Document rXK15Vn3LQB16jM5NZVMGYwJ

15&99Z) 9/-9 7 "ins rny & :v;tx:t'.'C! '; . I*?!*-- 1 / tbJv ' ' .. - THE WHITE LEAD INDUSTRY IN OMAHA, NEBRASKA By Mark D. Budka Following the Civil War, the oppor tunity to make money drew many men to the newly established cities of the Trans-Mississippi. Between 1870 and 1900 railroads, meat packers, flour millers, iron and steel companies, and MarkD. Budka, a studentat the Universityof Nebraska, served as an intern with the Ne braska State Historical Society. smelters and refiners moved into these cities to exploit the vast agricultural and mineral wealth of the West. Those who settled in Omaha hoped to make that city the industrial center of the region. Such companies as the Union Pacific Railroad, the Cudahy Packing Company, Omaha Milling Company, Paxton and Vierling Iron Works, and the Omaha Smelting and Refining Company resulted from this period of growth. However, Omaha suffered stiff com petition from Kansas City, St. Joseph, Sioux City, and smaller Missouri River communities.1 The ready availability of refined pig lead from the Omaha smelter inspired five of Omaha's entrepreneurs to found the Omaha White Lead Company in 1877. Its purpose was to produce white lead (lead carbonate) paint bases and red lead (red oxide of lead) and litharge Omaha White Lead Company. This factory burned in 1890. A. T. Andreas, History of Nebraska, 750. 91 N39125 Nebraska History - Summer 1992 a yellowish-red oxide of lead) protec- ive coatings to sell in the rapidly eveloping urban-industrial North- ast. The early Romans used litharge s a coating in the channels of their queducts, Lead was the standard base i paints and other coatings used to rotect structures from wear and gather. Omaha White Lead, and its iccessor, the Garten White Lead Soipany, manufactured white lead ducts from 1877 to 1S36.2 In 1877 a rich vein of silver-lead ore is found-in Colorado's! Cripple Creek sin. This rich strikfe made the city of advilie, Colorado, a' legend. The lelting companies in Denver, St uis, and Omaha quickly invested in sse deposits. Profits were immediate 4 high. The refining of silver bullion i pig lead by these companies tded a supply of mint^ble silver and tistrial lead that encouraged expan- u within the non-ferrous rnetal- 'icindustiy.3 ) December 29, 1877, Charles W. ad aB-d Charles B. Rustin, both jptofa of the Omaha Smelting and iitinlg; Company, Levi Carter, a for- OWrlaad freight shipper and OB-J^eile Contractor, and two other aba businessmen : signed the ;lea ofincorporation fcjir a new busi- sInthe cifyof'Omaha. Thesupply of lead available from i the Omaha liter suggested the - feasibility; of 'Sting a lead plant in Omaha, ih&'s position as a sinelting and 0(isd center promised [easy access to the raw materials and to a iet for white lead products. The company was named! the Omaha e Le&d Company and its capital St $60,000 with a funded debt o,oda4 mid* 1878 land ihad been laaed in southwest Oinaha and a built where Twentieth Street ed tide main line of! the Union c R^ikoad.6 The Sojuth Twen- Strta'b plant of the Onpaha White Cotejpany was in operation by 3t of 1678. It consisted of fifteen mgs built on a one-a<ire tract of land with adjoining Union Pacific Railroad sidings. The main plant was a cluster of five buildings, including a two-stoiy brick mill and a large onestory wood frame corroding room directly connected to the east side of the mill. To the west of the main plant were two frame warehouses and a paint cannery.6 In its first year of operation, the Omaha White Lead Company pro duced 1,000 tons ofdry lead, employing twenty laborers in the plant, which operated twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Sales for that year amounted to $150,000. By 1880 sales had reached $250,000 and thirty laborers were employed. William A. Paxton, a notable Omaha industrialist, was elected president of Omaha White Lead during this period and Nathaniel Shelton, one of the company's found ers, became secretary-treasurer.7 The 1880s proved troublesome to the nation's and Omaha's lead indus 92 tries. Strikes at the Omaha smelter during 1880 and 1882 