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Castleman File: American Petroleum Institute w/c = with cover letter or memo If DATE = 0, undated CD-ROM Document #:API iQQ DATE / published article from trade journal published advertisements newspaper article published government report government inspection results unpublished or internal report unpublished presentation from conference letter memorandum industry warning labels industry sales literature industry recommended practices meeting minutes (with attachments) membership list BC notes ANY WAY YOU MEASURE" MAY 19 1955 '.kSITV OF CALIFOR c .. TRETOLITE PERFORMANCE IS CONSISTENTLY SUPERIOR ; t'i-sVji V- i .& TRET-O-LITE TOLITE tFORMANCE * ?; '-^orro9lon--imi ,? it, ' ' T; vtyAi1- si ' ? t 5i jm *,jk '-1' ' 5* >- ALWAYS ULABLE IN 5BLEMS NCERNING I TRETOLITE SERVICE IS THE KEY TO ISUPERIOR PERFORMANCE TRETOLITE COMPANY A DIVISION or PETROLITE CORPORATION 369 Marshall Avenue, Sf. Louis 19, Missouri 5515 Telegraph Road, Los Angeles 22, California THE Petroleum Engineer " * Management Edition Exploration--Drifting--Producing Refining--Petrochemicals--Gas Processing Oil and Gas Pipelining MAY, 1955 VOLUME XXVII NUMBER 5 General U. S. Companies Pass $5 Billion Mark for Annual Capital Expenditures...........................^....A-63 Ernestine Adams Industrial Hygiene in the Petroleum Industry....................E-2 A. C. Pabst Atomic Energy Versus Oil........................................................ E-9 Walter G. Whitman Can You TAX Petroleum Out of the Market?................... E-13 Exploration .. Drilling.. Producing Future Possibilities in the Appalachian Basin..................B-32 Earl H. Linn Photocopying Replaces Hand-Drafting............................... B-37 B. Osborne Prescott Bottom Hole Heaters.............................................................B-41 K. G. Parrent Plastic Pipe Proving Itself.................................................. B-46 Development of Natural Gas Fields of Eastern Kentucky .......... Coleman D. Hunter B-47 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration of Water , for Sub-Surface Injection.............................................. B-57 A. F. Alciatore, M. B. Harris. W. E. Wallin Waterflooding Act'vit'es in the KMA Field.....................B-64 R. P. Dobyns, C. T. Burchett, Jr., D. S. McBride, R. R. Darner Hydraulic Tongs.................................................................. B-75 Jerry Stumm Nesson Anticline Winter Drilling Operations.....................B-77 B. J. Sinex Hydrafrac Success ...............................................................B-81 Jack Menneer Your Lease Can Be a Producer's Pr'de Through Properly Scheduled Maintenance....................B-90 F. W. Robson Shell Exploration In Venezuela..................................... .....B-93 Pressure Build-up Curves Show Oil-in-Place................. B-103 J. Randolph Buck Surfactants Influence on Flood Recovery...................... 6-114 Charles P. Milner, Harry H. Power DRILLING FUNDAMENTALS Communications .......................................................... B-100 W. R. Harrington Refining .. Petrochemicals .. Gas Processing Program of API Midyear Meeting, Division of Refining........ C-6 Refining Fundamentals ......................................................C-T1 V. A. Kalichevsky Hydrocarbon Analysis Made More Accurate, Speedy........ C-l 7 Walter J. Podbielniak, S. T. Preston How Radio Helps Refinery Operation................................. C-26 Paul A. Greenmeyer Atomic Energy Will Not Oust Petroleum.......................... C-34 Plastics In Perspective........................................................C-37 George Barsky Multiple Viscosity Motor Oils Analyzed.............................C-45 Eugene B. Brien Compact Design For New Oil Extractor.............................C-49 Collin M. Doyle, Edward Rauch Highest NGAA Award Goes to Pioneer Designing Engineer ........................................................C-52 Petrochemicals Unlimited from Ethane, Propane, Butanes .......................................................... C-S3 Peter W. Sherwood Refin'ng and Petrochemical D'rectory of Eng'neering-Construction Firms ..... C-65 D'rect Oxidat'on of Ethylenes to Ethylene Oxide............. C-71 Ralph Landeau Techn'cal Forum Pur'fication of Butadiene...............................................C-44 Gasoline Surveys ..................................................... C-48, C-75 Oil.. Gas.. Products Pipelining Advances in Multi-Channel Microwave Commun'catlons ........................................ D-20 E. P. Elmore, Jr. New Deprec'ation Methods for Equipment Investments................................................. 0-31 Perry Schwartz River Cross'nqs In New Dress............................................ 0-38 J. R. Sellers, S. J. Brady Radar Profil'ng .................................. 0-42 W. C. Eddy Communlcnl'ons S"stem Designed for Automation.........D-47 Sv Orlofsky Reclaim T^af Glvcol!........ ................................................. D-55 O. G. Howe lnstrumentat!on Makes Austin Field Dehydrat'on Plant's Funct'ons Safe- Effic'enf.............0-58 Viscosity and Flu'd Fr'ct'on Calculation Fundamentals....0-62 Carl W. Boegehold Shortcuts W F'eH Calculations........................................0-68 J. W. J. Bercher The Maintenance Suoervisor...............................................0-75 R. R. B*ssler Transco to Install First Engine-Centrifugal Station...........0-77 Dean Hale New Bridge Des'qn for Tough Rivers............................... 0-80 Dean Hale locate R!gM-of-Way the Modern Way.............................0-82 J. H. Mitchell Bosun's Cha'r Makes Bridge Maintenance Easier Task...... 0-86 C. Thompson In the Good Olde Days When Pipeliners Fought Fire with Cannon Fire........................................ 0-88 letter, ......................... ......A-2 Court* of OH............. ...... A-4 Fr^m Bft,e Sk y to Blue Chips ...... A-6 Highlight, .................. .... A-l 0 Petroleum Profile ........ A-l 4 A. W. Peake Meetings .................... .... A-Z1 Drilling New, and Comment ............... -3 Exploration Activities.B-l 22 What's Doing In Drilling? |,,1 ?A Running Tour With Men In the Industry.........1-130 Refining New, and Comment ............. C-3 FEATURES Refining and Petrochemical Rerjonal, .................. C-Z4 Ripe line New, Ripe line Development,..D-J Ripe line Rerjonol,...... D-?4 Ripe Line Contractor,..D-100 Ripe line Rro|ert........ D-10Z Women at Work............. 1-14 Maryann Carmen Walker General Personals .. ...... t-U ......E-l 7 The Petroleum Engineer's Con tinuous Tables .........D-19 (Installment So. tio) Books ................... ..E-24 laugh With Ramey.... ..E-28 OH and Gas Trade New, ........... ..E-29 Trade Personals ............E-J4 New Equipment ............I-4J New literature .......... ..E-47 The Petroleum Engineer, published monthly, August through June, semi-monthly in July, by The Petroleum Engtneer Publishing Company, 800 Dm* Building, Dallas 2, Texas. Subscription rate to the Petroleum Industry, United States and Foreign, $5.00 per year, $8.00 for two years; $1.00 for single copy. Entered as second-class snail matter May 1, 1952, at the post office In Dallas, Texas, under the act of March 5, 1879. Tool of fhe industrial hygienist: ' The midget impinger, an instru ment which draws a measured volume of air through a trap containing a liquid collecting medium. Here, the midget Im pinger is being used to sample atmospheric concentration of toxic dust. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in the Petroleum Industry A. C. Pabst, industrial hygienist, Socony-Yacuum Oil Company, Inc., is called in at the blueprint stage where basic hygiene meas ures can be incorporated into plants, processing units and other installations, helping to save time, money and problems for management. E-2 A. C. Pabst THE petroleum industry has made re markable and enviable progress not only in developing new and better products, but equally in anticipating market demands in terms of both qual ity and quantity. It has an extraordinary record for providing the customer with what he wants, where and when he wants it. New processing methods have been necessary, of course, to achieve these results. Many of these processing methods represent highly complex chemical op erations that present problems and situ ations new to the industry. With fore sight and planning, the petroleum in dustry is solving these problems, and, in fact, anticipating situations so that they do not become problems. To ac complish this, comparatively new sci ences like health engineering are studied with the same zeal as other types of research. Practically unknown 20 years ago, today's occupational health includes the fields of industrial hygiene an<| industrial medicine. Because industrial hygiene is one of the newest phases, many people do not know the meaning of the term, or the functions of the industrial hygienist. Nevertheless, the safeguarding of in dustrial health already is on a business basis, with labor and management recognizing its importance. Govern ment, too, takes an active interest, and 19 states have health department rules on industrial hygiene. Today, there are only about 800 industrial hygienists in the United States, and a large number of this group are not in industry, but are working for the federal govern ment or state departments. People hearing the word "hygiene" usually recall they had a hygiene course in high school which dealt with per sonal habits such as bathing, cleaning, the fingernails, teeth, etc., and im mediately jump to the conclusion that an industrial hygienist in industry must be interested in keeping employees , clean. In my first visit to many of our refineries, it seemed that I was always taken first to the locker rooms and toilets to inspect shower and