Document wN5Jy6bM6K1x6XdDz2oEvnEJ

FILE NAME: Friction Materials Standards Institute (FMS) DATE: 1981 DOC#: FMS059 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Position Paper on Asbestos & Health the Friction Material Industry with Cover Memo from AIA 1 77 / 7 / 7 asbestos international association (Limited by Guarantee) ^ 68 G L O U C E ST E R PLA C E, LONDON Wj H j H L MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: Araber A ssociation ! D irector General' AI A/7 /3 /PROD 12 February' 1981 11A sbestos 6 Health in the F r ic tio n M aterial Industry11 The attach ed p o sitio n paper on A sbestos 4 Health in the F rictio n M aterial In dustry i s forwarded fo r inform ation. I t has been au th o rised by the E xecu tive -Committee who recommend th at i t should be used as a background reference paper to help Mmbers deal with q u estio n s in a sb e sto s and health which may a r is e .  V ' 7/ 3/ ppod >r*~~ro5 Aim The Prmb]u ir. tk-: reicT iov iu t^ptal irr"i-r--Y Sfpomire to ssb erto e dust i t recogoisod i s i p oten tial occupations! hazard. Jc sn z vor*: people exposed to hicfr concentration of r e ip in b lc asbestos -.'.it i (cuch a s i s Jwovn to have occurred 'c-fore p rssen t day dust control r + i w r f s end work procedures were in trod u ced ), case s o f career and 1 2 i erb-isIr.ri s have been reported, th ro u g h o u t the w orld. * * The d i f f ic u lt y of r e lia b ly id e n tif y in g the o c c u p a tio n a l h is to r y of those where h e a lth h i* been e ffe c te d r*.ny'year* a f t e r has re s u lte d in any contact with *~- a sb e rtc e b e in g r c r r r l a d v i t h c a u tio n and 11 n e t e r i e l s c o n ta in in g asb esto s heir.g attached in d irc rire in ately . Since f r i c t i o n n a t o r ie l i a widely recogn ised ae one o f the products fo r vhinh a s b e s to s i s rn important in g re d ie n t, i t h is a ttra c te d such atten tio n . Ir.'c?d, the asb esto s in dustry, in reminding everyone of the v ita l role plsyed by a sb e sto s in brake l i n i n g , has stim ulated such a tte n tio n . TV 'erthcloss the occupational h ealth record o f the asbestos fr ic t.o a ' -.t/rtrl in d u stry i t good and only t fa v c s s e t o f a sb e sto s-re la te d d is c a ts ere on re c o rd . However, the w idespread use o f fr ic t io n m ateriel in a l l types o f v e h ic le s h as r a is e d the ou eation o f p o te n t ia l p o llu tio n of the environment vith an sasuned coc*cuent danger to the h ealth of the c *a r *l public. r ..r i r j e t i o n r w t e r i s l in d u stry , th e ro fe ro , ht.z tvo b a sic problems. The ih : o ccv p ftlo cal health p ro o lsa , hat in cany e rs*a l*r. r tse lv e i. rtw iv *r, the in dustry au rt continue to snfiure th at those eoployed in the irssjyfie.tiire o f th ese n n t c r i? ls ere not exposed to dust le v e ls which ere Iv-m fel. An extension - f th ie p r^ b lea ie the need to or ^r* th st vorhers crplryed in the eubaemient nee os fr ic t io n a a t e r l e l f , ti- n e r in the f i t ii ii g o f the products or the aaintenanes o f v e h icle s, are not exposed ;o horcful dust le v e ls. I 2 The other problem fo r the industry, that of p ossible environntal pollution, i s more d i f f i c u l t to reso lv e, based as i t i s on emotional an xieties (vtHch are i s no vay Ju s t ifie d by the evidence). I climate of concern for the e ffe c t on the environment o f expanding tovns end industries has led to the motor v eh icle being included a s a sig n ifican t factor in th ia pollution. This fa c t 'together v ith tb s p u b licity gives to asbestos and i t s 4 c la s s ific a t io n a a carcinogen have a l l combined to lead people to questios the use o f asbestos-based components in motor vehicles. 