Document rjnpqX1nBwZ3zL1oBQRZ4J4V

TRANSACTIONS OF THE THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Boston, Masschusetts MAY SO-S5, 1973 TABLE OF CONTENTS Annual Meetings and Officers ................................................ Board of Directors 1973-74 ..................................................... A.C.G.I.H. Committees for 1973-74 . . .................. . . BUSINESS SESSION - 1045 a.m. May 21, 1973 Report of the Secretary-Treasurer...................................................................................... 13 Report of the Board of Directors.............................. 15 Reports of Standing Committees Agricultural Health ..... ........................................................................................ 25 Air Pollution................................................ .......................................................................... 25 Air Sampling Instruments.............................. 25 Analytic Methods . ..............................................................................................................26 Federal, State, and Local Occupational Health Programs .............................. 29 Industrial Hygiene Practices ...... ............................................................. 29 Industrial Hygiene Records and Reports .................................................................. 29 Industrial Ventilation..................'.................................................................................29 Ionizing Radiation ............................................................................................................. 33 Nursing Services in Occupational Health .................................................................. 33 Public Relations................................................................................... 33 Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants ............................................ ... 35 Threshold Limit Values for Physical Agents ......................................................... 38 Awards....................................................................................................................................... 39 Training...................................................................................................................... .... 44 Joint Committees with A.I.H.A. Aerosol Hazards ............................ 45 Direct Reading Gas Detecting Tube Systems ............................................................. 45 Mining Environment ............................................................................................................. 46 Respirator...............................................................................................................................46 Committees of American National Standards Institute KL3 - Identification of Air-Purifying Respirator Canisters & Cartridges 47 N13 - Radiation Protection............................................................................................47 Z37 - Threshold Limits.................................................................................................... 48 Z88 - Respiratory Protection ....................................................................................... 50 Z117- Safety Requirements for Work in Tanks and Confined Spaces . . . . 51 ZI37- Hearing Protection................................................................................................ 51 Special Meeting of the Board of Directors and Invited Members-At-Large, Toronto, Ontario, February 5-6, 1973 ...................................................................... 52 GENERAL SESSION - 900 a.m. May 20, 1973 Schedule of Conference Activities ................................................................................... 56 The Beryllium Criteria Document -- A Review Harry F, Schulte ................................................................................................................. 59 The Rationale of the NIOSH Recommendation for a Heat Stress Standard Francis N. Dukes-Dobos, M.D, -...................................................................................65 -i- Preliminary Results of the NIOSH Industrywide Study of the Fibrous Glass Industry - John M. Dement .......................................................................................67 Asbestos Standards - Theory and Practice Irving J. Selikoff, M.D., William J. Nicholson, Ph.D,, Duncan A. Holaday, M.A.........................................................................................................95 Early Detection, Diagnosis and Control of Worker Exposure to Industrial Solvents* Trichloroethylene -Charles Xintaras, Sc.D...................................... 97 Effects and Control of Exposure to Mercury Richard Henderson, Ph.D....................................................................................................... 99 A Review of the NIOSH Noise Criteria Document Herbert H. Jones............................................................................................................... Ill Ultra-Violet Radiation Protection Standards David H. Sliney ............................................................................................................... 113 Analytical Methods Used for the Determination of Free Silica over the Past Thirty-five Years - Robert G. Keenan, M.S................................................ 115 Analytical Problems Associated with the Target Health Hazard Program Russel H. Hendricks, Ph.D................................................................................................ 123 Statistical Methods for the Determination of Noncompliance Nelson A. Leidel and Kenneth A.Busch.....................................................................125 -ii- -1- AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING May 20 - May 22, 1973 Boston, Massachusetts May 19-20, 1973 Meetings of Board of Directors May 20, 1973 Round-Table Discussion May 21, 1973i Two General and one Business Session May 22, 1973 One General Session, A.I.H.A. - A.C.G.I.H. Joint General Session, and Banquet ANNUAL MEETINGS AND OFFICERS Annual Meetings No. Date Place Chairman 1 June 27-28, 1938 Washington, D.C. A.S. Gray, M.D. 2 Apr. 26-28, 1939 Washington, D.C. W.S. Johnson 3 Apr. 30-Hay 2, 1940 Bethesda, Md. 4 Feb. 17-18, 1941 Washington, D.C. M.H, Kronenberg, M.D. C.L. Pool 5 Apr. 9-10, 194-2 6 May 24, 1943 Washington, D.C. Rochester, N.Y. C.A. Nau, M.D. M.F. Trice 7 May 9, 1944 St. Louis, Mo. P.A, Brehm, M.D. 8 Apr. 7-13, 1946 Chicago, 111. P.A. Brehm, M.D. 9 Apr. 26-29, 194-7 Buffalo, N.Y. K,M. Morse 10 May 27-30, 1948 Boston, Mass. L.W. Spolyar, M.D. 11 Apr. 2-5, 1949 12 Apr. 22-25, 1950 Detroit, Mich. Chicago, 111. H.G. Dyktor K.E. Markuson, M.D. 13 Apr. 21-25, 1951 14 Apr. 19-22, 1952 Atlantic City, N.J, J.J. Bloomfield Cincinnati, Ohio L.M. Petrie, M.D. 15 Apr. 18-21, 1953 16 Apr. 24-27, 1954 17 Apr. 23-26, 1955 Los Angeles, Cal. Chicago, 111. Buffalo, N.Y. J.C. Soet J. Shilen, M.D. H.B. Ashe 18 Apr. 21-24, 1956 Philadelphia, Pa. R.R. Sullivan, M.D. 19 Apr. 20-23, 1957 20 Apr. 19-22, 1958 St. Louis, Mo. W.G. Fredrick, D.Sc. Atlantic City, N.J. T.F. Mancuso, M.D, 21 Apr. 25-28, 1959 Chicago, 111. C.E. Couchman 22 Apr. 23-26, I960 Rochester, N.Y. A.L. Coleman 23 Apr. 9-12, 1961 24 May 12-15, 1962 Detroit, Mich. Washington, D.C. A.L. Coleman W.L. Wilson, M.D. 25 May 5-7, 1963 Cincinnati, Ohio E.L. Schall 26 Apr. 25-28, 1964 Philadelphia, Pa. C. Einert, M.D. 27 May 1-5, 1965 28 May 14-17, 1966 Houston, Texas Pittsburgh, Pa. L.J. Gralley, Ph.D. B.D. Bloomfield 29 Apr. 29-May 2, 1967 Chicago, 111. 30 May 11-14, 1968 St. Louis, Mo. R.H. Duguid, M.D. Henry N. Doyle 31 May 11-13, 1969 Denver, Colorado Edward J. Baler 32 May 10-12, 1970 Detroit, Mich. Marcus M. Key, M.D. 33 May 24-25. 1971 Toronto, Canada Andrew D. Hosey 34 May 14-16, 1972 San Fran., Cal. H.E. Ayer 35 May 20-22. 1973 Boston, Mass. E. Mastromatteo, M.D, SecretaryTreasurer J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J, Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield J.J. Bloomfield L.J. Gralley, Ph.D. J.E. Flanagan, Jr. J.E. Flanagan, Jr. J.E. Flanagan, Jr. J.E. Flanagan, Jr. J.E. Flanagan, Jr. C.D. Yaffe C.D. Yaffe C.D. Yaffe C.D. Yaffe C.D. Yaffe C.D. Yaffe A.D, Hosey A.D. Hosey A.D. Hosey A.D. Hosey A.D. Hosey A.D, Hosey A.D. Hosey V.E. Rose V.E. Rose V.E. Rose W.D. Kelley W.D. Kelley Note* No meeting held in 1945 -2- AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Board of Directors 1973-74 Chr.lnaan J. FREDERICK KEPPLER Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor 46 East Ohio Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Phonet 317-633-7384 Vice Chairman JEREMIAH R. LYNCH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USPHS 1014 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Phonei 513-684-2653 Vice Chairman-elect JAMES C. BARRETT Division of Occupational Health Michigan Department of Health 3500 North Logan Street Lansing, Michigan 48914 Phone* 517-373-1410 Past Chairman ERNEST MASTROMATTEO, M.D. Environmental Health Services Branch Ontario Department of Health One St. Clair Avenue, West Toronto ?, Ontario, Canada DARRELL D. DOUGLAS Occupational Health Section Oregon State Health Division 1400 S.W. Fifth Avenue Portland, Oregon 97201 Term expires May 1974 Phone* 416-965-2496 FRED L. 0TT0B0NI, PH.D. Bureau of Occupational Health and Environmental Epidemiology California State Department of Public Health 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley, California 94704 Term expires May 1975 MARSHALL E. LA NIER National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USPHS DHEW Region V 33rd Floor, 300 S. Vacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60606 Term expires May 1976 WILLIAM D. KELLEY, Secretary-Treasurer National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USPHS P. 0. Box 1937 Cincinnati, Ohio 45201 Phone* 513-684-2534 -3- 1973-?* BOARD OF DIRECTORS Seatedi Hr. Lynch, Mr. Keppler and Dr. Mastromatteo Standing! Mr. Douglas, Mr. La Nler, Mr. Barnett and Mr. Kelley -U-- MEMBERS OF COMMITTEES 1973-74 AGRICULTURAL HEALTH Dr. Mitchell Zavon, Cincinnati Health Department, Chairman *71* AIR POLLUTION Mr. Lee E. Jager, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Chairman Mr. C. Fred Berghout, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland Mr. James Hambright, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Mr. Clements Lazenka, Philadelphia Department of Public Health Mr. Peter Loquercio, Cook County Air Pollution Bureau, Chicago, Illinois Mr. Otto Paganini, Texas Department of Health Mr. Louis J. Proulx, Connecticut State Department of Health Mr. Robert P. Miller, Michigan Department of Natural Resources '70 *70 '71 *71 '71 '70 '71 '71 AIR SAMPLING INSTRUMENTS Dr. Morton Lippmann, New York University, Chairman Mr. Paul E. Caplan, N.I.O.S.H, Mr. Irving H. Davis, Michigan Department of Public Health Dr. Robert T. Drew, N.I.E.H.S. Major Victor Furtado, Ph.D., U.S. Air Force Mr. John S, Nader, E.P.A. Mr. William H. Perry, N.I.O.S.H. Dr. Bernard E. Saltzman, University of Cincinnati Mr. Glen W. Sutton, Bureau of Mines Dr. David Swift, Johns Hopkins University '71 '71 '70 '71 '70 '70 *71 '70 '71 '70 ANALYTIC METHODS Mr. Alvin Vanderkolk, Michigan Department of Public Health, Chairman Miss Theresa Donovan, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Mr. Robert J. Graul, California Department of Health Mr. Martin V. Jeremias, New York State Department of Labor Mr. John L. Monkman, Department of National Health andWelfare, Ontario Mr. Lee E. Monteith, University of Washington Mr. Leonard Pagnotto, Massachusetts Department of Laborand Industries Dr. Bernard E. Saltzman, University of Cincinnati Mr. Jack C. Wells, Indiana State Board of Health '70 '71 '70 *70 '70 "71 '70 *71 '72 AWARDS Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Bobby F. Craft, N.I.O.S.H., Chairman James C. Barrett, Michigan Department of Health John C. Lumsden, North Carolina Department of Health Hugh L. Parker, Georgia Department of Health George F, Sprague, III, U.S.A.E.H.A, '71 '71 71 '71 *71 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Mr. Marvin M. Schuman, Michigan Department of Health, Chairman Mr. James C. Barrett, Michigan Department of Health Mr. Louis Dickie, American Air Filter Co. (Consultant) Mr. George Hama, Wayne State University Mr. Richard Hibbard, University of Washington Mr. J. R. Lynch, N.I.O.S.H. Mr. Knowlton J. Caplan, University of Minnesota Mr. Robert H. Wolle, Tennessee Department of Health '71 *71 *71 *71 '72 *72 *72 '72 Year of Appointment -5- NURSING SERVICES IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Miss Ruth E. Reifschneider, N.I.O.S.H., Chairman Miss Dorothy Benning, Ohio Department of Health Miss Catherine Chambers, R.N., Wisconsin Department of Health Mrs, Helen Coburn, Connecticut Department of Health Mr. Morris A. Wolf, New York Department of Labor TRAINING Mr. Darrel D. Douglas, Oregon State Health Division,Chairman Dr. Clyde M. Berry, State University of Iowa Mr. Peter A. Breysse, University of Washington Dr. Walter Ruch, NIOSH, Seattle, Washington Mr. William W. Steffan, California Division ofIndustrialSafety *71 '70 '70 *70 '72 '73 '73 '73 *73 '73 THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Dr. Herbert E. Stokinger, N.I.O.S.H., Chairman Dr. Hector P. Blejer, California Department of Health Mr. Paul Caplan, N.I.O.S.H. Dr. Hervey B. Elkins, Massachusetts.Department of Labor and Industries Dr. William G. Frederick, Wayne State University Mr. Bernard Grabois, New York State Department of Labor Dr. Paul Gross, Industrial Hygiene Foundation Mr. John Knauber, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Mr. Jesse Lieberraan, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Dr. Keith Long, University of Iowa Mr. Frederick T. McDermott, Michigan Department of Health Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Department of Health Col. Walter Melvin, U.S.A.F., Kelly AFB, Texas Mr. James F. Morgan (industry liaison) Mr. David Padden (Labor liaison) Dr. Marshall Steinberg, U.S, Array Environmental Hygiene Agency Mr. William D. Wagner, N.I.O.S.H. Dr. Mitchell R. Zavon, Cincinnati Health Department '71 '72 '71 '71 *70 '70 '70 '69 '73 '73 *71 '70 '71 '72 '70 '73 '70 '70 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR PHYSICAL AGENTS Mr. Herbert H. Jones, Central Missouri State University,Chairman Mr. Peter Breysse, University of Washington Mr. Irving H. Davis, Michigan Department of Health Mr. R. D. Dobbin, N.I.O.S.H. Dr. David A. Fraser, University of North Carolina Lt. Col. Owen H. Kittilstad, U.S.A.F. Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Department of Health Mr. William A. Palraisano, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Mr. David H. Sliney, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Dr. Robert N. Thompson, F.A.A. Mr. Thomas K. Wilkinson, U.S.P.H.S. Mr. Eugene G. Wood, O.S.H.A. *71 '71 '71 '70 '71 *71 '71 *71 '71 '71 *71 *70 AD HOC COMMITTEES TRICHLOROETHYLENE Dr. Hervey B. Elkins, Massachusetts Department of Labor & Indus., Chairman Mr. Harold Bavley, Massachusetts Department of Labor & Industries Mr. C. Fred Berghout, Joppa, Maryland Dr. William A. Burgess, Harvard School of Public Health Miss Threse Donovan, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Dr. William G. Frederick, Wayne State University -6- SULFURIC ACID AND SULFUR DIOXIDE Dr. William G, Frederick, Wayne State University, Chairman Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Department of Health Mr. Frederick T. McDermott, South Oakland Health Center Dr. Ralph G. Smith, University of Michigan Dr. Mitchell R. Zavon, Cincinnati Health Department TOLUENE Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Department of Health, Chairman Mr. C. Fred Berghout, Joppa, Maryland Miss Theresa Donovan, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Mr. John W. Knauber, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Dr. Ralph G. Smith, University of Michigan Mr. Alvin L. VanderKolk, Michigan Department of Health ARSENIC Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Department of Health, Chairman Mr. C. Fred Berghout, Joppa, Maryland Miss Theresa Donovan, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Mr. John W. Knauber, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Dr. Ralph G. Smith, University of Michigan Mr. Alvin L. VanderKolk, Michigan Department of Health COTTON DUST Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Department of Health, Chairman Mr. G. Fred Berghout, Joppa, Maryland Mr. Edwin J. KLoos, U. S. Bureau of Mines Dr. Morton Lippmann, New York University Mr. Marvin M. Schuman, Michigan Department of Health PARATHION Mr. Darrel D. Douglas, Oregon State Health Division, Chairman Dr. Hector P. Blejer, California Health Department Dr. G. Quimby (Consultant) Dr. B. Stevenson, Communicable Disease Center Dr. Mitchell R. Zavon, Cincinnati Health Department AMERICAN BOARD OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE *Mr. E. J. Baler *Mr. James C. Barrett Mr. Knowlton J. Caplan* *Mr. Andrew D. Hosey Mr. Alan C. Love *Mr. John C. Lumsden Mr. Vincent Castrop Dr. Melvin W. First Mr. James W. Hammond Mr. Nathan V. Hendricks Mr. Verald K. Rowe Dr. Henry F, Smyth, Jr. Mr. Herbert T. Walworth Representing A.C.G.I.H, -7- JOINT COMMITTEES WITH AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION Mr. Howard E, Ayer Mr. Harry J. Ettlnger Mr. Murray Jacobson Mr. Geoffrey Knight Mr. Sidney Laskin Mr. Jeremiah R. Lynch Mr. Milton Scheinbaum Mr. Glen W. Sutton AEROSOL HAZARDS EVALUATION Dr. Morton Lippmann, Chairman Dr. J. Leroy Balzer Mr. William C. Janes Dr. William H. Krebs Mr. Paul Lange Dr. Eric B. Sansone Mr. R. W. Van Houten Dr. W. R. Van Pelt DIRECT READING GAS DETECTING TUBE SYSTEMS Mir, Howard L. Kusnetz, Chairman Mr. Evan Campbell Mr. Leon Gonshor Mr. Jeremiah R. Lynch Mr. Paul Roper Mr. John Taylor Mr. Alvin VanderKolk AIHA members to be Appointed MINING ENVIRONMENT Mr. Wm. A. Bardswich Mr. Floyd C. Bossard Mr. Alfred J. Breslin Mr. E, J. Harris Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo Mr. Glen W. Sutton Mr. G. Reub Yourt, Chairman RESPIRATOR Mr. J. E. Cleveland Mr. R. B. Gresham Mr. Murray Jacobson Mr. F. J. Laird, Jr. Mr. Kenneth M. Morse Mr. J. G. Rutherford Mr. M. M. Garcia Mr. W Unger Mr. Bruce J. Held, Chairman Dr. William A. Burgess Mr. Alan K. Gudeman Miss Patricia Gussey Mr. E. C. Hyatt Mr. Edwin J. KLoos Mr. Ross N. Kusian Mr. Stuart G. Luxon Mr. J. P. O'Neill Mr. Charles J. Shoemaker Mr. Ronald J. Uhle Mr. Ronald L. Guinn Mr. C. R. E. Merkle, Jr. Mr. J. F. Morehead Mr. George L. Morse Mr. Wm. H. Revoir Mr. L. N. Rodenhouse Mr. W. H. Speicher Mr. George M. Tomer Mr. John M. White Representing A.C.G.I.H. -8- REPRESENTATIVES ON COMMITTEES OF AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE All K13.1 N12 N13 N42 N43 N44 - N101 S3 Z4 Z8 Z9 Z16 - Z37 Z88 - Z105 Z117 - ZI36 Z137 - Mr. J. Baliff (industrial lighting) Mr. E. C. Hyatt (identification of gas mask cannisters) Mr. Donald E. Van Farowe (nuclear energy) Mr. Donald E. Van Farowe (radiation protection) Mr. Jesse Lieberman (radiation instrumentation) Dr. Robert H. Duguid (equipment for non-medical radiation applications) Dr. Jacqueline Messite, Alternate (equipment and materials for medical radiation applications) Mr. Ronald E. Bales, Alternate (atomic industry facility design) Major Donald C. Gasaway (bioacoustics) Mr. E. J. Baier (industrial sanitation) - Inactive Mr. Irving Davis (laundry and dry cleaning) Mr. Robert Hughes and Mr. A1 Gudeman (safety code for exhaust systems) Mr. V. Rose and Mr. David F. Stelzer, Alternate (work injury experience) Dr. Herbert E. Stokinger (threshold limits) Mr. Edwin C. Hyatt and Mr. Jeremiah R. Lynch, Alternate (respiratory protection) Mr. James Barrett and Mr. L. E. Jager, Alternate (air and gas cleaning) Mr. Peter Breysse (safety requirements for working in tanks and confined spaces) Dr. Chas. H. Powell and Mr. Vernon E. Rose, Alternate (lasers) Mr. William Steffan and Mr. Herbert Jones, Alternate (hearing protection) REPRESENTATIVES ON COMMITTEES OF AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ASTM D-22 ASTW D-26 - Dr, Ralph Smith (atmospheric sampling and analysis) - Mr. Howard L. Kusnetz and Mr. Robert VanderVort, Alternate (halogenated organic solvents) REPRESENTATIVES CN INTERSOCIETY COMMITTEE ON GUIDELINES FOR NOISE EXPOSURE CONTROL Mr. Herbert H. Jones Dr. Floyd A. Van Atta REPRESENTATIVE ON INTERSOCIETY COMMITTEE ON AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS Mr. John V. Crable REPRESENTATIVES ON INTERSOCIETY SUBSTANCES SUBCOMMITTEES Sulphur Compounds Mr. John B. Pate Halogen Compounds Mr. John D. Strauther Oxidants and Nitrogen Compounds Dr. John E. Cuddebach -9- Carbon Compounds Dr. Ralph G. Smith, Chairman Hydrocarbon Compounds Mr. Lowell D, White Heavy Metals Mr. John R. Carlberg Metals II Mr. L. Dubois Radioactive Compounds Mr. D. E. Van Farowe Laboratory Techniques and Precautions Mr. A. L. Vander Kolk Particulates Mr. Edward Stein Stationary Source Sampling Mr. Jerry Flesch Standardization and Coordination Mr. William D. Kelley REPRESENTATIVE TO ISO/TC 146 ON AIR QUALITY Mr. Benjamin Levadie OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH INSTITUTE, A.C.G.I.H. REPRESENTATIVE TO ACCREDITATION COMMISSION Mr. Jeremiah R. Lynch LOCAL AOGIH CHAPTERS Keystone (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) Woodrow W. WendBng, M.D., Chairman Puerto Rico Jose E. Sanchez, Chairman Southern California Anastacio G. Medina, Chairman -10- -11- BUSINESS SESSION - May 21. 1973 Ernest Mastromatteo, M.D., Chairman, Presiding The Annual Business Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists was held on Monday, May 21, 1973 in the Sheraton-Boston Hotel, Boston, Massachusetts. The meeting was called to order at 10i45 hy Chairman Ernest Mastromatteo, M.D. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi Good morning. I want to welcome everyone to the Annual Business Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. To ray left is Bill Kelley, the Secretary-Treasurer, and Ruth Duffy will be taking notes in the absence of a court reporter who was unable to come. I would like to read to you a couple of telegrams I have received. One is from Mr. Paul Brennan, Secretary of Labor, Washington, D.C. "As your organization meets with the A.I.H.A. in Boston this week at the 1973 American Industrial Hygiene Conference, let me extend to you my best wishes for a successful meeting. "For more than three decades you have provided leadership in identifi cation and control of health hazards in the work place. I am sure the future will be not only more challenging but even more rewarding, especially as the full Intent of the Occupational Safety and Health Act is recognized and implemented." Mr. P. Brennan Secretary of Labor Washington, D.C. May 18, 1973 And let me just quickly read the second telegram I, also, received as Chairman of A.C.G.I.H. "Paul D. Halley and Dr. Ernest Mastromatteoi My best wishes go out to the delegates at the 1973 American Industrial Hygiene Conference. Both the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists are respected for their constructive work in developing procedures to provide safe and healthful work places for America's working men and women. "Your useful cooperation with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Administration has been a source of special satis faction to me, and it has considerably advanced the goals we share in this Important area. "I wish you a most productive and rewarding season." Richard Nixon The White House Washington, D.C. May 18, 1973 700 P.M. -12- Well , "this has been for me, as Chairman, a very busy and active year. 1 would like perhaps to give a Chairman's report before calling on Bill Kelley. Our membership has shown an increase of 200 new members; from 1,400 to 1,500 current members. Our activities now have an international flavor. As Chairman, being Canadian, I think that's the first time for a chairman of your Conference. I have taken pride in this accomplishment. There have been inquiries about our meeting from Mr. S. G. Luxon of the United Kingdom; and Dr. Rudi Kratel, repre senting WHO, is visiting here from WHO; the Chairman provided a letter of refer ence for one of our members, Dr. Chen, on a mission to Red China. Dr. Chen reported favorably on his visit to China, receiving preferential treatment. The President of the Royal Society of Health in Great Britain visited me in Toronto to find out our activities here. The Chairman represented the Conference at the Western Industrial Health Conference in October 1972. I addressed the Labor Group of the National Safety Congress in October 1972. I attended the ASSE meeting in Washington, D.C. in December, of related professional groups, AIHA, IMA, AA0M, HPS; I attended the Board Meeting in San Francisco in May and in October 1972 at the same time of the National Safety Congress, we had a Board meeting. At a special meeting in Toronto, which we called a Retreat, for the first time we brought in members-at-large to look at A.C.G.I.H. and its objectives, and at the two-day Board meeting just finished, we acted on points in the Toronto meeting. Coming out of the Conference on Quartz in November, AGGIH cosponsored with NI0SH this Conference on Quartz. A0GIH is underwriting costs of publishing the Proceedings of this Round Table. At Toronto, there was a review of classes of membership and the membership re quirements. Mr. Hugh Nelson submitted a report to the Board which it still has under active study for a report later. No action will be taken on this, of course, without consultation with the membership. The Board agreed with Mr. Kelley's report, with the increase in membership and activities, for the need of an Executive Secretary. Let me read over the pro posed duties of this Executive Secretary. 1. Facilitate activities of the Committees. 2. Monitor activities of other organizations and governmental agencies and advise the Chairman when A.C.G.I.H. action is appropriate, for example, in the field of health standards. 3. Provide information on the activities of the Conference. 4. Prepare the Bulletin Board, Transactions and Membership Book. (As can be noted, some revision is necessary.) 5. Provide liaison with the Managing Director of AIHA. 6. Implement Board actions under the guidance of the Board Chairman. 7. Duties are not to conflict with the duties of the SecretaryTreasurer as you find in the By-Laws, -13- The Board authorized action for recruitment, nomination and implementation of this decision. If any of you are interested or if anyone knows of someone, please notify us. Applications should be submitted before July 1, 1973. By Septem ber 1, 1973 we hope to have the appointment made. The Board has authorized about a $10,000, no more, expenditure which is one-fourth the person's time, including overhead and secretarial help. Moving on to the commitments and decisions coming out of the Toronto meeting, the Board set up an Ad Hoc Committee for Criteria Development. Many members have provided input. The committees and their members will be listed in the "Transactions." It is the intent of the Board to maintain these ad hoc com mittees. In regard to Career Development, the Board has agreed to the establishment of an Ad Hoc Manpower Committee. We have invited the AIHA, ABIH and ACIH to join with the ACGIH in this. The ACGIH has offered to underwrite a round table on manpower. The Board also acted to set up an Ad Hoc Committee for Industrial. Hygiene Com pliance Operations Practice. Arising out of the Toronto Retreat, the Board deferred two actions to the new Chairman. 1. Appointment of a Biologic Threshold Limits Committee 2. Calling and underwriting of a meeting of all professional occupational safety and health organizations to establish and maintain common interests. First of all, my thanks to all members of the Board, to the Secretary-Treasurer, Committee Chairmen, Members-at-Large. On many occasions I have called individual members directly to accept tasks and they have willingly accepted these assign ments. My special thanks to Leonard Pagnotto for the local arrangements, and to Fred Keppler, the incoming Chairman, for the program of this meeting. When we come to the business affairs, both full members and associate members are invited to vote at this meeting except on matters involving the Constitution and By-Laws. If there is any matter touching on the Constitution and By-Laws, I will make an official announcement from the chair. Anyone speaking, please give your name so the secretary can make a note. That is the report of your Confer ence Chairman. I will now ask Bill Kelley to give the Secretary's report. SECRETARY KELLEYt Thank you. First of all, I would like to begin with some editorial comments, these relative to the two people responsible for the function ing and continuance of my office as Secretary, Mrs. Kim Stewart, in charge of the Publications Office, and Mrs. Ruth Duffy who used to be my secretary, and thanks to Jerry Lynch, has been able to continue to function as secretary to the Secretary-Treasurer. The publications are selling. This has been a very good year. The Air Sampling Instruments sales were in excess of 1,930 copies. Two thousand, nine hundred copies were printed. In another year. Dr. Lippmann and the Committee plan for a reprinting. For the Documentation of TLVs for 1972, some 7^ copies were sold. This is the second year where we had the OSHA Standards and we were concerned that sales might go down. Thirty-four thousand copies of the *72 TLVs from the -14- time they were available, the end of September to March 1973 which is the end of our fiscal year. Additionally, some nine thousand 1971 TLVs were sold from April 1, 1972 until the *72s were available the first of September. There were 42,000 printed and we will probably sell about 40,000 before the '73s are available. In this regard, all of the publications have been doing quite well. We have a new Publications List and it will be available at the AOGIH booth. It is a stream lined list, listing only our current, best-selling publications. Included in this is the Quartz Round Table Proceedings which will be available in the next sev eral months. The manuscript from the Round Table will be available for examina tion at the booth on this floor. Concerning the publications coming out of Lansing, Michigan--the Respirator Manual-- its supply is almost depleted. The Ventilation Manual--the Ventilation Committee continued in its normal tradition. It has an increase in sales of some 2,500 copies. They had an increase of 17$ for special orders. They sold only 11,662 copies--just a so-so year? The cumulative sales of the Ventilation Manual is in excess of 100,000 copies. I think a special commendation should go to the long-term activities of that Committee. The third item is the report of the Nominating Committee chaired by Dr. Jacqueline Messite. For Vice-Chairman, Jim Barrett and Vernon Rose For Board Member at Large, Marshall LaNier and I. Kingsley For Secretary-Treasurer, myself and there were a number of write-in votes (and I personally managed that campaign!) The fourth item. The Boston Conference Committee has made available to both AIHA and ACGIH special ribbons for past chairmen. If you see a past president, or chairman in the case of AOGIH, have him get in touch with me for a ribbon in order to give recognition to all past chairmen, compliments of the Boston Con ference Committee. The next annual meeting will be in Miami Beach at the Fontainebleau Hotel. It will be in May. Mr. Chairman, I move the Secretary's report be accepted. DR. DUKES-DOBOSi I second it. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi Is there any comment on the Secretary's report? Do we have a vote? May I have a show of hands. All of those in favor of acceptance? Those opposed? The motion is carried unanimously. And now we will have the Treasurer's report. TREASURER KELLEY* Thank you. To sum up the Treasurer's report, one would have to use the same words as for the Secretary's report. It has been a very good year. Total Cash Receipts $84,117.64 compared to $56,346.35 last year and $33,800 the year before. Just a brief look at where the bulk of the money came from. The Air Sampling Instruments $22,000 compared to $11,000 the year before because of the new edition. The Ventilation Manuals $11,300 vs. $10,297.98 last year and just this week an additional transfer from the Ventilation Committee of -15- $7*000 which will be included and will show up in the current year's fiscal statement. The TLVs $18,742 vs. $15,600; the Documentations $12,000 vs. $15,000} Membership $5*762 vs. $2,220.65 reflected in the increase in dues; Conference Receipts are essentially on a net basis, some $6,000 vs. $3,700 the previous year. This is where the big increase and fluctuations of the prior year in income are. Total Cash Disbursements $64,513.66 vs. $52,636 vs. $32,400 two years ago. For a rough breakdown of Conference expenses, $5,800 vs. $4,100; Printing Costs $31,214 vs. $27*755; $13,000 on Air Sampling Instruments} including a bill for almost $13,000 for the Air Sampling Instruments. The year before we had a $13,000 bill for the Documentations. TLVs $8,600; Transactions $5,000; Membership Book $1,400. Other committee expenses, of course, smaller things, add to $31,000. The Committee Expenses for Meetings $9,044 vs. $9,436. So our Committee expenses went down about $400, Other Committee Expenses $4,455 vs. $3,121. Now the bulk of that was about a $3,700 bill to sponsor the Quartz Round Table. Office Ex penses $13,971 vs. $9,238.13. The Bulletin Board was a big item, $2,102 vs. $1,057. Postage $2,627 vs. $1,941.75; the Exhibit Booth-increased activity with the booth, $1,692 vs. $1,184. The Business Office, this includes salaries and office supplies, $6,170 vs. $3,192. In summary, the benefit plus cost anal ysis by Kim Stewart--many wish we were as productive as Mrs. Stewart. Excess cash Receipts over Cash Disbursements $21,905.77 vs. $3,709.93 for the previous year. Since close-out of the fiscal year we have transferred $20,000 into a Savings Certificate. The financial statement will be in the "Transactions" in detail. The Industrial Ventilation Committee has a separate account. Both statements have been audited and certified to by Certified Public Accountants and their audits and financial statements will appear in the "Transactions." Sales of $53,371.39 were received from the Industrial Ventilation Committee. Cost of materials was $21,837.87. Other expenses were $10,438.98. Net worth was an increase of $9,515.98 and then I transferred a check of $7,000 to the Conference as of this month. Both of the financial reports will be in the "Transactions" including the San Francisco Financial statement. Mr. Chairman, I move the acceptance of the Treasurer's report. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi Do we have a second? MR. ROSE; I second it. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi It is a very enlightening report and when you see that we netted $21,000 more than we spent, hence the need of an Executive Secretary. There is a need for acceptance of the Treasurer's report. No discussion? Me will have a show of hands. Unanimous. The Treasurer's report is accepted. I think it is safe to move on to the Committee Reports. Dr. Stokinger will make a report of the TLVs for Chemical Airborne Substances. DR. STOKINGER 1 As one chairman to another, I'll make this very brief. You have the report before you. Me are here merely to report the significant actions taken by the TLV Committee in Fiscal Year 1973 in regard to the recommendations and changes in TLVs of chemical substances. Herb J&nes will tell about changes in physical agents of the TLV Booklet for 1973. Note the three separate headings and.three separate actions and the 31 transfers from the Tentative Listing to the Adopted Listing. On the back side of the -16- paper you will see the seven changes in the Adopted List that will be transferred to the Notice of Intended Changes. They will remain there two years or until evidence justifies their existence there or elsewhere. There were 18 new addi tions. Parenthetically, compared with the Criteria Documents that NIOSH puts out, this is all free enterprise. Eighteen substances on the Tentative List for at least two years. In regard to the 31 substances to be transferred to the Adopted List, two things should be noted. Documentation for these transfers is substantiated and available. There are five substances on the Tentative List for two years and they will remaint Asbestos, Butyl lactate, Furfuryl alcohol, Isophorone, and Mineral wool fiber. We have been thinking to substantiate fi brous glass on the Tentative List for at least five years. Relative to the Adopted Changes to Copper fume and Paraffin wax fume, the TLVs have been raised. One TLV has a different change than before. Granting a variance for the C 0.2 to 1.5% from provided certain strict medical precautions that will be out lined in the Documentation are observed. I want to call your attention to one item that will even surprise Committee members. You heard a lot about bis- Chloroethyl ether, that it is such a potent carcinogen. This gave the Commit tee members quite a quirk because we have, as you can see on the front page, Dichloroethyl ether. This one has a TLV of 5,000 times than intended for bis- Chloroethyl ether of 1 ppb. No carcinogen evidence--not as extensive as tested. We are hoping that the Conference will go along with the Committee's recommenda tions--those to be adopted and included in the booklet for 1973. I will await any comments or suggestions. May we have a motion that these recommendations be adopted. DR. ZAVONi I make a motion that the recommendations of the TLV Committee be adopted. DR. FREDERICK! I second it. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi A motion has been made and seconded that the report of the TLV Committee be accepted. Any discussion from the floor? All in favor of Herb StokLnger's report? Unanimous? I declare this report accepted. Mr. Herb Jones has submitted a report of the TLV Physical Agents Committee. MR. JONESi I wasn't able to obtain enough copies of the report. I have only a limited number. There are a lot more people here than in previous times. The Physical Agents Committee recommends adoption of the Heat Stress TLV, that is, to go from Notice of Intent to adopt as the Heat Stress TLV. The second recommendation is the adoption of ultraviolet TLV which was published as a Notice of Intent in 1972 with three changes. The Committee had recommended the adoption with four changes but Item No. 3 was not accepted by the Executive Committee, so that we would propose the adoption of the UV TLV with changes or with the definition of defining acceptance angle of the instrumentation measure ment. Add to it fluorescent light fixtures as a source and then a footnote re ferring where we exclude lasers, to point out that there is a TLV for lasers. We would, along with the UV TLV, recommend a Noti.ce of Intent to change the UV TLV to include solar radiation. This the Executive Committee thought was something more than a minor change and if we were to include solar radiation that this was to be adopted using the route of Notice of Intent a year for com ment and possible action at the meeting next year. The fourth recommendation including the one on Notice of Intent to Change the UV TLV and adoption of the Laser TLV which was published as a Notice of Intent -17- in '72 with minor changes in the tables. This was looked at by the Z136 laser Committee and they had just minor differences. Our Committee hadn't found any objections to their minor changes and made the recommendation with these changes. In the Notice of Intent to change the Noise TLV, there is a full statement in the material handed out. In the recommendation of Noise TLV, the major change would be reduction of TLV by 5 dB. The second change would be the establishment of a TLV for a 16-hour work period. The third change would be the inclusion of exposure below the 8-hour TLV in the calculation of the daily noise dose. In the old TLV we ignored everything below the TLV. Tech nically, this has been in error. Certainly that immediately below the TLV does add to the damage. It is the recommendation of the Committee that this be in corporated in the Notice of Intent to change the TLV. There are two typographical changes. The definition of impulsive noise, tfe have added a definition. The question continues to come up. What is impul sive noise and what is continuous noise? The Committee has adopted what has been Included in the Walsh Healey Regulation and now in the CSHA Regulations on this. That should read impulsive noise or impact noise is considered to be those variations in noise levels that involve maximum at intervals greater than l/sec, Intervals of l/sec should be considered continuous. On the Table, the column on the right hand side is misplaced one space. The 16-hour exposure duration is 80 and the rest will follow along in line. Hr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the Recommendations of the TLV Physical Agents Committee. MR. DOBBINS1 I second it. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi The discussion on the report of the Physical Agents Committee is now open. FROM THE FLOOR 1 Please list the number of things you are going to vote on. MR. JONES* Item 1. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5- Adoption of the Heat Stress TLV* Adoption of the UV TLV including the statement that excludes solar radiation; Notice of Intent to change the proposed UV TLV to include solar radiation; The adoption of the Laser TLV; Notice of Intent to change the Noise TLV, CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi Any other questions? MR. SHUMAN* This should be broken down into individual items. I agree with part but not all. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi Would that mean we would have to get the mover to with draw his motion? What is the pleasure of the floor? I would like to have a second if it is considered a free motion. We had a quick caucus conference. If this is not acceptable to the Conference, I think we would have to have an amendment from the floor to the motion. I would like to have a vote on the whole thing. MR. STANTON* I move the question... -18- CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi The Question has been raised.. We axe now ready to vote on the whole recommendation. Let's have a show of hands. All those in favor of accepting all of the report, raise your hands. For? Opposed? Carried by 4 to 1. I declare the report of the Physical Agents TLV Committee accepted by this Conference. Thank you very much, Herb, Could I now ask Dohrman Byers to present the report of the Resolutions Commit tee? MR. BYERSi This will be quite brief. The Committee reported no communications asking for any resolutions, therefore, I generated only one. Unfortunately, having just arrived, I have not secured from Bill the exact names, however, the following resolution will cover it. WHEREAS the passing of years and the uncertainties of our daily lives have taken in death some of our members during the past year; BE IT RESOLVED that the Secretary be instructed to prepare and transmit a letter of sympathy and condolences to the surviving family of each such member deceased since our preceding annual meeting. I move the adoption of this resolution. MR. PAGNOTTOi I second it. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEO; All in favor of the motion, please raise your hands. All opposed? I declare the motion carried. Thank you very much, Dohrman. We had such a lot of business in our Board meeting, I got in the habit of railroad ing things through. I hope I am not giving that impression today. Mr. Kelley will summarize the Committee reports of the ad hoc and general committee. MR. KELLEY; The Ad Hoc, which the Chairman is referring to, are those which you who are involved are well aware of at the specific request of the Office of Research and Standards Development of NIOSH, seven Ad Hoc Committees were formed for the review of these specific criteria documents. The names of the chairmen and the members of the committees will appear in the "Transactions" and the Membership Book in order to give recognition of the work which they did do with little notice and short deadlines. On behalf of the Board and the Conference Chairman, I am sure that everyone joins with me in extending thanks. Concern ing other committee activities, there have been individual reports submitted by committee chairmen which were acted upon by the Board. The Board generally accepted the recommendations of the chairmen. I make this report as an individ ual and middleman who helped in recruiting and the response, including the chairmen, was fantastic and particular recognition should go to Dr. Frederick, who chaired several committees and was on several committees, and all the others as well. A changing of priorities in committee activities has been recommended. There will be more ad hoc committees and changes in some standing committees. Some committees are being disbanded and others reconstituted to better meet the needs of the Conference, Individual reports will be in the "Transactions." Mr. Chairman, I move the acceptance by the Conference of the Board of Directors* acceptance of the Committees* reports. -19- chairman MASTROMATTEO i I realize you nay not know what you are accepting but Mr. Kelley has moved that we accept the reports of the Committees Chairmen as presented and discussed by your Board of Directors in the last few days. Could I have a second? MR, JONESi I second it. CHAIRMAN MASTROMATTEOi Any discussion? AH in favor? Please raise your hands. Any opposed? I declare the Committees' reports accepted. I would like to express my appreciation to the two members retiring from the Board. Howard Ayer served well and will be retired as Past Chairman, but Jim Barrett's retirement is short-lived because he has been elected Vice-Chairman Elect. For Member-at-large, Marshall LaNier. Despite the huge write-in vote, Bill Kelley was successful in retaining his position. Best of luck to your new Board of Directors. This completes the new Board Members. Is there any new business from the floor? We have 35 minutes for new business and dis cussion. Industrial Hygiene is alive and well? (A question from the floor.) No, the Board made no decision. I think the Board decisions about Committee expenses and publications will remain the same as in the past. That's not affected by the decision to look into the hiring of a part-time Executive Secretary. Now, it is my pleasant duty to introduce the new Chairman of the A.C.G.I.H. for the coming year* the new Chairman who will take over now and carry on until the Miami meeting and I would like Fred to come up and take over the chair. (Applause) I am sure you are all with me in wishing Fred the very best for the coming year. CHAIRMAN KEPPLERi Thank you, Ernie. You know Ernie has just done an absolutely terrific job this past year and before we adjourn the meeting could we have a big hand for Ernie? (Applause) Do I hear a motion for adjournment? Is there a second? The meeting stands adjourned. (Meeting adjourned at 1140 a.m.) -20- STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FISCAL YEAR 4/1/72 TO 3/31/73 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Cash Receipts Sale of Air Sampling Instruments Manual (Published and expensed 1972) Sale of Analytical Methods Manual (Published 1958 and supplement 1961. expensed 1958 1961, 1963, 1967, 1969 and 1972) Received from Ventilation Committee from Sale of Ventilation Hanuals Sale of Guide to Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or Regulations and Supplements Sale of Guide to Health Services (Published and expensed i960) Sale of Transactions (1972 and previous years) Sale of Trade Names Index Supplement No. 1 (Published and expensed 1967) Sale of Trade Names Index Supplement No. 2 (Published and expensed 1968) Sale of Threshold Limit Values for 1971 and 1972 Sale of Threshold Limit Values of Physical Agents for 1970 Sale of Documentation of Threshold Limit Values (Published and expensed 1971) Sale of Process Flow Sheets and Air Pollution Controls (Published and expensed 1964, 1966 and 1972) Sale of Bibliography of Radiation Protection Organizations (Published and expensed 1963) Received from Respirator Committee Sale of Respirator Manual (Published and expensed 1963) Membership Dues (Net of Foreign Exchange) Share of Receipts from 1972 American Industrial. Hygiene Conference - San Francisco Sale of Miscellaneous Publications State of Ohio Sales Tax Collections Miscellaneous Income Received (Postage and Travel Rebates) Total $ 21,944.30 2,011.00 11,351.83 93.00 46.00 192.00 24.00 45.00 18,742.12 215.50 12,073.50 197.87 24.00 1,064.17 5,762.76 8,896.24 860.38 74.60 . *59,37 $ 84,117.64 Interest Earned - Eagle Savings and Loan Account $ 792.64 Interest Earned - First National. Bank of Cincinnati 452.56 Interest Earned - Provident Bank Account 115.84 Interest Earned - P.H.S. Credit Union Account Interest Earned - Mercantile Bldg, and Loan Account 392.23 548.52 2.301.79 Total Cash Receipts $ 86.419.43 -21- STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FISCAL YEAR 4/1/72 to 3/31/73 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIALHYGIENISTS Cash Disbursements Expenses for Secretary-Treasurer to 1972 Conference Expenses for Mrs. Duffy to 1972 Conference Miscellaneous 1972 Conference Expenses: Board of Directors Expenses Stenotypist Board of Directors Banquets Conference Banquet Photographer and Placques Guest Speaker Expenses Agents Printing Expense Miscellaneous 1973 Pre-Conference Expenses Printing. Costs 1972 Transactions and Mailing 1972 Threshold Limit Values 1972 Membership Booklet Guide to Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or Regulations - Preface Analytical Methods and Binders Air Sampling Instruments Manual Air Pollution Control Process Flow Sheets Air Pollution Reference Library Official Publications List Stationery, Envelopes, etc. Committee Meeting Expenses Board of Directors Meetings (Two Meetings) Air Pollution Committee Industrial Hygiene Aspects cf Mining Physical Agents Threshold Limit Values Nursing Services in Industry Air Sampling Instruments Analytical Methods Heat Stress Symposium International Standards Organization Aerosol Hazards Evaluation Ad Hoc Committee Trichlorethylene Criteria Other Committee Expenses Revision of Air Sampling Instruments Marnual, Fourth Edition (Advertising Inclusive) Quartz Roundtable Services Typing of Guides for Industrial Hygiene Practices Executive Committee Travel Postage $ 378.05 312.69 790.66 123.20 333.71 3,101.57 159.68 150.00 27.95 451.20 $ 5,068.16 8,649.00 1,412.68 86.22 851.82 12,930.58 312.24 92.75 134.69 1.676.70 $ 1,989.76 657.62 71.74 365.69 3,071.80 564,64 468.36 108.00 138.79 586.00 1,010.15 12.00 $ 280.50 3,752.43 35.15 377.29 ____ g,jQ 5,828,71 31,214.84 9,044.55 4,454.87 -22- STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FISCAL YEAR 4/1/72 TO 3/31/73 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Office Expenses Audit of Treasurer's Report and Tax Returns Surety Bonds for Secretary-Treasurer & Bookkeeper Ohio Sales Tax Rebates on Dues and Publications Multilithing, Addressing, etc. of Bulletin Board Postage (Including Truck Shippings) Bank Collection Charges Miscellaneous Office Expenses Exhibit Booth Expense Miscellaneous Printing Business Office Expense (Salaries, Office Equipment and Office Supplies) Total Cash Disbursements $ 275.00 141.00 67.98 250.45 2,102.65 2,627.17 129.60 268.17 1,692.21 246.43 6.170.03 13,970,69 $ 64.513.66 Excess of Cash Receipts over Cash Disbursements Addi Balance in Checking Account 4/l/72 Balance in Savings Accounts 4/l/72 Cash Balance as of 3/31/73 $ 21,905.77 $ 20,481.1? 44.968.04 65.449.21 1 $ 87.354.98 Represented byi The Provident Bank, Cincinnati, Ohio, Checking Account The Provident Bank, Cincinnati, Ohio, Savings Account Eagle Savings & Loan, Cincinnati, Ohio, Savings Account First National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, Savings Account Cincinnati, P.H.S. Federal Credit Union Account Mercantile Bldg. & Loan, Cincinnati, Ohio, Savings Account Total $ 41,446.19 2,000.00 15,000,00 10,000.00 7,593.48 ll.lllJl -23- STATEMENT OP FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FISCAL YEAR 4/1/72 to 3/31/73 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE I have examined the Statement of Financial Transactions for the fiscal year 4/l/72 to 3/31/73 of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists as submitted by the Secretary-Treasurer of the organization. Based on the records maintained and the information furnished to me, the above statement presents correctly the financial transactions for the above organization for the period as stated. May 2, 1973 /s/ Charles Gehler Certified Public Accountant Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 24- -25- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURAL HEALTH No written report was submitted. The oral report of the Chairman indicated a low level of activity. A specific charge to study reentry standards for parathion, malathion, guthion and Sevin was accepted by the Committee Chairman. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AIR POLLUTION The work of the air pollution committee has continued to be directed toward the publication of a new edition of the process flow sheet booklet. The status at the current time is that a final draft of the proposed new edition has been pre pared and distributed to all committee members for their final review. A meeting of the committee is scheduled to coincide with the AOGIH annual meeting in Boston and, at this meeting, the final touches to the flow sheet publication will be made. The document should then be ready to go to the publishers. Contact with the publisher has been made and a draftsman has been employed to put the flow sheet diagrams into final.form. Assuming that the committee completes work on the draft document at its meeting scheduled for Monday, May 21, it is esti mated that 1,000 copies of the new booklet can be delivered to ACGIH by August 1, 1973. The plan of the committee is to produce a publication close in appearance to the ventilation manual using the same type of binding. In fact, the draftsman who has done much work for the ventilation committee has been retained by the air pollution commitee and the same publisher has been contacted. Following this format the cost for the first 3,000 copies will be approximately $1,700 or $1.70 per copy. The majority of this cost is for the initial typing of the text so that subsequent orders would be much less (an estimated cost of $500 per 1000 copies). Future editions should cost less to publish since only changed or new copy will have to be retyped. The committee has in its opinion added to the value of the publication by in corporating air pollution emission factors into the flow sheet diagram. This should make the booklet much more desirable and valuable to those persons working in air pollution control or evaluating air pollution control systems. The addition of three new members over the past year, Mr. Peter Loquercio, Mr. Clemens Lazenka and Mr. Robert Miller have added tremendously to the talent on the air pollution committee. Assuming that all current members wish to remain with the committee, the Chairman would not recommend expanding the committee since the expense of holding meetings would become quite excessive. The Chairman has been informed by Mr. Bill Kelley of persons in ACGIH interested in the air pollu tion committee and the matter of expanding or changing committee members will be discussed at the meeting on May 21. Respectfully submitted, Lee E. Jager, Chairman REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AIR SAMPLING INSTRUMENTS The major activity in the past year was devoted to the promotion of sales of the recently published fourth edition of "Air Sampling Instruments." In the 11 months since the books were received in Cincinnati, 1,900 copies were sold, out of -26- approximately 2,900. Since it is anticipated that the remainder will be sold at least a full year before the next edition is ready for publication, it will be necessary to arrange for a second printing. A quotation has been requested from the printer and will be presented to the Board of Directors before or at the May meeting. Specific plans and a publication timetable for the fifth edition will be adopted by the Committee at the meeting in Boston. Respectfully submitted, Morton Lippmann, Ph.D., Chairman REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ANALYTIC METHODS The committee met on January JO and 31* 1973 in Detroit, Michigan. Presenti Donovan, Monkman, Monteith, Pagnotto, Wells, and Vander Kolk. Absenti Carlberg, Graul, Jermias, Levadie, Saltzman, and Strauther. Communications were received from Graul, Jermias, Levadie, and Saltzman. No communications were received from Carlberg and Strauther. A general discussion was held pertaining to the reason for the existence and the charge of the Analytical Methods Committee. It was unanimously agreed that this committee has a function to serve in the industrial hygiene field. It was felt this committee has the technical ability and experience to properly evaluate and, consequently, recommend analytical methods for industrial hygiene chemists. The committee felt that biological methods are especially needed in the industrial hygiene field and no other body at the present is furnishing these. Three ques tions were proposed and answeredi 1. Are we to prepare and present methods for publication? Yes, both in air analysis and biologicals. 2. What format would the method take? The answer agreed on was 8- by 11-inch loose-leaf type folder and we would use the number system. The format recommended is as follows RECOMMENDED METHOD* (1) Principle (2) Applicability 2.1 - Type of Sample 2.2 - Range 2.3 - Sensitivity 2.4 - Interferences 2.5 - Advantages 2.6 - Disadvantages (3) Apparatus (4) Reagents (5) Procedure 5.1 - Calibration 5.2 - Sampling 5.3 - Sample Preparation 5.4 - Analysis -27- (6) Expression of Results 6.1 - Calculations 6.2 - Standard Curve 6.3 - Precision 6.4 - Accuracy 6.5 - Sensitivity (7) Notes (Comments on the method, other methods being used, collection efficiency, significance of results.) (8) References (9) Date of approval by committee. 3. What methods would we evaluate and recommend? Starting with the existing book that has been published by the Analytical Methods Committee, either updating, eliminating or adding to this book. The following assignments have been madei Antimony in Air and Urine Arsenic in Air and Biological Materials Benzene and Toluene in Air, Ultraviolet Method Benzene and Toluene in Air, Gas Chromatograph Method with Activated Charcoal Phenol in Urine Phenol in Air Cadmium in Air Cadmium in Air, Atomic Absorption Method Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - Gas Chromatograph with Activated Charcoal Collection Fluorides in Air and Urine Fluoride in Air and Urine, Specific Ion Electrode Method Formaldehyde in Air Formaldehyde in Air, MBTH Method Formaldehyde in Air, Chromotropic Acid Method Hydrogen Sulfide Iron in Air Lead in Air Lead in Air, AA Method Lead in Biological Materials Lead in Blood, AA with Delves Attachment Maganese in Air Managese in Air, AA Method Total Mercaptains in Air Mercury in Air Mercury in Air, Collection on Silver with UV Analysis Oxides of Nitrogen Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Parathion in Air Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles Beryllium in Air, AA Method Chromium in Air Isocyanates in Air -28- This was the end of the assigned methods. The following methods were discussed and agreed to be worked on in the futurei Zinc in Air Styrene in Air Nickle in Air Cobalt in Air Trichlorethylene Ammonia Silica Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Vanadium in Air Phosgene Oil Mist Acrolein Selenium Tellurium Arsine Chlorine Methyl Alcohol Uranium in Urine Trichloroacetic Acid in Urine (indication of Trichlorethylene exposure) Hippuric Acid in Urine (indication of Toluene exposure) Dichlorophenol (indication of exposure to p-Dichlorobenzene) Carbon Monoxide in Air Carbon Monoxide in Blood Carboxyhemoglobin Cholinesterase in Blood (indication of pesticide exposure) The committee will be meeting at 800 p.m., Monday, May 21, 1973 at the Sheraton Boston Hotel. Prom conversations with some of the members, it appears that a good number of the assignments have been completed and will be reviewed at the meeting. When and where the next meeting will be held depends on the results of the Monday evening meeting. Respectfully submitted, Alvin L. Vander Kolk, Chairman -29- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS The Committee was dissolved by the Board with thanks to all previous and current members for their contributions. REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRAfflTfTmR The Board accepted the recommendation of the Chairman to dissolve the Committee with thanks to all previous and current members for their contributions. