIL TO: LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSN. INC. 292 MADISON AVE NEW YORK, N.Y. 1001