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February 15,1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society, Volume 20,1941, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081. Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614*890*4700 TWX: 7101109409 lence sicr anil pmlilirni 'C colors tanee. jitntc :: Bichromate a Chromate t Urinate . Selenite w I Glazes aide m Oxide . Burnt ^Uze Colors m flitrate .m Oxides tar Clay C laky sides Oxides Powder ag Equipment / Elates (or ting it >rk, N. Y. PAPERS Centrifugal Slip Casting--C. R Austin ami (V H. Duncnniltc. Jr........ ................................ 113--10 Tunnel Drier Refinements--T. W. Carve........................................................................................................ 117-1A Control of Iron Oxide in Volcanic Ash--K. D. Kinney.................................................................................... ll.S-21 Examination of a Chinese Temmoltu Clare and liody--\V. H. Earliart........... .................................. 121-22 Engineering Control of Dust with S|H.vial Kefereitev to Respirator:--A. I) lliaiult ............................... 122-25 1 Recent Legislation on Occupational Diseases --Thrmlnrv C. Waters............................................................ 12lV-.`U) Health of Uriel; and Tile IMant Workers in N'orilt Carolina--M. l;. Trice. ..................... i Advertisers' Index....................................................................................................................................................... 1`M)-o4 6 Buyers' Guide................................................................................................................................................... 18, 16, 18, SO INDEX TO CERAMIC HISTORY, ACTIVITIES, NOTES Air Hygiene Foundation, officers. trustees, p. 130. American Ceramic Society, Anmi.it Meeting .places ami officer*. IRtMl-ltMl, p. 142. American Society for Testing Materials, committee rep*wt*: C-* mi Kefrac* tones. |. 1*11). C*14 on CIam ami OlaM Products (Sub committee III), urtirer*. p. 1311. C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units, p. 13*. Annual Meetings, 18W-1MI, p. 142. Corning Gists Works. Clime m.is-trce iument*. photo. p. I4S Crystalware in the movie*, p. 14.v Enamelers' Club, Central District, March meeting, p. I4*. Glass Division, Committer H1 rharmucofimn'a (Hass, memltrrs. p. I3aj. Historical Data, S*4ety Annual Meeting* and officers. p 142. Ceramic history, Kohler. \V. J.. p. 134. Ceramic schools, Iowa State College. Student Branch meeting*, p. 142. Missouri School of Minen and Metallurgy. ^ Student Branch meeting, p. 113. Netr Vnrfe State Collcce of. Ceramics, changes in staff: appointment*. K. C. Arrance and R. (.. Stone, photo*, p. 144. resignuthm*. C. M. Iwirapman ami K. K. I.ohaugh (pht.p 143. North Carolina. University of. Student Branch meetings, honoraries. Keramo.i. pp. 142-43. Ohio State University. Siuitrnf Branch meetings, p. 143. Rutgers University. 173th anntvcr*ary. p.143. Virginia Polytechnic lost.. Student Branch meeting*, p. 142. Cleveland Museum of Arts, gifts of R. A. Wesver. p. 147. Kohler, W. |n long., p. 131. photo. April cover. Local Sections. Chicago. Kr> meeting,* lirrr*. p 13* Pacttic N'ofthwr*!. oilier*. ; |3U. |*iitsl*urgh. winter mrv>iii;. dlicri*. p. I.'IV Southern California. Jan. meeting. odiver*, p 13* wLivtng kitchen." at Syracuse Miwum of Fine Arts. p. I It*: photo*, pp. 144.