7ns automotive industry i s also under attack f o r a number o f other reasons, (e .g . p o llu tio n , v a st* o f resources and congestion) and vould gladly be vithout the asb esto s problem although i t oust accept that f o r some years, current models o f motor cars v i l l need asbestos-containing m aterial for 7"" replacements. The fr ic tio n m aterial Industry i t s e l f must therefore dispel an xieties about asbestos-containing products in motor vehicles by ensuring that the e x is tin g reassu rin g evidence'is made manifest and i s properly understood. 4 Tackling the Problcn .4 m In order to tac k le the problem moat a ffe c tiv e ly , i t i s Important that the o rig in s, in v e stig a tio n s and remedial measuras involved should ba veil understood. V ila la sp e c ia lly secasaary sin es the existence of the fric tio n m aterial environmental problem i s to a large extant based on confusing tvo very d iffe r e n t phenomena; on the one hand the occupational health experience and dust exposure data rvlated to manufacture (and the subsequent f i t t i n g and servicing operations tometimes called "para-occupation . and on the oth er hand an assumed emission o f a i a i l s r dust in to the general environment a s a r e su lt o f the d a ily w a rin g dova of brake lin in g and clutch fa c in g s, in example o f th is confusion nay be seen in the evidence given to the V t Asbestos Advisory Committee, vhere claims th at the general public a rt a t r isk a r t supported so le ly by reference to a survey of aotor 'm M nim aaintsnancs vorkers. 5 . . These f a c t $ _ v i l l be review ed under th re e headings, the f i r s t two covering the Occupational areas of Manufacturing.and Servicing, and the third heading covering th a t o f the Uencral Environment. Manufacture of F ric tio n M aterials There i s ample evidence to su g g e st th a t, in the manufacture of fric tio n m a te ria ls the co n cen tratio n o f a sb e sto s dust compares favourably with th at found in most o th e r modern asb e sto s o p eratio n s. Within the l a s t ten years e f f o r t s to observe a Z f/m l* standard h*v led to further improvements in dust c o n tro l and h ere are now many op eration s where le v e ls w ell below th is maximum allow able concentration are achieved . Very few c a se s o f a s b e s t o s - r e la t e d d ise a se a r is in g from f r ic t io n materiaT*manufacture have been reported. In evidence p resen ted to the UK Advisory Committee,^ Ferodo lim ited , who have been u sin g a sb e sto s in brake and clutch lin in g s sin c e 1910, reported 8 case s o f m esotheliom a end 5 eases o f a s b e s t o s is . The mesothelioma cases had a l l been exposed in the manufacture o f railw ay brake blocks between 1928 and 1933 o r during the v a r years up to 1943 to cro cid o lite as v e i l as to the c h r y s o tile a sb e sto s more gen erally used throughout the p lan t The e sb e sto e ie c a se s verm a l l involved in mixing processes where masks should have been worn. In the seae volume o f evidence a report from the two Cape In d u stries* fa c to r ie s m an ufacturin g both t e x t i l e s and fr ie t io n m a te ria l (one sinee 19oi and the