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE RECORDS AND REPORTS The Committee was dissolved by the Board with thanks to all previous and current members for their contributions. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION The Ventilation Committee would like to extoll the fact that over 100,000 copies of the Industrial Ventilation Manual have been sold since the first printing. Excluding a special sale of 2,500 copies, our increase in sales has been 17% over the previous year. In fact, this has depleted our supply and has necessitated a third printing of the twelfth edition. Sales for the fiscal year were 11,663 man uals including the special order. Of these 1,342 were foreign sales or approxi mately 10/6. Other items sold include 14,781 calculation sheets, 130 metric supplements, $11 testing supplements, and 25 computer programs. Although the latter items do not add materially to our income, they do provide a service to those in the industrial ventilation field. The Committee met twice this past year to discuss the various problems encountered since publishing, and to discuss material for the future and the thirteenth edi tion, Our plans include updating and adding to the make-up air and recirculated air section, the specific operations section, the fan section, and other minor changes. We also expect to be looking at the possibility of adding other push pull ventilation methods used for ventilating large surface areas. Since the metric system may become a reality in the United States, in the future, we are considering the publication of metric and English units in certain sections of the manual. This would also enhance the use of the manual for others outside the United States. At our next committee meeting we plan to consider the recommendation by the Board, which asks the Ventilation Committee to review the various ventilation stan dards published by 0SHA, and determine what approach should be taken. We have received a number of suggestions from individuals and find these are helpful in planning our activities for the future. We hope all our members will continue to offer suggestions and criticism so as to guide our activities and thereby improve the Industrial Ventilation Manual. Respectfully submitted, Marvin M. Schuman, Chairman May 14, 1973 Committee on Industrial Ventilation 759 Tarleton East Lansing, Michigan 48823 Gentlemeni I have examined the records of the Committee on Industrial Ventilation, together with the Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth as of March 31* 1973* and "the Statement of Income and Expense for the year then ended. The examination included a review and tests of the records maintained by the Secretary as considered necessary in the circumstances. In my opinion, the accompanying statements present fairly the financial position of the Committee on Industrial Ventilation as of March 31* 1973* and the results of its operations for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. /s/ Stephen H. Terry Certified Public Accountant -31- COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth March 31, 1973 Cash i In Bank and on Hand In Savings Account Accounts Receivable Inventory Suppliesi Packing Materials Postage ASSETS $23,126.84 2,081.33 $ 607.25 306.91 $25,208.17 3,281.25 6,601.13 914.16 $36,004.71 LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH Accounts Payable Accrued Secretary's Bonus Sales and Payroll Taxes Payable Due to A.C.G.I.H. Net Worthi Balance April 1, 1972 Increase for the Year $22,981.28 9.515.98 $ 208.52 1,152.30 249.63 1.825.00 $ 3,507.^5 X.W.Z6 $36,004.71 -32- committee ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Statement of Income and Expense for the year ended March 31, 1973 Sales Cost of Materials Sold Gross Margin Expenses! Postage Secretarial Office Supplies Committee Expense Advertising Sales and Payroll Taxes Accounting Services Bad Debts Net Operating Income Interest on Savings Account Net Income Submitted to A.C.G.I.H. Due to A.C.G.I.H. Increase in Net Worth $3,243.68 3,108.30 1,656.01 1,036.99 881.97 269.03 175.00 68.00 $9,834.89 1,825.00 $53,371.39 21.637.87 $31,533.52 10.438.98 $21,094.54 _____81^22 $21,175.87 11.659.89 -33- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON IONIZING RADIATION The ionizing radiation committee was temporarily dissolved by the Board upon the recommendation of its Chairman pending assignment of specific responsi bilities with thanks to all previous and present members for their contribu tions. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NURSING SERVICES IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH This committee met in Madison, Wisconsin the last week of October, 1972 to continue work on producing a brochure for nurses who are starting employment in industry. Present at the meeting werei Catherine Chambers, Dorothy Benning, Morris Wolf, Helen Cobum and Ruth Reifschneider. A review of the current problems of nurses new to industry was done. It does not appear to the committee that there is any available information which is appropriate to this group to explain toxicological problems they might encounter or even to foster their interest in this area. As we are all quite concerned with PL 91-596 the implications of this lack of information and/or awareness appears to be a major problem, especially for nurses new to the industrial setting. Realizing that there are other countries involved in this organization, it was decided that we would still speak to the demands of the Occupational Safety and Health Act as in the area of toxicological knowledge, worker's right to know and knowledge of emergency handling for accidental exposures as this is basic knowledge necessary for occupational health nursing. It was decided to attempt as early a completion of the brochure as is possible. After the material is completed we will present it to the AGGIH officers for approval for publication. Materials, particularly concerning industrial hygiene will need AOGIH review and possibly editing. Future plans of the committee include a continued effort to get the materials gathered and editing for submission. It is anticipated that one future meeting for the completion of this material will be needed and will probably be held in the fall of 1973. Location of this meeting will be determined according to the restrictions of employers of the committee members. I would suggest the committee membership remain as it stands for the following year. Respectfully submitted, Ruth Reifschneider, Chairman REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC RELATIONS Membershipi Mr. William M. Cleary, Michigan Department of Public Health, Chairman Mr. George J. Butler, N.I.O.S.H. Mr. Dohrman H. Byers, University of Michigan Dr. Robert H. Duguid, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Mr. Herbert Hohn, N.I.O.S.H. Mr. John P. Lambert, Kansas State College Mr. Earle P. Shoub, N.I.O.S.H, -34- Activities i The Public Relations Committee held no meetings or membership consultations during the year 1972-73. The committee does wish to report however that the A.C.G.I.H, exhibit was used at the Western Safety Congress, Southern Cali fornia, under the supervision of the Southern California Chapter, the week prior to the AIHC meeting in San Francisco. The exhibit also appeared at the National meeting and was primarily manned by Mrs. Ruth Duffy, members of NIOSH and local ACGIH members recruited by Dr. Christine Einert. The exhibit was taken to the National Safety Congress in Chicago and was manned by ACGIH Board members, NIOSH staff and Chicago area AIHA personnel. The exhibit was also shipped to New Orleans in late winter at the request of ACGIH members at the Navy Environmental Health Center, Cincinnati, for the Navy environmental and occupational health meeting. Before shipping to Boston for the 1973 AIHC meeting an attempt was made to vise the exhibit in Detroit for the U.A.W. negotiation convention in March. Due to a mix-up in scheduling the exhibit arrived too late and was not used. It was in teresting to note however that over one-third of the more than 3,000 union delegates attending this meeting expressed a definite interest in occupa tional health matters particularly those from the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Recommendations > It is the judgement of the Chairman that it is impossible for the Public Relations Committee as now structured to effectively advise or assist the secretary in matters of exhibit scheduling or publicizing the activities of the Conference. The Chairman together with other members of the commit tee therefore strongly support the concept of a paid manager who, among other things, would be in a much better position to carry out these im portant and time consuming functions. It is further recommended that the Board of Directors abolish the Public Relations Committee and replace it with a committee of Education. This committee could be charged with the responsibility of exploring the nature and content of existing college and university training and degree programs in the field of industrial hygiene. It is anticipated that this work would result in a listing of educational institutions by region and course content which would be most useful to employers as well as prospective students. The new committee could also assist the secretary and/or manager in review ing and updating advertising for ACGIH publications. I do not wish to remain as chairman however I will continue to serve as a contributing member to the new committee of education if the Board of Directors so desire. Respectfully submitted, William M. Cleary, Chairman The Board accepted the recommendation of the Chairman to dissolve the committee pending redefinition of responsibilities. Thanks to all previous and current members for their contributions. -35- report OF COMMITTEE ON THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS First FY *73 Committee Meeting The first two-day meeting of the Plenary Committee, held at 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, on November 16 and 17, 1972, met with two members absent. Membership changes consisted of replacing Dr. Harold MacFarland of Canada with Jesse Lieberman, Head of the Industrial. Hygiene Division of Philadelphia Naval Ship*-? yard, who will represent the Navy. Dr. Keith Long of the Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, was recommended to replace Dr. Durham on the Subcommittee on Economic Poisons. As a result of the meeting, 9 substances were recommended for revision in the current TLV list and 22 substances were recommended for consideration as new additions. These recommendations were incorporated in the 1973 "Notice of Intended Changes" which were submitted for distribution to the membership of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Industrial Medical Association, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, and the ACGIH. Second FY '73 Committee Meeting The final two-day meeting of the TLV Committee for FY '73 was held at 1014 Broadway on May 3 and 4, 1973 with two members absent, but with a new member, Keith Long, present. Further changes in membership were proposed. Lt Col Marshall Steinberg, Director of the Army Environmental Health Laboratories at Edgewood, was recommended to replace Dr. Ralph Smith of the University of Michigan, who is resigning from the Committee because of the pressure of other business. Dr. Steinberg is considered an especially desirable addition to the TLV Committee because he rounds out the third branch of the military by representing the Army; Col Melvin presently repre sents the Air Force and Jesse Lieberman, the Navy, so that now all three branches of the military sure represented. The military is especially noted for its use of new chemicals which tend to bring to the fore, and keeps the TLV list up-to-date on, new chemicals. In accordance with the prepared agenda, one dozen general items were discussed and resolved; 30 items were reviewed and 50 new substances were considered for recommended limits. In accordance with the recommendations from the Conference at its last meeting in Canada, the subcommittee on Short-Term Limits was expanded to include the follow ing six membersi Paul Caplan, Chairman, Dr. Hector Blejer, Dr. William Fredrick, Dr. Theodore Torkelson, Mr. John Knauber, and Mr. Jesse Lieberman. They were charged with the responsibility to report progress on reviewing the present 142 short-term limits with their documentations, State of Pennsylvania, for in corporation in the TLV Booklet. The Committee recommended the transfer of 30 substances from the Recommended to the Adopted list. As soon as the minutes of the meeting have been prepared, which will supply the necessary details, a Recommended Changes List will be developed for distribution to the members of the ACGIH at its meeting on May 21 in Boston for adoption by the Conference. -36- Substantial changes in the wording of the Preface and Appendices will be made in the 1973 TLV Booklet. Report of Chairman of the TLV Committee to the AOGIH Membership May 21, 1973 Boston, Massachusetts The TLV Committee meeting in plenary session May 3 and 4 proposed for adoption by the ACGIH membership the following changes and additions to appear in the TLV Booklet for 1973. Transfers from Status of Tentative Listing to List of Adopted Values in accordance with general policy of transfer after 2-year period without indication for action otherwise. Substance PPm mg/m^ mppcf Acetaldehyde C Acetic anhydride Ammonia Bismuth telluride Bismuth telluride (Se*doped Butane 100 180 5 20 25 18 -- 10 --5 500 1,200 Chloroform (trichloromethane) Coal dust (bituminous) (Respirable dust fraction < quartz). (if > 5% quartz use respirable mass formula) 1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromlde)--Skin 1,1-Dichloroethane Dichloroethyl ether--Skin Diisobutyl ketone Diquat 2-Ethoxyethanol--Skin Ethylene glycol, particulate Ethylene glycol, vapor Fluorine Germanium tetrahydrlde (Germane) Hexafluoroacetone Isopropyl ether Lead, inorganic compounds fumes & dusts Methylacrylonitrile--Skin Methyl bromide--Skin Methylcyclohexanol o-Methylcyclohexanone--Skin Perlite C Phenylphosphine Silicon C Subtilisins (Proteolytic enzymes as 100% pure crystalline enzyme) Sulfur tetrafluoride Toluene 25 120 2-- 20 200 5 25 mm mm 100 -- 100 1 0.2 0.1 250 -- 1 15 50 50 -- 0.05 -- 145 820 30 150 0.5 370 10 260 2 0.6 0.7 1,050 0.15 3 60 235 230 0.25 10 30 -- 0.1 100 0.0003 . 0.4 375 -37- Changes In Adopted. Values - Tentative Listings All changes that are recommended are based on documented evidence which is available from the chairman. Substance Cadmium oxide fume Carbon dioxide bisChloroethyl ether Copper fume Iron oxide fume Paraffin wax fume Sodium hydroxide From To 0.2 mg/m^ C 0.05 mg/m^ Documentation to permit TLV of 15,000 ppm provided certain stipulated medical criteria are met. C 15 ppm ,, 5 ppm 0.1 mg/nr 0.2 mg^nr 10 mg/im 1 mg/m' 5 mg/m2 mg/m^ 2 mg/nr C 2 mg/m' Additions to Tentative Listings All new additions are based on documented evidence and is available from the chairman. Substance Epm 3 Carbon tetrabromide 0.1 Cesium hydroxide Catechol 1 Chlorodifluoromethane R 1000 Chloropyrifos (Dursban )~Skin o-Chlorostyrene R 50 Clopidol (Coyden ) R 2-Chloro-6-(trichlgromethyl) pyridine(N-Serven ) Crufornate (Ruelene ) Dicyclopentadienyl iron Diethyl phthalate R 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide (Zoalene ) Formamide Methylethyl ketone peroxide C 0.2 Picloram (Tordon ) Potassium hydroxide R Tricyclohexyl tin hydroxide (Plictran ) Vinylidene chloride 10 1.4 2 4.5 3500 0.2 283 10 10 5 10 5 5 20 1.5 10 C2 5 40 The TLV Committee recommends that the foregoing changes in the TLV booklet be adopted by the Conference and that the 1973 booklet contain these changes. Respectfully submitted, Herbert E, Stokinger, Chairman -38- REPOHT OF COMMITTEE ON PHYSICAL AGENTS 1. Recommend the adoption of the heat stress threshold limit values which were published as a notice of intent in 1972. 2. Recommend the adoption of the UV threshold limit values which were published as a notice of intent in 1972 with the following changes (1) Define acceptance angle as follows--All the preceding TLV's for ultra violet energy apply to sources which subtend an angle less than 80, Sources which subtend a greater angle need to be measured only over an angle of 80. (2) Add "fluorescent" to list of sources in the first paragraph. (3) Add footnote to "exclusion of lasers," to say "see laser TLV.,, 3. Recommend the adoption of a notice of intent to change the UV threshold limit values by dropping "Solar radiation" from the first paragraph. k. Recommend the adoption of the laser threshold limit values which were pub lished as a notice of intent in 1972 with minor changes in some tables in order to be consistent with the ANSI Z-I36 Laser Safety Standard. 5. Recommend the adoption of a notice of intent to change the Noise threshold limit values as in Table I. Table I Threshold Limit Values Duration per day Sound Level (a) Hours 16 8 k 2 1 1 iIf 1/8 dBA 80 85 90 95 100 105 no 115* *No exposure to continuous or intermittent in excess of 115 dBA (a) Sound level in decibels as measured on a sound level meter, conforming as a minimum to the requirements of the American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, SI.U (l97l) Type S2A, operating the A-weighted network slow meter response, Respectfully submitted, Herbert H. Jones, Chairman REPORT OF COMMITTEE ONAWARDS The Awards Committee takes great pleasure in announcing that Professor Warren A. Cook has been selected as the recipient of the 1973 Award for Meritorious Achieve ment. Professor Cook was chosen in recognition for his outstanding contributions to industrial hygiene and for his helpful guidance and influence that he has given to the many students who are now making significant contributions to the field of occupational safety and health. Warren Cook was born on July 22, 1900. He received an A.B. in Chemistry from Dartmouth College in 1923 and was enrolled in the Yale University Graduate School, Department of Chemistry, 1923-1924. He began his professional career in 1925 with the Travelers Insurance Company, Engineering and Inspection Division, as Head of the Chemical Unit. Prom 1928 to 1937 he served as Chief Industrial Hygienist for the Connecticut Department of Health, Bureau of Industrial Hygiene. In 1937 he returned to the insurance busi ness and worked until 1953 as Director of the Division of Industrial Hygiene and Engineering Research for the Zurich-American Insurance Companies. In 1953 he joined the Faculty of the University of Michigan School of Public Health an Associate Professor of Industrial Health and Hygiene and Research Associate with the University of Michigan Institute of Industrial Health. In 1957 he earned the title of Professor of Industrial Health and served in that capacity until his re tirement in July of 1970. Professor Cook has been a very prolific writer and has published over 60 scientific and technical papers on various phases of industrial hygiene. He is a member of numerous professional societies and over the years has received several honors for his outstanding service. He served as the second President of the American Industrial Hygiene Association (1940). In 1953 he became the seventh recipient of the AIHA's Cummings Memorial Award. He has been an Honorary Member of AIHA since 1969 and is certified in the Comprehensive Practice of Industrial Hygiene by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene. On his retirement from the University of Michigan, his farmer students established a Warren A. Cook Award Fund to provide a cash award in recognition of outstanding students in Industrial Hygiene and to provide small loans to assist students in Industrial Hygiene, His 1945 paper on MACs, listing some 150 substances, was the most extensive pub lished at that time and shortly thereafter was used by the newly-formed AGGIH Threshold Limit Values Committee to start their work. Professor Cook really didn't retire when he left the University of Michigan. He moved to Chapel Hill where he Is now affiliated with the University of North Caro lina. On behalf of the members of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy gienists and the Awards Committee, it is indeed a great pleasure to present you with this Award. Congratulations for a job well done. Respectfully submitted, Bobby F. Craft, Chairman James C. Barrett John C, Lumsden Hugh L. Parker George F. Sprague Meritorious Achievement Award being presented to Professor Warren A. Cook by Mr. James C. Barret of the Awards Committee. -41- Chairman's Placque "being presented by incoming Chairman, Mr. Keppler, to outgoing Chairman, Dr. Mastromatteo. -42- -43' -AGGIH BANQUET May 2 2 , 1973 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TRAINING The Committee did not become active until after January 1973. At this time the following personnel were asked to serve as members of the Training Committeet Dr. Walter Ruch, Dr. Clyde Berry, Mr. Peter Breysse, and Mr. William Steffan. All agreed, and an initial memo on the subject of training was sent out to all by the Chairman. Comments from this Initial memo were received and resulted in a second letter from the Chairman detailing several areas where training efforts could be concentrated. Specific details in the areas were listed suggested priorities and timetables were included. This letter was followed by a conference call to discuss the letter and determine the Committee's wishes as it regards priorities and timetables. During this conference call, the Committee established its priorities in regard to training needs. Information is being gathered concerning these priority areas at this time. With the ap proval of the Board upon the training areas outlined, the Committee vil pro ceed during this next year to initiate these training courses during this coming year. Training Priorities 1. Specialized Training Courses concerning a particular hazard. The course to Include all of the information and practice necessary for evaluation and control of a particular hazard. A timely example is asbestos. In addition to these specialized training courses, there is a need for symposiums on the subjects which detail the hazards and the control mea sures of a particular material or work process, but not necessarily asking the audience to participate in learning how to conduct particular sampling or analytical techniques. 2. General Safety Technician Training. This would be a basic introduction into the field of Industrial hygiene to enable safety technicians to develop an understanding of broad concepts of Industrial hygiene and to develop ability to recognize potentially hazardous environmental conditions. Such a course is currently being presented to the community college system in California for a 17-week period. The course could be coupled with a twoyear program for safety and health technicians or given independently in a shorter time period. 3. The expansions of 4-year college training programs terminating in a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Hygiene. 4. Advanced degree programs for industrial hygiene personnel. In the first two training areas mentioned, the Committee contemplates training kits containing the overall course outline, detailed lecture notes and all visual aids necessary for the presentations. The usefulness of video tape segments is being investigated. Information on the professional training of industrial hygienists as it relates to undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses will be reviewed. We believe the AOGIH has an interest in and should be vocal concerning the academic courses being taught future industrial hygienists. Respectfully submitted, Darrel D. Douglas. Chairman -45- JOINT COMMITTEES WITH AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AEROSOL HAZARDS Work is continuing per plan. Membership is to be retained. Dr. George Carson, NIOSH, should be added as an AOGIH member. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON DIRECT READING GAS DETECTING TUBE SYSTEMS This committee was established as a permanent joint technical committee with the AQGIH at the May. 1972 meeting. The major portion of the committee's work has been to comment on and recommend to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health procedures for certifying detector tubes. With the publication of the proposed regulations in the Federal Register of 21 September, the committee was able to prepare formal comments for submission to NIOSH. These were sent over the joint signatures of the President, AIHA, and Chairman, ACGIH. As of the date of this report, the final rules have not yet appeared in the Federal Register. The committee met on 10 October, 1972 during the IHF meetings. There, an operating program for the committee was devised and assignments made. These includedi 1. Oversight on the NIOSH certification program - Art Johnson 2. Manuals of Operation for Detecting Devices - Leon Gonshor and Adrian Linch 3. Feasibility study on "Quiescent Detectors" - Art Johnson and John Taylor 4. Criteria Document Input - Wilbur Speicher and Gene Kortsha 5. Direct Reading Systems for Biological Monitoring - Adrian Linch 6. Long-term Sampling with Detector Tubes - Evan Campbell 7. Optical Tube Reading Devices - Paxil Roper Respectfully submitted, Howard L. Kusnetz, Chairman -46- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MINING ENVIRONMENT The Committee held one meeting during the past year; another is scheduled for May 21, 1973 during the AIH Conference. The principal effort is to prepare a publication, " Mining Environmental Control - A Manual of Recommended Practices." The current objective is to have the manual completed for submission to the AOGIH and AIHA Boards for approval in the fall of 1973 or no later than the spring of 1974. Since the appointment of the joint AOGIH-AIHA Committee two years ago, the policy followed in suggesting members for appointment has been largely on the basis of their expertise in specific fields of environmental control pertinent to mining operations. It is recommended that this policy be con tinued. Respectfully submitted, G. Reub Yourt, Chairman REPORT OF RESPIRATOR COMMITTEE The joint respirator committee has been making progress in its area of assignment. -47- COMMITTEES OF AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE REPORT OF COMMITTEE KL3 FOR IDENTIFICATION OF AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR CANISTERS AND CARTRIDGES KL3.1-1973 American National Standard for Identification of Air-Purifying Respirator Canisters and Cartridges A new K13.1-1973 American National Standard for Identification of Air Purifying Respirator Canisters and Cartridges was approved by the American National Stan dards Institute on 21 February 1973 to replace the old KL3.1-1967 USA Standard Identification for Gas Mask Canisters. This new Standard covers the identifi cation of canisters and cartridges used in all types of air-purifying respira tors whereas the old Standard covered the identification of only canisters used in gas masks. A date for printing the new Standard has not been established as yet. Respectfully submitted, Ed C. Hyatt REPORT OF COMMITTEE N13 ON RADIATION PROTECTION The new scope for the Committee was drafted and unanimously approved. "Standards for the protection of individuals and groups from occupational or environmental exposure to radiation or radioactive materials either of general, applicability or related to specific classes of facilities." Committee projects for the year include the following. 1. A draft for the revision of the Radiation Protection in Uranium Mines N7.I-I96O and N7.la-1970 was written and distributed for comment. Final approval is expected. 2. Performance Specifications for Direct Reading and Indirect Reading Pocket Dosimeters for X and Gamma Radiation N13.51972 has been published. 