*-3t*. Members, meinltersliip worker** record, p. 140. new. for l'*cl and March, p. 1 Ml paid mcmher*hip record, p. 141. roster changes lie FeU. am! March, p. 130. Necrology, Hardrof. I*. Ii.. King., p. 144. photo, p 113. Kondo. Sviii. Ii*g.. phHo. p. 143. I.iudvmann. A. J.. I*ig.. P- 14l. Satiudvr*. I.. Ii.. laog.. ph>(o, p. 113 Orton. Edward. Jr., Ceramic Foundation, Financial Statement for ltl-10. p 1311. Pacific Northwest Clayworkers* Association, winter meeting, officer*. |*. I3M. Past-Presidents. I**p Iti4ti. p. 142 Photographs. Arrange. I*. C.. p. 14 I Itardrof. I- I* . p. 113. Cliri**ma*-tree swuameut*. Corning f'da*- W*rk*. |< 14* enamel ewer -land. gift if H. A: Weaver, p 117 KiMilrr. W J.. A(git c*vrr Kitii|ii.N'iii.|i. 1)3 "iidiu kill l.vti'* exhibit Syrucira- Mtrj-uai <d l ine Art*- pp. I I'.* 3o. l.idMiuli. !' I*. . p 143. Ntniiilt'r*. I.. K. p 113 Stone. R. I... p 1 14 Porcelain Enamel Institute, annual meeting. P i*;. I'ri.v-- Committee, p. I Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, "living kitchen" permanent exhitat. p. IVJ; photo*, pp I4P-34I. Weaver, R. A., gift* to Cleveland Museum, p 147. Publication Ofitt: Jftlth & Northampton. Sts.. Easton. Pa. Editorial, Executive. and Advertising Qfices: 2323 N. High St.. Columbus. Ohio. Committee on Publications: J. D. Sullivan. Chairman: Ii. Ii. Makiakcr. J. B. Austin*. A. N. Finn, Ross C. Puaor. Entered as secood-dass matter at the post office at Karon. Pa., under the act of March 3. 1879. Subscription $1.30 a year. Single numbers twenty-five cents. (Foreign and Canadian postage. SOe on subscriptions) (Copyright i04/.*71 erruon Ceramic Society. Jnc.t Published monthly. 130 Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Trice established in the majority of states, and these bureaus have initiated programs to study industrial conditions and, to formulate rules, regulations, and methods to eliminate occupational disease hazards. Industry should welcome the assistance that these bureaus af ford, because prevention of occupational diseases is 0f primary interest to employees and saves emplovers the cost of compensation. MviUKM, SffOCCBftfDCft, AMO Watcks Bai.t(moi, Makvlamo HEALTH OF BRICK AND TILE PLANT WORKERS IN NORTH CAROLINA* By M. F. Trice t Abstract Data are reviewed which were obtained in an investigation of the North Carolina brick and tile industry to evaluate the siliceous dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health. The distribution of the forty-eight plants is classified according to the raw material used, that is. alluvial clay or shale. The extent of the dust exposure of the workers by occupational classification is appraised in terms of millions of particles of dust per cu. ft. of air, based on particle-count analyses of 183 samples of air-borne dust collected in twenty-eight plants. An evaluation of the health status of the workers is based on medical data obtained in the clinical and X-ray examination of 1555 employees in plants, most of which were the same as those in which dust samples were obtained. The investigation disclosed that none of the employees had silicosis, a fact which apparently is explained by a low quartz content of the atmospheric dust, an absence of vxvssive concentrations of dust, and a high labor turnover. I. Introduction Aqiotculial hazard to health exists whenever work men arir exposed to dust that contains quartz, tlint. or :f-r forms of tiiicoinbincd silica, as such (larticitlatc mutter is definitely toxic. `1"* The role of combined silica, or silicates as causes of pulmonary diseases, how ever, cummt Ik; so categorically assessed. Authorities differ with resjieet to the toxicity of .silicates although most of t liein in > doubt would agree "that the presence I oilier inorganic dusts in the silica-containing atmos phere may tend t<> tnlluettcv the rate of progressive re action . . . (to) . . . inhaled silica.""`I Although there is some question as to the effect of silicates in general, several of them, uotahly xsl>estos,5 steatite (tale1), Presented at the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. The American Ceramic Society. Toronto, Canada, April lit. 1940 (General Session on Toxicology). Received April S. imu. t Industrial Hygienist. Div. of Industrial Hygiene. N. C. State Board of Health and N. C. Industrial Commis sion. Raleigh, N. C. 1 (<t 1 R. K. Sayers and R. R. Jones, "Silicosis and Simi tar Dust Diseases," U. X. Pub. Health Repts.. 