o th e r sin c e 1923) c it e s 9 e sse s o f a s b e s t o s is end no case o f m, _e so th e lie o a . Ferodo rep o rt th a t "many m illio n s o f man hours have been worked on fin ish in g o p eratio n s o f a sb e sto s-b a se d m a te r ia ls ; tho' ugh the d u st conc entrations a sso c ia te d w ith these were a t one time very high there * * /i fibres, per milUtre has not beetr a sin gle diagnosis of asb cctosis aa a result of this arpos'ir". In p o r t recent years (19 6 8 - 1976) however, average concentrations vore v e il below 2 f/n l following continuous lmprovc-r^nts in dust ex tractio n methods. An in v estigatio n in 1975 by Heidenaanns, Kulvnen, Schtz end Proch*zJca^ into dust hazards which night bs associated with the nanufacture and use of asbestos-cen ta r.ing fric tio n aaterlftls (updated in the- Sereareh report of the Gerr.an r-ervfsgenosscnschaften7 euotee concentrations of nitre-dust in th e range o f 0.0? to 0.20 ng/c45 during grinding, drillin g, rawin';, turning end M l lin g optretjiona (the current Tnil* value is 0.10 r.g/c"' or 2 f / n l : on th is basie the current range is 1,8 f/n l to 4 f/n l), on average ju s t belov or ju s t above 0.1$ n^/r5 or y - f / z l . Pueh o p e r a tio n s, u n le ss su b je c t tc d u st c o n tro l, w ill n it duet containing M tbcetos. A nunber o f surveys o f such opr r a tio n s neve been c arrie d out ir. Gtvrany 7 *9 * F f VSA 1 5,.14 J 5 .1 6 1 7 , r i ei 5* e e r t 5 ,5 ,8 end i t i s cle ar t h a t , under sons conditions of voii'ing and where ouch operations are ezrried out continuously, duet concentrations above 2 f / a l (or tha TiX of 0.10 n y n ') eaa be reachad. There i s aorw evidence of e ffe c ts on h ealth anor.3 r*n engaged fo r a long period on such' work. Kedicel end epldeaiolcg'cal in vestigation s by P rof*raor V'o lto v jts, Valentin and others 1 on verhers who rad been coati nuounly exposed fo r a t leeet 10 and up to 25 years to asbestos dnrt trg g ae t* a i o i l a r risk level f o r nen employed on finishing optrations ( - --.ily f i r d l r g and d r illin g ) in the automotive indr try, to the rial: of \r r *: r c Sn the r*n n faetilin g industry 7,9 I t vrt j'Oted' th e t the automotive industry group studied bed had long expon r'? from very early age. ^ A group of nen carrying out breks t 4 ZTT. Technical Control Liait + Out of 9d workere (including 45 voner.) in aenufseturirg, there ver 3 probable e a s e s o f asb estosisan d 11 "possible"* Jjjo o g 6 } sen csployed in fin ie hlnv operation on breha lin ln tn la th s automotive industry. ------- -- .?* caintsnanee_servieee with exposure primarily during the cleaning and brushing out o f brake drum dust gave l i t t l e evidence of inhalation effects in sp ite of long years of erposure. Professor S e lik o ff ' s in v estigatio n s 199 quoted indications of abnormalities In 32 out o f 87 motor vehicle nechanics (6 out of 29 with fiv e or more years interm ittent exposure shoved signs on X-ray of changes consistent vith a s b e s to s ls ) . Another report of the seas investigation quoted 24^ of 93 brake se rv ic s mechanics shoving chest abnorm alities not necessarily asb estos-related and i t i s emphasised that there vere no confirmed caees of asb estos-related d ise a se . lu s t levels quoted In connection vith this investigation (in USA) ' * re fe r to scan concentrations fo r blov-out' - of brake drums, grinding of used linings and bevelling of new lin in g of 1 3 *9 , 3.8, and 