3. A proposed standard, titled Specification and Performance of On-Site Instrumentation for Continuously Monitoring Radioactivity -48- Another matter of interest to the conference is changing attitude of the federal agencies particularly the Atomic Energy Commission toward the acceptance of Amer ican National Standards. In either case the acceptance or rejection of an Amer ican National Standard by the Atomic Energy Commission will occur within 90 days after final approval of a standard by the Board of Standards Review. Respectfully submitted, D. E. Van Farowe REPORT OF COMMITTEE 237 ON THRESHOLD LIMITS Subjecti Annual Report of the Activities of AOGIH Liaison (HES) with the Z37 Committee (Acceptable Concentrations) of ANSI Two meetings of the Plenary Committee were held October 19, 1972 and March 1, 1973. Attendance at the October meeting numbered 15; attendance at the March meeting (University of Michigan) numbered 9. The next scheduled meeting for the Z37 Committee is Tuesday, May 22, at the Annual Meeting of the Conference in Boston, During the year, through the procedure of draft preparation and review, with letter ballots, 15 Acceptable Concentrations for substances were prepared and received acceptable reviews for forthcoming publication. Acceptable Concentrations Prepared for Publication ACRYLONITRILE ACETIC ACID ARSENIC CARBON DISULFIDE CARBON MONOXIDE CHLORINE FLUOROCARBON 12 FLUOROCARBON 113 FLUOROCARBON 11 FORMALDEHYDE MANGANESE OZONE TETRA CHLOROETHYLENE TOLUENE TOLUENE-DIISOCYANATE TRICHLOROETHYLENE Published Acceptable Concentrations ACETONE ANHYDROUS AMMONIA BENZENE BERYLLIUM & COMPOUNDS CADMIUM FUME & DUSTS* CARBON DISULFIDE CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE CHROMIC ACID & CHROMATES 1,1,1 TRICHLOROETHANE p-DICHLOROBENZENE ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE FORMALDEHYDE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE HYDROGEN SULFIDE LEAD MANGANESE MERCURY (ORGANIC) XYLENE MERCURY (INORGANIC) METHANOL MONOBROMOMETHANE METHYL CHLORIDE METHYLENE CHLORIDE NITROGEN DIOXIDE STYRENE TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TRICHLOROETHYLENE General Policy Matters. At the last meeting of the Z37 Committee March 1, 1973 the chairman, Dr. Ralph Smith, outlined three problems; l) the need for an enlarged scope to produce standards acceptable to OSHA, 2) the need for funding to provide certain members with travel expenses, and 3) the question of sponsorship of Z37 jointly by AlHA (co-secretariat) and IHF (administrative secretariat). The Committee discussed these problems in reverse order, AIHA, it was explained, could not come up with the funds necessary to provide for the costs of secretarial services for the Com mittee, yet was unwilling to relinquish its sponsorship. IHF, on the other -49- hand, has agreed to provide secretarial services, and it has been proposed that AIHA be designated Go-Secretariat, with the Industrial Health Foundation assuming the Administrative Secretariat. It was explained that ANSI had been furnishing secretarial services to Z37 for many years but was now operating under a policy of divesting itself of such services. On the second problem, the Chairman noted that NIOSH, through Dr. Charles Powell, had suggested funding of certain projects but had not agreed to funding for standards committee activity--specifically! to providing funds for travel for Committee members unable to travel on an expense account. He pointed out that since current Z3? output was only partially responsive to government requirements for standards on toxic material, unless and until the issue of the scope of Z37 was settled, there was no point in considering the NIOSH proposal. Hie issue of expanding the scope of Z37 to include medical management, safety and labeling, engineering controls and recordkeeping came in for a long and spirited discussion. The following points were made in favor of expanding the Scope1 1. Present Z37 standards are unacceptable to OSH as being incomplete! they cam only be referenced in some other standard containing the balance of the required scope. 2. Continuing "as we sure" would, in effect, make Z37 a sub committee of AS1M E-34. 3. We cannot possibly get funding under the present scope. 4. Unless Z37 expands to produce ''complete" standards, several members would opt to resign from Z37 in favor of joining ASTM E-34. On the negative side, the following points were madei 1, The present make-up of the Committee would have to be expanded. While it now includes medical expertise, it lacks engineering and safety management talent. 2. Expanding the scope of Z37 would result in duplication of the work of AS1M E-34, After considerable debate, it was voted to expand the scope of Z37, basically as an act of survival, contingent upon a balloting of the entire Committee. It was felt that E-34 could not possibly preempt the entire field of toxic materials, that there was ample room for both groups, and that with proper liaison, conflict would not occur. The secretary was authorized to send out a ballot to the entire Committee to resolve the issue. Acceptable Concentration Drafts Prepared. During the year, Dr, Stokinger prepared the draft that has been accepted for publication on OZONE. Dr. Scheel has accepted the request to prepare a similar draft on TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE. Respectfully submitted, H, E. Stokinger, Ph.D. -50- REPORT OF COMMITTEE 288 ON RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Proposed American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Asbestos-Containing Dusts The project aimed at developing an American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Asbestos-Containing Dusts was terminated because the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has promulgated a Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust which contains a section listing the types of respirators to be used for protection of workers against inhalation of asbestos dust. Proposed American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Pesticides A Subcommittee is still working to attempt to develop an American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Pesticides. The Sub committee has decided to attempt to develop a Standard containing procedures which manufacturers and formulators of pesticides could employ to determine the proper types of respirators for protection of personnel handling pesticides un der various conditions. Pesticide manufacturers and formulators could use the procedures listed in this Standard and then list the proper types of respirators on labels that are attached to pesticide containers so that persons handling pesticides would get correct information for application of respirators. The Subcommittee developing the Standard met with personnel of both EPA and OSHA and these governmental agencies encouraged the Subcommittee in its endeavors. Proposed Revision of Z88.1-1969 American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Radon Daughters The Chairman of the Z88 Committee has appointed a Subcommittee to revise and update the Z88.1-1969 American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Radon Daughters. It is expected that the Subcommittee will begin work during the summer of 1973. Proposed Revision of Z88.2-1969 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection The Chairman of the Z88 Committee has appointed a Subcommittee to revise and update the Z88.2-1969 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection. It is expected that this Subcommittee will begin work during the summer of 1973. Approval of Technical Advisory Group for IS0/TC94/SC7 The Safety Technical Advisory Board of the American National Standards Institute has approved a Technical Advisory Group for Respiratory Protection to replace the old USA Committee for Respiratory Protection as the representative to Sub committee 7 for Respiratory Protection of Technical Committee 94- for Safety Equipment of the International Standards Organization. Z88,4-1972 American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Coal Mine Dust The Z88.4-1972 American National Standard Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection Against Goal Mine Dust was approved by the American National Standards Institute -51- on 1 June 1972 and was printed in September 1972. Copies of this Standard may be purchased from the Institute. Z88,5-1973 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection for the Fire Service The Z88,5-1973 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection for the Fire Service was approved by the American National Standards Institute on 8 January 1973 and was printed in February 1973. Copies of this Standard may be purchased from the Institute. Respectfully submitted, Ed C. Hyatt REPORT OF COMMITTEE Z117 ON SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR WORK IN TANKS AND CONFINED SPACES The latest and hopefully the final draft of the ANSI Z117 Safety Requirements for Work in Tanks and Confined Spaces has been distributed to the Committee for approval. We are expecting a summary of that vote soon. If the vote is favor able, than I assume the standard will be adopted. Respectfully submitted, Peter A. Breysse REPORT OF COMMITTEE Z137 ON HEARING PROTECTION The August 1972 meeting which was to wrap up the ANSI Z137 Committee action on Personal Hearing Protective Devices was cancelled because it could not conform to ANSI balloting procedures. However, the balloting procedure was carried out by mail and the first draft was generally acceptable, but a concensus was not reached because of disagreement on rating factors for hearing protectors. The main difficulty being that the OSHA Standards are in dBA and the attenuation values are in octave bands. Draft 2 has just been submitted to voting members for comment. This draft follows the NIOSH criteria document on noise. It assumes that the noise is pink; i.e, each octave band has the same level. The A-weighted noise inside the plug or muff is then calculated for each test frequency and the logrithmic sum gives the dBA level inside the muff for the assumed pink noise. This single number is then used to calculate a rating for the muff or plug. It appears that a standard may be approved soon; however, I will not predict a date. I did not think it would take as long as it has. Respectfully submitted, William W. Steffan -52- SPEGIAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND INVITED MEMBERS-AT-LARGE TORONTO. ONTARIO February 5-6. 1973 A special meeting of the AOGih Board was called by the Chairman. In addition to the Board, four members-at-large were Invited to this special meeting. One Board member and one Invited member were unable to attend. Those present weret Hr, E, Mastromatteo Mr. H. E. Ayer Mr. C. E. Adkins Mr. J. C. Barrett Mrs. E. Craft Mr. D, D. Douglas Mr. J. E. Keppler Mr. W. D. Kelley Mr. J. R. Lynch Mr. H. M. Nelson Chairman Fast Chairman Invited Member Board Member Invited Member Board Member Vice Chairman Secretary-Treasurer Vice Chairman-elect Invited Member Hie purpose of this meeting was to examine AOGIH as an organization in the light of recent developments in the occupational safety and health field. The follow ing points were considered.! 1. Is there need of an organization of governmental industrial hygienists? 2. Are the objectives for which AOGIH was originally established still valid today? 3. Is the present organizational structure of the Board still valid today? Are the By-laws valid today? 4. Are the qualifications and conditions for membership as originally established still valid today? Many other matters of general Interest were also discussed. The actions taken and the conclusions made as a result of this meeting are summarized belowi 1. There is a definite need of an association of governmental industrial hygienists as a distinct organization - separate from other associa tions with representatives primarily from industry. 2. The present name of the association is considered to be the most appropriate. 3. The general objectives of the AGGIH were reviewed. They are considered sufficiently broad but should be restated in terms of occupational health today. Accordingly, the statement of objectives has been in terpreted to include a general clause that AOGIH has the aim of improv ing the health of the worker. The statement of objectives has also been interpreted to include the development of guides of uniform practices in the determination of noncorapliance with occupational health standards. Appendix 1. Appendix 1 was agreed to at the meeting. Tl^a5tBttietea^it?t)f^li^jritdaeeshBhiM.dLtdflBQi^^3Kidlthbttfaqp3pacE^Mfaigail 'HSi *tetbigigfdM t oifflifficgklpaaoatftEpfc^^ . TH0T^d.alittfetertitofq)(p!cdtri^jeffec(5>ra5es^<i lriiAp)gqBBHdi3g 3^hihAclvai^6apfflHdB<l;ob<a.tLtfcrthqnag5teHrigig. 4.4. WjHahbM^fedriiaixngcaasdtAithfceBjE^eDfcfO^ma^ri^d^^igiidtH^Qialapase^^Tirtet^ro- port by NIOSHy the need for part-time executive director to look after the increased day-to-day administrative duties has become apparent. The Secretary-Treasurer has been asked to study the cost of providing parttime administrative support and report his findings to the next regular meeting of the Board in May 1973. 5. The membership qualifications require revision particularly in terms of those persons who are engaged in both safety and industrial hygiene activ ities or those engaged largely in safety activities which have a small component of industrial hygiene activities. The membership qualification for industrial hygiene technicians also needs clarification. A Sub committee comprising Mr. H. M. Nelson, Mrs. E. Craft and Mr. C. E, Adkins, all members-at-large, were asked to review the membership classifications and requirements for each classification. Mr. H. M. Nelson was ap pointed chairman of the sub-committee and was asked to submit his com mittee report for consideration at the annual meeting in May 1973. Several apparent inconsistencies in membership classifications were pointed out in the membership booklet. The Secretary-Treasurer is to review the membership listing and bring it up-to-date. 6. In order to promote common goals and objectives, there was general agree ment of the need for an umbrella organization in the field of occupational safety and health. The Chairman of ACGIH was instructed to take the in itiative in writing to each individual member organization in which the primary function was in the field of occupational safety and/or occupational health. These organizations were to be invited to nominate one repre sentative in order to discuss the formation of a federation of occupa tional safety and health organizations. 7. The existing relationship with A.I.H.A., including the arrangements for the annual meeting, are satisfactory and should be continued. 8. The meeting reviewed the committee structure of ACGIH. Continuing sup port to the TLV committees was expressed because of the importance in providing an independent voice on safe levels of exposure at work. The meeting felt the TLV Committee for Airborne Substances should be asked to direct attention to the development of short-term limits and maximum excursions for permitted exposure. The meeting affirmed the need for an active committee on the development of biological limits for workers in exposure to toxic substances and other environmental agents. The meeting reaffirmed the provisions of the By-laws in regard to com mittee activity. As a general policy a committee which is non-productive as judged by the lack of annual meetings, annual reports, or the lack of continuing activity will be dissolved by the Chairman. The Chairman may then appoint a new committee in its place. -54- 9.The meeting discussed the role of AGGXH in commenting on occupational safety and health standards. The meeting agreed with the outline at tached as Appendix 3. 10. There was much discussion which might be labeled under the heading of promotional matters. The need to recruit new members in the occupa tional health field, promote attendance at the annual conference, greater number of invited talks by members, expansion of the news letter and membership inducements were all discussed. Action on many of these suggestions were deferred for Board review in May 1973. Many of these promotional activities could be tied in to the appointment of a part-time executive director covered in item 4 above. 11. The meeting agreed to look into the possibility of holding special Board meetings on a regional basis to provide a mechanism for a more intensive communication between AQGIH members and the Board. The conference also welcomes the opportunity for members of the Board to participate inlocal occupational safety and health programs in the hope of sponsoring interest in AGGIH and its activities. 12. The conference reaffirmed present practice of meeting with the chairmen of all conference committee at its annual meeting in May of each year, 13. The meeting felt that retreats of this type with representation with members-at-laLrge were useful and should be continued in the future as considered necessary with changing developments in the occupational health field. (Signed) Ernest Mastromatteo, M.D. Appendix 1. Compliance Operations Practice It was noted that the adoption of the TLVfe as enforceable standards created certain problems in their interpretation since they were intended as guides rather than standards. Because they will be enforced by governmental in dustrial hygienists, most of whom are members of this conference, it was concluded that the conference should take the lead in establishing uniform practices for the enforcement of these standards. At present, the standards derived from the TLV% gives only the value of the concentration not to be exceeded with no guide to evaluation. A complete statement of the limit, when used as a standard, should include! 1. The period of time appropriate to the standard, including any short term, excursion, peak or ceiling limit. 2. The reference sampling method to be used for the determination of noncompliance plus any appropriate monitoring methods and schedule with equipment specifications. 3. Analytical methods appropriate to the various sampling methods and limits, with reference to associated laboratory accreditation re quirements, calibration procedures, and Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) available for quality control. 4. Statistical procedures for the determination of noncompliance. -55- Since these standards will he applied not only by OSHA but by as many as 50 States and some other jurisdictions, the need far uniformity is obvious. It is therefore recommended that the conference develop such a guide, using the services of its members engaged in compliance activities and other experts. It is intended that these guides be adopted by official agencies for use in the development of their compliance operations manuals. They will be consistent with existing OSHA stan dards, and shall consider the recommendations contained, in NIOSH criteria docu ments. To the degree that these guides are utilized by enforcement agencies, they will become a valuable resource to employers in understanding the operations and procedures of compliance industrial hygienists and in developing their own pro cedures for protecting the health of their workers. Appendix 2. Professional Program Developments A major concern of the AOSIH should be the definition and promotion of the develop ment of governmental industrial hygienists. In order to ensure that governmental in dustrial hygienists, at various levels, are capable of accomplishing their roles in protecting the health of workers, the following set of information should be developed! 1. Definition of the required tasks at various levels. 2. Definition of the skills required for each level of tasks. 3. Statement of the qualifications which reflect each level of skill. k. Schemes for arriving at each level of qualification consisting of a mixture of training, self-study and experience. Based on the above data base, the conference should recommend to various govern mental agencies the size, composition and qualification of the industrial hygiene staff necessary for that agency's function. Appendix 3. Criteria Document It was recognized that the conference had an obligation to contribute to the develop ment of OSHA and other standards. At present, the Office of Research and Standards Development, NIOSH, submits certain draft criteria documents to the Conference for comment. Since, however, revisions of the draft reviewed by the Conference may oc cur after Conference review, and the proposed standard may not parallel the final criteria document, the Conference should consider all proposed standards during the Advisory Committee hearings stage and offer comments as necessary. It is therefore recommended that the Board establish a mechanism for accomplishing this review in cluding! 1. Review of the Federal Register to obtain review dates. 2. Collection of relevant review documents. 3. Appointment of a review coordinator who will be responsible for obtaining and consolidating comments from expert Conference members relative toi A. The limit, including short term, excursion and ceiling limits. E,, Sampling and analytical methods. G. Medical and environmental monitoring methods. D. Other appropriate aspects. Timely submission of the comments to the Advisory Committee. 5. Selection of and arrangements for a member to represent the Conference at public hearings as necessary. -56- GENERAL SESSION AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Conference Activities Sunday, May 20, 1973 9i00 A.M. - 500 F.M, ACGIH Round Table Sessions Co-Chairmen Marshall E. La Nier NIOSH, Chicago, Illinois Edward J. Otterson Wisconsin Division of Health, Madison, Wisconsin Monday, May 21, 1973 900 A.M. 915 A.M. 9*35 A.M. IOiOO A.M. 10i30 A.M. 1130 P.M. Ii50 P.M. 2110 P.M. Welcome - ACGIH Opening Session E. Mastroaatteo, M.D., Chairman, ACGIH Overview of Criteria Documents C. H. Powell, Sc.D. NIOSH, Rockville, Maryland Beryllium H. F, Schulte Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico Heat Stress F. N. Dukes-Dobos, M.D. NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio ACGIH Business Meeting Fibrous Glass J. M. Dement NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio Asbestos I. J. Selikoff, M.D. City University of New York, New York, N. Y. Lead R. G. Smith, Ph.D. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 230 P.M. - 3i00 P.M. 3100 P.M. Break Bis (Chloromethyl) Ether J. K. Wagoner, Sc.D. NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio -57- Monday, May 21, 1973 (Con'd) 3*20 P.M. 3*^0 P.M. Tuesday, May 22, 1973 9i00 A.M. 9*20 A.M. 9*40 A.M. IOiOO A.M. 1020 - 10*50 A.M. 10*50 A.M. 11*10 A.M. 11*30 A.M. 1*15 - 4*00 P.M. 6*30 P.M, Trichloroethylene C. Xintaras, Sc.D. NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio Mercury R. Henderson, Ph.D. Olin Corporation, Hew Haven, Connecticut Carbon Monoxide B. L, Johnson, Ph.D. NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio The Effect of Asbestos Standard on York Practices in Insulation Industry D. Holliday Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N, Y. Noise H. H. Jones Central Missouri State University, Varrensburg, Missouri Ultraviolet D. H. Sliney U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland Visit Exhibits Silica R. G. Keenan, M.S. George Clayton A Associates, Inc., Southfield, Michigan Analytical Problems Associated with the Target Health Hazard Program R. H. Hendricks, Ph.D. NIOSH, Salt Lake City, Utah Statistical Methods for Determination of Noncompliance N. A. Leidel NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio Joint AGGIH-AIHA Program Panel Discussion on Industrial Hygiene in the Year 2000 A0GIH Banquet Banquet Speaker - Ms, Mary Newman, Boston, Massachusetts -58- -59- THE BERYLLIUM CRITERIA DOCUMENT - A REVIEW Harry F. Schulte' Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory University of California Health Division Los Alamos, New Mexico* Abstract This was the first criteria document prepared for general circulation and review since the asbestos document was not circulated prior to the adoption of the standard by OSHA, As such, the beryllium document was somewhat experimental in both form and content. The standard proposed in the document will be reviewed and discussed in light of the past experience in the beryllium using Industries. Animal studies have been extensive and are summarized in the document but re sults of these studies are almost unique in their non-applicability to standard setting in the workroom. This condition arises out of the unusual properties of this element. The development of the beryllium standard is illustrative of many of the difficulties encountered in standard setting and a careful reading of this document is useful in anticipating future problems. JL x x M Beryllium, along with a few others such as asbestos and mercury, was a substance singled out as especially toxic in industrial, use, requiring a standard under the Occupational Safety and Health Act at an early date. These same substances were also singled out under the Glean Air Act and there is a curious parallelism in their treatment under these two laws. Action by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health on asbestos came quickly and the draft of the criteria document was given to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration review committee and the standard adopted before the criteria document was pub lished. Beryllium was the next subject for a criteria document and this was actually the first criteria document published. Strangely, although it has been available in final form for a least nine months, no OSHA review committee has yet been appointed to consider it. A somewhat similar course has been followed by the Environmental Protection Agency with respect to beryllium. Proposed beryllium emission standards were published in the Federal Register in December 1971 and a draft of a control document was reviewed more than a year ago, but it was not until April, 1973 that the standard was adopted and the control document issued. Since the beryllium criteria document was the first to be published it was some what pioneering and experimental in form and, as a result, there are a few things that may be noted about this document which have been modified in later doucuments. Its history reflects the criteria and standard making process in a favorable fashion. Having had the opportunity to read two drafts prior to the final one, I was impressed with the improvements from one draft to another and the extent to which consideration was given to comments from professional groups and indi viduals. It is also encouraging that many persons were willing to devote time to making reviews and submitting written comments. Good standards can only come from such broad and willing participation. Workplace Air Concentrations When we think of a standard we first consider the Threshold Limit Value or the concentration level to which workers can be exposed on their job. Here the *Work supported by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission -60- figures are exactly the same as those adopted by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1949 -- twenty-four years ago. To anyone who has followed the history of these standards this comes as no surprise and this is one of the rea sons there has been no urgency about the formal adoption of an OSHA standard. People who regularly work with beryllium have long been aware of these standards and most have already been observing them. The question is inevitably raised as to whether these standards are soundly based on experimental, data and observations and whether they are realistic. There is even considerable folklore -- only partly apocryphyl -- about their origin. There is good information testifying to the fact that where the standards are followed, beryllium disease is essentially non-existent. Whether the standard could be raised significantly and still provide adequate protection is a ques tion which probably never will be answered. The standard when adopted by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1949 essentially demanded full compliance and the Atomic Energy Commission was in a position to require such compliance by its contractors, who were the major suppliers and fabricators of beryllium. Thus, there would be a natural reluctance on the. part of any of these contractors to show that their people were working in concentrations in excess of the standard. The most serious effects of beryllium exposure often come many years after ex posure has ceased and this greatly complicates the effort to relate exposure to effect in a quantitative way. Even if data could be gathered showing prolonged exposure at levels two to five times the standard it would be necessary to follow the exposed workers medically for the rest of their lives to demonstrate an absence of long term effects. The existing standard does require very careful attention to the design and operation of ventilation and other controls. Re laxation of the air concentration standards by two to five times does not greatly reduce the stringency of the control measures required. There is no great in centive to seek this degree of relaxation. The concentration standards have been met in practice and are demaistrably feasible. It is unlikely that these numbers will decrease appreciably in the future while standards for many other materials have decreased and will probably continue to decrease. In the future, the beryllium concentration may not appear so out-of-line with other toxic substances as it has in the past. Air Concentration Measurements The standard requires quarterly measurements of the air concentration in the breathing zone and if concentrations in excess of the standard are found, the required frequency is increased to monthly. Monthly sampling is continued until two consecutive thirty day samples are obtained showing time-weighted-average con centrations to be below 2 flg/nP, This is a reasonable approach although many em ployers will sample more frequently than this. One hundred eighty days are al lowed to complete the first sampling period following the adoption of the standard. For most installations this is unreasonably long. Practically any plant handling appreciable quantities of beryllium is already sampling and does not require a six months waiting period. Ihe sampling flowrate of .05 cubic meters per minute is reasonable although it is difficult to see why it is a required minimum rate if the sensitivity of the analytical method is adequate to measure the amount collected. The filter paper specified as the collection medium is