53 [331 1433-72 (1938): p. 145<i: Ceram. Abs.. 18 [1140(1939). (b) L. U. Gardner, "Inhaled Silica and Its Effect on Xurmal: and Tuberculous Lungs," Jour. Amer. Med. Assn.. 103 [91 743-48 (1934). ! W. C. Dreesen, J. M. Dalla Valle, T. I. Edwards. J. W. Miller. R. R. Sayers. H. F. Easom. and M. F. Trice. "Study of Asbcstosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry." U. S. Pub. Health Bull.. No. 241 (Washington. D. C.. 1938). 1 W. C. Dreesen and J. M. Dalla Valle, "Effects of Exposure to Dust in Two Georgia Talc Mills and Mines." U. S. Public Health Repts.. 50, 131-43 (1935); Reprint No. 1669. mid mica4 arc callable of producing a serious and some times disabling puthology. Any silicate dust therefore should be regarded os a probable menace to health until such time as it can be proved innocuous in the concentrations that arc encountered in routine. Because the raw material from which brick and tile arc made is siliceous in character, an investigation of the North Carolina industry has lteeii made to evaluate the dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health, particularly with respect to silicosis. Most of the medical and engineering data were collected over a twelve-month [>criod, beginning in the summer uf 193S. II. Evaluation of Working Environment In a study of this character, it is desirable to appraise, in terms of an average dust concentration, the exposure of the workers in each occupational classification, as such values permit a comparison of occupations with respect to the extent of the dust hazard and are useful in correlating medical and engineering data. The Grccnhurg-Sniith impinger1 was used to the collect IS3 samples of atmospheric dust for particle counts in twenty-eight plants. These dust samples were col-lccted during each of the four seasons under a variety of weather conditions and so distributed as to yield a 4 \V. C. Dreesen. J. M. Dalla Valle. T. I. Edwartfs. R. R. Sayers, H. F. Easom. and M. F. Trice. "Pneumo coniosis Among Mica and Pegmatite Workers." U. S. P Health Bull., No. 250 (Washington. D. C.. 1940). * Leonard Greenburg and J. J. Bloomfield. "Impingrt Dust Sampling Apparatus as Used by U. S. Public Health Service," U. S. Pub. Health Repts.. 47. 654-75 (193--) Reprint No. 1528. Vol. 20. No. -1 representa; ditions in pation, ins samples, w the appare greater nut ate the exj backer bee exposed to (1) Dust Inasrouc is perform dust coun; building in or "open." segregatiot buildings, closely, thi ployed for One dust-i The dust c further cla As the val plants we: carded. T workers h Hoistman ( "b Clay storag Crusher (r root bi Inclosed Open (nt " (ba Screen attc Dry pan op Pug-mill op Preparat -v Isolated Brick mach Z Open mii _ Hackers " Transfer, u ", ll . Kiln worke loin cleani PiHpe manui Pipe dryin( Cleanup m. * Weight Note: " treated by spectively. seases is of employers JNA* .nd someist therefore e to health uous in the line. ick and tile stigation of to evaluate : of hazards .iisis. Most 'lleeted over summer of iment - to appraise, tile cx|x>sure -ificatioti. as ; ations with id are useful data. The e collect IS3 !c counts in ss were coller a variety as to yield a . [. Edwards, ec, "Pnrumos." U. S. Pu 'o. 1940). j';';y"Impinger : ic Health .5 (1932): Vol. 20. Ho. 4 Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina 131 representative evaluation of the atmospheric dust con ditions in the industry. The importance of an occu pation, insofar as it concerns the distribution of dust samples, was based on the number of men involved and the apparent dustiness of the job. A proportionately