Document x5GQXpe0qvq82Z4XX4MRKaqqQ
:
Smite, Sous
AR7126-C032
SrCorporatToagy TY Se sa
BG
3M Mortality Study of Employees at 3M Plant in Decatur, Alabama
A retrospective cohort mortality studyofemployees, who worked at least one year (beginning in March, 1961) at the 3M chemical and film plants in Decatur Alabama, was conducted by University of Minnesota epidemiologists to determine whether the
mortality experienceofthese employees was significantly different from that which `would be expected. The cohorts consisted of 1,050 and 1,116 men who were ever
employed in the chemical and film plants, respectively. Of these male employees, 485
and 547 were only employed in the chemical and film plants, respectively. A total of 318
female employees were identified (both plants combined). Vital status was searched
through December 31, 1991 and determined for 99.7%of the cohort. Ofthe 74 deceased employees, death certificates were obtained for 72 (97. 3%). Standardized Morality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated using U.S., Alabama and a regional Alabama counties for
comparisons. There was no significantly elevated SMRs. Investigators recommended
the study be updated in 1998 to cover an additional five yearsof mortality experience.
3M, in conjunction with epidemiologists from the University of Minnesota Division of
Occupational and Environmental Health are in the midstof completing this updated
retrospective cohort mortality study. Several `methodologic improvements have occurred since the original study. Since the completionofthe original mortalitystudy `which abstracted only the beginning and stop datesof employment from work history
001643
data, 3M has now computerized the entire work history recordsofemployees at the Decatur location. The computerizationofthis detailed job and department information, iin conjunction with information about serum fluorochemical levels acquired from medical surveillance exams and the random sample (described above), will allow for the construction ofa potential perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) exposure matrix. This matrix will be used to more thoroughly assess the mortality experienceof Decatur employees as it relatesto the workers' occupational fluorochemical levels. Estimated dateofthe final report for this updated retrospective cohort mortality study is November 1,200.
001644
Yup
FINAL REPORT
Mortality Study of Employees at 3M Plant
in Decatur, Alabama
Submitted by:
Jack 5. Mandel, Ph.D., MPH.
Rebecca A. Johnson, Ph.D., MPH.
DivoifEasvirionmoentnalandOccupationalHealth SchoolofPublic Health
`University ofMinnesota.
Box 807 UMHC 420 Delaware St. SE. MinneapoliMsN, 55455
March 13, 1995
\
001645
Table of Contents
List of Tables
IBREQAUGHON. rere
Page
ed
nsrter sss nro
Definition of COROT.
nrsrssssssessssssss assesses
Ensmerationof CohortandAscertairmentofPertinent Employment Information... 6.
Obtainingand
Selection of
CCoOdMiPnAgroifSDoenGthPCOErPtUfaIesG.H..Oc.RoSvv.v.vr.ovwe.seererresemmsesreeiemssovsssss
12
13
RECOMMERLGHON cerns
snssssssmsssssseees sees eos 1 :
z
001646
List of Tables
Table 1: DescriptionofIneligible Employees in Study Database:
Page
Table2: DescriptionofFinalEmploymentStatusandVitalStatusfor Men (02 L639)-cerrnvrrnnnnnssennsssssssrsssssssssessssssessnnessnsoens 10
Table3: DescriptionofFinalEmployment StatusandVital Status for WOMED(0 =318) cevvvvrvnnsssennessssssssnssssssnsssesssssssnnssonsssssn1n0s
Tabled: DescriptionofEmployeesLostto Follow-up (8.=6).vvvv.vvvrreeveerrn1r1
Table 5; Descriptionof StateofResidenceatTimeofDeathfor
DeceasedEmployeesforWhom aDeathCertificateWas
Be
CR
IE *
Table6: DistributionofDeathsby YearofDeath (8:2 4) .cccevvvverrrennrenrs1s2
Table7: Characteristics of Men (0 = 1,639)...cccwecrecvsmmrsssoneen 16
Table8: Characteristics ofWomen(=318) ....rvvveeveerersesssnsnsnerrsssnensern1r6s.
Table9: DistributionofMenby Ageand YearofEntryinto FOlOW-UP (@ = 1,639)uwecerereremvrsrmrsrsrrsessssesrsesss1sn1
Table 10: Distributionof Women by Ageand YearofEntryinto FOllOW-UP (8 = 318) evoeeeveesirneesssorsnnesssessnessssssssnsesne.n1r8s
Table 11: DistributionofPerson-YearsforMenby AgeandCalendar Period (@ =1,639) ceoverennseennssnees eesns nn. ns19
3
001647
Table 12: Distribution of Person-Years for Women by Age and
Calendar Period (0 =318).
20
Table 13: Distributionof Absolute Number at Risk byCalendarPeriod
for Men (0 = L639)
21
Table 14: D08iWsOtMrEDibo(0fu=At3bs1io8l)outnoe Noumboeart Risk byCraeleesnsdnasrsPseersieosdssense 21
Table 15: SelectedCauseS-MRSsfporMeencbyiComfpairiscon POPURHON (02 L639) oostevo oserssssossessesnns 23
Table16: CauseSM-RsSfoprMeenUcsinigtfheUi.S.cas ComparisonPOPUISEON (= 1,639).vvvvv.rveeersersvrrrssessr2.5.
Table 17: CauseSM-RsfSorpWomee c UsiingtfheUi.S.cas Comparison Population (@ = 318).28
Table 18: CausSe MR- forS MenpEvee rEmc ployiedifnChiemiccal DepaUsirngtt he U.mS.ae sCon mpartiso( n Popsula) tion SU
Table 19: CausSe MRs- forS MenpOnle yEmc ploi yedifnChiemiccal DepaUsirngtt heU.mS. aes Con mpartiso( nPopsulat)ion
Table20: CauseSMR-foSrMp enEevercEmpiloyfediiaFiclm DO eparLtme)nt(r s)UsingtheUi .S. asCompart isonPopulae tion sess s35 -
Table 21: CausSeMR-sfoSrMepnOenlycEmpiloyfediinFiclm (DBep4ar7tm)enr t(s)Usingthe U.S. as m Comparsisosn Psospeuslsaetrieonss sessoreness 38
Table22: CauseSM-RsSforpMeenUcsinigAlfabaimacas Comparison POPUIaLON (0% 1L.639)....o...overrverors rs. 42
4
001648
` ot
Table 23: Cause-Specific SMRsfor Women Using Alabamaas Comparison Population (8 = 318)....revervsrerers wrsrsrrr4s5
Table24: CausSeMRs-forS MenpUsiengAclabiamaf Counitiescas ComparisonPopulation (a= 1,639) .......evvvrsessssssssssessessssssnnnnnnnnn4n6s
`Table25: CausSe MRs-forS WompenUesincg AliabafmaCi ountcies
2sComparisonPopulation(n= 318) .........uuceuereurucsssnnsnsansannnen4n8n
5
001649
Mortality Study of Employees at 3M Plant
in Decatur, Alabama
Introduction PA rlienaDetcnatrutrc,oAohloarbstammopartwalaiestycsctoudnty odfietumopdcvleottyeeereemisdnwehwohewtohrekretdhaetmloeratsatlointyeeyxepaerraitetnhceeo3fM these employees was significantlydifferentfrom that whichwouldbe expected ina comparable population.Themajorelementsofthestudywereto: (1)defineand. `completelyenumeratethecohort;(2)ascertainpertineatemploymentinformation;(3) d`ectoehrormtimneemvbitearlssatnatduscaosdoefthDeeucnedmebrelyri3n1g,ca1u9s91e;so(4f)doebattahi;n(d5e)astehlcecet arpptroiprfifaiotrecdceaocmtepaaesresidson populatioanns; (6)comparethe numberofdeathsobservedtothe numberofdeaths expected,basedonthemortalityratesofthe comparison populations.
Methods
Definitionof Cohort "Thecohortcomprisedallemployeeswhohadworkedatleastoneyearatthe 3MPlantin
:
`Decatur,AlabamaandatleastonedayafterMarch 1, 1961.Thecohortwasfollowfreodm
March 1, 1961 through December31, 1991. March 1, 1961 waschosenas the begin date
because 3MreportedthattheplantinDecaturbeganoperationsin Marchof 1961and
review of employmentrecords revealedthat veryfewemployeesstartedwork priorto
March1, 1961. Decemb3e1,r 1991 waschosenastheenddateforthecurrentfollow-up
studybecause NationalDeathIndexreporingwascompletethroughthatdate.
EnumerationofCoanhdAsocertrairmtentofPertinentEmploymens Information
`The 3M PlantatDecatur provaicodmpeutder fileand computer-generated pages for 1,263
iinnfdoirvmiadutailosnaacbtoivuetltyheemmpolsotyreedceanntytjiobmoersienmcpel1o9y8m6.enTthsteactoums,pwuhteerreafislte ohnelcyomcpoutnetr-ained
geemapclroatyemdepnatgreeccoonrtdsafionreedtmhpelcoayteieresjwobhhoiswteorrey:. I(1n) atdedrimtiinoant,e3ddMuprrionvgid1e9d6p1h-o1t9o71c,o(p2i)oefs
terminated since 1972, and(3)hiredprior to 1986and currently working.