37.3 f/m l respectively - much higher than any found by any other research ers. 77o information i s provided as to ths duration of these sanplcs - they are frequently referred to as peak concentrations or the seen o f a number o f such measurements. I t i s also cle ar that in the ease of bloving out o f brake drums, no asbestos fib re s were v isib le by optical cieroseopy; some ch ry so tile vas identified by X-ray d iffrac tio n . Fibres iden tified by electro n microscopy vere e l l below the minimAum site specified in the d e fin itio n o f asb esto s fib re ( l .e . 5 in length) . I t should be noted that tbs methods o f sampling and the c r i t e r ia fo r measurement of occupational environments did not conform to ths methods used by governmental agencies and by othsr in vestigators l a Germany and UX. Tor nonpar!son, concentrations o f asbestos dust during brake maintenance reported by E ick ish and Knight shoved an average daily exposure o f 0.65 f / s l (range 0,21 to 1.12) during brake se rv ic s o f 11 c ars. During truck brake se rv ice , the average vas 1;75 f / a l vith peak, during cleaning of the brake drum, o f 7*09 f/m l, * . The German in v e stig atio n in 1975 ^ (now incorporated l a the Berufagtnosaensehaft report ? ) recorded high concentrations* in the brake se rv let department and * 0.03 to 0.79 and v ifh background workshop atmosphere of 0.03 to 0.05 * s / \ - 6- vhwr* rA c l.iJ v n j vs c'r.n w ithout d uct e x t r a c t i o n . Although hie+i c o n c e r .t r i t 'o n s o f t!urt were observed during blowing out, no chr-potil* e*^stos could be d e te sted by In frn -red sp e c tro r* try , end..the individual f ib r e which could be f l e e t e d o p t i c a l l y could n e t be id e n tifie d it nsbestow. - The Cnn^rel rnviren-'--nt Z\\-'nr the a mj.1 'ca i on of d n u brn' -es, di&c perc or clutch fAc'r.^r, a:\cll rur.r.i it ns of f 'e surface of the fric tio n r ^ tc r 's l sr* vr*.i f.vty. Three .sa t'irie ls contain between'505j to 6o;.' of eebectoc, end i t has boss apeured by sorec that thereby large quantities o f n e w e r asbestos Cus^. ere being re g u larly discharged into the atnosphere. 7r.is, tt 1* argued, c r e a te s a dangerous atrosphrre a':i.n to that which has produced cstectccrelcted d -srse (e sp e c ia lly cancer) in sone working environments, "ire# the estimated consi'jsption o f esbestos In fric tio n ra te ria l i s annually over /0,CO0 tons 22 fo r Uurop and oven 50*000 tens in ths vSA the counts ^mvelved >re su b sta n tia l. An estimate carried out by the Fendi.v Ccrycrct' or with the support o f ths US D ivtrorasntsl Protection Agency CITA) calculated th a t tha aaovnt o f fr ic tio n material worn *v*y in brakes end clutches annrelly in the V3A la around 60,000 io n s1'' (of vhteh 37*000 tons i s the asb esto content i . e . 60;'. In ?urop* ths content of brake lin in g s i s ne a rer 5Q!)* However It la clear fro r measurements nade et a nu-.lor of lo c a tio n s with heavy road t r a f f ic 9t1h2at insignificant cuantitie* o f `' csrtreble rb e sto s duet aro nr> emitted. ' * bhe < r-o ria a t fnoi^r in d irp ellin g anxiety i* that tha asbestos content of the vaar products of fr ie tio n sa ta ria l i s not eaitted into the atmosphere in th e form of rospirrble e shoetot dust. Iaiaed, * number of ambient a ir in v estig a tio n s indicate that i t , i s d iff ic u lt nowadays to find asbestos fib re , in any ai 71i f leant quantity, regardless of siz e , in the 9 A atnosnhere - even in the v ic in ity o f asbestoa nanufactuxing plants. Keaeurements o f the anblant a ir aven in heavy t r a f fic conditions do not confined tunnel environment night be thought to create the worst conditions, no sign ifican t build-up of asbestos duot h?s been d e te c te d .