Whatman #41 or equivalent and no specifica tions are given for the size of the paper or the filter holder. Whatman #41 has a low collection efficiency at low sampling velocities and this efficiency varies considerably with the size of the particles being collected. At velocities -61- exceeding 80 feet per minute (24 meters per minute) all sizes are collected with high efficiency. Thus for a sampling flowrate of .05 nP/nln. the filter paper should not be larger than about 5 cm in diameter to attain an 80 feet per minute filter velocity. A suggested method of calibrating the flowrate on the air sampler is given but only by showing a diagram. However, the diagram does not contain enough explanatory information to enable most people to build the system. For measuring conformance to the requirement that no peak concentration exceed 25 Us/m^ a minimum sampling time of JO minutes is required and this requirement is a part of the standard. Since no maximum sampling time is specified it could be an hour or more which hardly conforms to the usual understanding of the meaning of peak concentration. Usually a maximum sampling time of JO minutes is used and the minimum is determined by practical considerations of the plant operation and the sensitivity of the method of analysis. Demonstrating con formance to peak concentration levels is a difficult problem and has always troubled beryllium users. There is no question, however, of the need for this requirement. The analytical method recommended for the air samples is atomic absorption spectrophotometry although other methods of equivalent sensitivity and accuracy are permitted. If one is already analyzing such samples by the emission spec trometer or by the morin method these can be continued unless there are other incentives to change. Indeed, these are somewhat more sensitive and permit greater flexibility in sample collection. Medical Recommendations Medical surveillance of beryllium workers is important as stressed in the standard. In addition to the usual standard preplacement and periodic examinations several specific measurements, principally respiratory, are required. However, no guidance is given to the physician in how to use or interpret these data. Personal Protective Equipment Reusable half-mask air purifying respirators are usually approved for use where air concentration does not exceed ten times the accepted TLV. In the beryllium standard the limit is placed at 25 |i.g/m^ for some reason which is lZj times the TLV, The difference Is insignificant but it may cause confusion by seeming to relate to the peak concentration standard. Spocific and useful information is given in this section. Control Measures Adequate ventilation is recommended to reduce exposure to beryllium but no specific information is given in the standard or the document for help in de signing such ventilation and no references are cited as sources of such informa tion. In some of the later documents Section V has been expanded to include both environmental and control data. This is a real omission here. Good house keeping is also important in beryllium control and swipe tests are useful in indicating the degree of cleanup required. These could have been mentioned in this section. Disposal The standard properly calls attention to the desireability of recycling scrap beryllium and suggests burial as an alternative method of disposal. There is a -62- real need for the development of a recycling program. When one considers the necessity of importing beryllium ore and the difficulties and hazards of refining beryllium from relatively low grade ores it is hard to see the justification for burying scrap containing a very high percentage of beryllium. Yet economic fac tors appear superficially to favor burial of this material. Sanitation Food preparation and eating are prohibited in beryllium work areas according to the standard. This is probably justified because of the wide variety of other chemicals usually present in such areas but there is no evidence that beryllium is appreciably toxic when taken by mouth. Strangely enough, the standard does not appear to ban smoking in such areas. Biological Data The document contains a thorough review of the biological effects of beryllium in cluding both animal studies and retrospective studies on humans. This review il lustrates several points which may be applicable to all studies of industrial health hazards. The serious toxicity of beryllium was recognized abroad very early in many countries and numerous articles existed in foreign journals. These were largely ignored in this country and their existence was unknown to many. The tend ency to discount work in other countries still exists and the beryllium experience teaches us that this is done at our peril. A more important observation is that the data obtained from animal studies are relatively irrelevant to the task of establishing standards. Because the most numerous exposures to beryllium, those in the fluorescent lamp industry and the atomic energy industry, were rather quickly brought under control by the applica tion of engineering controls, information on large scale human exposures and ef fects generally ceased. Gases of beryllium poisoning still occurred and were recognized but most of these were either the delayed result of earlier exposures or were sporadic cases from a variety of small industries such as neon sign manu facture. Under such circumstances it was difficult to establish a quantitative relation between exposure and the occurrence of illness or to investigate the mechanisms of disease production. Intensive investigations were made of beryllium toxicity using animals and some useful information was obtained concerning the acute disease after long study. Even in this case confusing results were first obtained leading early investigators to doubt the toxicity of beryllium. This confusion persisted for many years with the degree of toxicity being recognized differently in Massachusetts, Ohio and Pennsylvania. The situation was even worse in respect to the chronic disease and even today it is doubtful whether the true form of human beryllium disease has been reproduced in animals. This same condi tion prevails with many other substances where animals are used to investigate the possible effects on humans. Even when identical patterns of disease can be pro duced in animals and humans there is no real way of translating these data into standards. One of the most serious problems that has arisen from the animal studies comes from the fact that beryllium deposited in the lungs of some experimental animals seems to produce lung tumors or cancer. A cancer producing substance or carcinogen is regarded with great seriousness in assessing a potential toxic hazard. As nearly as can be determined, in spite of persistent study of the data, cancer does not seem to have resulted in humans from beryllium exposure. Apparently at some point there are species differences in the way vexious animals handle beryllium -6> deposited in the respiratory tract. Had these animal data been obtained before the human data it is likely that beryllium would have been labeled a carcinogen and the course of its use in industry night have been quite different than what it has been. Today the existence of these animal data has a cautionary influence on setting and maintaining beryllium standards but the standards are not based on such data. To some extent the finding of tumor production has influenced the direction of animal studies and perhaps led into directions somewhat remote from actual ap plication to industrial exposures. It also remains to be proven whether the potency of a beryllium compound to produce tumors in animals is a valid mea sure of its ability to produce beryllium disease in humans. The difficulty of interpreting and applying data from animal studies serves to emphasize the very serious need for extensive epidemiological studies, A great deal of time has been lost in applying this to beryllium but difficult as it may seem, it is the method of study most likely to yield useful results. In the standards in this document detailed records are to be kept by physicians and employers and extensive data collected. However, the directions given are strictly on using these to meet the literal requirements of the standard. This is a good but limited objective. It is frequently noted that the TLY does not represent a fine line separating conditions favoring health from those producing disease and that professional judgement must be exercised to promote the best interests of all concerned. Directions are given in the document for obtaining data but there is little on how to interpret the data in a larger sense. Nor are the qualifications given for the types of professionals who will be able to interpret the data in the best interests of all concerned. This is not a criticism of the document but just a comment on the limitations of this approach even when well done as it is here. Compatibility with Emission Standards Ibis is the title of the final chapter of the criteria document and it is curi ous to find it here at all. In some of the more recent documents this subject has been dropped and perhaps deservedly so. The concentration standard prom ulgated here is an ambient air quality standard to be applied inside an indus trial environment and for an industrial population. It is only remotely re lated to an ambient air quality standard for the general population. In,the case of beryllium, an out-plant ambient air quality standard of .01 pg/nr was adopted by the Atomic Energy Commission at the same time as it adopted an inplant standard in 19^9. Both were based on independent observations and mea surements and there is no assumption that one is derived from the other or even related to the other. Emission standards define the rate, in pounds per hour or some similar unit, that a pollutant can be emitted without producing a condition outside where the con centration exceeds the external ambient air quality standard. It is related to the latter through such factors as stack height, terrain factors, meteorological conditions, particle size, etc. Thus it is meaningless to talk of the compati bility between the standard in this document and any emission standards. They are completely unrelated. The ambient air quality standards and the emission standards should be given and they are given in this Section but the question of 'fcompatibility" cannot be discussed and is not actually discussed in this docu ment. -64- This is a good document which is a valuable source of information and reveals how scanty is the information on which we must base our standards. Nevertheless, the standards are needed and in the case of beryllium they have amply demonstrated their usefulness. The criteria document can do much to direct attention to the serious need for detailed careful investigation of industrial exposures and associated research. In this discussion most of the points presented refer to omissions or limitations of the document. This is the nature of such presenta tions but many of these points actually refer to our own lack of knowledge and are illustrative of the difficulties of the standards making process. Indeed, it may well be that these documents find their most useful applications by demon strating our needs for additional information. -65- . THE RATIONALE OF THE NIOSH RECOMMENDATION FOR A HEAT STRESS STANDARD Francis N. Dukes-Dobos, M.D. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Abstract The basic physiological principle is the same for both the recommended heat stress standard and the proposed ACGIH TLV for heat stress. This principle is derived from A. Lind's studies on the prescriptive zone. The practical conclusion of these studies is that the worker's body core temperature shall not be permit ted to exceed 38C (100.4F) in order to prevent heat disorders and illnesses. This conclusion was arrived at originally by an international panel of experts convened by the World Health Organization in 196?. There are several ways by which this principle can be carried over to industrial application. In the ACGIH TLV a diagram is made available which shows the com binations of environmental and metabolic heat loads at which 95$ of acclima tized workers, dressed in regular work uniform will reach, but not exceed a deep body temperature of 38C. However, this could not be recommended as the basis of a mandatory standard because it would require in addition to monitor ing the working climate the assessing of metabolic heat generation by the work ers in each potentially hot job. Instead, the recommended standard prescribes work practices which should be applied if the environmental heat exceeds 79F WBGT for men or 76F WBGT for women. These limits are derived from the TLV diagram and are confirmed by field data on climatic conditions at which heat casualties occurred. Most of the prescribed work practices are already in use in many hot industries and have resulted in the reduction or elimination of heat disorders and illnesses as well as in stabilizing the work force. -66- -67- PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE NIOSH INDUSTRYWIDE STUDY OF THE FIBROUS GLASS INDUSTRY John M, Dement National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Introduction The Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has under way an industry wide study of the fibrous glass industry.* This study presently includes com prehensive environmental investigations to determine present levels of worker exposure to fibrous glass and other materials and a retrospective mortality study of a large worker cohort in the nation's oldest fibrous glass manufac turing facility. The purpose of the mortality study is to determine mortality patterns, if any, which may be attributed to exposures during the manufacture of fibrous glass. The major objectives of the present environmental studies are as followst 1. To evaluate present dust sampling methods with respect to sampling airborne fibrous glass. 2. To determine fibrous glass expsoures in various types of plants and operations and to identify those operations with most potential for exposure to respirable fibers. 3. To observe work practices and environmental control measures presently in use in fibrous glass production and fabrication facilities. 4. To evaluate other exposures such as free silica, binding materials, solvents, etc. which may be associated with fibrous glass manufacture or use. Comprehensive environmental studies have thus far been conducted in four facil ities manufacturing fibrous glass insulation products and in one facility manu facturing reinforced plastic bath fixtures. Preliminary surveys also have been conducted in a facility manufacturing small diameter fibers for filter mater ials and high temperature insulation and in a facility using those fibers to manufacture high efficiency clean room air filters. This presentation will concern itself with only the preliminary results of the environmental studies and includes* a discussion of present fibrous glass technology, a brief review of medical finding to date, a review of available sampling methods, presentation of preliminary results of the NIOSH environmental studies and discussion of these results as related to the findings of the medi cal studies. Fibrous Glass Technology Fibrous glass first came into commercial use slightly more than thirty years ago. Today it is estimated that fibrous glass has over 30,000 uses.1 Most Mention of commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH or the U.S. Public Health Service -68- fibrous glass is produced from boro-silicate-type glass with varying amounts of silica, soda, lime, alumina and titania. The composition, of course, varies with the type of product being manufactured. Table 1 gives a list of the most common types of fibrous glass and their approximate compositions and uses.23 Although the compositions vary significantly, the bulk of all fibrous glass is of Type 1 and is generally termed electrical or "E" glass. Fibrous glass fibers are generally classified into two categoriesi (l) wool insu lation fibers and (2) textile fibers. From fibrous glass wool, thermal insula tion batts and blankets are fabricated for applicances, buildings, aircraft, and a variety of other insulation products. Small diameter fibers formed by wool forming methods are also used to sake high efficiency filtration paper. Textile fibers are processed into cloths for draperies, electrical insulation cloth and various types of tapes. In addition textile fibers in many forms (roving, cloth, chopped fibers, etc.) are used for plastic reinforcement. Most fibrous glass products include binders and lubricants which are, in most cases, applied during or immediately after fiber formation. The fiber diameter and the type of binders which sire used depends on the type of product being made. Table 2 gives a brief summary of the "nominal" fiber diameters and types of binders used for a number of commercial, products. The most common resins used are phenol and melamine-formaldehyde.^ Due to the nature of the wool forming operations, fiber diameters and length for a given product may be quite variant. While the nominal diameter of the product may be quite large, airborne fibers may be much smaller in diameter. In compari son, the variation in the diameter of textile fibers is much less with most fibers being close to the nominal diameter. In addition, most textile fibers are formed as continuous filaments. From Table 2, it is seen that the smallest diameter and therefore the most potentially respirable fibers occur in the wool type operations (paper fibers being considered a wool operation). In addition, over 75 percent of all glass fibers used are made by wool forming methods. Due to these observa tions, NIOSH has devoted the major part of its investigations to "wool" and paper fiber operations. Fibrous glass "wool" fibers are formed by three basic processesi (l) steam attenu ation, (2) flame attenuation and (3) the centrifugal or rotary process.J The steam blowing or attenuation process was the first method used for forming fibrous glass and is used today primarily to manufacture the large diameter fibers (>13 micrometers) used in furnace air filters. A schematic of this process is shown in Figure 1. The glass batch is melted in a typical glass furnace and the molten glass flows from the forehearth of the furnace through sieve-like platinum bushings where coarse primary fibers are formed. The coarse fibers are attenuated into smaller diameter fibers by high pressure steam jets. The fibers are sprayed with the appropriate binder (usually phenol-formaldehyde) and collected on a con veyor thus forming a fiber mat which is carried into a curing oven. Fiber mats coming from the curing oven are cut and packaged or taken to another area for final fabrication. The flame attenuation process is used to make fibers with various diameters from approximately 7 micrometers down to approximately 0.1 micrometers. A schematic of the flame attenuation process is shown in Figure 2.1 In this process, large diameter primary fibers from the glass furnace are fed into a high velocity burner -69- flame where the temperature and energy of the flame attenuate the fibers to the desired diameters. The large diameter fibers which are used to make such prod ucts as pipe Insulation are coated with binders. Small diameter fibers made by this process which are used to make high efficiency filtration paper and high temperature insulation receive no binders. The centrifugal process is used to make the bulk of all thermal insulation products and is the most modern of the three forming methods. A schematic of this process is shown in Figure 3* In this process, the molten glass from the furnace flows into a spinning centrifuge. The glass is thrown through openings in the rim of the centrifuge thus the primary fibers are formed. These fibers are then met with a high velocity burner flame and attenuated into the final fiber diameters. The major advantage of this process is increased speed of fiber production as compared to the two processes previously described. Review of Medical Studies and Findings Human Studies It has only been in recent years that sufficient time has elapsed since the first manufacture of fibrous glass to make it feasible to carry out population studies to detect chronic effects of exposure. Since I960 population studies have been carried out by Bjure(1964),5 Wright (1968), Utidjian (1970),? Gross (l97l) and Nasr (l97l). Bjure (1964) performed very careful cardiopulmonary evaluations of six insulators who had worked from 8 to 29 years with glass wool and rock wool. The average length of exposure for this group was 14 years and no estimate of exposure level was given. From this work, the authors concluded that prolonged exposure to rock wool and fibrous glass did not produce impairment of those cardiopulmonary func tions which were tested. In 1968, Wright reported an x-ray survey of 1,389 employees in the nation's oldest fibrous glass wool insulation manufacturing facility. All workers had been em ployed for more than 10 years. The distribution of duration of employment is not given, but the author states that some had been employed for more than 25 years. The author concluded that no distinctive x-ray patterns were observed. Wright also includes in this report results of an earlier environmental study by Kehoe (1963) in this facility. Kehoe found average dust concentrations for the facility to be 2.24 rag/m^ and 0.22 rappcf. The median fiber diameter for the plant was 6 p.m and 16 percent of the fibers were under 40 micrometers in length. Pulmonary function studies from the same population studied by Wright were reported by Utidjian and deTreville in 1970. Thirty employees with varying ages and expo sure severity were studied. The authors reported no apparent dust effect when they compared employees with greatest and least exposure to fibrous glass. In 1971, Gross, et al., reported on findings of post mortem examinations of 20 workers, who had been exposed to fibrous glass for from 16 to 32 years, and compared them with urban Pittsburgh dwellers with no known occupational exposures. The only significant difference found between glass workers and controls was a higher number of ferruginous bodies per gram of dry lung in the controls. Nasr et al., in 1971, also reported a review of chest x-rays of 2,028 male fibrous glass workers In the same plant studied by Wright, Utidjian, and Gross earlier. -70- Their analysis was unique in that it included data on duration of employment. Of the 2,028 workers included, 1,833 were production workers and 196 were office workers. Approximately 63 percent had been employed more than ten years, 50 per cent more than 15 years, 33 percent more than twenty years and 12 percent more than 25 years. Although there were 329 abnormalities found in the population, no sig nificant difference in prevalence of abnormalities was detected between office and production workers. The authors concluded that there was no evidence of a risk of disabling pneumoconiosis. In summary, the five studies which have been mentioned have given very little evi4 dence that chronic respiratory problems result from fibrous glass exposure. How ever, it must be pointed out that none of the studies to date have been designed to determine whether or not there is any increase in deaths attributed to pulmon ary and other malignancies. In addition, fibrous glass exposure levels for the populations studied were probably extremely low and the airborne fibers relatively large. Although this is probably true of nearly all fibrous glass exposures, it will be pointed out in the discussion of the preliminary NIOSH results that a very few operations have significantly higher exposures to potentially respirable fibrous glass and as such have never been studied as to the effects on humans. Animal Studies Animal studies concerning the pulmonary response to fibrous glass were initiated soon after the material came into commercial production. Inhalation or intratracheal experiments have recently been reported by Schepers and Delahant (l955)iU and Gross (l970)M*^2 Experimental studies in which fibrous glass has been intro duced into the pleural cavities of animals have been reported by Stanton (1972)1^* and Davis (1972).^ Schepers and Delahant (1955) performed intratracheal and inhalation experiments with glass wool using guinea pigs and rats. Three intratracheal experiments were per formed using glass wool with mean diameters of 6, 3 and below 3 micrometers (with many below one micrometer). Fiber length ranged from 20 to 50 micrometers. Prom these experiments, the authors concluded that the large fibers appeared inert; however, the smaller diameter fibers produced areas of focal atelectasis but no fibrosis. In the inhalation experiments, guinea pigs were exposed to fibrous glass approximately 6 micrometers in diameter at concentrations of approximately 5 rag/nK for 20 months and to fibrous glass with a maximum diameter of 3 micrometers at concentrations of 1 to 2.5 mg/m^ for another 20-month period. The authors con cluded that the fibers were not fibrogenic, but that the biological effect was not wholly that of an inert material as manifested by focal atelectasis in the guinea pig. Bronchiolar damage also was noted. In 1970, Gross, et al., reported the results of inhalation experiments using rats and hamster. These animals were exposed to fibrous glass in concentrations of approximately 100 mg/iiK for 24 months. The average fiber diameter was 0.5 micro meters and the average length was 10 micrometers. The authors concluded that fibrous glass fibers were not cytotoxic and that fibrous glass dust was biologi cally inert. Because of the strong association between asbestos fibers and mesothelial tumors of the pleura, studies have recently been carried out in which fibrous glass has been introduced into the pleural cavities of test animals. In a recent study re ported by Stanton and Wrench (1972), six types of fibrous glass were applied to the pleura of rats. Fibrous glass of small diameter (0.06 to 3 micrometers) led -71- to a mesothel ial tumor Incidence of 21 to 18 percent. In a later experiment, Stanton reports that fibers in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 micrometers produced a mesothel ial tumor incidence of above 50 percent with the tumor incidence decreasing with Increasing fiber diameter. Prom his work, Stanton concluded that the carcinogenicity of both asbestos and fibrous glass is more related to the dimensions of the materials than to physiochemical properties and states that "in the pleura of the rat, fibrous glass of small diameter is a potent carcinogen." Continuing this line of investigation, Davis (1972) also has reported the results of introducing fibrous glass fibers into the pleural cavities of mice. Fibrous glass of two sizes was used, 0.05 to 0.1 nicrometers in di ameter and 2.5 to 4 micrometers in diameter. Fiber lengths varied between 10 and 100 micrometers. From his work, Davis concluded that all long fiber dusts were potentially -pathogenic. Although the results of the studies conducted by Stanton and Davis would be very difficult to apply in terms of human experience, these studies cer tainly present strong arguments that particle dimension may be the key factor in fiber carclnogensis. The present NI0SH mortality study may pro vide more answers to this question in regard to humans. Review of Air Sampling and Analytical Methods The first decision which had to be made with respect to the present environ mental studies was the choice of air sampling and analytical methods. As with other dusts, two general approaches are available for fibrous glass. These, of course, are dust weight and fiber count. Weight Methods With most dusts, one generally has the choice of taking either samples for total airborne dust or respirable dust by use of cyclone or elutriator pre-samplers. Total dust samples can easily be taken with fibrous glass, however, considerable problems arise when cyclones or elutriators are used for sampling fibrous materials. The inability of these instruments to separate fibrous dusts was demonstrated by the work conducted by Bien and Com (l97l).^ For these reasons, mass respirable sampling was not used In the present studies. Total airborne dust samples can provide a useful index of exposure providing that an analytical method exists for the dust being sampled. Two "semispecific" analytical methods have been used in past studies of fibrous glass exposures. The first method was used by Johnson, et al.