:
s
001650
`To identify overlap among the record sources, a label was createdfor each employee in the computer file. IFboth a computer record and a photocopied employment record existed for an employee, the label was affixed to, and the computer-generated page was attached to, the photocopied employmentrecord. Subsequently, new records were added to the study databaseforthose employees who had photocopied employment records, but were not in the computer file. Atotalof 1,906 unique employees were added to the study database. Forallemployees in the study database, the relevant employment information was abstracted from the photocopied employmentrecords and/or computer generated pages. In those instances where therewereminor discrepanciesin employment dates between the `photocopied employment record and the computer-generated page, the dates on the `photocopied employmentrecord were assumedtobecorrect. Lists were seat to 3Mforthose employeesforwhom employment information was `missing, insufficient,and/orinconsistent. 3M aki)wasaskedto provide missing demographic information (.g., sex, dateofbirth, etc.)orinformationneededto determine thevitalstatusoftheemployesor,iftheemployeswasdeceased, to obtain acopyofthe. deathcertificate.Wherepossible, 3MsearchedtheDecatiePlantpersonnelrecords, `corporatehuman resourcescomputerdatabases,andmicranodmficroificlhedmcoreporadte: `payroll recordstoprovideadditionalinformationandresolve inconsistencies. However, despite3M'sefforts, asmallnumberofemployeeswerestillmissing astartdateand/orend date.Thedateof firstemploymentandthedateoflastemploymentarerequiredfor determining whethertheemployesworkedforatleastoneyearduringthetimeperiodfrom March 1, 1961 through December 31, 1991.For such employees,eitherthe employee was contacteddirectlyandsuppliedthedate(s)or aknowledgeableemployeeatthe 3M Plantin Decaturestimatedthedate(s). The study databases and employmentrecords were updated using the information provided by the various sources. Any information which remained `missing was coded as unknown. `There were numerous qualitycontrolprocedurestoensure the validity of information in the study database. Information acquired from the computer-generated pages or photocopied employment records, provided by 3M ar its employees,or obtained during vital status folwl askoeyewdan-dveurifiped. Allsourcesofinformationwerereviewedtoensurethat all eligible employeeshadbeenenteredin the study database. The study database was `examinedforduplicate records. When duplicate records were identified, the best informationfrombothrecordswas combiinntoethdefirstrecord andthesecondrecord
7
001651
iwnafsormmaartikoend waassa rdeuapblsitcraatcet.edAtordaentdeormmisnaempablsetroafrceticnogredrsowrarsatseeslaenctdedtoainddenkteiyfyeamnpyloyment
systemadc errors which may have occurred. misorsincionsnistgent information and 3M
wTahseadsakteadwteorfeoclhleowc-kuepd oinnortdhiesritnofoirdmeanttiiofny,
A
vcaolmupersfehoernkseiyvevearrrioarblcehsewcekrinegacpcreopgtrabalme,waasndwr(i2)tetnhetoveaxluaemsfionrekwehyetvhaerri:ab(l1e)s twheeriendividual
consistentwithone another. database was updated.
Errors
identified
by
this
programwere resolved
and
the
study
w1eThreesitnuedliygdiabtlaebeamspeloiynecelsu.dedAd3e,s1c8r1irpetcioorndso.fiOneflitghiebslee, e1m2pwleoryeeedsupislsichaotewnrebceolrodws ianndTa1b,2l1e2
Table 1: Description of Ineligible Employees in Study Database (n = 1212)
`Worked Less Than One Year Did Not Work at 3MPlant in Decatur
1210
Not 3M Employee
1 1
TOTAL
t12n 12
hus, total of 1957eligibleemployees the final cohort.
(1,639males aad318females) weroinclude
in
FoForltlhoows-euepmopflC oyeeos faonhrdwDheotoemrvmriitnaalt isotantousfwViassanoSttkannsown (including thosereportedas deScecaeoracmsh,epda,nudbttdfeeoarrwthhisoezamrecahdedesavtihactehief:ic(1a)iNathiaodnnaoltDbeeaetnhbIinndeexd()N,Df)o,l(l2o)wEuqpuimfcatxaDgeeath employment(p3)riToRtroW1F97A9wCeS+reSaucmtmivaerlyy.trIanceadddtihtrioonu,ghsodmrei.veer'mslpilcoeyneseesrewchoordtse,rrmeilnaattievdes, neighbors, and/or coworkers.
fAorcmompautetr falgceaoifnhsetmipnifloorynmeaetsgiofnofrowrhtohemyveiatralss1ta9t7u9s-wa1s99n1o.t known was submitted to NDI
2
001652
Equifax has information about deaths reported to the Social Security Administration (SSA) and from sources such as the miliary, corporate pension plans, insurance companies, etc. A computer file of employees for whom vital status was not known was submited to Equifax. TRW FACS+ Summary contains information about deaths and is maintained by the Credit Reporting Division of TRW. The majorityofdeath information containedinTRWalso is provided by the SSA. TRW was used to search for deaths among employees for whom vital status was not known. Currently, TRW typically provides the name, dateof birth, anddaoftdeaeth for individualswhohavebeenreporteddeceased.Throughoutmostof the study,however,'TRWonlyprovidedinformationthattherehadbeen areporteddeath associated withthesocialsecurity number,withoutproviding additionalidentifying informationordeat: information. Becausealloftheccanputerized deathsearchesweredependentuponhavingthecorrect socialsecuritynumberforanemployes,efforts weremadetoensuretheaccuracyofsocial securitynumbers.Inadditiontocomparingsocialsecurity numbersfromthevarious sourcesofinformation (i.c., tae computer file, employment records, etc.), TRW Social Searchwasusedtoverifytheaccuracyofsocialsecurity numbersforemployees. Some. social securitynumberswerenotfoundin TRW. Fortheseempltohesyoceialesecsuri,ty numberswereassumedtobecorrectbecausethereare a numberofvalidreasonswhy a personmaynotbeincludedinTRW(c.g. aperson mayasktobe removedfromtheTRW fileor aperson may nothaveanycreditactivity). Addtriacit ngwaisdoonentoraesollve discrepancies in social security numbers. Activetracingofemployeeswasperformedforall employees whoterminatedprior to 1979 (when NDI was implemented) andfor whom vital status was not previously known. Drivers license records frequently were used to determine vital status. In addition, interactive software was used to access Metronet, a national consumer database, and addresses and/or telephone numbers of relatives, neighbors, and/or former employees were obtained. Other tracing sources included other 3M employees and law enforcement agencies.Once atracilenagd was identified, telephone tracersfollowed up to determine, diroericnditrelctlyy, the vital statusofthe employee. `The resultsofthe vital status follow-up, along with the employment starus asofthe study enddate, are showninTables 2 and 3 for males and females, respectively.
9
001653
Table 2: Description of Final Employment Status and Vital Status
for Men (n = 1,639)
Final Employment Status
and Vital Status
N
Currently Employed
810
% 49.4
Retired
Alive Dead
59
3.6
10
06
Unknown Terminated
0
0.0
Alive
694
423
Dead Unknown
29
18
6
04
Died While Employed
31
19
TOTAL
percentagesmay nokadd
100Go toroundin1g,639
.
100.0%
Table 3: Description of Final Employment Status and Vital Status
for Women (n = 318)
Final Employment Statas
and Vital Starus
N
%
Currently Employed
141
443
Retired
Alive
9
2.8
Dead Unknown
0.0
0
0.0
Terminamd
Alive
Dead
164
1
Unknown
0
Died While Employed
3
TOTAL
318
* percentagesmaynotadd 1 100dos to rounding
51.6
03 00 09
100.0%
10
001654
thSiaxtt(h0e.3e%m)pelomypeleoyweaessawleivreeilstoshtetdoatfoelolfowt-eurpm.inFaotirotnohefseemepmlpolyomyeeenst,. thAe dleasstcrkinptoiwonnodfatthee employees who were lost to follow-up is shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Description of Employees Lost to Follow-up (n = 6)
Study ID
MonityYearof Month/Year of
Sex
Birth
Employment Job Title(s)__
20067
male
08/49 08/13-10715 general helper,
)
process helper, `material handler,
20958
male
resin handler 1237 02/65-02/11 generalhelper,
E
:
process help,
.
process operator,
"chemical opera.or,
21028
male
foreman 06/41 01/66-07/68 general helper,
process helper,
process operator,
21057
male
chemical operator ous 04/66-07/67 general helper,
process helper,
21184
male
process operator 11/46 08/66-03/69 generalhelper,
21639
male
:
process operator
08/45 0169-0977 general helper,
process helper,
:
packer,
`material handler
helper, material
handler, process
operator,
warehouseman,
. -_--
order filler, chcehemmiiccaalloperamr
un
001655
Obtainingand Coding of Death Certificates
Death certificates were requested from state vital statistics offices. If adeath certificate. couldnotbeobtainedor thedeathcertificateobtainedwasnotforthecorrect person,
additional tracing was implemented. Overall, 72 (97.3%) death certificates were obtained forthe 74deceased employees (70 menand 4 women). Adescriptionofthestate of
`residence attimeofdeathfor the 72deceasedemployeesfor whom adeathcertificatewas obtainedisprovidedinTable 5. Ninetypercentdied in Alabama.