threatened the local supply of pig lead. The price of lead and white lead products dropped over the nine-year period from 1876 to 1885 due to the large supply of pig lead nationally. In 1884 the continued fall of lead prices prompted eastern smelters to sell their stockpiles of pig lead, thus forcing prices down further.8 The fall in lead prices and the corre sponding drop in the price ofwhite lead during the late 1870s and early 1880s prompted different responses among white lead manufacturers. The Adams White Lead Company of Baltimore failed. Several New York and St. Louis white lead interests founded a syndi cate in 1884, which would eventually become the "White Lead Trust" under the name "National Lead Company." In Omaha LeVi Carter, a member of the Omaha White Lead Company board of directors, tried to reorganize the com pany financially and economize its pro duction methods.9 In 1878 Omaha White Lead had purchased from the Adams Company user rights to the "Dutch process," which utilized the heat generated by the interaction of acetic acid and the fermentation of tan bark to oxidize pig lead into lead carbonate or white lead. In 1885, following the closing of the Adams plant, Carter became the owner of the Adams 1874 patent. Unlike the "Dutch" process, which corroded large plates of pig lead over a three-month period, this process could corrode atomized lead pellets in a matter of days {See page 95). Lead pigs would be melted in a large furnace, then the molten lead would be granulated by a jetofhigh pressure steam as it dropped into a corroding cylinder. Acetic acid and carbon dioxide would be added to the cylinder to oxidize the lead. After its corrosion into lead carbonate, the white lead would be washed in water and ground into a fine powder for mix ing with linseed oil as a white paint base. Carter intended to improve this corrosion process and incorporate it White Lead Industry i into his newly reorganized business, the Carter White Lead Company.10 Omaha White Lead was bought by Levi Garter in 1885. The plant was closed and renovations were begun. The original corroding room was enlarged, and corroding cylinders replaced the stocks of corroding pots used in the "Dutch" process, A machine shop, a room for the granulat ing ovens, and several warehouses were added to the origins! plant. Thirty laborers were laid off during the renovation, When the plant reopened in August,of 1885, twenty newjobs were added to the original thirty.11 Prices in the lead and white1 lead markets leveled out during the late 1880s, tad the demand for white lead products remained stable. By 1889 Carter White Lead was producing 9,000 tons ofwhite lead annually. Payrdils amounted to $58,900; a, year.12 By 1890 Levi Carter had expanded his sales to cover the entire nation. Car ter White Lead was by then the largest independent producer of white lead products, This frustrated the members of tihe New Ycwk-St. Louis white lead "trust." The syndicate, a conglomera tion of lead Interests that owned lead mines, smelters, and white lead plants, faced strong competition from the Omaha company. Carter, having altered the Adams process into a twostep procedure that took eight to twelve days, could produce white lead products in one-tenth the time required by the "Dutch" process used by the syndicate. The syndicate wished to purchase the rights to what was then labeled the "Carter" process, but Car ter would not sell. Carter Wes Success ful because his process Was faster. It was possible to buy pig Iqadfrom the Omaha smelter at the beginning of one week and by tfee end office second have a finished product onrefailete' shelves. The "Dutch" process did not offer this turnover rate, ae it could be four month before the purchased pig lead was made irate paint13 On the night of! June 14,1890, a fire broke out in thp South Twentieth Edward J. Cornish. (NSHS-P853) Street plant. Within a few hours, the entire one-acre plant was destroyed. Upon touring the site, Carter announced he would immediately rebuild the plant and continue to operate. Hoping to take advantage of this misfortune, the syndicate sent a representative