greater number of samples was thus collected to evalu ate the exposure of a screen attendant than that of a hacker because the screen attendants in most plants arc exposed to much more dust than the hackers. (1) Dust Exposure by Occupational Classification Inasmuch as the manufacture of brick at some plants is performed under virtually outdoor conditions, all dust counts were classified according to the tyjie of building in which they were collected, that is, "closed" or "open." Average values were computed, after this segregation, for each occupation for both types of buildings. Whenever the two results obtained checked closely, they were combined, and the one value was em ployed for the occupation in both types of plants. One dust-exposure value thus serves for all hackers. The dust counts for open- and closed-tvpc plants were further classified according to raw material employed. As the values obtained for Ixith the clay and the shale plants were almost identical, the results were dis carded. Tlu- calculated average dust exjMisurvs of the 'workers hv occupational classification (expressed ill millions of particles of dust |>er cu. ft. of air) are shown in Table I. (2) Character of Dust Because free silica or quartz is a toxic mineral insofar as pulmonary- pathology is concerned, it is desirable to know the amount contained in the atmospheric dust to which the workmen arc excised. Samples for petro graphic analysis accordingly were obtained dircctlv from the atmosphere with an electrically driven, hand vacuum cleaner sus|>ctidcd at the breathing level and operated intermittently for a [tcriod of several days. Inasmuch as only one such sampling device was avail able (and it was out of commission for a while), several samples of settled dust were collected from structural members. Four samples of atmospheric dust and three samplcs of settled dust were examined (ictrographically for quartz content, the results of which are presented in Tabic II. No two of these samples were collected in the same plant Although txilh of the day samples contain more quartz Ilian the shale samples, they represent settled dust, which may account for their higher quartz, content. An analysis of samples by partide-size frac tions is frequently made to determine the quartz con tent of the respirable sizes. The lirick plant dusts, however, were not so meticulously analyze'!. West Taulk I Avi-kac.k L)i:st Exposure op Workers nv Occupational Classikicatp.is No'u. -*anmi|plec*. (connssiddecrmedl !>ul oiKiSltis (tfiillinn./eu. ft ) .. -- . --------- ----------- -- -- - - Mas Mill. A va. Hoistman (inclosed and preparation machinery > (open " " " a in 2U.II ti.il MX 19.0 l.i 3.0 Clay storage bin " " '' (inclosed) Crusher (rolls and disintegrator attendant, 4 1 fill 1 .*! :>.o 7l.o root boy.) Inclosed (no bats: " (hats) Open (no bats) " (bats) Screen attendant, inclosed inclosed, full Ititt " *' open Dry pan operator, closet1 (material dry! "" " ( " damp' "" * salvage' " " open Pug-mill operator Preparation-machinery exposure 1 Isolated from preparation machinery Brick machine Open mill discharge Hackers Transfer, upper lower !_ " " (car raclcers) Kiln workers, downdraft ^ " updraft Kiln cleaning Pipe manufacturing, pipe feeder (isolated' "" pressman " " special shapes Pipe drying floor Cleanup man 4 4.3.0 * 227.il 14.0 * 227.0 11 lnu.o U.O 2.0 >* 102.0 :* 22.0 Slft.O . ll.o :i.n ll.o 2.i 2.11 li.u ll.o so lit XN o 21.0 .1 lff.lt !l.i ,# 10.0 7.o .* 184 0 Ml.ll 2:1 32.0 - 10 :t 10.0 10.0 3 SO 1.0 0.0 4.0 41 37.(1 4.0 r> 17.0 0.0 a 274. (It (i'.I.O 1 3 311.o .VO t 4 92.0 x.o 4 31.0 13.0 21. 33.0 7. * 19. > 09 0 1.0 2.0 44.0 S.ll 112." 