*7 In the 1967 Public Health Service study. This method involves a chemical analysis of the air sample for "total silica" using the Talvitie method.On the basis of the known silica content of the glass being sampled, the amount of glass dust can be calculated. This method has numerous problems asso ciated with it. First of all, as was shown in Table 1, the silica content of the various types of borosllicate glass used to make fibrous glass is quite variant ranging from about 34 to 73 percent. Secondly, interference will re sult when free silica or other silicate materials are present. The second analytical method involves an ashing procedure. With this method, the sample collected on a membrane filter is ashed in a platinum crucible -72- at approximately 1000F until constant weight is reached. The remaining ash is considered the glass portion of the sample. The major problem associated with this method is the possibility of other materials being present which do not volatilize at 1000F. In addition, the reliability of the ash weight may be very low when only small initial dust weights are present. Fiber Count Method The method of counting and sizing fibers collected on membrane filters is well documented^ and shall not be discussed in detail here. This method has numer ous advantages, the major one being that fibers of any particular size may be counted and others ignored. The major disadvantage of this method is the time required for sample analysis. Comparison of Weight and Count Methods For fibers of the same length, fiber wieght is a function of the diameter squared; therefore, a fiber one micrometer in diameter weighs 100 times as much as a 0.1 micrometer diameter fiber of the same length. If a workplace environment were evaluated on a total weight basis, the presence of a very few large diameter fibers can increase the weight appreciably. The analytical procedures described previ ously (silica determination or ashing) cannot overcome this difficulty. Obviously, fiber counts with subsequent fiber sizing is a better air sampling method for fi brous glass, especially when small diameter fibers axe present. Study Procedures As was mentioned, comprehensive environmental investigations have been made in four facilities manufacturing "wool" insulation products and in one facility manufacturing fibrous glass reinforced bath fixtures. Preliminary studies also have been made in one facility manufacturing small diameter fibers for high tem perature insulation and high efficiency filtration paper and in a facility making high efficiency clean room air filters using small diameter fibers. In addition to sampling for fibrous glass, samples were taken in all these facilities to evaluate a number of potential exposures such as free silica and binder mater ials. However, this presentation will concern itself with only the fibrous glass exposures which were found. With the foregoing discussion of sampling methods in mind, two sampling methods were chosen for this study. Airborne fibrous glass samples were taken in all facilities for simultaneous evaluation of total airborne dust concentrations (mg/m-*) and airborne fiber concentrations (fibers/ml). Two personal samplers were placed on each worker. One sampler collected dust for evaluation by fiber counting and sizing. Total dust samples were collected at a flow of 2.0 1pm on 37 mm polyvinyl chloride filters (5*0 pore size) using a three piece Millipore sample cassette with only the small plug removed. Each filter was tared and re weighed on a "Calm Gram ELectrobalance" and dust concentrations reported as milligrams per cubic meter of air. No ashing of these samples was attempted as most dust weights were below 1.0 mg even though the samples were U to 7 hours in duration. Samples for fiber count and fiber sizing were collected on Millipore Type AA 37mm membrane filters at flow rate of 2,0 1pm with an open face cassette. In most cases, fibers less than ten micrometers in diameter were counted using phase contrast microscopy at 430X magnification.TM At least 50 microscopic fields were -73- counted for each sample regardless of the fiber concentration. When the fiber concentration averaged less than one fiber per microscopic field, at least 100 microscopic fields were examined. Fiber concentrations are reported as fibers less than 10 pm in diameter per milliliter of air (hereafter called fibers/ml). Due to the presence of very small diameter fibers in a few refractory and paper operations, some fiber counts were made using phase contrast microscopy at 1000X magnification and using oil immersion objectives. Fiber length and diameter distributions were determined for most of the opera tions which were sampled. Optical, size distributions were made using a "Leitz" rotating stage phase contrast microscope at $0OX magnification. A calibrated "Portion" reticle was used to size both fiber diameters and lengths. Electron micrographs were used to determine the fiber diameter distributions for several operations involving small diameter fibers. At least 100 randomly selected fibers were sized for each operation. Due to low fiber concentration on most samples, as many as 1500 microscope fields were required to observe 100 fibers on some samples. Preliminary Results of the Study Fibrous Glass Insulation Plants Results of the air samples:in the fibrous glass insulation operations were classified according to fiber forming method and fabrication operations within the plants. Obviously, operations varied from plant to plant; therefore, several classifications are missing within some plants. Table 3 shows the mean and range of total dust concentrations by operation cate gory for the four insulation plants surveyed. The highest mean total dust con centration obtained was 4.4 mg/m^ in the pipe insulation operation of plant "C". The lowest mean concentration found was 0.1 mg/m^ in the scrap reclama tion operation of plant "D". Only two operations in all the plants sampled had total dust concentrations in excess of 2.0 mg/m-'. The highest single sample ob tained was 14.5 mg/m3 in the pipe insulation operation of Plant "C". Results of the samples for fiber count by phase contrast microscopy are shown in Table 4. The highest mean fiber count obtained was O.69 fibers/ml in the flame attenuated insulation operation of plant "G". The lowest mean fiber count was 0.04 fibers/ml found in three operations, one in Plant "A" and two in Plant "B". The highest fiber count was found in the small diameter aircraft insulation operation of plant "C" and will be discussed later. Results of the airborne fiber diameter and length distributions for the wool plants are summarized in Tables 5 and 6 respectively. From these tables it can be seen that plant "B" had the smallest median airborne fiber diameter of 1,1 micrometers (omitting the aircraft insulation operation of plant "C") found in three of the plant operations. Hie largest median airborne fiber diameter of 4.3 micrometers was found in the scrap reclamation operation of plant "A". Plant "A" included textile scrap of rather large diameter in the scrap reclama tion operation. From Table 6, it can be seen that the smallest median airborne fiber length was 19 micrometers found in the centrifugal forming operation of plant "B". The -74- largest median airborne fiber length was 70 micrometers found in the large diameter flame attenuation process of plant "A". In Table 6, it is interesting to note the small percentages of the airborne fibers less than 5 micrometers in length found in these insulation plants, the percent ranging from 1 to 7 present. A typical photomicrograph of airborne fibers in a centrifugal forming operation is shown in Figure 4 showing the preponderance of long fibers. Figures 5 and 6 show photomicrographs of airborne fibers in a flame attenuation process again demonstrating the existence of few fibers less than 5 micrometers in length. As was mentioned earlier, plant "C" had a very snail volume operation for making light density, small diameter aircraft insulation. The highest single fiber con centration found in this operation was 1.7 fibers/ml. An airborne fiber diameter distribution foriths aircraft insulation operation in Plant "C" was determined using the transmission electron microscope at 16,000 magnification. Results of this distribution are shown in Table 7. The median airborne fiber diameter was 0,13 micrometers with 7 percent of the fibers being less than 0.08 micrometers and 94 percent being less than 0.50 micrometers in diameter. Although no fiber length distribution for the aircraft insulation operation could be determined using the electron microscope, optical fiber sizing has shown that 70 percent of the airborne fibers were longer than 20 micrometers and 30 percent were longer than 50 micrometers. Figure 7 shows an electron micrograph of air borne fibers from this operation. From this micrograph, a few fibers as short as one micrometer in length can be seen although their frequency is extremely low. \ Reinforced Plastics Operation In the one fibrous glass reinforced plastics operation which was surveyed, bath fixtures were made by a spray laminating process using polyester resin and chopped fibrous glass roving. Potential for exposure to fibrous glass exists during the spraying operations and during the finishing operations (cutting and grinding). Table 8 gives the results of the samples taken in the reinformced plastics opera tion. The average total dust concentration for laminators was 1,13 mg/m3 and the average fiber concentration was 0,07 fibers/ml. The average total dust concentra tion for the cutting and grinding operations was 3.55 mg/m^ with an average fiber concentration of 0,03 fibers/ml. Comparing total dust concentrations with fiber counts suggests that most of the airborne particulate matter was plastic resin. This is especially true of the cutting and grinding operations. A summary of the results of the airborne fiber length and diameter distributions for the plastics operation is given in Table 9. The median airborne fiber diam eter was approximately 5,0 micrometers and the median length approximately 35 mi crometers . Small Diameter Fiber Operations As was mentioned earlier, there exists a very few operations making and using small diameter fibers for high temperature insulation and high efficiency filter paper. Preliminary air samples have been taken in one facility making these fi bers and in one facility using these fibers to make high efficiency filtration paper. -75- The facility making small diameter fibers uses the flame attenuation method and makes fibrous glass fibers ranging in diameter from 0.05 micrometers to approx imately 5.1 micrometers. Four air samples were taken in these operations. Due to the presence of very small diameter fibers, fiber counts were made at 1000X magnification using oil immersion objectives. These preliminary results found fiber concentrations to range from approximately 11 fibers/ml. to approximately 19 fibers/ml. Complete fiber size distributions have not yet been determined; however, almost all the fibers observed were well below 0.5 micrometers in di ameter. Although most of the fibers were relatively long, a few fibers as short as two micrometers in length were observed. In the one filtration paper operation which has been sampled, fibrous glass ranging in diameter from 0,05 to 3.8 micrometers is blended together in order to get filtration paper of the desired filtration efficiency and mechanical strength. Weighing and mixing the fibers is done by hand without Ventilation, After mixing and paper formation the paper is folded, cut to shape, and mounted in appropriate filter holding frames. The samples taken in this facility also were counted at 1000X magnification using oil immersion objectives. Fiber concentrations of 4.7 and 6.8 fibers/ml were found for the fiber mixing operator. The next highest fiber concentration of 2.1 fibers/ml was found for a paper folder and a concentration of 1.6 fibers/ml was found for the saw operator. Fiber size determinations for the samples taken in these operations show that approximately 72 percent of the airborne fibers in the mixing operations and 90 percent of the fibers in the folding and sawing operations are less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and less than 50 micrometers in length. Discussion of the Sample Results In determining any possible chronic lung effects resulting from fibrous glass exposure, one must determine what portion of the airborne fibers actually reach the deep lung regions. The respirability of fibers is not clearly understood at the present time. Timbrell^ suggests that the two major mechanisms of particle deposition are settlement under gravity and inertial deposition both of which are functions of the particle's free falling speed. In his work using an aerosol spectrometer, Timbrell found that the free falling speed of fibers is mainly a function of fiber diameter with length being of secondary importance and that fibers less than 3*5 micrometers in diameter could escape deposition by settle ment and inertia deposition and penetrate deeply into the pulmonary spaces. In this same paper, Timbrell suggests that the limitation on the length of those fibers which reach the deeper pulmonary spaces is determined by the nasal hairs and by the small diameters of the respiratory bronchioles; however, he never gives a maximum fiber length which could be considered respirable. In a later experiment by Timbrell and Skidmore^l rats were exposed to fibrous glass ranging from 0,75 to 1.5 micrometers in diameter and fiber lengths up to 100 micrometers. Animals were sacrificed immediately after exposure and fiber size distributions of the fibers in the animal lungs determined. In this ex periment, most fiber lengths were less than 20 micrometers; however, a few fibers as long as 50 micrometers were observed in the animal lungs. Gross, et al. in their post-mortem studies of the lungs of 20 workers exposed to fibrous glass dust for 16 to 32 years found fibers as long as 60 micrometers -76- in the lungs with most fibers being less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter. However, it must be pointed out that these fiber size determinations were made after a sig nificant amount of lung clearing probably had taken place. The effect of fiber length on the lung clearing mechanisms is not clearly understood. In contrast to the above observations, Murphy^ in his report of a case involving acute pulmonary involvement due to fibrous glass exposure found fibrous glass particles as large as 14- micrometers in diameter and 60 micrometers in length in the terminal bronchioles. Balber^3 in his autopsies of asbestos workers has found random fibers 100-200 micro meters in length in the alveolor regions. It is obvious that considerable controversy exists as to fiber respirability, in particular as to the upper length of a respirable fiber. For purposes of this report a respirable fiber shall be defined as being less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and less than 50 micrometers in length. With this definition of fiber respirability, it is obvious that the "most respirable" fibers occur in the refractory and paper fiber operations where almost all the fi bers are less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and a good majority less than 50 mi crometers in length. Highest fiber concentrations have also been found in these operations. In the four wool insulation plants which have been surveyed, the percent of fibers less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter ranged from 35 to 98 percent. The percent of fibers less than 50 micrometers in length ranged from approximately 40 to 91 percent. With the very low fiber concentrations observed in these operations, it is obvious that respirable fiber concentrations are extremely low. In the reinforced plastic bath fixture operation which was sampled, approximately 35 percent of the fibers were less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and 65 percent less than 50 micrometers in length. Respirable fiber exposures in this operation are also obviously low. In an effort to put in their proper perspective, the fiber concentrations found in those fibrous glass facilities sampled, extreme care should be given when comparing these fiber counts with those for asbestos. The presently excepted method of counting only those asbestos fibers greater them 5 4m in length with the optical microscope at about 4-00X magnification sees only approximately 1 to 4- percent of the actual asbestos fibers present. Therefore, even at the 1976 OSHA standard of 2 fibers >5p.m in length per milliliter, the actual total fiber concentration will probably be 50 to 200 fibers/ml. In comparison, with phase contrast counts of fibrous glass, one is essentially counting "all" the fibers which are present though it is necessary to use higher magnification with the small diameter fibers. Obviously, even with the highest concentration found by these studies (19 fibers/ ml), actual fiber concentrations axe fax below those present even in a well con trolled asbestos plant. Summary In summary, all worker population studies to date have been made in wool insula tion plants where fiber concentrations are generally well below 1.0 fiber/ml or total dust concentrations below 3.0 mg/m3. These studies have not demonstrated -77- significant amounts of disabling pneumoconiosis. The question of pulmonary and other malignancies of all types has never been fully answered. It is hoped that the present NIOSH mortality study of a large worker population in a wool insulation plant will answer many of these questions. Ifrom the preliminary data on the small diameter fiber operations which have been presented, it appears that fiber concentration in these operations are many orders of magnitude higher than those seen in standard wool insulation opera tions. In addition, the very small diameters of these fibers would make them much more respirable. No population studies have been reported of workers engaged in these operations. There may not, at the present time, exist a population with sufficient exposure duration to small diameter fibers for sig nificant pulmonary problems to have manifested themselves. In view of the recent results of the animal studies conducted by Stanton and Davis, it would appear essential that exposures to the very fine diameter glass fibers be kept at an absolute minimum by the use of good engineering controls and work practices. These persons also should receive very close medical sur veillance. -78- references 1. Konzen, J.L., "Health Aspects of Fibrous Glass," presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, May 14, 1969. 2. Shand, E.B., Glass Engineering Handbook. Second Edition, New York, McGraw Hill Company, 1958, pp. 375-425. 3. The Kirk-Othomer Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, pp. 533-565, 1971. 4. McCord, C.P., "Fibrous Glass Chemistry and Technology," Journal of Occ. Med., Vol. 9, PP. 339-3^4, July, 1967. 5. Bjure, J., B. Solderholm, and J. Widimsky; "Cardiopulmonary Function Studies of Workers Dealing with Asbestos and Glass-wool," Thorax 19i22-27, 1964. 6. Wright, G.W., "Airborne Fibrous Glass Particles1 Chest Roentgenograms of Persons with Exposure," Arch. Environ. Health l6;175-8l, 1968. 7. Utidjian, H.M.D. and R.T.P. deTreville, "Fibrous Glass Manufacturing and Health; Report of an Epidemiological Study; Parts 1 and 11," read before the 35th Annual Meeting of the Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1970. 8. Gross, P., J. Tuma and R.T.P. deTreville, "Lungs of Workers Exposed to Fiber Glass; A Study of Their Pathologic Changes and Their Dust Content," Arch. Environ. Health 23 July, 1971. 9. Nasr, A.N.M., T. Ditchek and P.A. Scholtens, "The Prevalence of Radiographic Abnormalities in the Chests of Fiber Glass Workers," J. Occup, Med. 13>371-376, 1971. 10. Schepers, G.W.H. and A.B. Delahant, "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Glass Wool on Animal Lungs," AMA Arch. Ind. Health 12;276-79, 1955. 11. Gross, P., R.T.P. deTreville, L.J. Cralley, W.T. Granquist and F.L. Pundsack, "The Pulmonary Response to Fibrous Dusts of Diverse Compositions," Am. Ind. Hyg, Assoc. J. 31>125-32, 1970. 12. Gross, P., M. Kaschak, E.B. Tolker, M.A. Babyak and R.T.P. deTreville, "The Pulmonary Reaction to High Concentrations of Fibrous Glass Dust," Arch. Environ. Health 20;696-704, 1970. 13. Stanton, M.F. and C. Wrench, "Mechanisms of Mesothelioma Induction with Asbestos and Fibrous Glass," J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48;797-821, 1973. 14. Stanton, M.F., "Some Aetiologic Considerations of Fiber Carcinogenesis," Paper 43A. Read before the IARC Meeting of a Working Group to Assess the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Lyon, Fr., 1972. 15. Davis, J.M.G., "The Fibrogenic Effects of Mineral Dusts Injected into the Pleural Cavity of Mice," Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 53*190-201, 1972. 16. Bien, C.T. and M. Corn, "Performance of Respirable Samplers with Fibrous Dust," Am. Ind. Assoc. J. 32>499-507, 1971. -79- 17. Johnson, D.L., J.J. Healey, H.E. Ayer and J.R, Lynch, "Exposure to Fibers in the Manufacture of Fibrous Glass," Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 30545-50, 1969. 18. Talvitie, N.A., "Determination of Free Silica* Gravimetric and Spectro- photometric Procedures Applicable to Airborne and Settled Dust," Am. Ind. Hyg, Assoc. J. 25*169, 1964. 19. "Criteria for a Recommended Standard! Occupational Exposure to Asbestos," U.S. Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare, USPHS, NIOSH, 1972. 20. Timbrell, V., "The Inhalation of Fibrous Dusts," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 132t255-73 1965. 21. Timbrell, V. and J.W. Skidmore, "The Effect of Shape on Particle Penetration and Retention in Animal Lungs," Proc. of the Third Int. Conf, on Inhaled Particles and Vapors. 49-57, 1971. 22. Murphy, G.B., "Fiber Glass Pneumoconiosis," Arch. Environ. Health 3*102107, December 1961. 23. Balber, Discussion, Proc. of the Third Int. Conf. on Inhaled Particles and Vapors, p. 57 1971. COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL GLASS FIBERS &u cO Vd H a CM -80- -P s (D *H 6 -P <D td S3 fot Cid H3 KCD M 08 C -P oc H ro -p -p cd ID r3Wj fOtOCH)O HC -< Ci ft O cd ft O ID P ft -P cd -P O -P W 3 H 3d 300 Htco o < u fi XI p bo c a> H p CO f-l <v Xfxfta!: Df3ft3t o O fn y fdt> a> to -h c -p ft ft O ft 3 cMd Od df>t ff-Ptt fftn fctd SO ac O ft ft'd P H cHd *dr)l TD JC aj CO cc; 1 1 1 o CM i ft OvNa CM O H 1 1 1 O 1 1 E-* 00 CM $ 11 1 o 1 , tS3 d- O CM ft -p IS 1 VA O VA O 11 VA CA o CM VA O O o VA va cd o 00 rp NO -X O X: rH rH rH g CA O VA A CM CO 'A o ft VA CA O 1 N- 1 % ,O VA VA 1 s; CA VA CA 1 o oO 6 CM -=fr CM r--1 O NO rH VA VA 1 1 ca o CM VA O i--| d- 3- < rH CM o ft CO A o va VA NO VA -3- O ON VA OO CM VA O VA CA ON VA o CA O 3CA <0 -p s (0 o <0 CM - -P H g JH H 0e} a id o& ft ft -8 o CO V -p coHd rHH 0IuD CA o ft aHe) rH1 -O3 CO 0) -p cd o H rH H ID O va O 33 d> d> d> H ^1 rH tH 11 <d 03 -d e o H CO N-----^ VP__3' d> +> 8 H rH NO *H co d <d d) rH 1 X! h0 H W v--^ CaO> 'kdHp H rH iH>> fot tcJ cd C 3 Pa> o Mffa>tt o o 3 r<=> C oU H 3OCO 3 ca f(0t -cd o cd Axh: CVi C0Q) C0O) > -HP H f?oG0VtH) c$ d> 3e o o -81- table 2 NOMINAL FIBER DIAMETERS AND BINDERS FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS Product Wool Products General Thermal Insultation Molded Pipe Insulation Lightweight Aircraft Insulation. High Temperature Insulation and Filter Paper Textile Products Continuous Filament Electrical Insulation "Silver" Type Electrical Insulation Plastic Reinforcing Mat Wrap-on Pipe Insulation Nominal Fiber Diameter |im Type of Binder 6-15 7-9 1.0-1.5 0.05-3.0 6-9.5 7-9.5 6-9.5 3-5 Resin Resin Resin None Coatings Lubricant Resin Resin -82- TABLE 3 TOTAL AIRBORNE DUST CONCENTRATIONS (mg/m3) IN FIBROUS GLASS PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OPERATIONS IN WOOL INSULATION MANUFACTURING FACILITIES Forming Method or Operation Insulation Plant ABC D Centrifugal Formed Building Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.8 (0.2-2.4) 9 1.7 (0.6-4.8) 20 , 3.3 (3.0- 3.6) 4 0.3 (0.1-0.4) Centrifugal Formed Appliance Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 1.0 (0.5-1.7) 13 0.2 (0.1-0.3) 4 Flame Attenuated Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.6 (0.2-1.4) 9 0.8 (0.1- 2.5) 8 Pipe Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.4 (0.1-0.6) 8 ----- 4.4 0.7 ----- (0.2-14.5) (0.4-0.9) -- 6 5 Scrap Reclamation Mean Range Number of Samples 1.7 (0.7-3.8) 8 1.4 (0.5-2.2) 4 1.6 (0.8- 2.5) 5 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 2 All Other Operations Mean Range Number of Samples ( . - . )0.7 0.8 1.3 0.3 (0.4-1.4) (0.3-1.3) (1.0- 1.6) 0 1 0 8 10 11 4 16 -83- TABLE 4 AIRBORNE FIBER CONCENTRATIONS (FIBERS <10 4m IN DIAMETER/ml.) IN FIBROUS GLASS PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OPERATIONS IN WOOL INSULATION MANUFACTURING FACILITIES Forming Method or Operation Insulation Plant AB CD Centrifugal Formed Building Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.0? 0.08 0.09 0.09 (0.04-0.13) (0.00-0.18) (0.08-0.12) (0.01-0.83) 9 19 4 22 Centrifugal Formed Appliance Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples Flame Attenuated Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.04 -- (0.01-0.11) -- 13 0.04 (0.02-0.06) 8 -- -- 0.06 -- (0.02-0.09) -- 22 , 0.69 (0.04-1.69) 8 ---- -- -- -- Pipe Insulation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.0? (0.03-0.12) 10 --- 0.14 (0.06-0.27) 6 ---- -- ---- Scrap Reclamation Mean Range Number of Samples 0.06 (0.03-0.15) 10 0.07 (0.02-0.47) 4 0.10 (0.08-0.13) 5 0.07 (0.01-0.14) 7 All Other Operations Mean Range Number of Samples 0.07 0.04 0.20 (0.01-0.13) (0.01-0.08) (0.04-0.26) 10 12 4 -- -- -- 1 Includes samples from an aircraft insulation flame attenuation operation -84- TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE FIBER DIAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS IN FIBROUS GLASS PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OPERATIONS IN WOOL INSULATION MANUFACTURING FACILITIES Operation Insulation Plant AB C C Centrifugal Formed Building Insulation Median Diameter (im Percent < 1.0 |im Percent < 3.5 4 Centrifugal Formed Appliance Insulation Median Diameter |ira Percent < 1.0 Percent < 3*5 M Flame Attenuated Insulation Median Diameter lira Percent < 1.0 |im Percent < 3.5 M Pipe Insulation Median Diameter |i.m Percent < 1.0 fim Percent < 3*5 M Scrap Reclamation Median Diameter ixm Percent < 0 (im Percent < 3*5 M 2.3 10 ?o 1.1 46 93 1.1 -- 46 -- 91 2.8 4 60 -- -- -- 2.1 3 80 -- -- -- 4.3** 1.3 2 34 35 87 ----- -- -- -- 1.3* 35 98 1.4 16 88 1.9 17 70 1.3 30 90 -- --- -- --- -- 2.0 15 85 2.1 14 80 * This plant also manufactures aircraft insulation of very small diameter by the flame attenuation process. ** Scrap reclamation operations in this plant include scrap from textile operations. -85- TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE FIBER LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS IN FIBROUS GLASS PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OPERATIONS IN WOOL INSULATION MANUFACTURING FACILITIES Operation Centrifugal Formed Building Insulation Median Length Jim Percent < 5.0 pm Percent < 50 fim Centrifugal Formed Appliance Insulation Median Length |im Percent < 5.0 pm Percent < 50 pm Flame Attenuated Insulation Median Length pm Percent < 5.0 pm Percent < 5 pm Pipe Insulation Median Length pm Percent < 5*0 pm Percent < 50 pm Scrap Reclamation Median Length pm Percent < 5*0 pm Percent < 5 pm A 37 2 60 -- -- -- 70 <1 40 39 <1 60 60** <1 42 Insulation Plant BC D 19 -- 7 -81 -- 24 4 74 28 -- 7 -- 68 -- -- 33* --3 -- 60 -- -- -- --- -- -- 25 --4 -- 71 30 3 68 23 60 52 70 42 30 6 64 * This plant also manufactures aircraft insulations of very small diameter by the flame attenuation process. ** Scrap reclamation operations in this plant include scrap for textile operations. -86- TABLE 7 SUMMARY OP AIRBORNE FIBER DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION IN FLAME ATTENUATED AIRCRAFT INSULATION OPERATION OF PLANT C UPPER CLASS LIMIT MICROMETERS* 0.08 0,10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 PERCENT < UPPER GLASS LIMIT 7 22 39 53 62 66 76 82 86 87 92 93 94 Median Diameter ** 0.13 p.m * Diameters determined by use of electron micrographs at 16.000X and a Zeiss Particle Size Analyzer. -87- table 8 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL LATA COLLECTED IN A FIBROUS GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC BATH FIXTURE OPERATION 1972 TOTAL DUST EXPOSURES, MG/M3 MEAN AND RANGE Fibrous Glass Laminators Cutting and Grinding 1.13 (0.14-5.74) 3.55 . (1.23-4.94) FIBERS EXPOSURES FIBERS < 10 fim IN DIAMETER PER MILLILITER MEAN AND RANGE Fibrous Glass Laminators Cutting and Grinding 0.07 (0.02-0.10) 0.03 (0.02-0.05) -88- TABLE 9 SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE FIBER DIAMETER AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS FOR A FIBROUS GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC BATH FISTURE OPERATION UPPER CLASS LIMIT MICROMETER Diameter 1.0 3.5 5.0 Length 5.0 20 50 PERCENT OF FIBERS < UPPER CLASS LIMIT <1 35 50 0 18 65 Median Diameter 5.0 micrometers Median Length 35 micrometers MELTING TANK -- 10 0 TONS OF GLASS -89- figure I . -schem atic d r a w in g GLASS FIBER W OOL FORMING LINE -90- o CD FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF PROCESS-- SUPERFINE W O O L FORMING LINE -91- 2 S SH1 5 u. o t/> A. 2 figure 3. schematic drawing -JGLASS FIBER W O O L CENTRIFUGAL FORMING LINE -92- Figure 4 -- Photomicrograph of airborne fibers from a centrifugal forming operation. Figure 5 -- Photomicrograph of airborne fibers from a flame attenuation process. -93- ELgure 6 -- Photomicrograph of airborne fibers from a flame attenuation process. -94- -95- ASBESTOS STANDARDS - THEORY AND PRACTICE Irving J. Selikoff, M.D. William J. Nicholson, Ph.D. Duncan A. Holaday, M.A. Environmental Sciences Laboratory Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York Because of its urgent importance, the first standard to be set under the procedures of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, was for asbestos. Major defects have become apparent. 1. Recommendations of the scientific review grouts were rejected, emphasizing the primacy of considerations other than health in the standard setting procedure. 2. No safety factor for the prevention of asbestos cancer was included, al though it was known that malignancy could occur at levels below those which might minimize asbestosis. 3. Critical observations which underlay the standard have (on re-examlnation) been found in error or, at best, open to grossly varying interpretation. 4. The standard opted for a threshold level administered by surveillance. Surveillance requirements were widely underestimated. In the first six months, the survey reported here found that fewer than 3% of asbestos in sulation workers saw even one dust count taken although every workplace was to have been studied. 5. Mandatory -procedural standards were rejected, ihe survey found these demonstrably effective techniques infrequently utilized. 