to Carter, offering him $500,000 for his process, less the $80,000 he could receive from the insurance policies covering the plant. A stipulation of the offer was that Carter retire from the business and dissolve Carter White Lead. Carter refused. His decision to rebuild was three-fold: strong anti trust factions within the Omaha busi ness sector supported the cause of free enterprise within the city, a ready labor force was available, and most impor 93 tantly, he could make more money in the long term by rebuilding than by selling out.14 In 1890 the East Omaha Land Com pany and its railroad subsidiary, the Omaha Bridge and Terminal, began selling industrial tracts northeast of downtown Omaha. East Omaha, located ona bend in the Missouri River, was separated from Omaha proper by Cut-Off Lake, later to be named after Levi Carter. This oxbow had been created by a shift in the river channel, leaving a portion of Iowa on the Ne braska side. East Omaha occupies the land between the eastern edge of CutOff Lake and the Missouri River. It was here that Levi Carter relocated the Carter White Lead plant in 1890.15 Plans for the new plant were drawn up by J. p. Gardner of Omaha. The con tractedwas A. W. Phelps and Sons, also of Omiaha. The new plant was located between1 northeast Twenty-first Street and OfoaliaBridge and Terminal siding Number five at their intersection with Locust Street. Twenty-one buildings were called for, mainly of fireproof brick construction. The two-story office building stood on the north.'end of the piste,.. The plant itself consisted of eight interconnected buildings dominated by the four-story mill and drying building located at the northwest corner of the complex. To the south was the immense three-story corroding house. This building covered an area of 15,000 square feet and housed 139 corroding.cylinders on two levels. Each of these cylinders were three feetin diameter, sutfeetlong, and made of white pine. The plant's capacity was set at 10,000 tons of white lead yearly. Total cost of construction was $200,000.1S Sales yielded a profit of$52,587.09 in 1891, the first fall year of production at the new plant. Fifty men were employed by the company around the clock on two shifts, seven days a week. The following year, Carter's profits doubled, nearly covering the cost ofthe new plant's construction. The 1890s appeared to promise good business for Nebraska History - Summer 1992 the white lead industry.17 In 1893 sixty-seven percent of Carter White Lead's products, were shipped east of the Mississippi River. This record prompted Levi Carter to amend the .company's Articles of Incorpora tion in. May of that year to include the building of another plant in West Pull man, Illinois, on Chicago's South Side. Despite a majormarketipanic thatyear, the; business depression that followed, falling profits, and the diminishing value of white lead against the price of pig lead, plans to build the West Pull man plant went ahead as scheduled. Although profits remained low over the next four years, compared to the 1892 high of $117,969.57, land and building materials were purchased in West Pull man and Chicago and by 1896, the new plant was completed.18 Throughouttfaerestof the 1890s and into the new century,'the total market value of white lead products would increase as would Carter's sales. However, the priee-of pig lead would sharply increase, preventing a high pro fit margin. This again prompted the white lead syndicate; to offer Carter a purchase proposal. National Lead Company ofNew Jersey, the combined conglomerate of formerly independent New York'fnd St. Louis lead interests, Offered Cater $1,090,WO for the entire Capital stock and physical plant of Car ter White Lead. Carter, upon con sidering the offer, refused to seB for less than ?1,600,0004X1, H. C. Haskins, who represented National Lead, con sidered this too high. Despite the increase in the price of pig lead in 1902, sales had again put Carter's profit margin over the $l{)0,0004)0 mark dur ing that year. Although National Lead would continue into 1903 to push for a buyout, Levi Cartrt wished to remain independent