Table 5: Description of State of Residence at Time of Death
for Deceased Employees for Whom a Death Certificate Was Obtained
.
Sam
(n = 72)
N
Alabama
65
Florida
1
Georgia
1
Michigan
1
`Minnesota
1
Ohio
1
`Tennessee
1
rm `Texas
0m1
`Thedistributionofdeaths bycalendaryearisshowninTable6.
Table 6: Distribution of Deaths by Year of Death m= 74)
Year of Death
N
1967 - 1969
3
1970-1974
9
1975 - 1979
9
1980 - 1984
12
1985-89
33
1990 - 1991
8
TOTAL
74
?
001656
oDfetahteh IcnetrteimfaitciatoensalweCrlaessciofdiecadtbioynaopfrDoifseesassioensa(lInCosDol8)o.giTstheacucnodredrilnygintgo cthaeusEeiogfhtdheRaetvhiasnidon any mentionofcancer were coded.
SelectionofComparison Populations
T3h) reAelacboammpaarciosuonntipeospuwlhaetrieonmsorweertehasneloecnteed-:ha(ol1)fftthheeUc.oSu.nt(y2)wtahse wsittatheionf1A0l0ambialmeas,ofand
Decatur, persons.
excluding Counties
those countiesin which included in the regional
there was acity with greater than comparison were: (1) Blount, (2)
100,000 Calhoun,
3)
(C1h0e)roJkacekes,o(n4,)(C1o1l)beLratm,ar(5,)(C1u2l)lLmaaund,er(d6)alDee, (K1a3l)b,La(w7)reEntcoew,ah(,14()8)LiFmaeysettoen,e,9)(1F5r)aMnaklriino,n,
((2126)) WMarsahallla,n(d1k(72)M3eo)rWgiransnt,,on(1.8B)aSste. dCuapio,n(1199)9S0hceelnbsyu,s(f2i0g)urTeasl,ltahdeegcao,m(b2i1)nTeudscaloosa,
p`opoppuullaattiioonncfeoarttehresoef1c0o0u,n0ti0e0spewrasso1n,s3o87r,m6o1r5epewresroen:s(.1C)oMuintliiessoenxc(llaurdgeecdidtyuiestHounatsville),
and (2) Jefferson (targe city is Birmingham).
tRhaectehr,eseecxo,mpaager-i,saonndptoipmuel-astpieocnisffircommortthaeliMtoyrraatleist,yaadnjduPstoepdutloatIiCoDnDa,twaeSryesotbetmai(neMdPfDoSr) a1t9t5h0eaUndnonilyvcaenocfrePrismuosirbautlrigtyhy.rNatoesmaorretaalviatiylraabtleesparrieoav1ail1a9b6l2e. Trhoem tmhoesMtPcuDrrSepnrtmioorrtaloity rates available are for 1989.
Study Database
T`hcoempfiuntaelrsftlued,ycdoamtpaubtaesre-gweanseraactoemdbpiangaetsi,opnhooftdoactoapfiredometmhpelfooylmleonwtinrgecsoorudrsc,es3:M,the
employees,tracing/vitalstatus follow-up,anddeath information was available in the study database:
certificaes.
Thefollowing key
study ID;
+ first name, middle name, and last name;
+sweetaddress,city,state,andzip code;
telephone number;
+ social security number;
sex; + date of bith;
.
13
001657
+ date of first employment at 3M Plant in Decatur;
+ date of last employment at 3M Plant in Decatur;
*
aumber of lapsed
when not actually
mwoonrtkhisngbaett3weMenPldaantte ionfDfeircsat.t`uer;mployment
and
date
of
last
employment
date first employed in chemicaldepartment(s);
*
+
date last employed
number of months
in chemical department(s);
worked in chemical departmeni(s)
(secounting
for
any
lapses
when
not actually working in chemical department(s));
+
flags indicatingworkin specific department(s) worked in film deparment(s), ete);
(i.,
worked
in
chemical
department(s),
+ final employment status (i.currentlyworking, retired, otherwise terminated from
veimtpallosytamteuast(,ied.i,eadliwvhei,lpereemspulmoeydeadl)i;ve,deceased,orunknown);
+ dateofdeathordatelastknowntobealive Gfdifferentfromlastdateofemploymeator
date of termination);
+underlyingcauseofdeathcoded10 ICD ; and
+contribrtingcausesofdeathorothersignificantconditions(ifcancer) codedto ICD 8,
tThheesnteucdeysdsaatraybdaastea. Afislepsfarotroafnatlhyissipsrwoecersesp,rdeepfaarueldtuvasliunegstwheekreeyauitnofmoartmiactailolnycsounbtsatiitnuetdeidn
foranymissingcomponeatsofemploymentdates (i.c.,06for amissing monthand15for
amissingday).
chronologically
If thisautomatic
out of sequence,
saudbastteitwuatisomnfaonrumailslsyiensgtdiamtaetsedcraenadttehdisadeasttiemtahtaetdwdaatse
was
entered in the study database.
Analysis
Tohfdeemathes stpoecfihfaincaolfyosrditshewacsaubsaesoefdduepaothn,araccoem,psaerxi,saogneo,fatnhdetiombes.erTvehdeteosetxipmeactetoefdtqhuembers
expected number
specificrates for
of
the
deaths was calculated by applying cause-,
comparison population t the person-
race-, sex-,
yaetarirssk. Fo
age-, and time-
llow-up began
March 1, 1961. Cohort members did not coitribute person-years unil they had met the
`minimum length
were contributed
of work criterion
until death,los} io
(i., one year or more). Person-yearsoffollow-up
follow-up, or theend ofthe study (December 31,
D1e9c9c1a).seNdsotuindfyomrmeamtbieonrsofnorracawehwvoamas iadelatahbcelmtihefuics;a,teemcpoluolydneeostbweeroebtaasisnuemdoednltyowbeerwheite. |
included in the "all causesofdeath" and "unknown causeofdeath" categories.
14
001658
`Standardized`mortalityratios (SMRs) were `computed using the Occupational Cohort Morality Analysis Program (OCMAP).! Morality rates for whites were usedtocalculate the expected numbersforall menandall women, For 1961, when mortality rates for floncancercauseswereunavailable,theexpected numbersof deathswerenotcalculated (i.e., the expected numbersofdeaths were set 10 zero). There were noobserveddeaths priotro 1967.Mortalityratesfor 1989wereused toestimate mortalityrates forsubsequent years. SMRs werecalculatedusingboth OCMAPand the United States Death Rates (USDR) program developed by Monson.2 Results were `virtually identical.
``oTfhmeoorvtearliatlylpbayttdeerpnarotfmmeonrtta(lsi)twyowraksedexaalmsionweadsfeoxrammeinneadn.dFwoormtehnis.aFnaolrysmies,nt,htehfeoplalttoewrinng
`subgroupsofemployeeswere (-fined: (1) everemployedin thechemical department(s); @only employedinthechemicaldepartments);(3)ever employed in the film department(s);and (4)onlyemp'oyedinthefilmdepartment(s).Departmentcodesat the 3MDecaturPlant weredefinedbyfour-digitcodes. `The firsttwo digitswere 'S9'for film departmentsandwere `76for chemicaldepartments. For 11employees,at least one
d3eepmaprltomyeenetswcaosuulndknnootbweni;nacnldu,dfeodrin3othfe`shuesbeg,raolulpdeapnaalrytsmiesnbtyswdeerpaerutnmkennto(wsn).wo`rTkhuesd,.these
1s
001659
Boul
Characteristics of male and female cohort members are givenin Tables 7 and 8, respectively. Men contributed 33,108 person-years of follow-up and women contributed 4,807 person-years. There were 70 (95%) deaths among men and 4 (5%) among women.
Osnligahtvleyraygoeu,nmgeenr eangteertehdanthweocmoehonrt(a25tavneerasrulsi2e6r)p.ointintime (1971 versus 1977)andata
Table 7: Characteristics of Men (n = 1, 539)
Variable
Value
`Number of Employees
1,639
NumberofPerson-Years
33,108
Numberof Deaths
70
Average Age Started Work:
25
Average YeofaEntrry
1971
.
Average AgeatDeath
47
AverageYearof Death
1984
Table 8: Characteristics of Women (n = 318) .
Variable
Value
-
Number of Employees Number of Person-Years
318
*
4,807
Number of Deaths
Average AgeStarted Work Average Yearof Entry Average Age at Death
:
4
2
1977
28
Average Year ofDeath
1980
is
001660
In Table 9, the distribution of men by age and year of entry into follow-up is shown. Table 10 shows the same distributionforwomen. Most men enteredthe cohort during the late 1960sandcarly 1970s and between the ages of20and 30, whereas most women entered thecoahtsiomilarragtes,butbetween 1970 and 1980.