lavatory- facilities. Of course, industrial hygien 1 ists are interested. in the employee's cleanliness as it is necessary to protect his health, but their primary interest is not in sanitary facilities. They are more interested in keeping an employee's lungs, skin, and other organs free from exposure to hazardous gases, liquids,'' dusts, and other harmful substances. The petroleum industry is becoming increasingly involved in the handling of all kinds of chemicals having various degrees of physiological effects on man. These chemicals might be described by quoting from a publication issued by duPont's Haskell Laboratory of Toxi cology." "It Takes All Sorts" ,j "Chemicals, like people, can be | mild, fractious and often exas perating. "Like people, chemicals are of ; many types and dispositions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding J: citizens who present no special ; problems. Some are unstable and ip. unpredictable. Some are out-and- out neurotics, requiring a sharp-jr and observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in soli tary, but docile and helpful in ' tandem. Some are just plain bad actors." THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, May, 1955 Many of the compounds with which thte petroleum industry is concerned are new or are being studied more fully. The industry's concept of in dustrial hygiene compares favorably, however, with similar activities in chemical and other industries, which have worked many years on these prob lems. The advent of catalytic cracking re sulted in the production and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons with health problems similar to those long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of new chemical catalysts, inhibi tors, and other chemical compounds creates health problems that the chem ical industries have faced for years. To illustrate this trend we need only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum in nature with little, if any, additives; today they contain up to 15 to 20 per -cent of chemicals, additives and in hibitors. This trend doubtless will con tinue because there is no question that additives contribute much to improve performance characteristics. With every change in formulation, any busi ness makes careful studies regarding the health and safety of personnel and customers. Problems that may arise are solved, many of them by industrial hygiene. Hygiene is defined as that branch of medical science that relates to preser vation of health, and therefore, indus trial hygiene may be defined as the science of prevention and control of oc cupational illness. It resolves itself into the problem of looking for any factors or conditions in work places that could cause or contribute to illness or serious discomfort of employees, and of de vising the methods and means of elimi. nating or controlling such conditions. . The typical industrial hygienist usually started out as a chemist or " chemical engineer who became in terested in and studied toxicological : effects of chemicals on man. Conse quently, he has a good background of chemistry and engineering combined with some medical knowledge--a sort , of one-third doctor, one-third engineer, and one-third chemist. His objectives ,ethe protection and improvement of fee health and safety of workers in the ^industrial environment from all manner "isf harmful exposures related to occuSfttion. In the petroleum industry, inifeistrial hygienists usually function as ! important part of the medical de;nt and in close collaboration FJJjjh the safety department for the pro section of employees. ^"Basically, the practice of industrial ,, fcvfiene in the petroleum industry is the * as in any other industry, and it be boiled down to four general 1. A know ledge of the toxicology of chemicals and materials. 2. A review of all chemicals or ma terials used or produced, how handled and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous substances. 3. The measurement of worker ex posure to toxic substances. 4. The recommendation and instal lation of adequate control meas ures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps where indicated. Toxicology of Chemicals In regard to Item 1, the toxicology of chemicals, it is difficult to give an adequate definition of a toxic material because practically anything can be safe or harmful depending upon how it is used or where it is used. For example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions--air if in jected into the blood stream and water if introduced into the lungs. In the same manner, the use of carbon tetra chloride in a process having proper ventilation would not be hazardous, while the use of carbon tetrachloride for mopping floors would be quite dan gerous. In other words, a toxic ma terial may be hazardous or nonhazardous, depending on the conditions of its use. In regard to toxicology, there are three ways in which a harmful sub stance can cause adverse effects upon man: 1. It can be ingested or swallowed. 