10.0 31.0 10.0 9.0 I37.it 13.0 loo 4.0 3.0 17.0 12.0 13S.I) 14.0 23.0 3.0 33.o 2SO * Weighed average, t Cleaning kiln eyes. ( Note: "Inclosed and preparation machinery" means a closed type of building itt which workers are oqtqscd to dust created by this machinery. Dried or fired bats when ground produce much dust: "no bats ami "bats indicate, re spectively. the absence or involvement of such material. (1941) 132 Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Trice Virginia authorities* report that the finer fractions of air-borne dust in brick and tile plants contain less quartz than the raw materials from which the dust originates. They estimate that the quartz content of air-borne dusts varies from 3 to 10%. Table II Quartz Content or Samples op Atmospheric and Settles Dust Obtained in X. C. Brick and Tile Plants Identification Settled dust (clay) Atmospheric dust (shale) " "" Settled dust (clay and shale) '* " (clay) Quartz content (%) 35 10 10 15 15 13 20 Greaves-Walker and his co-workers' report that quartz is abundant in all samples of clay and shale deposits of North Carolina. . III. Cumulative Dust Exposure of Workers In an evaluation of an occupational disease hazard, (he medical data arc usually correlated with the total dust exjisure of the workers as well as with their total lengths of service. As the amount of dust t<* which the men are rx|ioscd varies with the occiqiation, the total dust ctc[Misuri-s of the workmen arc of more value than their lengths of service in years. Suite jolts c.\|isc die men to little dust: others to appreciable amounts of dust, as shown in Table I. To compare workmen on the basis of their total dust cxiiosurc, a million-particle year dust index* is used which is obtained by multi plying the average yearly dust cxiiosurc of an occupa tion by the total number of years s|>cut therein. A man exposed to an avenge of ten million particles of dust I at cu. ft. of air in ten years would therefore build up a cumulative esitosure of 100 million particle years of dust. When more than one occupation is involved, the cumulative cx|mstirc for each is calculated and a total exposure computed l>v adding together the individual (.ACUpational ex[esures. A distribution of die Workers according to arbitrarily selected cumulative dust-exposure classifications is presented in Table III. Virtually -SlJ% of the routine workers have uccuinu- lalcd less than 150 million particle years of dust, which is not an excessive exposure. This conclusion may l>e examined on the basis of the free silica (<>r quartz) con tent of the dust. It is generally accepted that five mil lion particles of quartz (of respirable size) pier cu. ft. of air is the maximum concentration diat mav lie toler- * "Preliminary Report of Study in Brick and Tile Indus try in TV. Va.," Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, W. Va. State Health Dept.. Charleston. W. Va., IPod. : A. F. Greaves-Walkcr, N\ H. Stolte. and W. L. Fabianic. "Occurrence. Properties, and Vscs of Commercial Clays and Shales of X. C.." zV. C. .State Coll. Agr. cr* Eng. Exfil. Sta. Bull.. Xo. t>. "4 pp. (1034); Ceram. Abs., IS (31 105 (1930). * J. M. Dalla Valle. "Significance of Dust Counts." V. S. Pub. Health Befits., 54. 1005-1104 (19391; Reprint Xo. 2083. ated with safety. The brick plant workers are exposed to dusts, die quartz (or free silica) content of which varies from 10 to 25% (Table II). If the maximum concentration of 25% of free silica is employed for illustration, then a concentration of twenty million parti cles of such dust per cu. ft. of air would contain five million particles of quartz, which is die maximum amount dtat may be tolerated with safety. Assuming that forty years constitute a normal lifetime, a jierson could theoretically build up a cumulative expisure of 800 million pardctc years of such dust without incur ring a serious risk to health. Thus 800 million particle years become a kind of yardstick by which the cumu lative dust exposures of the workers may Ik: gauged. Only twenty routine workers (see Table III) have built up a cumulative exposure of more than 5IH) million par ticle years of dust, which is only a little more than one half of the SIX) million-[Kirliclc-ycar yardstick at which sonic evidence of dust pathology might lie e.