Table 9: Distribution of Men by Age and Year of Entry into Follow-up (n = 1,639)
YearofEntry into Follow-up 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Ag 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1991 TOTAL <0 18 34 8 31 4 2 0 1s 20-24 114 238 01 9% 28 18 3 798 25-29 64 139 6 37 2 14 5 34s 30-3 21 8 3 19 8 10 4 153 3-39 2 25 9 15 6 5 1 8 40.4 19 18 4 10 8 2 0 6 45.499 3 3 4 5 0 2 0 1 0-54 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 6 5-5. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oo TOTAL 261 517 502 213 77 56 13 1,639
17
001661
Table 10: Distribution of Women by Age and Year of Entry into Follow-up (n = 318)
YearofEntryinto Follow-up 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Age <2 20-24 25-29 %-3 3-3 40-44 45-499 50-5 55-5
6+ TOTAL
1964 1969 1974 1979 2 12 18 16 4 2 23 50 3 4 4 41 2 3 2 15 1 2-3 16 0008 0005 0003 0 00 1 000 12 . 43 50 161
1984 1989 1991 TOTAL 4 0 0 52 4 9 1 13 4 5 3 70 1 4 2 29 3 3 2 30 3 2 0 13 110 7 000 3 00o 1 0 0 oOo 0 20 24 8 318
1
001662
m`Teanbleasnd11waonmden1,2 prresopveicdteivtehley.distributionofperson-years by ageandcalendar period for
Table 11: Distribution of Person-Years for Men by Age and Calendar Period (n = 1,639)
CalendarPeriod 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Age <0 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64
1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1991 TOTAL"
9 19 43 23 2
1
0
9%
182 583 985 930 244 64 21 3,008
124 861 1,530 1,633 1,171 341 66 5.724 60 463 1254 1,672 1,728 1228 208 6,613
50 188 609 1,339 1,716 1,760 636 6.297 35 129 272 645 1390 1,719 738 4,927
21 91 180 295 665 1,387 630 3.270
0 28 103 184 308 650 456 1,728
0 5 27 101 185 307 204 827
0 0 5 27 101 174 96 402
65-69 o
0
0
5 24 86 47
161
70-74 0
o0
0
5 18 25
47
75-79 0
0
0
0
0
5
1
5
80-84 0
o
0
0
0
0
2
2
85+
0
0
0
0
o0
0
0
TOTAL" 479 2,365 5006 6.853 7,536 7,739 3,129 33,108
totalsmaynotbeequal to sum ofindividualrowsorcolumns duetorounding.
"
001663
Table 12: Distribution of Person-Years for Women
_.
by Age and Calendar Period (n = 318)
DCo olendawPeiod
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Age 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1991 TOTAL
<0
1
9 20 21 12 [1]
0
63
20-24 9 65 138 182 139 38 5
576
25-29 7 39 15 253 337 171 34 955
30-34 2 19 55 171 376 346 106 1,074
35-39 2 4 26 81 235 383 160 900
0-4 2
5
7 48 136 243 143 594
45-49 0
2
5 24 70 141 91
332
50-54 0
0
2
8
49 70 43
172
55-59 0
0
0
3
18 49 19
89
60-64 0
0
0
0
5 18 18
41
65-69 0
0
0
0
0
5
7
12
70-74 0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
75-79 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80-84 0
0
0
0
0 [1
0
0
85+
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL 22 153 377 790 1,377 1463 624 4,807
totalsmaynotbeequal t sum ofindividualrowsoxcolarmasdueto rounding.
001664
The distribution of the absolute number of persons at risk by calendar period is provided in
Table 13 for men and in Table 14 for women.
Table 13:
Distribution
of Absolute Number at
for Men (n = 1,639)
Risk
by
Calendar
Period
Calendar Period
Number at Risk
1960 - 1964
261
1965 - 1969
.
778
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980- 1984
1985 - 1989
1990 - 1991
TOTAL
-
1,274
1477 . 1545
1,591
Gm
1,639
Table 14: Distribution of Absolute Number at Risk by Calendar Period
for Women (n = 318)
Calendar Period.
.
Numberat Risk
1960- 1964
:
12
1965 - 1969
ES
1970-1974
105
| --
1975-1979
1980- 1984
1985 - 1989 1990-1991 TTOoTrALt
000
266
284
306 314
a3188
|
00
Ia the tables which follow, the observed mumofbdeeathrs, the expected umber of deaths,
theobservedtoexpected ratio (i.e.,theSMR), and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI)
are shownforspecific causesofdeath.The observed number ofdeathsfor aspecificcause
isthe numberofdeaths from thatcausethatoccurred during the study timeperiod.`The expected numberofdeathsfor aspecificcauseisthe numberofdeathsthatwouldhave
i`onctchuerrceodmipfatrhieseomnpploopyueleasteixopne.rTiheneceexdptehcetsedamneucmabuesre-osfpdeecaitfhiscwmoarstcaallictuylraatteedsbasyoabpspelryviendg therace-, sex-, age-, and time period-specific rates for the comparison population to the
001665
21
numberof person-yearsof follow-up contributed by the cohort members. The observed numberofdeathsfor aspecific causewasdivided bytheexpected numberofdeathsfor thatcauseand multiplibeyd100toobtainthecause-speciSfMiRc.An SMRmaybe interapsrfeoltloewsd: (1)an SMRof 100 meansthattheobservedandexpected number ofdeathswereequal,(2)an SMRlessthan100meansthatfewerdeathsoccurredthan
expected,and(3)anSMR greaterthan 100meansmore deaths occurred thanexpected.
`The 95%ClfortheSMRprovidesanindicationofthevariabilityandstatisticalsignificance oftheestiofmthae StMRe.The 95% CTmeansthatthereis a 95%chancethattheinterval includesthetruevalueofthe SMR.Ifthe95%CIdoesnotinclude100,theSMRis
consideredstatistically significant.
zn
001666
In Table 15, SMR for men are presented for selected causeofdeath categories for cach of the three white comparison populations.
Table 15: Selected Cause-Specific SMRs for Men by Comparison Population (n = 1,639)
CauseofDeath All CausesofDeath
Observed Deaths 70
All Malignant Neoplasms ~~ 15
CerebrovascularDisease
1
AllHeartDisease
17
RespiratoryDisease
0
External Causes
25
SMR
(95% Coufidence Interval) Comparison Population
us. 629 (490,795) 68.4 (383,1128)
Alabama 54.8
(427,693) 60.9
(341,100.49)
Alabama Counties
52.0 (405, 65.7)
59.9 (33.5, 98.8)
335
08,1868) 59.1
(344,947) -
00,912) 74.5
27.8
(07,1552) 53.2
(310,851) --
00,802) 59.0
26.5
(07, 147.5) 49.1
(28.6, 78.6) -
0.0, 73.9) 55.0
(48.2, 110.0)
(38.2, 87.1]
35.6, 81.3)
SMRsbased upontheAlabamaandAlabamacounties comparisonpopulations weresimilar
rat0,esbuatrleomwoerretshtaanb,ltehtohsaenbtahseeddeuapthornattehsefUo.rSt.hecsotmaptaerainsdornepgoipounlaaltcioomnp.arSisointphoenpuUl.ac Stidoeneasth
andbecausethe U.S.commonlyisused as acomparisonpopulationinoccupationalcohort
`morality studies, SMRs basedupontheU.S. comparison population will be presented in
the results which follow. SMRformenand women based upon the Alabama and
Alabama counties
appendices.
comparison
populations
are
provided
in
Tables
22
through25in
the
001667
`There were 70 deaths among the men in this cohort. Using the U.S. as the comparison population, SMRsfor menare shown in Table 16. The SMRsforall causesof death, heart disease,andrespiratory disease (i.c., nonmalignant respiratory disease) weresignificandy less than 100. The SMRforall causesofdeath was 62.9 (95% CI = 49.0, 79.5) and the SMRforheart disease was 59.1 (95%CI = 34.4, 94.7). No respiratory disease deaths occurred, although 4deaths`wereexpected. `Otherdeficitsoccurredfor allcancerandextemal causesof death,`The SMR forall cancers Was 68.4 (95%CI = 38.3, 112.8). Mostofthe`specific cancer SMRs were less than 100, `exceptforcancerofthebladderand otherurinaryorgansandcancerofother lymphaticand hematopoietictissue.Forthesetwocauses, the SMRswere basedon onlyone ortwo deathsandwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Forexternal causesofdeath,theSMRwas 74.5 (95% CI = 48.2, 110.0).Lessthanthe pected numberofdeathsoccurredfor `motor vehicleaccidents,suicides, and homicidesand other externalcauses ofdeath.
n
001665
Table 16: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men Using the U.S. as Comparison Population (n =
Observed Expected
Causeof Death
Deaths Deaths SMR
All Causesof Death
0 113 629
AllMalignant Neoplasms
15 219 68.4
Cancer of Buccal Cavity and 0 0.6 -
`Pharynx
Cancer ofDigestive
1 47 215
Organs and Peritoneum
`Cancer of Esophagus
0 05 -
Cancerof Stomach
0 07 --
`CancerofLargeIntestine 1 17 602
Cancer of Rectum
0 04 -
CaofnLivecrane dBilr iary ~~ 0 0.4 -
Passages
Cancer of Pancreas
0 1.0 -
Cancer ofAllOther
0 02 -
DigestiveOrgans
CaonfRcespieratrory System ~~ 7 76 918
Cancer of Larynx.