of tit# syndicate.19 Bettteert 180fj> when the West Pull man ptafrtwas offered, arid the death of Levi Carter in Nbyepifciar of 1903, the operations of the East Omaha plant were suspended tfriice The first plant dosing occurred in Aprilof1899. Heavy .pring fains throughout the Missouri River Valley caused widespread flood ing. On April 24 flood waters inundated North and East Omaha. The grade and tracks of the Omaha Bridge and Ter minal Railroad were undermined and washed out at several points, prohibit ing the shipment of pig lead from the smelter. Locust Street was .flooded, stopping streetcarand vehiculartraffic to the East Omaha factories. Although the East Omaha .plant itself was not flooded, the inability of the workers to get to the factory and that of the railroad to supply itprompted manage ment to close the plant until the flood subsided.20 Following the May 1899 resumption ofwork at the plant, management again closed it in 1900. The continued devaluation of white lead during the 1890s prompted management to economize in production and labor in order to maintain its profit margin. The total annua! capabilities of both the East Omaha' and West Pullman plants were 30,000 tons: of white lead, with East Omaha capable of 10,000 tons per year and West Pullman capable of 20,000. Actual production during the period amounted to only one-third of this capacity. The Wert Pullman plant could.easily absorb East Omaha's pro portion of manufacturing. And it was now possible for the company to cheaply ship Chicago-made white lead products to the East Omaha plant warehouse for storage tod sale. The location of the West Ruihnan plant was located on tee Chicagb-Blue Island branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. In December of 1890 the Illinois Cen tral completed: its Chicago-Council Bluffs, Iowa mainline. In order to cross the Missouri River into Omaha, the Illinois Central leaped the Omaha Bridge and TarMaai Railway on which the East Omaha pitot was located. This allowed CirterWifite Lead to ship its Chicago product^ ft? Omaha at the eat4blished TdinimmSutate between the two cities, elnhiaatini tea costly and titnp-consumhjg transfers of other Chfcago-Omalta canfagra. Both ofthese measures allowed the Company to con solidate its manufacturing at Chicago, close the East Omaha plant, and cut its operating expenses.21 With the suspension ofproduction at East Omaha, tee labor force was laid off with the exception of the engineer ing crew, the warehouse staff, the sales staff, and upper management. The economy achieved is best illustrated by contemporary payrolls of tee Chicago plant. The total payroll,.excluding sales and management, for August 11,1900, amounted to $444.10 ..for fifty bluecollar employees. As the East Omaha plant also employed fifty laborers, the payroll can be assumed to-be similar. By laying off all tee laborers in the cor roding. and grinding departments at East. Omaha, it was possible to cut blue-collar wages to approximately $47,30 a week. This figure would include the .wages of two engineers on two shifts daily to maintain the plant and am warehousem^ keeping records, of East Omaha sales and ship ments from Chicago;22 Following Carter's death on Novem ber-7, 1903, tee Carter White Lead board of directors elected Edward J. Cornish to the presidency. Cornish had been the Carter family's attorney and close friend. Cornish's reputation as a former member of the corporate law firm of Barker-and Cornish left him in good standingwith the stockholders of tee company. Cornish set about to expand Carter White Lead's produc tion and to ensure Ms own position within the industry. He proceeded to reopen the East Omaha plant and gain a foothold in tee Canadian white lead market.23 By January of 1905, the East Omaha plant was again in full operation, and land had; been purchased in Montreal to baildanoteer 20,000 ton-plant. This new pitot .was built to; the specifica tions. of ffie West Pullman works and was operating ai tee end ofteat year. It was "the first and only white lead corroderai Canada. Cornish contracted with' the Canadian Smplting Works of