\|ievlcd. This hy]<olhelical "threshold" limit is based on ilie dust sample with the maximum quartz content, which is undoubtedly much higher than that of the average atmospheric dusts to which the workers ate excised. Titus, instead of the total "threshold" dust exjHisurc being 81 HI million particle years of dust, it is pr<*1 lably at least double that figure, us the quartz content of the air-lMinte tlttsl samples (Table II) averages only 12.5' ^. or one half of the figure used. One worker only has built up a cumulative cx|hisufc of more than Id mi million ((article years. The length of ex|Kisure, in years, of the employees reveals that almost one half of the routine workers examined have Ihvii in the industry more than ten years. After so long a |*riod of service, however, their cumulative dust c.\|Misurc> are only a fraction o| the theoretical "threshold" computed as a yardstick by which to examine the total dust e.\|>osiire of the workmen. These assumptions and computations.' therefore, indicate that the siliceous dtc-l hazard is not acute in the North Carolina luick and tile u.d tv. IV. Medical Examinations Medical examinations, including an X-ray film "i the chest, were given to 1555 employees and |.nr-1Ac tive employees in twenty-eight plauLs, which were not identical in even.- instance with those in which dust samples were collected. The clinical and X-ray exam inations were made on the ((remises of the rcs(icctivc companies in the cruising X-ray trailer of the North Carolina Division of Industrial Hygiene.' The medical examination given to the workers was thorough, cjiecial emphasis being placed on the heart ami lung-. Blood specimens for the Wasscrmann and Kline tests for syphilis were obtained from a large number of the persons examined. A complete medical and (K-enpational histon- was also obtained in every instance.1'' C. R. Mathcson and M. F. Trice. "North Carolina's Mobile X-Rav Laboratory," Jour. Ind. Med., 7, 327-'>" (1938). ' ` '' u M. F. Trice, "Pre-Employment Examinations and Related Activities of N. C. Div. of Industrial Hygiene.'' ibid.. 9, 188-93 (April. 1940); Ceram. Abs., 19 |11| 272 (1940). Vol. 20. No. 4 # re exposed of which maximum d for illus ion partiutain live mxxiniutn Assuming , a person <|Hisure of out incur-n particle die CUIIIU- >c gauged, have Imilt lillion pur; than one at which cxfiectud. -d on tlie vl. which ;e avvrnge cX'iosed. . exposure > probably letit of the tly 12.5't-. v Ills Imilt million s. of the at routine more than . however, fraction of yardstick :rc of the piilatioii... turd is not dnstrv. v Inm *f 1 pr >(*<.! WlTC Sl*t vltiVh 'hi>r r:iv t*x;un* Uit North iic metlieal rough, cs- . Carolina's . 7, 327-:>n ons and giene." .111 272 1. 20. No. 4 Table III orDistribution- Workmen by Arbitrary Total Dust-Exposure Classifications Total exposure (m.p.r.)* Total employees Negative Less than 25 25- 50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-300 374 356 23G 220 140 85 70 300-400 400-500 22 13 500 and over 21 Total 1555 * Million particle years. Pre-employment (No.) 301 lfiti 23 5 (S) 60.7 33.5 4.6 1.0 i 0.2 4W 100.0 (No.) 71 ISO 213 224 140 S3 77 21 13 20 1051 Routine <r.) 0.7 17.0 20.2 21.3 - 13.3 7.0 7.3 2.1 1.3 2.0 100.0 (No.) 2 I > 2 I 8 Table IV Percentage of Brick and Tile Workers Examined Having Tuberculosis Contacts. Past Respiratory Ill nesses. and Other Medical Findings in Each Group Specified Men rumintrl (*'*} I*ast medical (tinting Family history of tuberculosis Exposure to tuberculosis Pleurisy Hemoptysis (blond-sireaketl spu tum) Pneumonia Influenza Colds (few reported) Colds (more in recent ycar>) Other respiratory diseases Clubbed or liowcd extremities Diaphragm (normal) Diaphragm (angles slialluw) Childhood tuberculosis Childhood atui adult lulKTcuIusis Pulmonary tultcrculosis (activity (?) or arrested) ITi*. employment Routine 1.14 1.0 1.2 1.1 2.N 4.5 1.4 8.3 20.S 87.5 2.0 2!). 