^ ' ^ ' ^ * The explanation i s simple end i t confirmed by number of careful sc ie n tific in v e stig a tio n s. The heat generated in the process of applying the brakes or the clutch (the reason in fact why asbestos i s such a vital component) i s s u ffic ie n t to destroy ths original structure of the asbestos f ib r s . From-a temperature o f 450C th# chryaotils structure begins to convert to s non-cry* s t a l l in s amorphous phase, leading to a lo ss of sta b ility of the fib r e stru ctu re. Ths mechanical stra in applied during the braking p ro cess has a pu lverisin g and grinding e ffe c t, leading to disintegration o f ths f ib r s stru ctu re. The German report ^ c a lls i t "a kind of o icro -m illin g so that ths dust no longer contains any fib r e s " .^ From a temperaturs o f 650C a aev cry stallin e structure develops called F o rsterite, which w ill be f u lly developed at temperatures of above 700C. Generally f o r s t e r it e cannot be traced in brake lin in g dusts. This neens that temperatures beyond 6$Q C eith er do not occur or are only very short liv ed . The decrease o f ths ch ry sotlle contest hovever, Indicates that temperatures beyond 450C ere reached because the amorphous phase of the chrysotlle cannot be traced an aly tic a lly (by eith er in fra red-spectrocetrie or X-ray d iffr a tc n a tic methods). Examination o f the residue o f wear products la brake druas confirms that * 27 ths asbestos content ie u sually le s s than 1J# o f the residue. It has been suggested th a t the dust escaping into tablen t a ir may contain a higher proportion o f th s fin e respirable ssbsstoe than dust l e f t la the druse but careful stu d ies designed to entrap th is escaping portion o f the wear t produet show th a t th is i s not so . Various in vestigation s into the aaount of .asbeetos remaining In th s residues from frictio n processes have been carried out which in d ica te how minute la the fraetion o f asbestos released la ths application o f f r ic t io n . The la t e s t report, ^ from Germany, confirms that technical in v estig a tio n s in reeeat years have repeatedly shown that the dust generated by fr ic tio n o f the lin in g ! in use - as opposed to dust created Ct during the fin ish in g and handling of ntv lining - as a rule contain only trace o f fre e ehrysotile fib r e , 1 .* . of the order of 1& The working party was unable to provide c le are r infra-red spectrographical evidence o f e h ry so tile. Uiider phace-contrast and electron-nieroseopie scrutiny, the dust contained Ju st a fe v iso lated fib res which could not c-v*n be d e fin ite ly iden tified as asb esto s. This I s consistent with the investigation by UX govemnent and industry investigations in 1969 vhich reported th at the free asb estos content o f wear products of drua brake lin in g s r a re ly exceeded 1?j. 'J[la disc brakes the content was even lover.) Sr The len d ix 'in v e stig atio n s fo r 1H0TH in USA in 1973 Cv* range from 1.65J: 0.033;j - only three t e s t s vere above and the overall average was 02'%':. This study also determined that only 3.2ji of ths asbestos content of a l l the voar producta over the whole range of US motor vehicles became airborne --estinated at 50^0 lb s . an n u ally .