Trail, British Columbia, and the Canadian Pacific Railroad to supply 94 White Lead Industry 1. David K. Tuttle and James A. McCreary of Baltimore in 1873 applied for a patent for a "New and Improved process for the Manufacture of White Lead." It consisted of running melted lead through a small aperture, where it was granulated and then blown into a collection chamber. Figures 1 and 2 (left) in the patent drawings illustrate a furnace upon which is placed a meltihg pot or kettle (A), provided with one ojr more nozzles (G) from which a stream of melted metal was permitted tjo flow by raising the valve (F). A steam pipe (D) has a jet striking the falling lead. Figures 1 and 2 (right) show a corrod ingvessel or cylinder to which the metal was transferred for conversion into white lead. Figure 2 is a cross section of the cylinder seen in figure 1. The granulated metal was moved into the cylinder and kept in slight motion. The slow movement of the particles of lead and the injection of corroding gases through nozzles were maintained until no metallic particles remained. The product is then removed for washing and grinding. Drawings for an alternate form of corroding vessel (not shown) were submitted with the patent application. David K. Tuttle and James A. McCreary, Improvement in the Manufacture of White Lead, letter ofpatent number 148,862 presented to the United States Patent Office, Washington, D.C., March 24, 1874. (NSHS-MS 4098) 95 Nebraska History - Summer 1992 Ca r t e r ^Wh it e Le a d Co . FRANK BARKER. Lq Ca i. Ma n a g e r OMAHA. N0. Nf.WYOSK. HHtUAOEUFHlA. BUFFAUO, CutVl.ANO OEt^OIT PirTStSURG. ST PAUL, ST LOU'S. W OILCANS. S*H FRANCISCO rtAMSAS ClTV BA'.rlMORt ClHCiNN-ffi SAVANNA.ATLANTAfiUsS^AKlWiNfeSAJTM M'WMtAPOUS. (' IIK'AOO WEST UU.UA>t t Q. a*rcn *r Oma h a . Ne b .. Letterhead of Carter White Lead Company. The Omaha plant is shown at top right. (NSHS-MS4098) him with pig lead. Canadian Smelting was apparently the only smelter in Canada and was then under govern ment control. With three plants operat ing by 1906, Carter White Lead could meet nearly one-half of North America's demand for white lead products.24 It is interesting to note that during the two-year period E. J. Cornish pre sided over the Carter White Lead Com pany, he invested heavily in the National Lead Condpany with money he received from Carter White Lead and Levi Carter's widow, Selina Carter. According to the financial records of Carter White Lead, E. J. Cornish purchased no less than $41,050.00 in National Lead stock. Numerous letters between Cornish and the New York offices of National Lead suggest that relations between the two companies were cordial. National Lead, having for years tried to eliminate Carter White Lead, probably welcomed Cornish's interest and encouraged his invest ments.25 In February of 1906 Edward J. Corlish reached an agreement with the National Lead board ojf directors. Car er White Lead was brbught under the ontrol of National Lead as a subidiary, while the officers of the Carter ompany maintained Itheir offices in exchange for Carter White Lead's entire capital stock and the rights to the "Carter" process. Cornish became a member of the National Lead board and played a significant role in its developmentas its president from 1916 until his death in May of 1938.26 With the merger of Carter White Lead and the National Lead Company, Omaha's days as a white lead manufac turer were numbered. Throughout 1906 and into 1907, the Carter White Lead board kept the East Omaha plant in operation. However in 1907, the com panies representing the paint interests of National Lead decided to amalgamate their products under one name: Dutch Boy. From 1907 on, Car ter White Lead produced Carter Lead Based Paints only out of their Chicago plant and sold them through Dutch Boy distributors. The Carter White Lead board continued to meet in Omaha every year as required by Nebraska law, but its significance as a Nebraska company died with the closing of the East Omaha plant in 19Q7.22 In 1910 National Lead appraised the value of the East Omaha plant at $203,592 for insurance purposes. Apparently the