0 02 -
Cancerof Bronchus,
7 73 964
`TracanhdeLuan,g
Cancer ofOther
0 01 ---
1,639) 95%
Confidence Interval (49.0,79.5) (38.3, 112.8) 00, 628.2) 5, 120.0) 0, 722.6) (00, 531.8) 5, $353) (00, 1,003.1) 0, 919.1) (0.0, 379.1) (00, 2,442.9) (369, 189.2) 0, 1,529.7) (38.7, 198.6) (00, 3,109.0)
RespiratoryOrgans.
Cancer ofProstate
0
CanofcTeestresandOther 0
Male Genital Organs
`CancerofKidney
0
CancerofBladderandOther 1
Urinary Organs
0s -
(00, 694.6)
03 - (00, 1,123.9)
06 -
0.0, 592.5)
03 3413 (85, 19016)
25
001669
Table 16: (Continued)
95%
Cause of Death
Observed Expected Deshs Deahs SMR
Confidence Interval
CanocfBerarinandOther Cental Nervous System
1
12 843 @.1, 470.0)
Cancer ofThyroid and Other ~~ 0 Endocrine Glands
01
-
(00, 3,749.2)
Cancer of Bone
0
CanceroAlflLymphaticand ~~ 3
01 - (00, 3,035.4) 30 1011 (2092955)
Hematopoietic Tissue:
Lymphoma Hodgkin's Disease
0
04 =
(0.0, 997.3)
0
0s -
(0.0, 804.7)
Leukemis and Aleakemia 1 12 864 (22, 481.4)
CancerofOther Lymphatic ~~ 2 and Hemeopoiet:. Tissue
10 2038 (247,7362)
MalignantMelanomsofSkin~~ 1
AllOrber Malignant
1
09 1168 19 522
29, 650.6) 1.3, 290.7)
Neoplasms
Disbetes Mellitus Cerebrovascular Disease
0
1s --
00, 2402)
1 30 3s 38, 186.8)
All HeartDisease: Hyperteasion
7 288 sea (34.4, 94.7) 0 01 --- (00, 2,652.5)
Respiratory Disease
0 40 -
(0.0, 91.2)
Ulcer ofStomach and
0
03
-_
(0.0, 1,407.9)
Duodenum
CirrhosisofLiver Nephritis and Nephrosis
3 41 737 (152, 2153)
0 0.4 -
0.0, 999.6)
[External Causes
Accidents
25
335
745
19 206 924
(48.2, 110.0)
(55.6, 144.2)
Motor Vehicle Accidents
9
All OtherAccidents
10
11.8 76.1
88 1136
(34.8, 144.5)
(5452089)
-- Suicides 44 -- 7799 S50088 (3193.9,1313001.1)
2
001670
Table 16: (Continued)
Observed Expected
`CauseofDeath
Deaths Deaths SMR
HomiancdOtihedrExetersnal ~~ 2 49 407
Causes
Residual Causes"
7 128 545
Unknown Causest
2
all cher causesofdeath combined
--
#00death certificateobrained;includedonlyinallcauses ofdeathcaegory
95% Confidence Interval "9, 147.0) (19,1123)
InTable 17,SMRsareprovidedforwomen,usig theU.S.asthecomparisonpopulation. NocauseofdeathhadanSMRsignificantly differeat from 100. Thweere4rdeaeths amongfemaleemployeesandtheallcauseSMF. was 62.6 (95% CI = 17.1, 160.4). Ofthe 4deaths whichoccurred, 3deathswerefromexternalcauses (SMR =213.4; 95% CT= 44.0,623.6). Byexaminingthedeathcertificatesforthespecificcausesofdeathand circumstancessurroundingthedeaths, itwasdeterminedthattheexcessmortalityamong. femalesduetoexternalcauseswasnotwork-relatod. Oneoftheextceausresnofadealth `wasduetoarsenicpoisoningandtheothertwoexternalcausesofdeathweredue tomotor vehicleaccidents.
2
001671
Table 17: Cause-Specific SMRs for Women Using the U.S. as Comparison Population (n = 318)
95%
Observed Expected
Confidence
Causeof Death
Deaths Deaths SMR
Interval
AllCausesofDeath
4 64 626 (17.1, 160.4)
All Malignant Neoplasms
0 23 -
(00, 162.4)
Cerebrovascular Disease
1
03 3760 (94,2053)
AllHeartDisease
0
09 -
0.0, 413.1)
RespiratoryDisease
0 03 - 0, 1,344.7)
`Extemal Causes
3
14 2134 (40,6236)
:
Accidents
2 08 2473 (299,893.49)
`Motor Vehicle Accidents 2 06 3647 (44.1, 1,117.6)
AllOther Accidents
0
03 ---
(0.0, 1,653)
Suicides
0 0.4 ---
00,9922)
HomiancdOtihedrExetersnal ~~ 1
02 496 (112, 2505.4)
Causes
.
`Tables 18through21present SMRsand95%Clformeabythedepartment(s)worked subgroups.
`Findingsweresimilarformeneveremployedinchemicaldepartment(s)(Table 18).Atotal OF 57deathswereobservedfor thesemen and the all cause SMRwas significantly decreased (SMR =70.0; 95%C1 = 53.0,90.6). TheSMRforheartdiseasealsowas significantlyless than 100 (S=M48.R8; 95% CI = 24.4, 87.4). SMRs and 95% Cls for allcancerandextemalcausesofdeathwere 76.9 (95% CT =40.9, 131.5)and90.2 (95% CI =55.1, 139.3), respectively.
2
001672
Table 18: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men
Ever Fmployed in Chemical Department(s)
Using the U.S. as Comparison Population (n = 1050)
Cause of Death
-
AllCauses ofDeath
All Malignant Neoplasms
Observed Deaths G7)
1B
CanofcBueccarl Cavity and
o
Pharynx
CancerofDigestive
1
OragndPaerintonesum
Cancerof Esophagus
0
Cancerof Stomach
0
CancerofLargeIntestine 1
Cancerof Rectum
0
CaofnLivecrane dBilr iary ~~ 0
Passages
Cancerof Pancreas
0
CancerofAllOther
0
DigestiveOrgans
CancerofRespiratory System~~ 7
CancerofLarynx
0
Cancerof Bronchus,
7
Trachea, and Lung
CancerofOther
0
RespiratoryOrgans
CancerofProstate
0
`Cancerof TestesandOther 0
Male Genital Organs
CancerofKidney
0
Cancer of BladderandOther 1
Urinary Organs
Expected Deaths sts 169
0.5
6 04 0s 13 03 03 [X] 01 61
0.2
58
0.1
0.5
02
0.5
02
SMR 1007 769
--
95%
Confidence Inwrval (30,906 (409, 131.5)
(0.0, 800.6)
25 07,1532)
- 00, 913.3) -- (0.0, 686.1) 769 (19, 4285) - (00, 1,271.9) - 00, 1,1882)
- (0.0, 430.6) - (00, 32032)
151 (463,237.1)
-
00, 1,891.9)
1207 (4852487)
-_--
(0.0, 4,214.1)
---
(0.0, 805.9)
- (00, 1,678.5)
---
(0.0, 768.2)
4155 (104, 23153)
5
001673
Table 18: (Continued)
Observed
Causeof Death
Deaths
Cancerof BrainandOther 1
Central Nervous System
CanofcThyeroridandOther ~~ 0
Endocrine Glands
CancerofBone:
Cancer of AllLymphaticand ~~
0
2
Hematopoietic Tissue
Lymphoma
0
Hodgkin's Disease
0
Leukemiaand Aleukemia 1
CancerofOther Lymphatic~~ 1
andHematopoietic Tissue
MalignantMelanomaofSkin~~ 0
AllOtherMalignant
1
Neoplasms
Disbetes Mellitus
0
Cerebrovascular Disease:
1
All HeartDisease
nu
Hypertension
0
Respiratory Disease
0
UlofcSteomarch and : 0
Duodenum
CirrhosisofLiver
3
Nephitis and Nephrosis
0
Extemal Causes
20
Accidents
Motor Vehicle Accideats
16
3
All Other Accidents
8
Suicides
3
Expected.