^ - The 7ord Kotor Company carried out a study 28 based on dyaamonater teats vhich shoved th at during brake usage l a s s than 0.029' of tha lin in g wear was released in tha fo ra of froo asb esto s. The study estimated that concentrations o r asb estos fib re in tha urban atmosphere in tha US dua to brake usage was l e s s than 0.07 * 10"^ c/m ? (.0 7 nanograna) ( le s s than one millionth o f tha 2 f/ml occupational control standard). jtes.suxtr.ents carried out at points of heavy t r a f f ic concentrations in the UK by ths A cbestofia Sescarch Council, under tha observation o f the 7UC Cntsaary I n s t it u t e o f Occupational H ealth, also found no greater concentration. Even in tha underground railway systea, thia survey found the asbestos content to be of the order 10 % /v? to 10 ^ g/ * ? (10 ngs to 100 n g s/3 )24 F in ally , soaa obaervationa aada within tha la s t three yeara by two eaintat occupational health expert. on occupational r isk s and risk s to the 1 - 9- ?3 P r . John G ils o n , ' r*.-vicw?n* m b '- L o s m nn oceupatic.r.al h.?rd in a g m o rrl group in which hs includes f r ic tio n n a tc r ia ls , uays "Respite the thousands o f p ro d u cts c o n tain in g a sb esto s, *v\dinee of i l l effect froa t h e i r UK* i s vci.7 n a i l " , " e adds th e o.uslifJetir.n th a t occupctiono involv in g b ra k e r*hc.e r.3.intc:ince have Veen shovn to Ve a t riGh in the p a s t . "Although most o f th e asb esto s in brake shoes i s c.t-grided, the dust in th e Vrcl.e drur.s s t ^ l l c o n ta in s e m a l l percentage o f esheatos". "The H a b itu d e o f the r i s k ( o f e e l e s t o s ^ s tnd scf'C th elio se in th ere vor>ing l i g 'l e r l y i n t h i s e i - p l c / m t ) i s n o t lrr.ovn Vut i s l i k e l y t o re e u a H ." P ro fe sso r 22 i .'i.-.lh'iis, ` in h i s r e p o r t on p u b lic *hfpith r i s k s , concludes "There i s * ev.l'c-r.ce c f no e>:ce:*s :c: sk o f n e s o t h e l io r s f r o a *sbrt-.s p o l lu t i o n v h ic^ " mss e x is te d i n th e 2:;ghbourhood o f c h r y s o t il e and a r o s i te n in e s . There i s ,r.o evif*rr.ee o f a r i s k t o the g e n e r a l public a t p re se n t" . L i t e r he re p e a ts 5 vi.cv in h i e r ? l oonelwsion 'Tj.ere is no esteblishs-d evidence that, true n .V e n t exposure, as prevalent in Vcscom Guropem countries, a t th is raonant- c ;.r r l c such e d e f i n i t e risk ? however, th e re eo:ict too nsny .r.sr-rt^-'ntics to deny cv.ctv a .r i r 1*, though i f V*e r i t': ves s u b s ta n tia l i t i s i t vo'ilc* h*>.-r bP?n te ste d nov". f.rrTITITC'Vt There can be an o ce rp alie ca l health r isk la the nanufaetura o f asbestos- ?*<* fr ic tio n r i e r > l * . Tcvcvtr, exprrier.ca he* ehovn thet th is is a very li* i h arlth r '? k and that i t ean be effectiv ely controlled by v eil tested equipment end work procedures. " t#n'l*r3s based on eirtenoive experience in the industry have l-etn established end equipment ic av ail able to rwintaln these standard* so that the occupational health r is k ean ho controlled. In nany countries these stindords ir e enforced ly le g isla tio n but in any case trade end industry have en o b lig a tio n ,. as with any occupational rafaty problec, to inplercnt  - l - 'S, <): <*; f.' r 1 rci";p%lirr.*T t l . r . t \-rrv: ?t,w r*n I*.*A i::v: l v 'n j ** : tf-rrrtff.. * M* *1 J. cn : r r *V' nn - vvV- / v t r. 'r e 1- *s- *vc;<>!