2. It can come into direct contact with the skin or parts of the body. 3. It can be inhaled as a gas, vapor, mist, or dust. Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum materials are not commonly or intentionally taken in ternally and therefore, trouble from this is rather rare in a refinery, although it occasionally does occur unknowingly. I recall watching a worker who had been complaining of stomach trouble, PETROLEUM ENGINEER, May, 1955 whose duties involved the compound ing of litharge or lead oxide in a doc tor solution--this man proceeded to empty the bags of litharge into an out door mixing tank and, because of the dust and mists generated, he correctly wore a respirator. Of course, his hands were covered with lead oxide, and to my amazement, the first thing he did when he came down from the catwalk was to take from his lunch box an orange which he started to peel and eat, probably one of the most effective ways to get lead poisoning. When petroleum products get to the consumers, ingestion is more frequent, but nearly always its occurence is a result of carelessness or mishandling. Small children whose parents care lessly leave products within easy reach may have unhappy experiences. We have had hurry calls from doctors in volving children drinking kerosine or such products as penetrating oil and fly sprays. Sometimes adults are even worse. There are cases of anti-freeze poisoning, drinking of brake fluid and one, I recall, of a radiator flush that contains muriatic acid and chlorinated hydrocarbons. This occurred despite the fact that the product was fully labeled, including poison warning with skull and cross bones. It should be emphasized that hardly a substance exists that is not capable of producing adverse effects on the human body if taken in sufficient quantity or TABLE 1. Average effect of alcohol level in blood.* Ounce* of whiskey consumed in 1 hr % alcohol or less in blood H\ 0.01 0.02 2-3 0.05 6-6 0 1 8 0.15 10 0.2 16 o.s 24 0.*- 0.5 SO 0.6- 0.7 . '' Behavior ' Normal *. Feeling of warmth, pleasant social behavior. Judgment blunted,- . Boastful, impulsive, Officially still sober. Fumbling, staggering gait, clumsiness, slurred speech. Officially drunk. Responses and motor coordination strongly affected. Helpless, nausea ,. Stupor Coma * Paralysis of the respir atory center--Death. Pffrer Spectrum, JAMA, March 27, 1964. " ,i ro Problem for the industrial hygienist: Instructing employees in the proper handling of toxic materials. This posed shot represents an actual instance where a worker, handling lead oxide, neglected to wash his hands before eating. If his careless habit had not been corrected, he would have had a real health problem. It should be a part of any occupational heallh program to educate employees in the correct handling of materials and to warn of th*.?*' hazards of excessive exposure. Here, a kettle is being charged fr with a chemical which generates toxic dust. Note use of respirator, ;Xgloves, ventilating equipment, and coverall. under wrong circumstances. Even com mon table salt is toxic if taken in suffi cient amounts. It is reported that many years ago, the Chinese used table salt as a means of committing suicide. Every chemical, therefore, has a non toxic dose and at toxic dose. This can be well illustrated by Table 1 on a widely used commodity. Skin and Body Contact In the petroleum industry, skin con tact is not generally experienced to the extent that it is, for example, in the metalworking industries where a daily eight-hour contact with cutting oils often takes place. Cases of oil derma titis are uncommon among our em ployees but they are reported nftt in frequently among industrial users of petroleum products. It is definitely established that skin is not an impermeable barrier to chem ical substances. In fact, it is increas ingly important as a route of absorp tion for many materials. Regarding ex ternal or local skin effects, chemicals may be classified either as primary ir- ritahts or sensitizing agents. . ; A primary irritant is a chemical that may cause dermatitis in individuals, frequently after only one contact. It may have a strong chemical action, like acid, alkalis, amines, etc., or it may have a weak chemical action and re quire prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydrocarbons ? E-6 are primary irritants but are usually weak irritants since prolonged or ex tensive contact is generally required to cause skin irritation. The petroleum industry now is handling large quan tities of chemical additives and inhib itors, many of which are strong pri mary irritants and are active chemical compounds. It should be a part of any occupa tional health program to educate em ployees in the correct handling of such materials and to warn of the hazards of exposure. Recommendations and in structions also are given for protective equipment like