Deaths SMR 09 172 01 -
0.1
-
22 929
03 03 -- 08 1200 07 1372
06 --15 68s
11 23 434 2s as
0.1
_
32 -
02 -
30 1002 03 -
222 90.2
13.6
17.3
78 1028
59 1357
52
57.7
95%
Confidence
Interval (29,6530)
00, 5,132)
(0.0, 4,368.3)
(112,335)
00, 1341.9) (00, 1,163.3) (30,6688) (34,7645)
, 614.7) (17, 383.7)
00,3239) (11, 241.7) (24.4, 87.4
(0.0, 3,389.9)
00, 1163) (00, 1,796.3)
(07,2027) 0, 1,308.2)
(55.1, 139.3)
(67.0, 190.5)
(444,205 (58.6,267.4)
(11.9, 168.6)
30
001674
Table 18: (Continued)
Observed Expected.
CauseofDeath
Deaths Deaths SMR
HomiancdOtiherdExetersnal ~~ 1 32 314
Causes
ResidualCauses
7 9.0 776
UnknownCauses?
2
allother cansesof deathcombined.
*nodeathcenificaseobiained;includedonlyinallcansesofdeathcategory
95% Confidence.
Interval 08, 175.1)
(312, 159.9)
`Thizsy-two deaths occurred amongmea oalyemployedinchemicaldepartment(s)(Table 19).The SMRforallcausesofdeathwas72.5and wasnotstatisticallysignificant(95% C++49.6, 102.4).Forheartdisease,the SMRwas 53.4 (95%CI =21.5, 110.1). Theall cancerSMRwas93.6(95%CI =42.8, 177.8). Theobserved andexpected numbersof dealsduetoexternalcauses wereapproximatelythesame,resultinginan SMRof95.0
(95% Cl = 45.6, 174.7).
n
001675
Table 19: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men Only Employed in Chemical Department(s) Using the U.S. as Comparison Population (n = 485)
95%
Observed Expected
Confidence
Cause of Death
All CauofsDeeasth
Deaths
= 3 41
SMR
Interval
72577 (496, 102.4)
All Malignant Neoplasms
9
9.6
93.6
(42.8, 177.8)
CanofcBueccral Cavity and ~~ 0 03 - (00, 1,396.4)
Pharynx
CancerofDigestive
0 21 - 00,1752)
`Organs and Peritoncum
:
Cancer of Esophagus
0 02 - 00, 1,577.7)
Cancerof Stomach
0 03 - (00, 1,195.2)
CanocfLeargre Intestine: 0 08 - 00, 488.5)
Cancer of Rectum
0 02 - (00, 2,175.6)
CaonfLiivercandBilirary. 0 02 - (00, 2,072.6)
Passages
Cancerof Pancreas
0
CancerofAllOther
0
CanDciegreostfiRveesOprirgaatnosry System 5
Cancer ofLarynx.
0
CancerofBronchus,
5
Trachea, and Lung.
Cancerof Other
0
Respiratory Organs
CancerofProstate
0
05 - 0, 827.2) 01 - (00, 5,692.4) 36 1410 (45.8,329.0) 01 -- (00, 3,198.4) 34 1478 (480,349) 01 - (00, 7,763.4) 03 - (00, 1,202.0)
`Cancerof TestesandOther
0
0.1
---
(0.0, 3,501.4)
Cancer of Kidney
0
Cancerof Bladder and Other
1
Urinary Organs
03 -
0.2 669.9
(0.0, 1,365.0)
(16.7, 3,732.7)
32
001676
Table 19: (Continued)
Cause of Death Cancer of Brain and Other
Observed Deaths
1
Central Nervous System
CancerofThyroid and Other ~~ 0
Endocrine Glands
Cancerof Bone
0
CanceroAlflLymphaticand ~~ 2
`Hematopoietic Tissue
Lymphoma
0
Hodgkin's Disease
0
Leukemia and Alenkemia 1
Cancer ofOtherLymphatic 1
Expected Dewhs SMR 05 2226 00 -
00 --12 1740
02 02 --04 2263
04 249.5
Malignant MelanoofSmkian ~~ 0
AllOtherMalignant
0
Neoplasms
Diabetes Mellims
0
Cerebrovascular Disease:
0
AllHeartDisease:
7
Hypertension
o
Respiratory Disease
0
lerof Stomach and
0
Duodeaum
Cirrhosis of Liver
1
Nephritis and Nephrosis
0
External Causes
10
Accidents
9
Motor VehicleAccidents
5
All Other
Suicides
Accidents
4
1
03 08 -
06 13 -
13.1
53.4
01 -
19 ---
ot -
16 62.3
02 -
10.5
95.0
65 1394
3.6
138.0
2.9
140.2
25 400
95%
Confidence Interval (56, 12403)
(00, 9,544.3)
(00, 8,697.5) (aL1,6287)
(0.0, 2,466.1) (0, 2,346.1) (57,12607)
(6:2, 1,390.1)
, 1,200.4) 00, 4553)
(00, 589.0) 0.0, 274.4)
(21.5, 110.1)
(00, 5,834.4) (00, 1953) (00, 3,083.3)
(1.6, 347.3)
(0.0, 2,346.9)
(45.6, 174.7)
(637,264)
(44.8, 322.0) (38.2, 359.0)
1.0. 23.1)
33
001677
Table 19: (Continued)
Observed Expected
CauseofDeath
Deahs Deaths SMR
`HomaindcOthierdExteemsal ~~ 0 15 -
Causes
ResidualCauses'
3 47 634
Unknown Cansest
2
`allothercauses ofdeathcombined
00deathcertificaeobtained;includedonlyinallcausesofdeathcategory
95%
Confidence Interval (0.0, 247.4) (13.1,1853)
`Therewere37deathsamongmeneveremployedinfilmdepertment(s)(Table20). A
staisticallysignificantdeficitwasobservedforallcausesofdeathcombined (SMR = 58.6;
9CI=41.3,80.8). Althoughnonsignificant,deficitsalsowereseenforheartdisease
(SMR = 69.9; 95% Cl = 33.5, 128.5),allcancer (S=M52.R9; 95% CI = 19.4, 115.2),
ardextemalcausesofdeath(SMR =62.9;95%CI =34.4, 105.5).
!
001678
34
Table 20: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men Ever Employed In Film Department(s)
Using the U.S. as Couwparison Population (n = 1,116)
Observed Expected
Causeof Death
Deaths Deaths SMR
Al CausesofDeath
@ e1 ss
AllMalignant Neoplasms
6 m3 529
CanofcBueccral Cavity and. 0 03 -
Pharynx
CancerofDigestive
1 23 431
95% Confidence
Interval (41.3, 80.8) (19.4, 1152) , 1,248.9)
(1.1, 240.0)
Orag ndPa erin tonesum
Cancer of Esophagus
0
Cancerof Stomach
0
`CancerofLargeIntestine. 1
Cancer ofRectum
0
CancerofLiverandBiliary ~~ 0
03 - (00, 1,465.1) 04 - 00, 1,043.7) 08 1206 (3.0, 672.1) 02 --- 00, 2,040.6) 02 - (00, 1,798.6)
Passages
Cancerof Pancreas
0 [X] ---
0.0, 767.6)
CancerofAllOther
0
01 ---
(00, 4,625.3)
DigestiveOrgans
CaonfRecspieratorry System~~ 2 37 sal (65, 195.4)
Cancer of Larynx
0 01 --- 00, 3253.4)
`Cancerof Bronchus,
2 35 569 (69, 205.4)
Trachea, and Lung
Cancer of Other
0 01 - (00, 5,537.8)
RespiratoryOrgans
Cancerof Prostate
0 02 - (00, 1,915.6)
`Cancer ofTestesand Other
0
02 - 00, 1,711.8)
Male Genital Organs
`Cancer of Kidney
0 03 - 0, 1,137.8)
Cancer ofBladderandOther o 01 - (00, 2,877.2)
Urinary Organs
:
3s
001679
Table 20: (Continued)
Observed
Cause of Death
Deaths
CancerofBrainandOther 0
Central Nervous System
CancerofThyroid and Other~~ 0
Endocrine Glands
Cancerof Bone
0
CanAcllLeymprhatoicafnd ~~ 1
Hematopoietic Tissue
Lymphoma
0
Hodgkin's Disease
0
Leukemia and Aleukemia. 0
Cancer ofOtherLymphatic ~~ 1
and Hematopoietic Tisse
MalignantMelsnomaof Skin ~~ 1
All OtherMalignant
1
Neoplasms
`Disbetes Melltms
0
CerebrovascularDisease:
1
All Heart Disease:
10
Hypertension
0
Respiratory Disease
0
UlofcSteomarch and
0
`Duodenum
CirrhosisofLiver
2
Nephitis and Nepbrosis
0
External Causes
14
Accidents
10
Motor Vehicle Accidents
4
All Other Accidents
6
Suicides
2
Expected
Deaths SMR
07 --
01 -
01 17 ssa
02 03 07 05 1848
05 1918
1.0
97.6
09 15 663 143 699 01 20 01 -
23
86.6
02 -
223 62.9
$B?