* .30' 31*32,33* e*e. f 1h'.-r n*y t e i n f e r '.! <on to r l r n s t s ruc- r V j i ron cn;\>rs .rice end -- <v-.: .-O .::2 ' i r ;? *n*. Cr' c..< % ; to V U t!.-*. ~ r? \ * * 2 JO LI 1 e* 1. f. \! 1: e. w % -r ;; n t v \iViV.".', (r.-:- >\7y) ~ .'i'nnif rv * - r -i; ;>,< , ^ P"? M '" 1:: l*>i U.;s r.f A"' . "**? r.--^ c t e " . P roceedin gs o f the In te rn atio n a l Conference on Fneimoconiosii Johannesburg, S .A fr ic a . 1969 "rir.t;s*r-?.*t, a>*i i; tr.,,y T-.T ' nt' iV.-JV' o f *". It r^l l*voro ?? (7 - f ) - T ' J-vly i" * r.. i.rTti k"'io 'c ' *! L---> ?, r-.j'.'io, I > 2 y . t : fif ';:' i;: *!':n S r " - ;* or .`.vV-s< <rr C?*"-? t 'c n s l l y Z;:pcr?d 'Po'-''-"'.a + Cr*nJ c . 1/7?* " : : ; i m i ' t:j' l t-cr.cv f -,: Research on i\:vrr. 7 /* . * . v a r-cr/i^r.'nj'r cz r v ? l " * -ii'z r f ?n:-c"...0^3.2: c r.'.c*: cf P -'ats t: Vol.I.i . *-77. " S e l a c tr S v-vi it;-;'. cvid-rv-r cv.V'-i tt.cr* to trie Li'-'izz.y Cor.zi'tice S rr. A.rortoe 17^-77" r<?*l-L and Safety Zv.ecztive, IT.. 1J77. fr o r r A.A, f-'rzer IJre e to r General, Asbteioe A aro ciatio a, London. "Proyrraa in the Control of Aabertcs wr* in V ic Vor,i*7>7n c tM. IrV -2-r tin z * !. C-:r.:Vv:*r f t or. oconlcrj, C*v*.c%?. ra^tnV ar n?7 -- r-ccnji ?**.*r*U o n of Industrial Icc'dant ** Safety Insurant* Corpora tier, s' Z.T. Perv f nj?r. r r-c\*f t *n (ror.nf,,.C<xrw.y), Research Report - AaV.er.1ts. "Invtfti^-alicns into Health ITa^rAe ihrou^i Dusts by BraVe-IAnin-Ta containing Aabesto*; (Analytical, e p ld e a io lo jie a l and anirtal. invaetieat Jons) Becezbar 1?76. "KygJena Standard* o f Airborne Aabestoa Last Concentration# for ______ 1 L I V . I . V --------------- A ------ - * * " " " . _ - - ?- }*c-'V. y.-r.n, K`*m'--n *ivi ~sh'lz (Tiost F*ss.*: rah r.,-*t i t ! of re:VT?.tir-n o f 'rn i."-!t r i n i A sso c ^ t lens (?*y5f s ,,*nocr eri f z:.?f l n ) T om , r*r. .-: y ) , .ini F r.chc: V*; (Favnri.e.n Slat * I n s t i t u t e f o r In.* ' r i r l r L;-, ?':?.e h ) " T a v e r n a i foiis i:iJ. the ]">:?rt8 j 'n 'irf-f*. *';t o f .t Vo*-*os coni.-v'n 'n f JV:cti<'n l i n i n :* " . J.me 157= 10, Cv r f o r n r e on "vrros.-ye to ..-.V.-ntcs d-ir*r.v " itb e end Oljloh - ^r.re. r:= **x t 2r.-je rd , :>..-ch 1505. * ) L;-e O.L: " ..\ ti e h lo^br-je, I "2?:.-'3v in " Z'.'a ts fro r; T rilrs Aare.VjMc-s c'orir. S ? r \'ic in j - .O t c r r .r t lve C U in in j -th o c s " . J V) F e t c h ,D ., Ferodo, Ch?.p e 1-e r.-ls -T r" .th , Derfcyshtre, Tr^lt. * "Possible A lte rn a tiv e s to Asbestcs r.r e "r.'.cticn l> te r ie i" . e) Fr.^':t, K.L. end H icH sh, I).."., F e d ii! S ir^ iccs, Ford of F ri tetri, Xrt*:iU>oodt *>s*x, av.s .into* Alternative For:'s of Central' fo r 'Dujt vre.-atef- \;r'n the Cleanin'; of " rehe Asrei.blj* and Fr^rs". d) F Jchfsh, D.C., end U siht, K .l., (as cove) "Zi^ocure to A ebrstos d v iic o Fvr.t.* J-M aic-renee". 7 Annuli of -- Cscvpaiinn*! ITj'jiono. Vcl. '<3 IJTC. 11. B entley, M.L.; vIinter, Claohhef ton, Torhrhire, 2n.Und. Personal eoMsunieatiea to A.A.Cross - Asbestos Dusts - te st duric* dna brake eaintsnanee. Kay 1974 12. C rocs, A.A.; Cheiman, HiVircn=ental Control^ CoryJtUe, A3C "isW stoc frist in TrJcticn K *.te rir!f", Septcr.ber 1575* 13. JecVo, DuCharrne, Sorter* Bendix Cotpn. Mid iv iro atsn tal P ro tacticn `^ncy, USA 'Brtks and Clutch Xhiision during Vehicle Operation". Automobile Enffineerin* Keetine, D etroit, Kieki*n, USA v.v ia.ea i07t. * T \*l B!,a t Ar.'.'