respirators, goggles, gloves, and aprons. This applies to concentrated or un diluted inhibitors. Finished petroleum products should and usually do con tain such a small quantity of additives and in such dilution that there is scarcely more harm in the finished product than there would be from straight mineral oil itself. Bizarre and erroneous conclusions sometimes are drawn in industrial der matitis cases as to their cause, even by those who should know better. I recall a case of a young man who worked in a gasoline station and developed a severe dermatitis. He went to a physi cian who made patch tests on him and found he had a sensitivity to special gasoline but practically no reaction to regular gasoline. Apparently, the physi cian had heard special gasoline con- tains a lot of lead because the case was diagnosed as resulting from an excess of lead tetraethyl in the special gaso line. We thought this strange because lead tetraethyl is not a primary skin irritant and never has been known to cause dermatitis, although it is known to be a poison and can be absorbed through the skin. A review of records of gasoline ship-.,-| ments into the particular area showed the regular gasoline actually contained the same or sometimes more lead than j|j| the special gasoline, clearly indicating,] that lead tetraethyl was not to blame, >5^ but that some other material was re sponsible, possibly the coloring agent. ' Inhalation "mJ Of the three avenues by which chero-. | icals can be taken into the body, in* ^ halation probably has received the.'j most study and investigation because'. it is the avenue of greatest importances in industrial operations. From a vasl,.y amount of research has come public tion of very useful data on safe bunisS;! exposure levels known as Threshold Limit Values or Maximum Allowably! Concentrations. This is a list of several hundred commonly encountered chetth|-|| Icals, solvents, dusts, etc., the tori- cology of which has been carefully-;,: studied by medical research and iihpl dustrial experience. . The list is compiled annually by (fit'iSp American Conference of Governmental' THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, Moy, J?55;|l Industrial Hygienists and is published by the American Medical Association in AMA Archives of Industrial Hy giene and Occupational Medicine. In troductory paragraphs define the values as follows: . "Values are given in the following tabulation for the maximum average atmospheric concentration of con taminants to which workers may be exposed for an eight-hour working " day without injury to health. 1 These values are based on the best -Available information from indus trial experience, from experimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. They are not fixed values but are reviewed an nually by the Committee on Thres hold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. Threshold Limits should be used as guides in the con trol of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions only They represent conditions only within which it is felt that workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without their health being ad versely affected. It is felt, at the pres ent time, that workers should not be exposed to a working environment containing any of these substances in excess of the value indicated. These values are not intended for use, or for modification for use, in the evaluation or control of com- munity air pollution or air pollution nuisances." A few of the materials encountered in the petroleum industry and their Threshold Limits are listed below: Gases and Vapor* Babetane Parte per mil'ion Benetene (benwl).......... ;............... .. Carbon dioxide........................................ Carbon monoxide................................... Carbon tetrachloride.......................... Gasoline................................................... Hydrogen *u!6de.................................... Naphtha (petroleum)............................. Octane...................................................... Botfur dioxide.......................................... 35 5000 100 25 500 20 500 - 500 10 Toxic dusts, fumes, and mists * Substance Milligrams per cable meter Iron oxide fume...................... Lead......................................... Sulfuric acid............................ 15 0.15 1 Mineral duste Substance Millions of particles per cubic foot Aabeetos............................................... 5 Du*t (nuisance, no free siUea).......... 50 ilica high (shore 50% free BiOj)........... 5 medium 5 to 60% free SiOi)......... 20 low (below (6 % free BiOi)............................. 