73.2
8.0
50.2
57 1046
52 38.6
95%
Confidence
Interval
(0.0, 531.1)
(00, 6,576.8)
(00, 4,865.3) (15, 325.5)
(0.0, 1,785.5) 90, 12769) 0.0, 545.8) (46, 1030.0)
(48, 10588)
(2.4, 543.7)
(0.0, 4343) (17, 369.6) (335, 1285) (0.0, 5,311.6) 00,1873) (00, 2,826.0)
(10.5, 312.7)
(0.0, 1,870.8)
(34.4, 105.5) (35.1, 134.6) (13.7, 128.7)
(38.4,227.6)
(4.7, 139.4)
36
001680
Table 20: (Continued)
Observed
Causeof Death
Deaths
HomiancdOtihedrExetersnal ~~ 2
Causes
Residual Causes"
4
llothercausesofdeathcombined
Expected Deaths SMR 33 602 17520
95% Confidence
Interval (7.3, 217.6) (142, 133.1)
`Elevendeathswereobserved for menoalyemployed infilm department(s) (Table21). Twostatisticallysignificant SMRsoccurred forthis subgroup. The allcauseSMRwas 41.4(95% CI = 20.7, 74.0)andtheexternalcauses SMRwas37.3 (95% CI= 102, 95.6). Nousignificantdecreases wereobservedforallcancer(SMR =46.9; 95%CT = 5.7, 169.5) andhesindisease (SMR 96.3; 95% CI = 31.3, 224.8).
001681
37
Table 21: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men
Using
Only Employed in Film
the U.S. as Comparison
Department(s)
Population (n
=
547)
95%
CauseofDeath
Observed Erpecied Deaths Deaths SMR
Confidence Interval
All CausesofDeath
All Malignant Neoplasms
@ 266 414
2 43 469
(20.7, 74.0)
(57, 169.5)
.
CanofcBueccral Cavityand ~~ 0 Pharynx
01
-
(0.0, 3,497.2)
CancerofDigestive
0 08 - 00, 438.8)
OrgansandPeritoneum
.
Cancerof Esophagus CancerofStomach
0 01 - (00, 4,205.1) oot - (00, 2,802.6)
.
CancerofLargeIntestine: 0
Cancerof Rectum
0
03 01 ---
(00, 1223.0) (00, 5,730.7)
CancLieverran'dBoiifry ~~ 0 . Passages
01
-
(00, 4,808.4)
Cancerof Pancreas Cancerof AllOther
0 02 --- (00, 2,170.9) 0 00 --- 00, 11,9622)
DigestiveOrgans
CancerofRespiratorySystem~~ 0
Cancerof Larynx
0
13 - (00,2943) 0.0 --- 00, 10,015.1)
`CancerofBronchus,
0 12 - 00,3102)
TracahndeLaun,g
Cancerof Other
0 0.0 --- 0.0, 13,3799)
CRaenscpeirroaftPororsytOartge ans
0 01 - 0.0, 7,688.6)
Cancer ofTestesandOther Male Genital Organs
0
01 ---
(00, 3,598.5)
CancerofKidney
Caofn Bladc der ae nd Otrher
~~
o
0
0.1
0.0
-
-
(0.0, 3,050.4)
(00, 9,158.4)
Urinary Organs
38
001682
Table 21: (Continued)
Observed
Cause of Death
Cancerof BrainandOther
0 Deaths
Central Nervous System
CancerofThyroid and Other ~~ 0
Endocrine Glands
Cancer ofBone:
0
CancerofAllLymphaticand. 1
Hematopoietic Tissue
Lymphoma
0
Hodgkin's Disease
0
Leukemia and Aleukemia 0
CancerofOther Lymphatic ~~ 1
and Hematopoietic Tissue -
Malignant MelanomaofSkin~~ 1
All Other Malignant
0
Neoplasms
Diabetes Mellitus
0
CerebrovascularDisease
0
AllHeartDisease:
5
Hypertension
0
Respiratory Disease
0
Ulofc Ste omar ch and
0
Duodeaum
CirrhosisofLiver
0
`Nephritis and Nephrosis
0
External Causes
4
Accidents
3
Motor Vehicle Accidents
1
All Other Accidents
2
Suicides
0
Expected
Deaths SMR
03 0.0 00 --07 1371 01 --01 03 --02 4523 02 427.6 04 -
0.4
-_
0.6
---
52 963
00 -
07 ---
0.1
n--,
10 --01 107 373 66 458
3.8 26.1
27
733
2.5 =
05%
Cowidence
Interval
(00, 1233.1)
00, 15,7769)
00, 10,7206) (3.4, 763.8)
(0.0, 4372.5) 00, 2,803.9) (0.0, 1,260.7) (113.2,5204)
(107, 23825) (0.0, 920.0)
(0.0, 1,056.3) 0.0, 642.5)
(313, 224.8) (0.0, 14,566.9) (0.0, 509.5)
(0.0, 7,745.3)
(0.0, 385.9) (0.0, 4,857.8) (102, 95.6) 5,133.9)
(0.7, 145.4) (8.9, 264.8)
0, 147.2)
39
001683
Table 21: (Continued)
95%
Observed Expected
Confidence
CauseofDeath
Deaths Deaths SMR
Interval
`HomaindOcthierdExteernsal ~~ 1 16 609 (15, 339.6)
Causes
..
meets
f--
Aretrospectivecohortmortality study was conducted of formerand currentemployees who
hadworkedatleastoneysaratthe 3MPlantinDecatur,Alabamaandatleast onedayafter March 1, 1961.Vitalstatuswasdeterminedthroughtheeadof 1991.
`Maleandfemaleemployeeshadlessthantheexpected numberofdeathsfromallcauses. Formen,thisdecreasewusstatisticallysignificant. Similarresultswereseenforthe subgroupsofmendefined by deparmenwtor(ksed).For cachofthe subgrouptsh,e overallnumber ofdeaths wasles:than expected.
Therewere atotalof 4deathsamongwomen and 3ofthesedeathsweredue toexternal
causesresultingin anonsigtwn o-fioldfini crecaseainnrit sk. Examinoafttheideoatnh
certificatesforthosewomenwithextemalcauses ofdeathrevealedthattheexcessmortality
wasnotwork-related.
Follow-upofthecohort andascertainmentofcausesofdeath fordeceasedcohort members
wasvirtuallycomplete. Vitalstatuswasdetermfiorn1,e95d1 (99.o7f%th)e1,957cohort members.Ofthe 74deceasedemployees,deathcertificates were obtainedfor72(97.3%). Quality control measures were implemented throughout the studyto ensuretheintegriotfy thedata. Inaddition,severalcomparisonpopulationsweredefinedandtheresultswere
`coanm d fop unda tor bese imild ar.
3Mprovidedtheinformationusedtoassemblethe cohort. Alt eveh ryeo fforu twag smah de
10ensurethatthecohortwas complete,therewas nowaytoindependentlyverifythe compleotfethnecoehosrts. Inanattempttoassesswhetherthe cohortwas complete, 3M
was askedtosupplyyear-endcountsof employeesatthe 3MDecaturPlantforcachyear
during the studyperiod(ic., 1961 - 1991). These counts were compared to the counts of
employees workingatthe 3MDecaturPlantin Decemberofeachyearasdeterminedfrom
001684
the study daiabase.Thecounts greater than, those reported by
rom IM.
the
study
database
were
nearly
the
same
as,
or
usualy
Rt19es9c8or.mAemtecntodhmaattmdieeomnne,dtthehadettNhDeImowrialllihtayveexdpeeartihernecceoorfdtshaivsaiglraobulpeofforeamnpaldodyieteisonbaelufpidvaeyteeadrisn, ex$9a2mi-n1at9i9o8n)oAfnawhleytsheesr wtihtehmoardtdailtiitoynparloyfeialreisosfcofnoslilsotwe-nvtpovaenrdtdiemaet.hs would allow
References
1. ManaarlsyhsisGpMr,ogPrraemi.nAimnegerMr.StOatC1M9A80P;:34:A2u4s5e.r-orientedoccupationalcobortmortality 2. MRoenss1o97n4R;R7.:32A5n-a3l3y2s.isofrelativesurvivalandprogetimoortnalaitly.Comput Biomed
001685
41
Appendices
Table 22: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men Using Alabama as Comparison Population (n = 1,639)
Observed Expected
95%
Confidence
_Causeof Death
Deaths Deaths SMR
Inerval
All CausesofDeath
0 1277 s48 (427,693)
All Malignant Neoplasms
15
Caon fBuccealeCavrity and 0
246 609 06 -
(34.1, 100.4) 0.0, 649.5)
Pharynx
CancerofDigestive
1 43 231 (0.6, 128.8)
Organs and Peritoneum
CancerofEsophagus
0
0s -
(0.0, 810.9)
`Cancerof Stomach
[1]
CanocfLearrge Intestine 1
0.6
-_
16 638
(0.0, 662.4)
(16, 355.5)
|
Cncerof Rec
0 03 - (00, 1,290.0)
CuncerofLiavndBeilirary ~~ 0
0.5 -
0.0, 779.9)
Passages
`CancerofPancreas
0
1.0 -
(0.0, 381.1)
CancerofAllOther
0 01 - (00, 2,904.8)
Digestive Organs
CancerofRespiratory System ~~ 7
Cancerof Larynx
0
99 709 (285, 146.1) 02 -- 00, 1,651.8)
Cancerof Bronchus, Trachea, and Lung
7 95 734 (295, 151.3)
Cancerof Other Respiratory Organs
0 01 - (00, 3,160.3)
CancerofProstate
`Cancer of TestesandOther
0
0
0.5
---
(0.0, 728.3)
03 - 00, 1,309.5)
Male Genital Organs
Cancer of Kidney
CanofcBlaeddrer and Other
0
1
0.6
-
0.0, 657.5)
02 4199 (105, 23396)
Urinary Organs
001686
42
Table 22: (Continued)
Cause of Death
CCaenncterarloNferBrvaoiunsanSydsOttehmer
Observed Expected
Deaths Deaths SMR
1
14
70.7
CancerofThyroid and Other
0
CEanndcoecrrionfeBGolnaends
0
ConcerofAllLymphaticand ~~ 3
Hematopoietic Tissue
Lymphoma
0
Hodgkin's Disease
LeukemiaandAleukemia 1
CuccrofOtherLymphadc 2.