4 ,X.<) 02.0 4.4 ti.7 0.2 O.O 0.2 15.N Nl.lt 3.1 27.0 12.0 Sii.ti 5.2 7.5 o.2 l." in The cxuniinalion of the workers in brick and tile plants was cx|*ftcd lo reveal the existence of piilumnary path.> dogv that could lie attributed to Lite inhalation of dust. When the complete absence of such patlmlngv \va> re;'rted. it was ileeideil to analv/e all of the uicdi c.d data carefully to determine whether some el'fert of dust inhalation might lie revealed by higher iueidetiiv f the more eoiuiuoiiplaee respiratory di>!'ftlers. All data tlien-fore were coded on ptuivli cards and aualv/ed on lliterti.itioiial ItusiuesS Machines tabulating eiptip mein. The umre important results of this analysis. exee|il the In art liuiliugs. are presented in Table IV. There is no appreciable dillt-reiicv in the incidence of l lie various tradings for the pre employment and routiiu worker-, indicating that ex|>oSur' to brick plant dust lias produced no demonstrable effect on the health of the workers. Inasmuch as all pre employment and rou tine Workers alike aic from the suite economic level, the former serve as a .satisfactory control group with which t" eouipate the latter. The group of men e\- Taiii.k V XUMtlRK AND pKRCENTAC.E OP 1'RE-EMrt.OYMENT AND RoUltNK WoKKEKS. CLASSIFIED IIV It ACE, It E ACT I NO Positively to Wassekmann ani> Ki.ine Tests for Seem us |*re-rmpl*ymi-nl Koutiur Wasscrmann Negative Doubtful Positive Not done Total White (No.) (%> 02 *11.0 1 1.5 3 4.5 115* 181 Col.rv.l (N..) IV. > *;*.i 52.2 11 X. i 52 32.4 1X2* 314 whit* <V7) 53 1 3 227* 2SI '.15(1 l.x 5.2 i`No.) i<; i iil*l :>!s * 7i? 43.0 X.4 4S.fl Klifle Negative Doubtful Positive Not done 94 91.3 157 6 5.8 15 3 2.9 49 78* 93* Total 181 314 * Not considered in calculating percentages. 71.ii 0.7 22 3 221 8 7 43* 234 H3.5 3.5 3.0 3X2 72 200 113* 707 5X. a 11.0 30.5 V. Medical Findings The X-ray films of the 1555 workers were read sepa rately and apart by two physicians, both of whom re ported that there was no evidence in any of them of silicosis or any other pulmonary condition that could l>c attributed to dust. f1941) amiued were in an unusually excellent state of health, except eight men who were rejected for employment, one of whom had tuljcrculosis questionable, four ques tionably active, and three definitely active tuberculosis. Seven of the persons rejected were routine workers: the other was a pre-employment case. 134 Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Ceramic History Vi. Venereal Disease In view of the nation-wide campaign to eradicate venereal diseases, the medical findings relating to this scourge are presented in Table V. The incidence of syphilis is much higher among the colored workers. Among those whose blood was subjected to the Wassermann test, 48% of the routine colored workers reacted positively as against 5.2% of the routine white workers. Results of reactions to the Kline test were 30.5% against 3.0%; about the same ratio holds for the pre employment cases. VII. Conclusions The total absence of silicosis and other serious pulmonary pathology and the low incidence of other respiratory diseases among 1555 brick and tile plant workers indicate that exposure to dust in the North Carolina industry does not constitute a serious menace to health. Dtrrsiow or Industrial Hycirnr North Carouna Stats Board or IIcai.th Ralmoi. South Carolina CERAMIC HISTORY WALTER JODOK KOHLER* Let me die. working. Still tackling plans unfinished, tasks undone! Clear to its end. swift may my race