buildings were kept up between 1910 and 1920. In 1926 Carter White Lead sold off its East Omaha properties. A special meeting of the 96 Carter White Lead board of directors was called for February 24, 1926, for this purpose. The plant was sold for $7,000 to the Platte Valley Cement Tile Manufacturing Company the following month. The buildings were gradually tom down during the 1930s and 1940s.28 In its twenty-nine years as an independent, Carter White Lead strongly controlled a national industry. Omaha's central location nationally, its significance as a major transportation hub, and the proximity of its connect ing railroad lines to lead resources and to white lead markets lent to the com pany's success. In holding the patents to an innovative and expedient method of lead corrosion, coupled with Levi Carter's conservative business prac tices, Carter White Lead was allowed to hold its independent status against the National Lead monopoly and name its own price for consolidation. The dissolution of the Carter White Lead Company as an Omaha industry in 1907 lay not in the financial hard times of the 1890s or the Panic of 1907 but in the shrewd ambitions of Levi Carter's business lawyer and executor, E. J. Cornish. The powers Carter White Lead held over the syndicate bought Cornish his long-standing place as president of National Lead after Car- White Lead Industry ter's death in 1903. The 1907 closing- of the East Omaha plantwas a result ofits obsolescence and small productive capacity. This was in comparison to Carter's newer plants in Chicago and Montreal.and later;plants owned by National Lead itself. Carter White Lead Company, found ed under the auspices of Nebraska law in 1886, remained a separate sub sidiary of National Lead until 1936. Its demise in 1936 was merely a matter of corporate consolidation into the parent company. Today, only, the name of the 1874 process improved, by Levi Carter in 1885 remains. Concern over the tox icity of white lead resulted in the development of titanium dioxide paints following World War I and by 1940, white lead was not in common use. Lead paints are still used as a pro tective coating for ship hulls and other restricted industrial uses. The Carijer process used today in manufacturing lead paint, although technologically improved, still bears the name of the man who owned its original patent for nearly a quarter of a cehtury, Levi Car ter of Omaha, Nefarailsa.29 NOTES 'Lawrence H. Larsen and Barbara J. Cottrell, The Gate City (Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Company, 1982), 61-88; Edward Sterba, Buildings of the 80s in Omaha (Omaha, Nebraska; Standard Blue, 1976), 80-81, 92-93. !Articles of Incorporation of the Carter White Lead Company, Feb. 26,1878; Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, Feb. 22, 1899, MS4098, Records of the Carter White Lead Company, State Archives, Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln (hereafter cited as Carter White Lead Collec tion). M. R. Moore, B. C. Campbell and A. Goldberg, "Lead," chap, in The Chemical Environment, vol 6 ofThe Environmentand Man Series, ed. John Lenihan and William W. Fletcher (New York: Academic Press, 1977), 67. JJames E. Fell, Jr., Ores to Metals (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 83-94. 4Ibid., 73; Articles of Incorporation, Feb. 26, 1878, Carter White Lead Collection; "White Lead Works Burned," Omaha Daily Bee, June 15, 1890, 2. -'Mortgage, Jan. 17, 1883, Carter White Lead Collection. "Ibid.; "White Lead Works Burned"; Insurance Maps of Cities and Towns in Douglas County, Ne braska (New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1887), 34. '"White Lead Works Burned"; Sterha, Buildings ofthe 80s in Omaha, 82-83. "Ronald M. Gephart, "Politicians, Soldiers, and Strikes," Nebraska History 46 (June 1965): 94-116; Fell, Ores to Metals, 118-20. 