60 Nineteen states observe Threshold Limit Values in their laws or regula tions, and more are sure to follow. In dustrial hygienists, as part of their duties, advise management of the ex istence of these requirements in order that precautionary measures may be taken to avoid excessive exposure of personnel. Industrial hygienists undertake meas urement of air contaminants for com pliance with states' codes. Even a com mon material like gasoline has a maxi mum safe level which is 500 parts per million. - The following are just a few of the hazardous materials that are en countered in petroleum refinery opera tions: terial by customers. However,' quires extensive work, knowledge^ product, and toxicological informaq to determine what products musUv.. labeled and how they should?^ labeled. Prior to 1932, only a handful of pi sons were engaged in industrial.^ giene procedures. By the'end; of^ next decade, there were industrial!} Materials encountered in petroleum refinery operations Respiratory irritant* Acrolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum chloride Aptinouia Ajfbestoe Diterti&ry butyl par* creeol Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, atUpulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitor* Lime Nitrogen oxides Oione Pine oil Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fume* Toxic materials - Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye* Benxol (Benxene) Cadmium Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbon* Chrome compound* Cobait, metal Hydrogen sulfid* Inhibitor* Lead, metal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge * Lead, tetraethyl Lead, soaps Manganese Mercury Methaoo! Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc . , "Rkni . ;) ' irritants ^ Adda--all kinds 4 Amines Benxol (Benxene) Caustics Chromium salts Coal-tar compound* Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors Nickel salts Oils, general Oils, high boiling aromatic Oils, insoluable cutting Phenol Pitch Solvents Ultra violet radiation Wax, untreated Product Labeling One very important function of the industrial hygienist in the petroleum industry concerns precautionary label ing of products. This is receiving more emphasis as state after state passes la beling regulations. One of the most re cent is the State of New York, where on February 26,1954, the Council on Pub lic Health passed labeling regulations which became effective August 26, 1954, as Chapter IX-A of the New York State Sanitary Code. These label ing regulations have the force and effect of law and require precautionary label ing on any product that entails a haz ard in a reasonably anticipated use. A hazard is defined as "the risk of injury or illness which may be en countered during or as a result of any reasonably anticipated type of handling or use of a substance, or during its specified use, if any, by reason of toxicity of the substance through in gestion, inhalation or absorption through the skin, or due to its corro siveness or irritating properties, or be cause of its flammability or explosive ness." Somewhat similar labeling regula tions already exist in California, Illi nois, New Jersey, Oregon, and the Territory of Hawaii and are in the making in many other states, so more can be expected. Most state regulations are guided by recommendations of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc., and with Some exceptions, con formity in one state results in conform ity in other states. * It is recognized that, as a rule, label ing of many products is advisable and results in safer handling of the ma giene divisions in nearly every indus trial state, and in many insurance com panies. Industries themselves, however, have made the greatest expansion in in dustrial hygiene units over the past 22year period. Today, in most large in dustries, industrial hygiene is being con ducted under the guidance of increas ingly well-trairted, professional per sonnel. No longer is industrial hygiene seen by industry as an "aimless effort of in tellectuals collecting bottles filled with nothing so that they can prepare long and useless discourses that few read or understand or would know what ac tion to take". Instead, the safeguarding of health is assuming a new signifi cance. It not only saves time, money, and problems for management, but it actually improves employee morale and efficiency by eliminating appre hension in occupational environments. Instead of telling what mistakes have been made and how to correct them with costly changes, industrial hygien ists now are called in at the blueprint stage where their ideas can be incor porated into factories, machines and other installations to accomplish the most good easily and inexpensively. Industrial hygiene at its best in the petroleum industry requires the co operation and skills of industrial physi cians, industrial nurses, toxicologists, chemists, safety men, and industrial hygienists working together>s a team. American industry, particularly the oil industry, is aware of the benefits of more and better production derived from environmental control and healthpromotional activities. It needs only to be guided in the application. * * * E-8 THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, May, 1955