6. Confidentiality of medical examination results was refused, and penalties for victimization omitted. In consequence, insulation workers generally have refused examination. In at least asbestos insulation work, the Asbestos Standard has been found inappropriate, ineffective and of dubious lineage. Surveillance has been scanty, industrial hygiene procedures generally unavailable, and medical observa tion not utilized. -96- -97- EARLY DETECTION. DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF WORKER EXPOSURE TO INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS! TRICHLOROETHYLENE Charles Xintaras, Sc.D. Behavioral Studies Laboratory National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Abstract Workers in certain industries and occupations have been exposed for many years to varying levels of trichloroethylene. To assure the worker maximum protec tion from this exposure a program of early detection, diagnosis, and control of worker exposure to this chemical is essential. Signs and symptoms experienced by workers with exposures to trichloroethylene will be examined. The importance of these findings in terms of human capability to work safely or as early indicators of clinical disease will be evaluated. The routine use of functional measures for control of worker exposure will also be explored. NIOSH's recommendations for an occupational exposure standard for trichloroethylene will be presented. Test measures of exposure effect(s) rather than absorption are advocated. Breath analysis techniques for on-the-job analysis of a worker's exposure to a solvent(s) for purposes of monitoring, surveillance and exposure diagnosis are suggested on a pilot basis for field use. These approaches will provide pro tection for the worker, minimize the economic impact of work standards in in dustries using toxic chemicals, and help decision-makers assess risk-benefit factors associated with governmental control of toxic substances. -98- -99- EFFECTS AND CONTROL OF EXPOSURE TO MERCURY Richard. Henderson, Ph.D. Director, Environmental Hygiene and Toxicology Department Olin Corporation This discussion is limited essentially to the effects and control of exposure to elemental mercury when mercury is used in a work environment. The industrial use of inorganic salts of mercury poses a lesser problem than the use of elemental mercury. Aryl mercury compounds such as phenyl mercuric acetate are similar to inorganic salts of mercury in effects and control of exposure. The alkyl mercury compounds such as methyl and ethyl mercury are no longer produced or used in quantity in the United States} the alkyl compounds are different from elemental mercury and inorganic salts of mercury both in effects and precautions required in handling. There have been a number of reviews on the subject of effects of mercury, analyti cal methods and control procedures over the last few years. Among these are the one by Battegelli (l) and the most recent one edited by Friberg and Vostel (6). There is also the history of mercury by Goldwater (7). I will not attempt to provide a complete review in the brief time available, but will concentrate on recent work. The studies of Neal and coworkers (I3)(l4) in the felt hat industry in Connecticut served as the basis for the original. United States Threshold Limit Value of 0.1 mg mercury per cubic meter of air. One of the methods for determination of mercury concentrations in air in this study was the use of selenium sulfide im pregnated paper as developed by Nordlander (15). Considering the status of analytical methods, the recommendation of 0.1 mg mercury per cubic meter of air was a good choice. However, Neal et al only measured exposures during the work day; there is no evidence that the possibility of continuing exposure beyond the work day from contaminated skin and clothing was taken into consideration. A more recent extensive study of exposure to elemental mercury is that of Smith et al (17) in the chlorine industry, this study covered a population of 567 work ers for whom there were both medical and exposure data. The results of this study were presented at the meeting of the International Committee on Mercury in Stockholm in 1968. In the Report of the International Committee (l) there is the statement, "Contamination of skin or work clothes with mercury compounds, however, could cause heavy exposure to mercury vapor by inhalation." Contamination of skin and clothing can result in a higher concen tration of mercury vapor in the microenvironment around a worker than the con centration of mercury vapor at breathing height in the air of the general work environment. The data in Table 1 illustrates the difference in concentration in the microenvironment next to contaminated skin and clothing compared to the concen tration in the general work environment. The data for the general work environ ment of the cell room were obtained from the nine-point continuous automatic mercury vapor monitor that we have in our chlor-alkali plants. The values shown are the maximum and minimum readings. It can be seen that measurements in the general work environment may underestimate the exposure during the work day by a factor of at least two and possibly as much as five or six. In addition, if contaminated clothing is worn beyond the work day, the exposure may continue and the underestimation of total exposure by using general work environment measure ments for work hours only may be even worse. Even if the clothing is changed -100- at the end of the work day, contaminated hands can serve as a continuing source of exposure while sitting with chin in hand watching television, bringing the hand to the face while smoking a cigarette or sleeping with the hand near the face. It is easy to tuck 10 mg of mercury under one fingernail; this is the amount one might absorb from 10 days work exposure at a concentration of 0,1 mg mercury vapor per cubic meter of air. At the time of the study by Neal et al in the hat industry, we can be quite sure that clean work clothes and shower time were not standard operating procedures. Even at the time of the study by Smith et al in the chlor-alkali industry, I am sure that fresh work clothing was not furnished at the beginning of each shift. Vostal, in a personal communication at the annual meeting of the American Industrial Hygiene Association last year, told me he had found pools of mercury in the home washing machine of a person who worked with mercury in the calibration of scientific glass ware, Danziger and itssick (4) reported the carrying home of mercury on contaminated clothing as did Wood, Weiss, and Weiss (20). And yet, nowhere in the published literature do we find estimates of the total exposure to mercury from working with mercury. Smith et al (17) and Elkins (5) have reported the lack of correlation of individual urinary mercury values with estimates of exposure based on measurements of concen trations of mercury vapor in the general work environment. It should be obvious now that work habits, contamination of skin and clothing, and personal hygiene can have a greater influence on the exposure to mercury vapor than the concentration of mercury vapor in the general work environment, even if the measurements in the gen eral work environment are made at breathing height. The legal implications of this underestimation of exposure should be considered. The present Occupational Safety and Health Administration limit for mercury is 0.1 mg per cubic meter of air. This limit is based on studies that estimated ex posures by measurements in the general work environments for the working time only. I understand that the preferred method of sampling in the course of a compliance inspection is to use personal samplers on employees. The general work environ ment (on which the limit is based) may be within the limit, but the microenviron ment around the employee may exceed the limit. Is it scientifically valid to ap ply a limit based on one method of measurement to values obtained by a different procedure? The answer is obvious that it is not luless the two provide equal values. One further point should be made before leaving the subject of underestimation of exposure. Since the largest portion of exposure may come from mercury that vaporizes from contaminated skin and clothing, it is obvious that reducing sources of mercury vapor liberation into the general work environment, spills on benches and floors, open vessels with liquid mercury, and increasing ventilation in the general work environment will have less effect on reducing exposure than will ef forts to improve work habits and personal hygiene. lowering the Threshold Limit Value will not affect the exposure after the work shift while sleeping with the 10 mg of mercury under a fingernail near the face. Effects are mentioned first in the title, but will be considered second. I will not dwell on the gross effects that were seen before the studies of Neal et al made such effects widely known. I am concerned more with the effects that may occur early and serve as an early warning, effects that can be quantitated and are reversible. -101- Elevated urinary mercury concentrations is such an effect. It is a good measure of exposure. A single determination is not too indicative, but periodic deter minations to be sure there are no sudden changes or values that are excessive relative to our knowledge of a particular job can be useful in medical surveil lance. It can be improved by analyzing for elemental, stannous chloride re ducible, and total mercury as reported by Henderson (8). Because the published literature indicates that urinary mercury correlates with exposure only on a group and not an individual basis, we continue to look for other effects to serve as medical surveillance procedures. Figure I shows the major findings of Smith et al. The loss of appetite and loss of weight are not actually measured losses; they represent the percent of yes answers to the question of loss of appetite and weight on a medical history. Weight is easily measured. A review of body weight data in the medical records of employees in the chlor-alkali industry by Krause et al (ll) has shown that there is no correlation of actually measured weight changes with the extent of exposure to mercury. Chaffin, Dinman, Miller, Smith, and Zontise (2) state, "Among the list of symptoms found in Table XVII of the History and Neurologic Examination, special attention was directed to those of irritability, sleep disturbances, anorexia, and weight loss, because significant correlation had been found in a previous study (Smith, 1970) with regard to these particular symptoms, We could not substantiate these findings in this report. Additionally, all of the patients* medical records were reviewed with regard to weight determina tion on their annual physical examinations, going back periods from 3-10 years, and no significant weight changes had occurred in any of the patients." Chaffin et al did electromyographic measurements and also tremor measurements by means of a strain gage rather -than visual observation. Kazantzis (10) had re ported on the use of tremor measurements in the early diagnosis of chronic mercurialism at the International Conference in Stockholm in 1968. Chaffin et al found some correlation of tremor frequency with blood and urine mercury concen trations. Tremor measurement may be a useful tool in detecting early reversible effects of exposure to mercury. If used along with urinary mercury determina tions, it could serve to indicate whether removal from exposure or reinstruction in work practices and personal hygiene should be implemented. As a final topic, I will review some of the data showing that the central nervous system is the target organ for elemental mercury and that there appears to be barriers that protect the brain from mercury provided that the rate of absorption into the body does not exceed some undetermined limit. Magos (12), Rabinovltz (16), and Viola et al (19) have shown that ten times as much mercury is absorbed by the brain from a dose of elemental mercury as from an equivalent dose of an inorganic mercury salt. This is true both by ingestion and inhalation of the doses. Clarkson et al (3) have studied the equilibration of mercury vapor with blood. It is logical to assume that at some rate of ab sorption of elemental mercury vapor by inhalation, the elemental mercury may be converted to ionic mercury before reaching the brain. If this is the case, then there would be very little accumulation of mercury in the brain from such an ex posure. When the rate of absorption of elemental mercury vapor exceeds the rate of conversion to ionic mercury in the blood, then the rate of accumulation of mercury in the brain will increase sharply. The data from Smith (l8) appear to confirm this assumption. Table II shows the mercury concentrations in blood of monkeys exposed to different concentrations of mercury vapor; the blood -102- concentrations are roughly proportional to the exposure. Table III shows the urinary mercury and Table IV the fecal mercury concentrations in the same study. The fecal mercury level of the monkeys with highest exposure is higher than would be expected from the groups with lower exposure; this is probably due to conden sation of mercury on fur and on cages and the ingestion of elemental mercury that passes through the gastro-intestinal tract with very little being absorbed. Table V shows the mercury concentrations in the brains of monkeys from the differ ent groups. The difference between the controls and the group exposed to 0.1 mg of mercury vapor per cubic meter of air may be due to mercury in blood vessel walls that has not actually penetrated into the cells of the brain. Certainly the amount that gets into the brain from the two higher exposures is much greater than might be predicted from the lowest exposure group. Eighty to ninety percent of the mercury vapor inhaled in a single breath is ab sorbed. It takes only a few seconds for blood to circulate from the lungs to the brain. Two or three breaths of air inhaled from near a contaminated hand may result in more mercury getting into the brain than a whole work-shift of breaths from a general work environment having a concentration of elemental mercury vapor at the present legal limit. This may explain the differences in signs and symp toms reported for supposedly equivalent exposures. Even though there are many, many papers published on mercury, there are still ex periments that need doing to fill in the gaps of our knowledge to permit us to have a firm basis for setting reasonable limits to exposure and for medical sur veillance to protect the health of workers without having the limits so re strictive as to be economically impossible to meet. Lowering of a legal limit in order to increase the margin of safety does not increase the health of workers but can Increase the engineering and construction costs and the operating costs of a plant out of proportion to the change in the limit. Cost-benefit ratios should be considered relative to changes in legal limits that are made only to increase the margin of safety. -103- TABLE I MERCURY VAPOR CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR NEAR CONTAMINATED CLQTOIKQ AND SKIN October 24-26, 1972 Locker Room General Room Atmosphere Air Near 1. Outer clothing ftarnished by company and laundered daily; worn one shift before measurements 2. Gloves 3. Hands (before washing) 4. Clean hands (washed) 5. Sweater (employee in mercury recovery area) 6. Rubber coated shoes (inside) (outside) 7. Cotton undershirt worn approximately 6 hours in cell room. Person had no known contact of outer clothing with liquid mercury nor salts of mercury. 8. Cell room, breathing height - October - November Mg Mercury/ Cubic Meter of Air 0.03 - 0.04 0.1 - 0.2 0,08 - 0.2 0.5 - 0.6 0.4 - 0.08 0.2 - 0.5 0.02 - 0.05 0.10 - 0.5 0.01 0.06 - 0.116 0,02 - 0.08 104- loss of weight appetite loss obj. insomnia shyness diastolic freq. ot history tremor press colds nerv. diarrhea Figure 9. Percentage incidence of certain signs and symptoms related to exposure of work ers to mercury. prom Smith et al (17) Figure I -105- Group Control 0.1 mg/tt^ 0.5 mg/iP 1.0 rag/M^ TABLl II BLOOD MERCURY ANALYSES Mean Hg Cone. Ug/lOO ml 1.8 5.3 19.8 **9.2 No. of Analyses **35 508 511 128 From Smith (18) -106- TABLE III URINARY MERCURY ANALYSES* Grou-p Control 0.1 mg/M 05 mg/M^ 1.0 mg/M- Mean Hg Cone. MG/L 0.03 0.06 0.17 1.45 No. of Analyses 415 528 521 77 * Totals through January, 1968 only (Later data to be added) Prom Smith (l8) -107- TABLE IV FECES MERCURY ANALYSIS Group Control 0.1 ug/M? 0.5 mg/M3 1.0 mg/M3 Mean Hg Cone, 0.36 fig/g 0.58 \ig/g 1.56 \ig/g 54.80 fig/g No. of Analyses 76 96 114 78 From Smith (18) -108- TABLE V SUMMARY TISSUE ANALYSES Hg CONCENTRATION, 4g/g (DRY WEIGHT) Control 0.1 9*1 1.0 Braini Medulla 0.1 0.2 24 55 Cerebellum 0.4 0,6 11 64 Occipital 0.2 0.4 15 84 Frontal 0.3 0.6 12 8? From Smith (l8) -109- REFERENCES 1. Battigelli, M.C.i "Mercury Toxicity from Industrial Exposure, A Critical Review of the Literature - Part I and Part II." J. Occu. Med., July, i960. 2. Chaffin, Don B.j Dinman, Bertram D. 5 Miller, James M.j Smith, Ralph G.j and Zontine, David H.1 "An Evaluation of the Effects of Chronic Mercury Exposures on EMG and Psychomotor Functions." Final Report, Contract No. HSM-099-71-62. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare Health Services and Mental Health Administration, Ihticnal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 3. Clarkson, T.W.; Gatzy, J.; and Dalton, C. 1 "Studies on Equilibration of Mercury Vapor with Blood." Division of Radiation Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Rochester Atom. Ener. Project, Rochester, N.Y. U.R. 582, 1961. 4. Danziger, Stephen J. and Possick, Paul A.i "Metallic Mercury Exposure in Scientific Glassware Manufacturing Plants." Jl. Occup. Med. ljj, 15, 1973. 5. Elkins, Hervey B.j "Excretory and Biologic Threshold Limits." Cummings Memorial Lecture--1967, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., July-August 1967. 6. Friberg, Lars and Vostal, Jaroslavi "Mercury in the Environment." CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1972. 7. Goldwater, Leonard J. "Mercury. A History of Quicksilver." York Press, Baltimore, Md, 1972. 8. Henderson, Richard! "Analyses for Total, Ionic, And Elemental Mercury in Urine as a Basis for a Biologic Standard." Presented at Third Conference on Environmental Toxicology Sponsored by Aerospace Medical Research Labora tory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, October 25-27, 1972. 9. International Committee! "Maximum Allowable Concentrations of Mercury Compounds." AMA Arch. Env. Health 191891 (1969). 10. Kazantzis, G.i "The Measurement of Tremor in the Early Diagnosis of Chronic Mercurialism." Working paper for Int. Symp. on MAC values of Mercury, Stockholm, 1968. 11. Krause, L.A.j Henderson, R. 1 and Shotwell, H.P. 1 "Relation of Mercury Con centrations in Urine to Physical Examination Findings." AIHA Jl., Vol. 33, No. 2, February 1972, p. 60. 12. Magos, L.f "Mercury-blood Interaction and Mercury Uptake by the Brain After Vapor Exposure." Environ. Res., 1, 323. 1967. 13. Neal, P.A.; Jones, R.R.j Bloomfield, J.J.s Dallavalle, J.M.j and Edwards, T.I.i "A Study of Chronic Mercurialism in the Hatters' Fur-cutting Industry." Public Health Bull. No. 234, U.S. Treasury Dept., Public Health Service, 1937. -HO- 14. Neal, P.A.; Flinn, R.H. j Edwards, T.I. j Reinhart, W.H.; Hough, J.W.; Ikllavalle, J.M.j Goldman, F.H. j Armstrong, D.W.j Gray, A.S.; Coleman, A.l.i Postman, B.F.i "Mercurialism and Its Control in the Felt-hat Industry." Public Health Bull. No. 263, 0.3. Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, 1941. 15. Nordlander, B.W.i "Selenium Sulfide - A New Detector for Mercury Vapor." Ind. Eng. Chem. 1*518-521, 1927. 16. Rabinovitz, S.H.i "The Uptake of Mercury in the Brain of Gerbils Chronically Exposed to Mercury Vapor and to Mercuric Nitrate." Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. Jnl., 31*687-700, 1970. 17. Smith, R.G.; Vorwald, A.J.* Patil, L.S. and Mooney, T.F. Jr.* "Effects of Exposure to Mercury in the Manufacture of Chlorine." Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. Jnl., Vol. 31. Nov.-Dec. 1970. 18. Smith, R.G.i "The Effects of Chronic Exposure to Mercury Vapor." Pre sented at the 1971 American Industrial Hygiene Association Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1971. 19. Viola, P.L, and Cassano, G.B.i "Effect of Chlorine on Mercury Vapor Intox ication. Autoradiographic Study." Med. Lav, 59(6-7), 437-44, 1968. 20. Wood, Ronald W. j Weiss, Ann B.j and Weiss, Bernard! "Hand Tremor Induced by Industrial Exposure to Inorganic Mercury." Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 26, May 1973* -111- A REVIEW OF IRE NIOSH NOISE CRITERIA DOCUMENT Herbert H. Jones Visiting Lecturer Industrial Hygiene School of Public Services Central Missouri State University Warrensburg, Missouri Abstract A review of the data and rationale used in the development of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health noise criteria document submitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion. -112- -113- ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS David H. Sliney Laser-Microwave Division U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Edgewood Arsenal, Md, 21010 Abstract In 1971 the Physical Agent Committee of the AOGIH proposed a TLV for both ocular and skin exposure to ultra-violet radiation. Hie proposed TLV has not been widely used due to the scarcity of sophisticated radiometric equipment. Recently, direct-reading instruments have been fabricated which may permit wider use of the proposed TLV. The validity of the proposed TLV*s rest upon the available biologic data, some of which may be questioned. -114- -115- AMALYTIGAL METHODS USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA OVER THE PAST THIRTY-FIVE YEARS Robert G, Keenan, M.S. George D, Clayton and Associates 25711 Southfield Road Southfield, Michigan 48075 Silica is the most abundant constituent of the minerals and rocks which sake up the crust of the earth. It occurs in two forms, free and combined. The free silicas as a group, are definite compounds in the fora of SiCL. The combined forms are silicates. Of the free silicas which occur in nature, that known as quartz is by far the most common. Quartz is a hard mineral and is chemically resistant to reagents. It is an abundant constituent of granite, schist and other rocks, and the chief component of sandstone and quartzite. Other forms of free silica rarely occurring in nature are cristobalite, tridymite and siliceous glass or vitreous silica. Significant amounts of quartz sure usually found in clay, shale or slate. Since quartz has a widespread distribution, there is an appreciable quartz content found in ores, talc, mica, feldspar, perlite, pumice and other industrial minerals. Tridymite is present on a large scale in certain siliceous volcanic rocks. Tridymite is the principal constituent of silica refractory brick. Cristobalite is present also in many siliceous volcanic rocks. It is the principal constituent of calcined diatomaceous earth and is often found in ceramic mater ials and refractory bricks. Cristobalite may be produced by the thermal decom position of some silicate minerals. The thermal conversion of one crystalline version of silicon dioxide to another crystalline form may be hastened by traces of a flux. The thermal conversion is not reversible, for once formed the crystalline forms remain stable at ordinary temperatures. Quartz is the common form and is stable below 870C. Above 870C quartz is converted to tridymite whereas tridymite is converted to cristobalite at 1470C, A liquid is formed at 1700C. The classical studies of dust diseases conducted by the Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines between 1913 and 1940 contributed greatly to our knowledge of silicosis. These studies provided the early methods for the measurement of dust exposures and led the way in defining the role of such factors as particle size, chemical composition of the dust and duration of exposure. As a result of these and other early studies, the National Silicosis Conference, convened first in Washington on April 14, 1936 and on a second occasion on February 3. 1937, stated in its summary report"/ that "the characterization of a hazardous opera tion must be based on at least three things* (l) the concentration of dust in the air - the number of dust particles per cubic foot of air; (2) the chemical composition of the dust - percentage of free silica; and (3) the size of the silica dust particles - measured in microns.'' The report went on to state "In general, dust concentrations of less than 5 million particles per cubic foot of air are considered safe, even in cases when the dust contains a high percentage of free silica. To obtain a more definite correlation of these two factors it has been suggested that the dust count be multiplied by the percentage of concentra tion; then if the result is under 5 million, you can be almost sure that the con ditions are safe. But unfortunately, the reverse is not so definite; if the -116- result is more than 5 million, one cannot say with assurance that the conditions are unsafe." In meeting the first criterion for the characterization of a hazardous operation associated with working in the dusty trades, there were certain sampling and analytical methods which had to be developed and refined for the assessment of the dustiness of in-plant operations. One of the first of these developments during the early 1920's was that of the standard impinger for the collection of silica bearing dusts. This instrument was reported to be highly efficient for the col lection of silica-bearing dusts. The collected sample was analyzed by the light field microscopic counting procedure described by Bloomfield and DallaYalle^T in Public Health Bulletin No. 217 entitled "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust" and by Drinker and Hatch(3) "Industrial Dust, 1st Ed., 1936; 2nd Ed. 1954" which provided the details for the preparation of the sample and the counting procedure. The results of these counts were calculated in terms of millions of particles of dust per cubic foot of air. In 1928 Littlefield and Schrenk developed the midget impinger whose sampling rate is 0.1 cubic foot per minute as contrasted to the 1 cfm sampling rate of the standard impinger. Detailed reports on the efficiency of both types of impingers have.been reported by Greenburg and Bloomfield, \4) by Hatch, Warren and Drinker,0/ and by Drinker and Hatch. (3) These early studies of the Public Health Service, the Bureau of Mines and others lead ultimately, in 1946, to the establishment by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists of a formalized list of Maximal Allowable Concentrations (MAC's), or by what is now known as the Threshold Limit Values (TLV's), containing at that time the following MAC's for silica-containing mineral dusts1 a. High silica (above 50# free silica) 5 million particles per cubic foot of air; b. Medium silica (5-50# free silica)* 20 million particles per cubic foot of air; c. Low silica (below 5# free silica)* 50 million particles per cubic foot of air. These MAC's and subsequently the identical values termed as TLV's served as our guidelines for exposures to free silica for many years until the recommended mass standard in the 1960's. In the meeting the second criterion for the assessment of a hazardous exposure to siliceous dust, i.e., the chemical composition of the dust, it became neces-? sary at the beginning of the concentrated effort on the evaluation of the hazards of the dusty trades to conduct chemical and petrographic analyses of rock samples and of settled dust or rafter samples to determine the concentration of free silica in the source materials of the airborne dust. After a preliminary petro graphic examination, rock samples were ground to pass a 150-mesh sieve (some times 200-mesh, sometimes 100-mesh). Settled dust samples, or rafter samples, were sieved directly through a 200-mesh sieve and then mixed thoroughly and sampled to obtain an aliquot for chemical analysis. All chemical methods for free silica analysis depend on the solubilization of the combined silicates -117- to separate these components of a sample from the crystalline free silica. In his 1937 publication entitled "Methods for the Determination of Quartz in In dustrial Dusts" Goldman'W provided comprehensive descriptions of the hydro- fluosilicic acid^7) and fluoboric acidW methods for the decomposition of the mineral components, with the exception of quartz, in such samples. Solubiliza tion of the silicate minerals by hydrofluosilicic acid was conducted at room temperature for periods extending usually from 24 to 72 hours and occasionally for as long as a week. In the fluoboric acid procedure the sample was digested at 50C with the acid reagent for a period of 48 hours. The digestion period of each technique was ended as soon as complete decomposition became evident. The unattacked quartz was separated on a filter, washed and weighed for the gravi metric estimation of the free silica content of the sample material. In April, 1951 Talvitie(9) published his gravimetric method for the determination of quartz in mineral dusts using phosphoric acid as the solubilizing agent to separate the silicate minerals from crystalline free silica. Basically the pro cedure involved -the grinding of the sample material to pass through a 200-mesh sieve followed by mixing, aliquoting and digesting the sample aliquot in a Phillips beaker with 85 percent ortho-phosphoric acid for a specified period of time, usually 12 minutes, to dissolve the silicate minerals associated with the free silica. Talvitie presented a tabulation of the effect of phosphoric acid solubilization on common silicate minerals and quartz ground to pass a 200-mesh sieve. This tabulation included those minerals which dissolved completely with in the 12-minute heating period and the percentage of those more resistant min erals which were dissolved in 12 minutes as well as the times required for com plete dissolution of the latter minerals. In addition, he showed the percent of quartz, 200-mesh sieve size, which would dissolve in 12 minutes and during ex tended heating periods of up to 18 minutes. This method has been used for many years for the gravimetric determination of free silica. More definitive condi tions for the application of this method were presented in a subsequent report by Talvitie in 1964 in a paper entitled "Determination of Free Silica1 Gravi metric .and Spectrophotometric Procedures Applicable to Airborne and Settled Dust."'