'Petition to the Senate and House of Rep resentatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled, n.L; Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, Feb. 22, 1899, Carter White Lead Collection; Ernst Von Halle, Trusts, or Industrial Combinations and Coalitions (New York: Mac millan and Company, 1895), 329; Fell, Ores to Metals, 129-80. "'Contract between Adams White Lead Com pany and Omaha White Lead Company, May 18, 1882; PefitioH.to the Senate.and House of Rep- ntalives, n.d.; Articles of Incorporation, Dec. 1335; Levi to fL C. Haskins, Feb. 22, JS, Carter- ad Collection; David K. Tiittle and A, SlSCreary, Improvements in >f White Lead, Letters Patent hiteri'.States Patent Office, 1874. Feb. 22. 1899. Insurance Maps of County, Nebraska ompany, 1890), 20; Sterba, Buildings Burned"; Sterba. wOtmha, 19. 80s in Omaha. 19; Omaha World- Ores to Metals, 129: Lead," in Sogers' ed; by C. C. FurD. Van Nostrand Haskins to Levi Car ta; H. C. Haskins, ' Collection. Burned"; "Levi Omaha Daily Bryant Phillips, "A in Nebraska" (MasIfebraska, 1944), 407- East Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, ka State Historical ..last Omaha Plant, pjlectitm. iha Plant, 1890; Lead Company 17,1890; Coats praisal of East -irter White Lead Terminal Railway d 'East Omaha, State Historical fottipany Appraisal of 1910; Financial 3.1,1892; Chicago 1902; Amended 19,1893; Financial 'arter White Lead 'Financial Statements, 1891-1900; Purchase Option between Carter White Lead Company and H. C. Haskins, National Lead Company, 1899; H. C. Haskins to Levi Carter, Mar. 7, Mar. 20, 1899; Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, Mar. 18, 1899; Statement of the Affairs of the Carter White Lead Company Ending with Nov. 30,1902, Carter White Lead Collection; Fell, Ores to Metals, 129-30. 30"Levi Carter, Pioneer Capitalist and Philanthropist," Omaha Sunday Bee, July 19, 1908, pt. 3, 1-2; "Six Hundred are Homeless," Omaha World-Herald, Apr. 25, 1899, 1. J,U.S. Dept, of Commerce and Labor to Carter White Lead Company, Oct 3,1904; Comparative Sales for Chicago for the Year 1900-01; Compara tive Sales for the Year, Omaha, 1901; Contract Between Illinois Central Railroad and Carter White Lead Company, June 9,' 1925, Carter White Lead Collection; "Will Use the North Bridge," Omaha Daily News, Jan. 16, 1900, 3; Robert Selph Henry, This Fascinating Railroad Business (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Com pany, 1943), 335-56. "Chicago Payroll Aug. 11.1900, Carter White Lead Collection. -'"Levi Carter, Pioneer Capitalist and Philanthropist"'; Biography of Edward Joel Cor nish in The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1935 edition, 50; Letter and Statements of Chicago Plant Shipments, 1904, Carter White Lead Collection. ^Memorandum of Agreement between the Canadian Smelting Works and Edward J. Cor nish, n.d.: Specifications cf Chicago.Plant, n.d,, MS3295, Barker Family Company Business Records, State Archives, Nebraska State His torical Society, Lincoln (hereafter cited as Barker Family Collection); Letterand Statement of Chicago Plant Shipments, 1904; P. M. Carter to E. J. Cornish,Mar.27,1906, Carter White Lead Collection. :5E. -J, Cornish to L. A. Cole, Aug. 25,1906, Car ter White Lead Collection. "Letter to the Stockholders of Carter White Lead Company, Feb. 27. 1906, Barker Family Collection; Cornish Biography. 37E. J. CotnishtoChariesW. Ferguson, Jan. 17, 1907, Carter White Leqd Collection; P. J- Van Buren,regionalmanager, Dutch BoyPaints, Middleburg Heights,. . Ohio, to. author, Nov. 1, 1989: Arthur C. Wakeley, ed, Otndha: The Gate City, vol. 1 (Chicago: $.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1917), 226-27. "Plant Appraisal, May 7,1310; J. J, Morseman to J. A, Boaad, Feb. 24,1926,; Carter White Lead Collection; Register of East Omaha Land Com pany Subdivision Addition to'Omaha. City, Deed Book, vol. 22; Register ofDeeds, Douglas County Courthouse, Omaha, 106-07. ''Articles ofIncorporation, Dec. 29,1885; M. D. Cole to J. J. Morseman, Jan. 7, 1937, Carter White Lead Collection; W. M. Morgans, Outlines ofPaint Techttobgy (London: Charles Griffin and Company), 29; Moore, Campbell, and Goldberg, "Lead," 67-68; Edward J. Dunn, Jr., "Lead Pigments," chap, in, Pigments, ed. Raymond R. Myers and J, B. Long, vol. 8 in the Treaties on Coatings Series (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975), 333-417. 97