be run. No laggard steps, no faltering, no shirking: Lct me die, working. Walter J. Kohler, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Kohler Company, spent a busy day at his office. Satur day, A|iril 2ft. 1940. working until near seven o'clock in the evening with the vigor and zest which always character ized him. Much of the morning was given to corre spondence. study of operating reports, and presiding toward noon at a meeting of the executive commit tee. Afternoon brought a long conference with eouuiany engineers regarding a projected new factory building ami its equipment. On Sunday, tile members of the organization, tile |H-o|ilc of the village, and thousands of friends were inexpressibly shocked to learn that lit- had lieen stricken that morning with a fatal attack of coronary embolism. The verses above. Iiy S. Hall Voung. dated l!KC{. which he clipped anti saved, had Itecn prophetic. Boyhood and Early Responsibilities Walter Jodok Kohler was horn March 3, 1375. iti Sheboygan, Wisconsin, the son of John Michael and Lillie Vollrath Kohler. His mother died on March 2. 1SJC1. the day lxrfore his eighth birthday. On November 3. I.SS7. his father married Minnie Vollrath. his mother's sister. Walter was devoted to her through the years, and her photograph was on his office desk at the lime of his passing. Ifc was the third of a family of four sons and three daughters. Family ties and traditions were ever a dominating interest and influence in his life, and his middle name Jodok. long in the Kohler family, is reminiscent of the Bregenzcrwald (Forest of Brcgenz), near Lake Constance in Austria, where the Kohlers had dwelt, according to church records, since 1024. Thence John Michael Kohler caine as a boy of ten with his father and the immediate family to America, where * From Kohler Next. 24 J5] (May. 1940). they settled on a farm m-ar Si. Paul. Minnesota. Reach ing manhood, lie worked for a time in Cliii-agn After the great lire, lie went to Sliclmygau. Wisconsin, where he married. There, in 1373, In- established a manufactur ing business which l he family has roiiiiiuu-d ever since. Walter Kohler was liaptizcd into the l-:piM-o|inl church, with which he continued affiliation throughout his life. He also Ix-longcfl to tlu- Blue Lodge of the Masonic Order. His formal education was nhiaiucil in tin- Sheboygan public schools. At fifteen. lie decided that lie wauled to go into his father's business. lie followed a natural urge. In the factory, he put iti long hours ai man's lalmr l>eforc the enameling furnaces ami in the foundry, receiving a wage uf altmil $1.25 a day. He 1sea me a foreman at eighteen and factory sii|>criiilcndeiii at twcniy-livc. In IS'.TI, the factory was removed by his father, John Michael Kohler, to its present site, which was tlivti in the open country. Tlic death of his fatlu-r. one iitoulh after its removal and two days after Walter's wedding day in ilu- fall of I!"H>, left three young brothers. KnUrt. Walter, and Carl, to colic with difficulties which, a few tunuilis later. Iw-eanie more formidable with the tola) destruction of tlie new plant by fire. They returned to the old plant in Shclioygati and con tinued business. Triumphing over the problems of financing, planning, construction, and equipment, they rebuilt the plant, reopening it one year later on tlu- anni versary of the fire. By the untimely passing of the two brothers who had been associated with him. Walter Kohler was left in 11*15 the responsible head of the business. A series of calami tous events had precipitated him, at the early age of thirty, into the presidency of the company, a position which he held until 1937 when, becoming Chairman of the Board, he was succeeded as President by his youngest brother. Herbert V. Kohler. Among Mr. Kohler's many civic activities, his keenest Vol. 20. No 4