-^; The latter report contained additional refinements optimizing the conditions of the digestion procedure and providing correction curves to permit compensation for losses of free silica in the application of the method. In addition, Talvitie presented data showing that the recovery of quartz from the less than 5-micron fraction portion of airborne dust was about 95 percent when the digestion time was reduced to eight minutes. Following the availability of membrane filters around 1950 and the development of clearing fluids to fender these filter matrices transparent and thus permit the microscopic examination of dust samples collected thereon, the chemical method of Talvitie was extended to airborne dust samples as light as 2 milligrams using the phosphoric acid digestion procedure and the spectrophotometric de termination of the free silica as molybdisilicic acid. At this point we were becoming involved in the determination of the mass concentration of free silica in air and the general effort to develop the mass TLV standard which was to be recommended in the 1960*s. In preparing samples for the colorimetric method, the suspension of the dust in the acid reagent was limited to an 8-minute di gestion followed by filtration through a merabr'aie filter and determination of the free silica content of the residue by the spectrophotometric procedure de scribed earlier by Thlvitie and Hyslop'1-*-' for total silica in their 1958 publi cation entitled "Colorimetric Determination of siliceous Atmospheric Contami nants." The spectrophotometric procedure is a dual range method, the upper -118- limit of the yellow silicomolybdate color being 2.5 milligrams of free silica per 100 ml of sample solution while the molybdenum blue color was limited to 140 micro grams of free silica per 100 ml of prepared sample. In addition to the chemical methods, gravimetric and colorimetric, we were using the x-ray diffraction method for free silica which was first described in 1936. Experimental interest in this method in this country was initiated by Fairhall of the Public Health Service as early as 1942, Towards the end of the 1940*s routine analyses of free silica in industrial dusts were being performed by the x-ray dif fraction method. A major advantage of the x-ray diffraction method lies in its ability to distinguish between the various crystalline forms of free silica, a capability which the chemical methods do not enjoy. Nevertheless, both the chemical and the x-ray diffraction methods have their dis tinct limitations. The chemical methods are based upon empirical heating condi tions which may have varying effects on the solubilization of the free silica associated with the silicate minerals one is attempting to leach from quartz or other crystalline forms of free silica whereas the x-ray diffraction method is affected by certain interferences with the 3.35 primary quartz line? the common substances which interfere with this line are mica, graphite, and cassiterite (tin oxide). If there is sufficient quartz (above 5 percent) in a 2-mg sample the secondary 4.26 line of quartz may be used for the quantitative determination of quartz in the sample material. For these reasons, throughout the 1950*s and 60's x-ray diffraction was not used exclusively for the determination of free silica as quartz. It was our recom mended practice to apply both the chemical and the x-ray diffraction methods to the analysis of unknown samples in order to correct for the deficiencies of each method. A comparison of the analytical data developed by a single chemist on a previously much analyzed 200-mesh foundry dust (99$ passed a 5-micron sieve) containing 25.39 percent free silica is shown in Table I. The results by the gravimetric method were obtained on analysis of 150- to 175-miHigram samples. The x-ray diffraction method was applied to 2-milligram samples of dust supported on Nucleopore filters. Mean values of 24,7 and 28.8 percent were obtained for the gravimetric and x-ray diffraction methods, respectively. Results obtained by the colorimetric method of Talvitie provided a value of only 16,4 percent as a mean with a range extend ing from I5.3 to 18.9 percent when aqueous silica standards were used for the preparation of the analytical curve. However, when crystalline quartz standards, ground to pass a 5-raicron sieve were carried through the digestion procedure for the purpose of establishing a more appropriate standard curve, we found a marked change in slope indicating a considerable loss of crystalline quartz during the digestion period. By using this latter curve, which reflected the conditions prevailing during the digestion of the 200-mesh foundry dust sample, a range of free silica content of 24,4 to 30.1 percent with an average of 26,1 percent, was obtained, placing the mean value between the gravimetric and the x-ray diffraction results. These data indicate what may often happen in the application of the colorimetric method to the extremely fine particulate quartz particles present in the respirable fraction of a dust collected with a personal sampler. Thus, quartz, particularly in the respirable size range, may be lost to a varying ex tent by its dissolution during the time - dependent phosphoric acid digestion stage of the colorimetric procedure.(^2) Conversely, some of the combined sili cates may not be solubilized during the digestion period and may cause an -119- erroneously high free silica result.This situation may help us to understand why some of the free silica analytical data being developed these days on res pirable fractions of industrial dusts are erratic and confusing. Infrared spectroscopy is being used by some of us to determine quartz in the microgram range in respirable fractions of dust samples which are too light for x-ray diffraction analysis. In our laboratory we routinely realize a limit of detection of 2 to 3 micrograms of quartz with this technique. For this method we recommend that the samples be collected on a Nucleopore or a Metricel filter which provide a low, uniform silica background. We dry ash the samples in . platinum, after which we apply the procedure of Larsen, von Doenhoff, and Crable(12) forming a KBr pellet and measuring the infrared absorption by quartz at 800 cm-1. This method meets our sensitivity requirements. However, muscovite, or potash mica, ^KAloCSiO^o, a complex silicate found associated with many granites and schists, has recently been reported to interfere with the quartz peak. Therefore, the infrared method is not completely specific for the analysis of quartz. We use x-ray diffraction to scan all filter samples first and then analyze the sample by this method if possible (requires > 20 |ig quartz on filter. The 3-35 primary line of quartz is subject to interference by mica, graphite and cassiterite (SnOg). If there is sufficient quartz in the sample (> 5^) the sec ondary 4.26 line of quartz may be used for the analysis. If not, then we must do what we have been doing for several years, i.e., analyze the sample by the in frared spectrophotometric and/or by the chemical methods. This is a timeconsuming and costly approach but sometimes necessary. When we use the color imetric method we prepare our standard curve from digested, < 5 micron-sized quartz standards. The x-ray diffraction method is not noted for its precision. Improved precision and an acceptable degree of reproducibility may be realized only when all par ticles are < 5 microns. Note carefully, however, that grinding for too long a period produces an amorphous layer on the outer surfaces of the quartz particles. This causes a reduction in the intensity of -the x-ray diffraction pattern for quartz. Maximum accuracy is attained by using standards composed of the same material as the sample matrix (just as in emission spectrographic analysis). Completely random orientation is ideal but rarely achieved. We redisperse out' heavier samples in distilled water in an ultrasonic vibrator tank, take an aliquot, and deposit the aliquot on a fresh HA filter to improve the random distribution of the sample. In summarizing, (l) we prefer to use the x-ray diffraction method whenever we can do so (> 20 |i.g quartz on the filter); (2) we like the I.R. for the analysis of respirable fractions of dust in the lightest samples (limit of detection 2 to 3 }lg) f and (3) we use the colorimetric method only when specifically requested to do so or when we need to compare results with the x-ray or infrared methods if interferences are present. ANALYSIS OF 200-MESH FOUNDRY DUST CONTAINING 25.39% FREE SIUCA~~ 120. -121- REFERENCES 1. United States Department of Labor* National Silicosis Conference, Summary Reports Submitted to the Secretary of Labor by Conference Committees Febru ary 3. 1937 > Bulletin No. 13? U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1937, P. 2. 2. Bloomfield, J.J. and DallaValle, J.M.i "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust" Public Health Bulletin No, 217, 1935. 3. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T.t "Industrial Dust, Hygienic Significance, Mea surement and Control." 316 pp. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York and London, First Edition, 1936} Second Edition, 195^. 4. Greenburg, L. and Bloomfield, J.J.* "The Impinger and Dust Sampling Apparatus as Used by the Public Health Service." Public Health Reports 4, 654-675 (March, 1932). 5. Hatch, T., Warren, H. and Drinker, P. 1 "Modified Form of the GreenburgSmith Impinger for Field Use with a Study of Its Operating Characteristics," J. Ind. Hyg. 14, 301 (October, 1932). 6. Goldman, F.H.* "Methods for the Determination of Quartz in Industrial Dusts." Public Health Reports 52, 1702-1712 (November 26, 1937). Reprint No. 1882. 7. Knopf, A.1 "The Quantitative Determination of Quartz ("free silica") in Dusts." Public Health Reports 48, 183-190 (1933). Reprint No. 1560. 8. Line, W.R, and Aradine, P.W. "Determination of Quartz in the Presence of Silicates." Ind. & Eng. Chem., Ansd. Ed. % 60 (February 15, 1937). 9. Talvitie, N.A.i "Determination of Quartz in Presence of Silicates Using Phosphoric Acid," Anal. Chem. 2^, 623-626 (April, 1951). 10, Talvitie, N.A.i "Determination of Free Silica* Gravimetric and Spectrophotometric Procedures Applicable to Air-Borne and Settled Dust." Amer. Ind. Hyg, Assoc. J. 25. 169-178 (March-April, 1964). 11. Talvitie, N.A. and Hyslop, F. "Colorimetric Determination of Siliceous Atmospheric Contaminants." Amer, Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1, 54-58 (February, 1958), 12. Larsen, D.J. von Doenhoff, L.J, and Grable, J.V, * "The Quantitative Determination of Quartz in Coal Dust by Infrared Spectroscopy." Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 21* 367-372 (June, 1972). -122- -123- ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WE TARGET HEALTH HAZARD PROGRAM Russel H. Hendricks, Ph.D. Western Area Occupational Health Laboratory National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Salt Lake City, Utah Abstract Analytical methodology concerning the determination of lead, crystalline silica, asbestos, carbon monoxide and cotton dust levels in the industrial atmosphere is reviewed. Greatest emphasis is placed on those analyses which must be done in the laboratory as opposed to field methods. Specific problems associated with both sampling and analysis are discussed. -124- -125- STATTST1GAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NONCOMPLIANGE Nelson A. Leidel Kenneth A, Busch Division of Laboratories and Criteria Development National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Abstract A rational means is presented for judging the statistical significance of the difference between an 8-hour average standard and the mean of a group of samples based on their number and variability. The procedure includes recommendations for the collection of samples and evaluation of resulting data to determine if a state of noncompliance with a standard exists. Where the sample variability is unknown, a short procedure for ten or less grab samples based on the range is given in addition to the one-sided Student t-test based on the standard deviation. Additional topics include determining noncompli&nce with standards for mixtures, ceiling standards, and the silica standard. ***-* Introduction The objective of this paper is to present a sound statistical procedure for the collection and evaluation of sample results to determine if a state of noncompli ance with a standard exists. We will present a rational means for judging the statistical significance of the difference between a standard and the mean of a group of samples based on their number and variability. Roach (l,2) was one of the first to recognize the fact that a small number of environmental samples can yield an estimate only of the true mean of air con centration of the substance sampled. He pointed out that, due to the uncertainty in the mean value obtained from only a few samples, allowance must be made for this uncertainty when comparing the mean with the standard in determining whether a condition of noncompliance exists. This paper first presents a short procedure for ten or less grab samples. This short procedure is quick and convenient because it uses the range of the data (highest minus the lowest value) to estimate the variability in the calculated mean. The range as a measure of dispersion is not as efficient as the standard deviation, but it is highly efficient for small numbers (ten or less) of obser vations (3,4,5). For greater than ten measurements, the one-sided Student ttest should be used. This method is presented for tests at the risk level. Finally, for situations where the variability (standard deviation) of the sampling/analytical method is well known from previous data, the one-sided normal test should be used. This method is also presented for tests at the 5$ risk level. The accuracy of the probability level for the test depends upon implied assumptions of the normality and independence of the sample results which are averaged. These assumptions are not highly restrictive if precautions are taken in collecting the samples to select the sampling times at random over the period fir which the -126- standard is defined. Even if (nonrandom) trends and cycles are present at a location during the standard period, the fact that sampling is done at random intervals at the one location during that period guarantees randomness and independence of re sults. One definition of random sampling is that all intervals during the workday of length equal to the sampling period are given equal opportunity of entering the sample. In the short procedure the minimum number of samples that should be taken is about five to seven. Below five samples the variability of the mean is large and we are unnecessarily conservative In judging noncompliance. Above seven samples the small decrease obtained in variability is usually not justified when compared to the time and effort required to obtain the additional samples. Thus we have a statistical criterion which can lead to economies in sampling by permitting reduction in sampling effort with a calculable degree of confidence. By using a one-sided statistical test we are only trying to determine If a condition of noncompliance exists. If the test yields a nonsignificant result one cannot con clude that a condition of compliance exists, only that insufficient evidence for noncompliance is available. Thus, there are two alternatives to a nonsignificant result. First, a condition of compliance might exist, but, there is also the possi bility that we do not have enough measurements to definitively answer the question one way or the other. Additional statistical theory not presented here must be used to evaluate the latter two possibilities. The following procedures will not detect, and do not allow for, highly inaccurate results, i.e,, nonrandom errors or mistakes. To assure accurate results one must have an instrument calibration program and a quality control program for laboratory analyses. Systematic errors must also be known ahead of time whether from the instrument calibration procedure or the laboratory quality control program. Finally, this paper is only a preliminary draft and should be treated as such. It is envisioned that the next step will be a NIOSH Technical Report and then a journal article. The authors welcome critical comments on the procedures and ex amples presented. Three additional sections will be added to the final paper. The statistical treat ment of silica results is more involved due to the several possible combinations of sampling procedures which can be used. These will be dealt with in the full article. Secondly, a different approach must be used when a mixture of hazardous substances is involved. A section will be added covering this topic. Third, when a ceiling standard is involved, the samples must be taken in a nonrandom fashion. Also the sample variability must be known in advance. A section will be included on the determination of noncompliance with ceiling standards. Short Procedure for Ten or Less Grab Samples Where Standard Deviation is Unknown The following short procedure may be used to determine noncompliance with an 8-hour average standard based on a small number of instantaneous (grab) or short period samples collected at random intervals during the work day. The standard deviation is assumed unknown. The statistical test presented below is for determining if the average (X) of the (n) measurements exceeds a standard (std.). ONLY IF THE AVERAGE (X) OF THE MEASUREMENTS EXCEEDS THE FOLLOWING QUANTITY IN BRACKETS ARE WE 95# CONFIDENT THAT THE TRUE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION EXCEEDS THE STANDARD AND THAT A CONDITION OF NONCOMPLIANCE EXISTS -127- r $ + std. where r range of the (n) samples taken at random intervals during the work day 4 " the critical parameter for 95% confidence, as obtained from the following table* n n 2 3.175 6 0.312 3 0.885 7 0.263 4 0.529 8 0.230 5 0.388 9 0.205 10 0,186 The above procedure is a modified version of that given in Section 14-2.2 of Reference (4). Procedure for More Than Ten Samples Where Standard Deviation Is Unknown The following is the one-sided Student t-test where the standard deviation (variability of the measurements) is unknown and will be estimated from the sample data. In general, it_need only be used if the number of measurements exceeds ten. ONLY IP THE AVERAGE (X) OF THE MEASUREMENTS EXCEEDS THE FOLLOWING QUANTITY IN BRACKETS ARE WE 95% CONFIDENT THAT THE TRUE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION EXCEEDS THE STANDARD AND THAT A CONDITION OF NONCOMPLIANCE EXISTS. vr------- + Standard where n number of samples taken at random intervals during the work day t * the critical t-value for 95% confidence as obtained from the following table* -128- Sample Degrees of /.\ size freedom ' 2 1 6.314 3 2 2.920 4 3 2.353 5 4 2.132 6 5 2.015 7 6 1.943 8 7 1.895 9 8 1.860 10 9 1.833 11 10 1.812 12 11 1.796 t-table Sample Degrees of /.\ size freedom '' 13 12 1.782 14 13 1.771 15 14 1.761 16 15 1.753 17 16 1.746 18 17 1.740 19 18 1.734 20 19 1.729 21 20 1.725 22 21 1.721 23 22 1.717 Sample Degrees of size freedom '' 24 23 1.658 25 24 1.711 26 25 1.708 27 26 1.706 28 27 1.703 29 28 1.701 30 29 1.699 31 30 1.697 41 40 1.684 61 60 1.671 121 120 1.658 00 oo 1.645 s standard deviation calculated fromi n _p 1 (X - X) i = 1________ s n-1 The above procedure is a modified version of that given in Section 3-2.2.1 of Reference (4). Procedures For Any Number of Samples Where Standard Deviation Is Known The following is a one-sided normal test where the standard deviation of the measurements is well known from prior data. This procedure should be used for any number of samples where the standard deviation is well known. ONLY IP THE AVERAGE (X) OF THE MEASUREMENTS EXCEEDS THE FOLLOWING QUANTITY IN BRACKETS ARE WE 9# CONFIDENT THAT THE TRUE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION EXCEEDS THE STANDARD AND THAT A CONDITION OF NONCOMPLIANCE EXISTSI f \vtt + Std. \ 1 where 1.645 - critical standard normal deviate for 95^ confidence <y = standard deviation of measurements which is well known from prior date n = number of samples taken at random intervals during the work day. The above procedure is a modified version of that given in Section 3-2,2.2 of Reference (4), -129- Llmltatlons of Procedures Note that the following assumptions and limitations apply to the preceding procedures. Any of the following conditions may be present in the data. 1. Environmental variations (< 8-hour) need not be random but, if trends or cycles axe present in the process, sampling must be performed at random intervals. 2. Random (non-systematic) instrument errors are required. 3. Random analytical errors are required. k. Total (algebraic) errors are normally distributed. Under these conditions, it may be assumed that the data are random and independently distributed. It is also assumed that data contain normally dis tributed errors with uniform variance. If the above assumptions are not met at least approximately or if the decision is a critical one, a statistician should be consulted. For instance, if either two different types of instruments or two different analytical procedures are used, then the data should be used care fully scrutinized. The short procedure uses the range of the data to estimate the standard deviation. For small sample sizes the range is almost as efficient as the standard deviation and of course the range is much more easily computed. However, the range is sensitive to outliers or extreme data values which can lead to large estimates of the underlying variability of the data and cause us to be unnecessarily con servative in determining noncompliance. Use professional judgement in rejecting data or consult a statistician on the use of formal tests for detecting outliers. The amount of time one should spend to analyze the data is dependent on the im portance of the decision being considered. For large amounts of data (greater than ten samples) a one-sided Student t-test should be used as given in the second procedure. Finally, if a constant systematic error is known to exist in an instrument, then substract this constant error from the average before analyzing for noncompliance by the procedure on the first page. Procedure for 8-Hour Samples By tpMng a sample for an 8-hour period we do not eliminate all errors. Environ mental variations need not be considered, but random instrument and analytical errors must still be considered in determining noncompliance. Two acceptable ways of estimating the sampling and analytical errors are 1) to have good documented knowledge of the typical errors in a procedures for both the sampling and analytical steps or 2) to take a minimum of five to ten simultaneous 8-hour samples in the same location on the same day. Once data are obtained revealing the typical errors in a sampling/analytical procedure, the standard deviation of the procedure can be calculated and a one sided normal test (third procedure) used to determine compliance. -130- Examples of Procedures Example #1 - 8-hour standard, several grab samples An MSA carbon monoxide meter gave the following five readings randomly taken at one location in a plant> 45, 55, 60, 60, 50 ppm GO The 1972 8-hour average standard for carbon monoxide is 50 ppm. Use Short Procedure for Ten or Less Grab Samples First Step Calculate the mean (X) and range (r) for the N = 5 samples! X = 54 ppm, r = 60 - 45 = 15 ppm Second Step From the table, for 5 measurements $ ** 0.388. Now calculate the term! (r^>) + (standard) => (15 ppm) (0.388) + (50 ppm) * 5.8 ppm + 50.0 ppm 55.8 ppm Third Step Since the mean of our 5 measurements (54 ppm) does not exceed the calculated critical value (55.8 ppm), then we are not 95# confident that the 8-hour standard has been exceeded for workers that spend a full 8-hour work day at this location. This is in spite of the fact that four of the five readings were at or above the standard. Thus a citation should not be issued. Example #2 - 8-hour standard, several grab samples A J&W mercury vapor detector (range! 0 to 0.20 mg Hg/m^) gave the following six readings randomly taken at one location in a plant! 0.08, 0.075, 0.10, 0.09, 0.12, 0.11 rag Hg/m3 The 1972 8-hour average standard for airborne mercury is 0.05 mg/m^ Use Procedure for Ten or Less Grab Samples First Step Calculate the mean (X) and range (r) for the n ** 6 samples! X - 0.096, r =* 0.12 - 0.075 - 0.045 mg/m3 -131- Second Step Prom the $ - table we see that for 6 measurements, ^ * 0.312. Now calculate the term: (r) ($) (Std.) (0.045 mg/m3)(0.312) + (0.05 mg/m3) + 0.014 + 0,050 0.064 mg/m3 Third Step Since the mean of our six measurements (0.096 mg/m3) exceeds the calculated criterion (0,064 mg/m-') we can conclude with 93^ confidence that the true average concentration of mercury vapor does exceed the standard for workers that spend a full 8-hour work day at this location. Thus citation could be issued since a condition of noncompliance exists at this sampling location. Example #3 - 8-hour standard, several grab samples An analytical laboratory reported the following concentrations of gross airborne dust for four samples randomly taken in a cotton mill at one location* 0.6, 1.2, 0.7, 1.1 mg/m3 gross dust Use Procedure for Ten or Less Grab Samples First Step Calculate the mean (X) for the n = 4 samples* X 0.925 mg/m3 Second Step Note that the mean of the four samples (0.925 mg/m3) does not exceed ~ the 1972 8-hour time-weighed average standard for cotton dust (1.0 mg/r). Therefore, it was not necessary to calculate (r$), the statistical limit of sampling error in the mean X, because the sample mean itself did not exceed the standard. Thus, even though two of the four determinations exceeded the standard, a citation should not be written since we are not confident that the true average concentration exceeds the standard for workers that spend a full 8-hour work day at this location. Example #4 - 8-hour standard, large number of grab samples An analytical laboratory reported the following fifteen concentrations of chlorine for samples randomly taken at a location In a plant (ppm chlorine)1 -132- 1.67 1.18 1.15 1.24 1.16 0.98 1.53 1.73 0.64 1.45 0.50 1.65 1.54 1.02 1.08 The one-sided Student t-test is to be used. First Step Calculate the mean (X) and the standard devlation(s) for the n <= 15 samplesi X ** 1.235 ppm and s * 0,366 ppm Second Step From the t-table, for 15 measurements t * 1.761. The 1972 8-hour average standard for chlorine Is 1.0 ppm. Now calculate the terms standard - il-tZ&O (0i3.6.6 ppm) + 1<0 ppm Yl? 0.167 + 1.0 1.167 ppm Third Step Since the mean of our 15 measurements (1.235 ppm) exceeds the calculated criterion (1,167 ppm) we can conclude with 95^ confidence that the true average chlorine concentration does exceed the standard and a citation could be issued because a condition of noncompliance does exist for workers that spend a full 8-hour work day at this location. Example #5 - 8-hour standard. 8-hour sample, variability known Cadmium metal dust was sampled at one location in a plant. One full-shift (8-hour) sample was obtained with a personal pump (l.5 1pm) onto a type HA 37-mm filter. The calculations yielded an airborne concentration of 0.15 mg/m-5 Cd dust, where the 1972 standard is 0.10 mg/ra3. The maximum expected error in the sampling procedure (pump flow rates) is about + 10# and the analytical procedure has about + 15# maximum expected error. The one-sided normal test should be used. First Step The maximum expected error in an experimental procedure is usually approxi mated by twice the coefficient of variation (defined as the standard -133- deviation divided by the mean). The coefficient of variation (C.F.) for the total (net) error of a sample is the square root of the sum of the squares of the contributing C.V.'si C.F. for net error Nf * ' ^ 00812*- 0.09 Then the standard deviation for the single sample is calculated by multiplying the standard by the C.V. for the net errori - (0.10 mg/m3) (0.09) - 0.009 mg/3 Second Step For the one-sided normal test at the 93# confidence level calculate the parameteri -I.1 TP + std. (1.645) ^(0.099) mg/3 + 0.10 mg/m3 0.015 0.10 = 0.115 mg/m3 Third Step Since our 8-hour sample (0.15 mg/m3) exceeds the calculated criterion (0.115 mg/m3), we can conclude that 93# confidence that the true 8-hour cadmium dust concentration does exceed the standard and a citation could be Issued because a condition of noncompliance does exist for workers that spend a full 8-hour work day at this location. REFERENCES 1. Roach, S.A., "Testing Compliance with the AOGIH Threshold Limit Values for Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count," Trans, AOGIH. 27-39 (1966). 2. Roach, S.A., "A More Rational Basis for Air Sampling Programs," AIHA J., 2Z, 1-12 (1966). 3. Deem, R.B., and Dixon, If.J., "Simplified Statistics for Saadi Numbers of Observations, Anal. Chen.. 23. 636-638 (l95l). 4. Natrella, M.G., "Experimental Statistics," NBS Handbook #91, U.S, Gov't Printing Office (1963). 5. Lord, E., "The Use of the Range in Place of Standard Deviation in the TTest," Biometrika. 2k, 41-67 (194?). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank J. R, Lynch, D, J. Huebener, and P. Roper for their critical comments, suggestions, and review of the several drafts of this pre sentation.