-v'1?' , Yj c-'iri ;:n , Lc-v^-r: l i n * '. Icnool f l'c-cnc'r.o, J.Y, VA. " A - V r s " o:*: re <*. ^.rvke Lining ]'** nA* ;>>ncc ind Teppir". A.-.-..-: c.*n Zr/.vs *. r : ol 'Tyj^ne Co-ne'- n c e , : - > r i , VCA. ( t t a l r - e i ?< j) lmty 197*. :*ic?r.!p-.n, V; "'n i *cV.ool o ' M i c ' r , 7.Y. V U . " A'.Vir ` cVj" ''r -j T' ^' f ! r Y: ~ nd - wV.:e 1? 7f . -*'.vrd V r - l l :w>.r. a*..';' * '- l `-d flovf - 14) I.oh'. , ' o l.f f un V rarer.: i.'v r t 3 `: CVorl o f . ^ " r-n ir.-.n " -, *"Y, A'U. 'WrVc-ftos Z v . i t * ' r j " ; '< Lir.iar Kornse ?r.d *:*'1. Snvi r or.-i>:.*1 T.csc-rrch 1?,-410 - 122 f-oV \ ,.r 17C. 17. .Tori', l--.:0c r. '-n :r e n t ' d 's, " o l f f , S s li'-o ff: iliuat Str.ai School- ' e'n;-, VSA 'W .-n tcr Crr.tr/. r i I\i*t Ji.ef.-nrii*rd in " .--!* 3r.c'. rr/; I>.-rir'*. ?rce. ?.e;*al Coe. Hoc.; ?0: '.2-J7 . ^ i* Mi n. 7.K .S Cvrrilovs!' InsiiV.t:%- c - ? : vur, " y^rr.s and I-i'i*,r*Ar3 . 2 *** *, 1*15?.. ''A s'a'.or t r i Irtv cn l'm ! V r r * i 7^1* f u l *0 * r>*.liv. e f Vcr,:*rsn. [O .tpiftr Y). 1?75< Z.Z,i C: r - r -..*v3 n T^ori:.., " >A. rT V: V* fcvviee t.; .L *r.t*s T U :? . Ctf S fu r ia - i M i n # d * * M */1 * Lorir'.or e r i ".hi; vv.int Sinai " slicol o f Kadieia, , USA. "inV ^sts s o "tt^c H ejair VrrV.er* la th* 73". InterriiV.Mn.I Conierete on Oae-patirr.i?l E ctlth , S z i^ t e a , 2 rclm 3 . Sf j>'.aU r 1975. i - I, - 71. .->* - 3 'ir *` Trhon1. of *r , !"*, V ! ., "Or. r-r.-L ?'1/ ^ c y i t - v i r . f T-.vco C"' s r f i; ;c n il Confer ..'re .n .`in.' l `1>, T'O I t i r . pn. AM Iir*?.1V P r o f . 5. L. : Cr.r?',*\ ie b -v e io \v , " *- ;* t;- .V.tlevders, :> ;:i*r\v ,'*r?. "JuM te *'** .:/.> vc 19 Ar'wC?trs'V o f a '.'o 'J ' r.^ "731:7 nf r . ; - : ' : i ^ r i c frr 'V Co- cn e f the- I " .-37- vn Co.-: * '.:t > . , " t .4 v* ' * - fo r S o e M f i V r r , rer.i.tb 157?. SeV rst'en, T*cj n in n * t ?. 'A ssert * ? p ri* . Pnd ",or*ivrd; C entre f t ?o;*f-: cl:' c.v'.cr-rr.t - . " l a F o l l u t 'or. A* . sp h e ric ; e VrV>i: i 75r . Va n c e s d 'E tu J s s v r l a Trx-j 7 :.'-- : r :'e l'. *, 157.5. 2d. . nl-r.nloeis .-cjtfprch Co"netl, Tnehr.*1e, i ijl' r.d. Personal cocrjunicstion to A.A.Cross* "Investigation in to levels of airborne asbestos dust in ths London Underground, e tc ." , 1578. Jol ns-T'Jtnvillf; Lenver, Colored, U3A. Tort^r. TvV.p;* - Cc-Vr* ?rak Lisls<* C ession 1577 2c. Vinton Laboratories, Surrey, Zeeland. "A sbestos in the r.-.d?: jro-' no cause f o r e la ra ". 27. TufiJ.ey, 2 . L . , 7sm do# Chapel-on-lc-rrith, 3c-rV. rM rt, JVrsonel Coarnftioation - Asbestos Content o f *>.-- ?r-'ircts fro*3 Friction Materials. June 1?$?. ' ?e. Anderson, G asler, KcCur.s, Sprys} Ford Motor Company, USA. "Asbestos Emissions fro a BrsVs Dynsropetsr T e s t s " . (F.ef. as 13) Gilson. J .C .r fodnsr Director of Msdloal X esttreh Council  ' 1. y I4 '' r.h-r.i.o? 'V.re.i "? i r r :'M - <*e. - CV.n'rol. -v-.d ^CLty :Ve !*o.6". A iA crtss r < ;.-* h Cv i k M, " :vj , r;` rl C o r b e l Co!.vaiUce ? .0 . " o r 1, C V rH ^ to n , Vr,,`. 'M v r , Ta J * * . > r . 1?70 v .ir .:n - V.r.^ 1?77). T.-.rc **i _**: i* s". t' Af*:csv'.c - 1*r*ctim m i Ar.ti-7vici.icn k^Z - See item >0. ,:rr-r .-.c ` ori: ? .f.c l-1* c 3 - ^Tcri r a t i cn m Tra nf Ascesi os T r c t ion IVi.* e r :* 'Ie,,.AI/KA- ;:bcstos Tjifo r** i ' on '.M-cijtion of TTorth `.VaMnyton ITSA. " T rio-ion '*!.f.rJsl* V'ori: 7roctip.ee Cuir.?". T r i c t 'o n !V . r :* is "to r^ n is Institute. !*ev Jc-raay, V5A. feto b o r 1973. 1/ * V 1 0 C 1 fm tf 9 i