`andHemaropoietic Tissue
- MaligmntMelsomaSokifn~~ 1
AllOther Malignant
1
Neoplasms
Diabetes Mellitus
0
ACelrleHbreoavratsDciusleaarseDisease
1
7
Hypertzasion
0
Respiratory Disease
Ulcerof Stomach and
Jo
0
Duodenum
0.1
-
01 29 1044
. 04 --04 12 846 10 2087
1 es2 26 389
14 --
3.6
20
27.8
(2D
02 --
4.6 -
03 --
NCierprhhroiscissoafnLdiNveeprhrosis External Causes Accidents
Motor Vehicle Accidents All OtherAccidents
--Suicides
3
0 25
9 10
44.
3.4
0.4 424 m2
17.1 11.2
778.8
88.9
590) ery
52.7 89.3
5511.33
95%
Confidence
Interval (1.8, 393.8)
(0.0, 3,017.6)
(0.0, 3,406.6) (15,3050) (0.0, 987.9) (00, 1,018.5) @1,471.6) (253, 7540)
24, 530.3) (10, 2167)
(0.0, 259.0)
(0.7, 155.2)
Guo) (0.0, 2,007.5)
(0.0, 802)
00, 1,256.6)
(18.3, 259.7)
0,917.2) (82.871) (40.5, 105.1)
(24.1, 100.0) (42.8, 164.2)
((1144.00,.113311.55))
a
001687
-_--
----------Tab-- le 22:T ((CCoona nttiinnueub de)) le2k
95%
--CmaeusoeoefDseahth
Observed Expected ______DeDeaahhss DeDaeatthss SSMMRR
Confidence IInteerrvaall
HomiancdOtihedrExetersnal 2 Causes
61 326
(39, 17.9)
ResidualCanses Unknown Causest
7 138 506 (203, 1042) 2
alloercauses of deathcombined
0deathcenficatsobtained; cludedonlyinallcasesof deathcasgory
a
001688
Table 23: Cause-Specific SMRs for Women .--Using Alabama as Comparison Population (n = 318)
Observed Expected
CauseofDeath
Deaths Deaths SMR
All Cats:sofDeath
4 67 599
All MalignantNeoplasms
0 23 -
Cerebrovascular Disease
1 03 3571
AllHeartDisease
0
1.0
-
Respiranry Disease:
0 03 -
`External Causes Accidents
3
17 1795
2
Ll 1858
MotoxVehicle Accidents 2 08 2511
ALOther Accidents
0, 03 -
Suicides
0 03 ---
`Homair cOthierdExteernsal= 1
03 3928
Causes--
95% Confidence Inerval (163, 153.4) (0.0, 162.5) (89, 1,989.6) .0, 372.0) 0, 1,391.2) (370,547) (25,6712) (30.4, 907.2) (00, 1,323.4) 00, 1,096.1) (9.321883).
45
001689
Using
the
Table Alabama
24: Cause-Specific SMRs for Men Counties as Comparison Population
(n
=
1,639)
CauseofDeath
Observed Expected Deaths Deaths SMR
All CausesofDeath
All Malignant Neoplasms
70
15
1347
52.0
251 599
CancerofBuccal Cavityand ~~ 0 05 -
Pharynx
CancerofDigestive
1 42 237
Organs and Peritoneum
CancerofEsophagus
0 0.4 -
Cancerof Stomach
CanocfLeargre Intestine
0
1
0.5
---
15 648
Cancerof Rectum
0
CanLciveeranrdBoilifary ~~ 0
03 0s
-
Passages
Cancer of Pancreas CancerofAllOther
0 10 --0 01 -
Digestive Organs
95%
Confidence Interval
(40.5, 65.7)
(33.5, 98.8) 00, 822.6)
(06, 132.3)
0, 1,048.0)
0.0, 679.5)
(16, 361.3) (00, 1,491.0) 00, 721.6)
00,3748 00, 2,730.1)
`CaCnacenrceorfoRfesLpairryatnoxrySystem
7
0
Cancerof Bronchus,
7
Trachea,andLung
CancerofOther
0
CancReesrpoifraPtroorsytaOtreg.ans
0
`CancerofTestes and Other
`Male Genital Organs
0
102 69.0
02 98 713
01 -
os -
0.3
-
(27.7, 142.1) hu
(0.0, 1,623.4) (28.7, 146.9)
(00, 3,493.0)
00, 711.6)
(0.0, 1,409.3)
CancerofKidney CancerofBladder and Other
--evops
0
0.6
-_
(0.0, 671.1)
1
0.3
358.7
(9.0, 1,998.9)
000000007
001690 46
Table 24: (Continued)
95%
Causeof Death
Observed Expected Deaths Deaths SMR
Contidence Interval
CancerofBrain andOther Central Nervous System
1
13 78.0 @0, 434.7)
CancerofThyroid and Other 0 Endocrine Glands
0.1
-
00, 2,981.2)
CancerofBone
0
CancofeAlrl Lymphatic and 3
0.1 - 0, 2,711.5) 29 1028 @12, 300.5)
Hematopoietic Tissue
Lymphoma `Hodgkin's Disease.
0
03
-
0, 1,194.5)
0
0.4
-
00, 7,021.6)
Leukemiaand Aleukemia 1 Caofn Othc erLye mphar tic ~~ 2
12 81.6 10 1955
20, 454.9) (23.7. 706.1)
`andHematopoietic Tissue
MalignantMelanomaofSkin 1
AllOtherMalignant
1
10 1004 3.0 33.0
@5, 559.5 38, 183.9)
Neoplasms
Diabetes Mellitus Cerebrovascular Disease
0
13 --
00, 275.4)
1
3.8 26.5
07, 141.5)
AllHeart Disease Hypertension
1 346 49.1 (28.6, 78.6)
0
0.1
-
00, 2,762.4)
Respiratory Disease Uleerof Stomach and
0
5.0
-
0.0, 73.9)
0
03 -
0, 1212.4)
Duodeaum
Cirrhosisof Liver Nephritis and Nephrosis
3
32 92.8 (192, 271.3)
0
0.4 ---
00, 925.1)
External Causes Accidents
2 454 550 (35.6, 81.3) 19 312 609 (36.7, 95.1)
Motor Vehicle Accidents AllOtherAccidents
9 10
194 465 19 842
12,882) (40.4, 154.8)
-- Suicides 44 77.55 5533.33 (1144.55,.113365.5)
47
001691
Table 24: (Continued)
Causeof Death
Observed Expected Deaths Deaths SMR
HomiancdOtiherdExteernsal ~~ 2 65 309
Causes
Residual Causes
7 144 487
Unknown Causest
allothercauses ofdeathcombined
2
00 dehcnificassobained: cludedonly in ll causesof eath category
95% Confidence
Interval 37, 111.8) (19.6, 100.4)
~
Tablz 25: Cause-Specific SMRs for Women
Using Alabama Counties as Comparison Population (n = 318)
95%
Causeof Death
Observed Expected Deaths Deaths SMR
Confidence. Interval
All CausesofDeath: AllMalignant Neoplasms
4 68 586 (16.0, 150.1)
0
23 -
0.0, 162.4)
CerebrovascularDisease All HeartDisease:
1 03 3202 (80, 1,784.0)
0
11 -
(00, 343.9)
Respiratory Disease External Causes
0 03 --- (00, 1,381.0)
3
17 121 (355,509)
Accidents MotorVehicle Accidents
2 2
12 11 (209, 6253) 09 2305 (2798326)
All Other Accidents Suicides
0 03 - 00, 1,289.2) 0 03 - (00, 1,142.5)
HomiancdOtiherdExetersnal~~ 1 --_--Causes
03 3821 (96,21293)
001692
48
